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Page 1: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

Thank you and good morning.

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Page 2: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

I have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Page 3: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

I’m going to speak today about basic science research into group B strep virulence. GBS remains an important cause of neonatal infections, but it’s usually not an invasive organism. In 15‐30% of healthy adults, GBS is a harmless commensal of the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes the vagina. Yet, in the case of early onset GBS infection, a dramatic bacterial lifestyle change occurs. Bacterial virulence factors encoded in the genome that were previously held in check become overwhelming, allowing it to invade and cause widespread damage. The regulatory signals and molecular mechanisms that permit this lifestyle change are poorly understood, and these are what I study.

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Page 4: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

Microbes use signal transduction pathways to adapt dynamically to environmental fluctuation. GBS has multiple signal transduction pathways that respond to a variety of environmental stimuli. Typically, these pathways are activated by a surface‐associated ligand receptor, which in turn activates one or more second messengers that ultimately converge on a transcription factor that alters gene transcription rates. Some of the known GBS signal transduction pathways affect virulence, increasing pathogenicity in response to environmental threat. These systems are attractive targets of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies, since modifying or disabling them can have significant effects on GBS’s ability to cause infection.

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Page 5: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

The GBS genome encodes numerous virulence factors. One that has been well studied is the orange pigmented cytotoxic molecule beta‐hemolysin/cytolysin (or beta‐H/C). BH/C has been shown in numerous animal models to be important for establishment of GBS sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, and chorioamnionitis. The graphic on the bottom is from a paper out of our lab describing a mouse model of ascending GBS chorioamnionitis. In that paper, we showed that knocking out BH/C synthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared to wild type.

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Page 6: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

This slide illustrates some of the physical properties of BH/C. As you can see in A, GBS that have been induced to upregulate BH/C production take on a distinct orange coloration. In B I show that this pigmentation can be detected spectrophotmetrically, with an absorbance peak around 430 nm. We can also perform functional assays to demonstrate the pigment’s inherent cytotoxicity. C shows that—when coincubatedwith washed human erythrocytes for an hour—BH/C hyperproducing GBS lyses the cells significantly above wild type. In D, BH/C hyperproducers and WT GBS were coincubated with human epithelial cells for 2 hours, and cytotoxicity was measured through LDH release, clearly demonstrating BH/C’s cytotoxic properties.

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Page 7: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

We wanted to identify compounds or classes of compounds that affect GBSexpression of BHC, so we performed a series of coincubation experiments, growing the bacteria in the presence of candidate compounds. These screens revealed two chemical categories that demonstrated effects on BHC. One was arginine, which is an amino acid with special roles in innate immunity and bacterial intracellular signaling and virulence regulation. Numerous bacterial species (including GBS) have evolved highly attuned mechanisms for sensing arginine and modulating gene expression in response to changes in intracellular arginine concentrations. The other compounds we identified were related by their ability to trigger a conserved bacterial stress response, called the stringent response, which affects cellular metabolism, antibiotic resistance, and bacterial virulence. I will show data from these experiments, as well as preliminary evidence that the increased GBS toxin response to these two families of compounds is in fact linked, signifying two different aspects of a broader virulence control system.

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Page 8: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

This slide shows that growth media supplemented with arginine leads to a clear upregulation of BHC expression, grossly visible by examination of the bacterial pellets shown on the left. The pellet below the arginine condition is GBS treated with canavanine, a specific inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which showed decreased pigmentation compared to baseline. The histogram shows hemolytic titers of extracted BHC from GBS grown in the presence of arginine or vehicle control, demonstrating that arginine treatment significantly increased GBS cytotoxicity.

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Page 9: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

Encouraged by those results, we decided to perform comparative genomic analysis of a widely used laboratory strain of GBS, called 10/84, which has increased baseline BH/C production compared to other strains. The reason for 10/84's hyper production of BH/C is not known, and we wondered if it was related to arginine metabolism. We sequenced the 10/84 genome and performed a detailed comparison with the genome of A909, another widely used laboratory strain, which does not overproduce B/HC. In 10/84’s genome, we found a 10‐bp deletion in the noncoding promoter sequence upstream of a two‐gene operon that encodes key steps in arginine catabolism. We cloned that region and introduced a second copy into 10/84, and found that trans‐complementation of the polymorphism dramatically increased 10/84 pigmentation over baseline.

