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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
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PSYCHOLOGY(8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint SlidesAneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2007
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Language and Thought
Module 30
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Thinking and Language
LanguageLanguage Structure
Language Development
Thinking & LanguageLanguage Influences Thinking
Thinking in Images
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2
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Thinking and Language
Animal Thinking and Language
Do Animals Think?
Do Animals Exhibit Language?
The Case of the Apes
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Language
Our spoken, written, or gestured word, it is the way we communicate meaning to ourselves and
others.
Language transmits culture.
M. &
E. Bernheim/ W
oodfinC
amp &
Associates
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Language Structure
Phonemes: The smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language. For example:
bat, has three phonemes b ∙ a ∙ t
chat, has three phonemes ch ∙ a ∙ t
OBJECTIVE 30‐1| Describe the basic structural
units of language.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
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Language Structure
Morpheme: The smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word. For example:
Milk = milkPumpkin = pump . kin
Unforgettable = un ∙ for ∙ get ∙ table
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Structuring Language
Phrase
Sentence
Meaningful units (290,500) …meat, pumpkin.Words
Smallest meaningful units (100,000) … un, for.Morphemes
Basic sounds (about 40) … ea, sh.Phonemes
Composed of two or more words (326,000) …meat eater.
Composed of many words (infinite) … She opened the jewelry box.
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Grammar
A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Grammar
SyntaxSemantics
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
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Semantics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. For
example:
Semantic rule tells us that adding –ed to the word laugh means that it happened in the past.
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Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. For example:
In English syntactical rule is that adjectives come before nouns; white house. In Spanish it is
reversed; casa blanca.
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Language Development
Children learn their native languages much before learning to add
2+2.
We learn on average (after age 1) 3,500 words a year, amassing 60,000 words by the time we graduate high school.
Time Life Pictures/ G
etty Images
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
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When do we learn language?
Babbling Stage:beginning at 4 months
the infant spontaneously utters
various sounds, like ah‐goo. Babbling is not imitation of adult
speech.
OBJECTIVE 30‐2| Trace the course of language
acquisition from the babbling stage through
two‐word stage.
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When do we learn language?
One‐Word Stage: Beginning at or around the first birthday, a child starts to speak one‐word and makes family adults understand him. The word doggymay mean look at the dog out there.
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When do we learn language?
Two‐Word Stage: Before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in two‐word sentences. This form of speech is called telegraphic speech in which the child speaks like a telegram —“go car,” means that, I would like to go for a ride in the car.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
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When do we learn language?Longer phrases: After telegraphic speech children start uttering longer phrases (Mommy get ball), with syntactical sense and by early elementary school they are enjoying humor.
You never starve in the desert because of all the sand‐which‐is there.
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When do we learn language?___________________________________
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Explaining Language Development
1. Operant Learning: Skinner (1957, 1985) believed that language development can be explained on the basis of learning principles, such as association, imitation and reinforcement.
OBJECTIVE 30‐3| Discuss Skinner’s and
Chomsky’s contributions to the nature‐nurture
debate over how children acquire language,
and explain why statistical learning and
critical periods are important concepts in
children’s language learning.
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Explaining Language Development
2. Inborn Universal Grammar: Chomsky (1959, 1987) opposed Skinners ideas and suggested that rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it was inborn.
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Explaining Language Development
3. Statistical Learning and Critical periods:Well before our first birthday, our brains are discerning word breaks by statistically analyzing which syllables in hap‐py‐ba‐by go together. These statistical analysis are learned during critical periods of child development.
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Genes, Brain & Language
Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience modifies the brain.
Mich
ael N
ewm
an/ P
hoto
Edi
t, In
c.
Eye
of S
cien
ce/ P
hoto
Res
earc
hers
, Inc
.
Dav
id H
ume
Ken
nerly
/ Get
ty Im
ages
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8
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Language & Age
New language learning gets harder with age.
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Language & Thinking
Thinking and language intricately intertwine.
Rubber Ball/ A
lmay
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Language influences Thinking
Linguistic Determinism: Whorf’s (1956) suggested that language determines the way we think, e.g., Hopi, he noted, did not have past tense for verbs therefore Hopis could not think readily about the past.
