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(An imprint of S. Chand Publishing)

Tense

Adverb

Preposition

AdjectiveNoun

Pronoun

Verb

Learners’English Grammarand Composition

New

Dr N.D.V. PRASADA RAOM.A., D.T.E., Ph.D.

(Revised Wren’s English Grammar Series & Wren & Martin’s High School English Grammar & Composition)

4

BLACKIE ELT BOOKS(An imprint of S. Chand Publishing)A Division of S. Chand And Company Pvt. Ltd.(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)7361, Ram Nagar, Qutab Road, New Delhi-110055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888; Fax: 91-11-23677446www.schandpublishing.com; e-mail : [email protected]

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© 2009, Dr N.D.V. Prasada Rao

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the publisher. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.

First published in 2009Revised Edition 2014, 2016

ISBN : 978-93-525-3003-8 Code : 1011E 01075

PRINTED IN INDIABy Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Plot 20/4, Site-IV, Industrial Area Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201010and Published by S. Chand And Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

PrefaceLearners’ English Grammar and Composition is an activity-based series specially designed to meet the needs of pupils in Indian schools today. This graded series, comprising eight books, is intended for classes 1 to 8 and leads up to Learners’ English Grammar and Composition for classes 9 and 10, which has been in use since 1990.

The present series is largely based on a study of the current trends in school syllabi and recent developments in the treatment of English grammar and composition. The main objective of this series is to equip learners with the ability to use English effectively in real-life situations. Special attention has been paid to the points of structure and usage which are usually problematic to non-native speakers of English. The major focus is rightly on the area of verbs, which is the most important aspect of grammar and is evidently the most difficult for Indian learners to master.

The series aims at simplicity of language and simplicity of treatment. The grammatical explanations in particular have been made very clear and easy to understand. The material has been graded with the utmost care. There are various types of exercises, most of which are judiciously geared towards mixed-ability classes. The units on comprehension and writing skills set out to help learners to put their knowledge of grammar to more practical use and widen their communicative ability.

It is hoped that this need-based series, enlivened by full-colour illustrations, will be liked by both pupils and teachers, and found suitable for use in CBSE- and ICSE-affiliated schools as well as State Board schools.

I am indebted to numerous grammarians and writers on methodology, mainly to P.C. Wren, H. Martin, John Eastwood, Michael Swan, Raymond Murphy, Adrian Doff and Penny Ur, whose books have been of great help. I acknowledge the assistance of my sons, Koteswara Rao and Murali Mohana Rao, in organizing the material.

I am inexpressibly grateful to Messrs S.Chand And Company Pvt. Ltd., whose confidence in me has been a stimulus to this kind of projects.

Dr. N.D.V. PRASADA RAO

Disclaimer : The author of this book has made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and has used his skill, expertise and knowledge to the best his capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The author and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S.Chand and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

contents 1. Alphabetical Order 5

2. Parts of Speech (1) 8



5. Tenses : Introduction 23

6. Present Continuous Tense 28

7. Simple Present Tense 33

8. Present Continuous and Simple Present Tenses : Revision 38

9. Simple Past Tense 40

10. Have/Has : Had 45

11. Present Perfect Tense 48

12. Past Continuous Tense 51

13. Can 54

14. May 56

15. Will 58

16. Must 61

17. Should 63

18. Plural Nouns 65

19. I – Me, He – Him, They – Them, etc. (Personal Pronouns) 68

20. My – Mine, Your – Yours, etc. (Possessives) 71

21. Comparison of Adjectives (1) 74

22. Comparison of Adjectives (2) 78

23. Sentences 82

24. Words Likely to be Confused 84

25. Communicating in the Classroom 86

26. Progress Tests 87

27. Comprehension 91

28. Paragraph Writing 97

29. Story Writing (Jumbled Sentences) 99

30. Letter Writing 102

Learners’ English Grammar and Composition – 4 5

In a dictionary, words are arranged in a certain order so that we can find any word easily. Words beginning with the letter a come first. Words beginning with b appear next. Then follow words beginning with c, and so on. Words beginning with z come last because it is the last letter of the alphabet. Thus in a dictionary, words are arranged in alphabetical order (= in the order of the alphabet*).

