AND

North AmericaNorth America

• Contest between England, Spain, and France (as well as Native Americans)

• 4 World Wars in Europe between 1688-1763

• One of those wars – French and Indian (Seven Years War) set the stage for American independence

New France -- CanadaNew France -- Canada• Tension in France between Roman

Catholics and Protestant Huguenots

• 1598 Edict of Nantes – called for religious wars to cease– Allowed for French colonization

• First permanent French colony – Quebec– Established in 1608– Champlain had friendly relations with Huron

Indians

New France -- CanadaNew France -- Canada

• Beaver Furs – Valuable Resource!

• French fur-trappers fanned out across Canada

• Robert De La Salle founded “Louisiana” to check the spread of Spain

The First Clash of EmpiresThe First Clash of Empires

• King Williams War and Queen Anne’s War pitted the British against the French– Both sides used their Indian allies– Neither side found it worth while to use regular

troops, so they used guerilla tactics instead

• 1713 Utrect Peace Treaty showed how badly the French and Spanish had been beaten– Britain got Acadia (Nova Scotia)

• King George’s War -- Spain v. Britain– France allied with Spain

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

BritishBritish FrenchFrench Fort Necessity Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeIndiansShawneeIndians

The Ohio The Ohio Valley- Brits Valley- Brits and French and French

competed for competed for controlcontrol

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives from New representatives from New England, NY, England, NY, MD, PAMD, PA

Albany CongressAlbany Congress attempt to keep Iroquois attempt to keep Iroquois loyal to British and achieve greater colonial loyal to British and achieve greater colonial unity for defenseunity for defense

――failed Iroquois broke off relations with failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & colonies didn’t pass the plan. Britain & colonies didn’t pass the plan.

1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion

1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the French from the OH evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

Braddock was bullheaded and experienced in Braddock was bullheaded and experienced in EuropeanEuropean warfare warfare

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia.Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 by 1500 French and Indian forces.French and Indian forces.

1755 1755 Britain Decides to Eliminate Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in No. Amer.French Presence in No. Amer.

1755 1755 Britain Decides to Eliminate Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in No. Amer.French Presence in No. Amer.

Entire British forces were routed with appalling losses

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs.their costs. -- Lord Loudoun would be Lord Loudoun would be removed.removed.

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by Colonial morale increased by 1758.1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt Becomes William Pitt Becomes Foreign MinisterForeign Minister

1757 1757 William Pitt Becomes William Pitt Becomes Foreign MinisterForeign Minister

Pitt decided to concentrate on the vitals of of Canada (Quebec and Montreal)

Quebec falls in 1759 and Montreal in 1760

** By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys Paxton Boys (PA)(PA)

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

• Imperial Reforms– Strengthen position of royal governors

• Revenue Act of 1762 to collect trade duties• Colonists had evaded customs by bribing officials

– Standing Army • Possible rebellion by French in Canada• Native American threat• Secure the dependence of the colonists on Britain

– Raise taxes to pay off debt• Avoided higher land taxes paid by gentry• Increased import duties on tobacco, sugar and sales

taxes on salt, beer, and spirits paid by poor/middling

Rethinking Their EmpireRethinking Their EmpireRethinking Their EmpireRethinking Their Empire

Br. Gvt. measures to prevent Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:smuggling:

James Otis’James Otis’ case case

Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’s private property must be private property must be held in higher regard held in higher regard than a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute. statute.

A 1761 1761 writs of assistancewrits of assistance

He lost He lost parliamentary parliamentary law and custom had equallaw and custom had equalweight.weight.

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that they did not have representation in that body??body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

Grenville’s Program, 1763-Grenville’s Program, 1763-17651765

Grenville’s Program, 1763-Grenville’s Program, 1763-17651765

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – began in NYC:– began in NYC:Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – 1766– 1766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. War debts & Shift from paying taxes for Br. War debts & quartering of troops quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.

A He diverted revenue collection from internal He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade.to external trade.

A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, lead, glass, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.tea.

A Increase custom officials at American Increase custom officials at American ports ports established a Board of Customs in established a Board of Customs in Boston.Boston.

Townshend Duties Crisis: Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-17701767-1770

Townshend Duties Crisis: Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-17701767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer in Letters from a Farmer in PennsylvaniaPennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation movement non-importation movement ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs agents: Riots against customs agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the LibertyLiberty. . ** 4000 British troops sent to Boston. 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

Colonial Response to the Colonial Response to the Townshend DutiesTownshend Duties

Colonial Response to the Colonial Response to the Townshend DutiesTownshend Duties