OBJECTIVE 30‐4| Summarize Whorf’s
linguistic determinism hypothesis, and
comment on its standing in contemporary
psychology.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9
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Language influences Thinking
When a language provides words for objects or events we can think about these objects more
clearly and retain them. It is easier to think about two colors with two different names (A) than colors with the same name (B) (Özgen, 2004).
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Word Power
Increasing word power pays its dividends. It pays for speakers and deaf who learn a sign
language.
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Linguistic Determinism Questioned
People from Papua New Guinea without our words for colors and shapes still perceived
them as we do (Rosch, 1974).
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 10
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Thinking in Images
To a large extent thinking is language based. Like when alone we talk to ourselves. However, we
also think in images.
2. When we are riding our bicycle.
1. When we open the hot water tap.
We don’t think in words, when:
OBJECTIVE 30‐5| Discuss the value of
thinking in images.
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Images and Brain
Imagining a physical activity activates the same brain regions as when actually performing the
activity.
Jean Duffy D
ecety, September 2003
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Language and Thinking
Traffic runs both ways between thinking and language.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 11
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Do animals have a language?
Animals & Language
Honey bees communicate by dancing. The dancemoves clearly indicate the direction of the nectar.
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Do animals think?
Common cognitive skills in humans and
apes.
1. Concept formation.2. Insight3. Problem Solving4. Culture5. Mind?
African grey parrot sorts redblocks from green balls.
William
Munoz
OBJECTIVE 30‐6| List five cognitive skills
shared by the great apes and humans.
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InsightChimpanzees show insightful behaviors when
solving problems.
Sultan uses sticks to get food.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 12
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Problem Solving
Apes are famous for solving problems much
like us.
Chimpanzee fishing for ants.
Courtesy of Jennifer B
yrne, c/o Richard Byrne,
Departm
ent of Psychology, University of St. A
ndrews, Scotland
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Animal Culture
Animals display custom and culture learnt and transmitted over generations.
Dolphins using sponges asforging tools.
Chimpanzee mother using andteaching a young how to use
a stone hammer.
Copyright A
manda K
Coakes
Michael N
ichols/ National G
eographic Society
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Mental States
Can animals infer mental states in themselves and others?
To some extent. Chimps and orangutans (and dolphins) have used mirrors to inspect
themselves if a researcher has put a paint spot on their face or bodies.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 30 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 13
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Do Animals Exhibit Language?
There is no doubt that animals communicate.
Vervet monkeys, whales and even honey
bees communicate with members of their
specie and other species.
Rico (collie) has a200‐word vocabulary
Copyright B
aus/ Kreslow
ski
OBJECTIVE 30‐7| Outline the arguments for
and against the idea that animals and humans
share the capacity for language.
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The Case of Apes
Chimps do not have vocal apparatus for human‐like speech (Hayes & Hayes,1951). Gardner and Gardner (1969) therefore used
American Sign Language (ASL) to train Washoe (a chimp), who learnt 182 signs by age 32.
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Gestured Communication
Animals show communication through gestures as do humans. It is possible that vocal speech developed from gestures during evolution.
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Sign LanguageAmerican Sign Language (ASL) has been instrumental in teaching a communication
form to chimpanzees.
When asked, chimpanzee usesa sign to say it is a baby
Paul Fusco/ Magnum
Photos
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Computer Assisted Language
Others have shown that bonobo pygmy chimpanzees can learn even larger vocabularies and perhaps semantic nuances in learning language (Savage‐Rumbaugh, 1991). Kanzi and Panbanish developed vocabulary for hundreds of words and phrases.
Copyright of G
reat Ape Trust of Iow
a
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Criticism
1. Apes gain their limited vocabularies with great deal of difficulty unlike children who develop vocabularies at amazing rates.
2. Chimpanzees can make signs to get rewards, just as pigeon pecks at the key gets reward. But pigeon has not learnt a language.
3. Chimpanzees use signs meaningfully but lack syntax.
4. Presented with ambiguous information people tend to see what they want to see.
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Conclusions
If we say that animals can use meaningful sequences of signs to communicate means
language, our understanding would be naive…Steven Pinker (1995) concludes, “chimps do not
develop language.”
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