In a telephone directory and usually in an encyclopedia, too, entries are arranged in alphabetical order.

Look at the list below. They are put in alphabetical order.

corn grain rice wheat

The word corn comes before the word grain because c comes before g in the alphabet. Grain comes before rice because g comes before r. Rice comes before wheat because r comes before w. Wheat comes last because w comes after the first letters of the other words. The words in this list are arranged according to the first letter of each word.

Exercise I...

Arrange each of these groups of words in alphabetical order.

1. car bus train ship plane ___________________________________________________

2. potato tomato carrot beetroot onion ___________________________________________________

3. Hindus Christians Muslims Sikhs Jains ___________________________________________________

* a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

1 Alphabetical Order


4. teacher doctor nurse pilot engineer

___________________________________________________

5. Mary Kamala Vimala Jyoti Sheila

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More about Alphabetical Order

In the above lists the first letter of each word is different. So you have arranged the words in alphabetical order according to the first letters. What should be done when the first letter of each word is the same? Then you have to arrange the words according to the second letters, as shown below.

remote riddle robot

The word remote comes before the word riddle because e comes before i. Riddle comes before robot because i comes before o.If the first two letters in each word are the same, we arrange the words according to the third letters. If the first three letters are the same, the words are arranged according to the fourth letters and so on. Study these examples. fable fade false fame (The first two letters are the same.) truck trust truth (The first three letters are the same.) bounce boundary bounty (The first four letters are the same.)

Exercise II...

Put these groups of words in alphabetical order.

1. hold hard hump heap

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2. leak lava lump loaf

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3. fame fade fare false

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4. bright brisk brief bridge

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5. true rare frank firm loyal

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Exercise III...

Write the names of ten friends in alphabetical order.

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

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2 Parts of Speech (1)

When we speak and write we use words. Words are divided into eight classes according to the work they do in a sentence. They are: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. These classes are called PARTS OF SPEECH.

Nouns

Look at the following sentences: The teacher is coming. Where is the dog? They live in Delhi. Here is the pen.The word teacher is the name of a person. The word dog is the name of an animal. Delhi is the name of a place. Pen is the name of a thing.The words teacher, dog, Delhi and pen are naming words. Naming words are called NOUNS.

A NOUN is the name of a person, animal, place or thing.

A noun answers the question “Who is it?’’ or “What is it?’’.Now look at these sentences : She is a nurse. She is called Kamala.The word nurse is the name of a person. The word Kamala is also the name of aperson. The word nurse is a name common to all nurses, while the word Kamala is the name of a particular nurse. Nurse is a COMMON NOUN, while Kamala isa PROPER NOUN.Words like girl, mother, brother, uncle and teacher are common nouns.Words like Shankar, Abdul, David, Mr Singh and Mrs Chopra are propernouns.


Similarly the names of places can be either common nouns or proper nouns. For example, the word city is a common noun, while the word Mumbai is a proper noun.

Common nouns are the names given in common to all people, places and things of the same kind. Proper nouns are the names of particular people, places or things.

Below are further examples.

Festival is a common noun, while Christmas is a proper noun.

Language is a common noun, while English is a proper noun.

Month is a common noun, while October is a proper noun.

Note that proper nouns begin with a capital letter.

You will learn about plural forms of nouns in Unit 18.

Exercise I...

Underline the nouns in the following story :

Aladdin was a poor boy who lived in a village in China. One day he found a wonderful lamp in a cave. It helped him to become the richest man in the country. He married a princess named Badrul and finally became a king.

Which of them are proper nouns? Write them below.

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

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New Learner’s English Grammar &Composition Book 4

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9789352530038Author : Dr. N.D.V. PrasadaRao

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