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Page 10: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

I will return to arginine, but I’m going to switch gears for a moment and discuss the stringent response. The stringent response becomes activated in the setting of bacterial starvation, pH changes, low‐level antibiotic exposure, or immunologic pressure, such as the presence of antimicrobial peptides. Under those conditions, an enzyme called relA senses ribosomes that have stalled in the middle of protein synthesis and responds by converting GTP to a modified nucleotide called guanosine‐tetraphosphate, or ppGpp. The concomitant drop in GTP causes the transcription factor codY to release from the bacterial chromosome, derepressing stress response genes.

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Page 11: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

This slide shows the toxin upregulating effects of three stringent response inducers: serine hydroxamate, methotrexate, and mupirocin.

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Page 12: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

Here I show with hemolysis assays that reversal of the stringent response leads to decreased GBS‐mediated cytotoxicity. In panel A, we found that coadministration of methotrexate with inosine and methionine—two of the downstream products depleted by methotrexate—ameliorated the hyperhemolytic phenotype seen with methotrexate treatment alone. In panel B, we found that knocking out either of the key stringent response genes, relA or codY, dramatically reduced hemolysis compared to WT.

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Page 13: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

The stringent response is known to affect transcription of dozens of genes, and we wanted to understand more precisely which ones were activating toxin expression in GBS. We performed whole‐genome RNA‐seq transcriptomics on two GBS strains. The bacteria were grown to mid‐log phase, either in the presence of the stringent response inducer serine hydroxamate or vehicle control. Messenger RNA was extracted, purified, reverse transcribed, and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeqplatform.

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Page 14: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

This histogram shows the 25 GBS genes whose transcription rates were most downregulated by serine hydroxamate treatment. We were surprised to find that among these highly influenced genes were three—highlighted in red and blue—that are directly involved in arginine metabolism. This led us to suspect that the effects we had observed with arginine coincubation and stringent response induction might, in fact, be due to activities of closely related biochemical pathways.

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Page 15: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

We tested the hypothesis that GBS stringent response activates toxin expression through changes in arginine metabolism by conducting a final coincubationexperiment. Here we treated GBS with arginine or serine hydroxamate, plus the arginine metabolism inhibitor canavanine. As you can see, pigmented toxin expression was significantly decreased by canavanine in both the arginine and the stringent response conditions. This suggests to us that the stringent response effect on GBS toxin production relies on modulation of intracellular arginine levels.

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Page 16: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

This is our current model of how these findings might fit together. We believe intracellular arginine pools feed directly into BH/C production and virulence, and that the arginine cognate canavanine significantly reduces this conversion. We think that activation of the stringent response feeds directly into this pathway, so that when the organism is stressed, arginine metabolism is decreased, causing intracellular arginine to rise, leading to more toxin production. This makes evolutionary sense, for a cell that’s facing hostile conditions might benefit from upregulating production of a toxin that permits it to invade into a more hospitable environment.

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Page 17: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

In conclusion, I have discussed two novel, likely related pathways that increase GBS virulence. We believe that, in an era of increasing resistance to existing antibiotics, understanding bacterial virulence in greater detail will be an important step toward the development of new therapies. We are currently generating further data to support our claims, directly measuring bacterial amino acid levels and planning mouse experiments to determine the significance of the GBS stringent response in vivo.

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Page 18: and good morning. - AAP.org · PDF filesynthesis dramatically impaired GBS’s ability to trigger preterm birth and IUFD compared ... inhibitor of the arginine catabolic pathway, which

I want to acknowledge my mentors and the NICU leadership at Columbia, as well as our sources of funding, including the AAP’s Marshall Klaus award, for which I’m very grateful. Thank you.

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