ancient rome, christianity, islam, and the crusades
TRANSCRIPT
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Three Wars
The Greco-
Persian War, The Peloponnesian WarThe Wars of Philip and
Alexander
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Macedon, its conquests, and its enemies
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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Greats Empire [Macedonian Empire]
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Alexanders Death and the Breakdown of the Macedonian Empire
Led to Ptolemaic Kingdom, Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon, and Macedon
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Q: Who took advantage of the collapse of the Macedonian Empire?
A: Well, many people. But the most dramatic change was the rise of the Romans
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Rome
From city To Empire(s)To Republic
c. 800 bce 500 bce c. 500 bce 44 bce c. 44 bce 1453 ce
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Rome
What the heck is a republic?
Republic = res publica= public thing or public matter
Meant to indicate a society that relies on the participation of its citizens for the
maintenance, regulation, and governance of public matters.
Not synonymous with democracy, although the Roman republic had some dem
aspects.
A democracy simply designates who has the power (the demos, or people). A r
indicates more specific values about what it means to be a good citizen.
Designed to eliminate all forms of tyranny.-tyranny: cruel, unreasonable, or arbitrary use of power or control
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Rome: The Republic
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Rome: The Republic
Political Office and
Delegation
Q: The point of this
diagram?
A: Its complicated! In the
republic, great pains
were taken to diffuse[spread out] power, in
order to avoid tyranny.
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Classes determined by property and birth:
-Patricians and Nobles
-Senatorial class: dominated politics and the commandof the army
-equestrians/equites: originally those who could afforda warhorse, but came to mean mercantile class
-proletarii/plebian: citizens with no property at all. Just
above freed slaves in wealth and prestige, beforereforms of Marius.
-Slaves - servi
Voting power dependent on class.
-voting "tribes" of richer classes had fewer members
than the poorer ones, with all the proletarii in a singletribe.
Women
-not full citizens; not allowed to vote or take part in
politics
Rome: The Republic
Social
Division
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Slightly ridiculous, but still neat, reproduction of the Roman Forum
Rome: TheRepublic
The Fora
In addition to the main Forum, emperors wouldbuild their own, such as this Forum of Augustus
The main Forum, today
Why are these public spaces relevant?
What meanings do they convey?
How are they similar to the Greek agora?
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Rome: The Republic
Law
Ius Gentium
Ius Civile
Ius Naturale
Three Basic Categories of Law: Major Moments in Roman Law
Code of the Twelve Tables, c. 449 bce
Code of Theodosius, 429 CE
Code of Justinian, c. 534 CE
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c. 44 bce 1453 ce
Rome: From Republic
to Empire
Major questions
Did the transition to large-scale empire affect Romes Republican values?
How was authority maintained?
How were these disparate peoples and places united, if at all?
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Coin celebrating Julius Caesar as Pontifex Maximus
A title still used today by the Pope!
Rome: The Republic
Religion and the Pontifex
Maximus
Pontifex Maximus: literally, the greatest pontifex
What is a pontifex? A member of the College of Priests
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Imperial Rome: Methods of AssertingPower
Violence
Detail of Trajans Column (victory overDacians)
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Imperial Rome: Methods of AssertingPower
Monumental Architecture
Arch of Titus (celebrates defeat of Jewish rebellion)
Trajans Column
(celebrates victories in the Dacian Wars)
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Rome: Methods of AssertingPower
Ceremonial Segregation and
Distinctions
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Imperial Rome: Methods ofAsserting Power
Judea Capta Coin
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Imperial Rome: Methods ofAsserting Power
Spectacle
The Circus Maximus
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Imperial Rome: Methods of AssertingPower
Spectacle
The Colosseum
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Rome: Methods of AssertingPower
Spectacle, Censorship, and
Oppression
Christians fed to the lions
Slave gladiators forced to fight to the death.
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Imperial Rome: Methods of Asserting Power
Civil Religion [Combination of politics and religion]
Emperor Augustus Is also Pontifex Maximus Augustus
This consolidation of religious and
imperial power leads to animperial cult, or worship of the
emperor.
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Rome
Science and Culture
15thCentury Map Based off Ptolemys Description of the Known World
One particularly important figure: Claudius PtolemyAn astronomer, cartographer, mathematician, among many other talents.
Created what is now known as the Ptolemaic model of the universe.
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Earth, at the center of the unive
The Ptolemaic Model of the Co
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Judaism and Christianity in the Empire
The life of Jesus inspires a new sect of Judaism, Jewish ChristiansEarly Christianity
Disagreement emerges within Judaism about the relationship Jewish Christians to Judaism
Eventually followers of Jesus distinguish themselves from Judaism, calling Jesus divine. These
new Christians still draw from Jewish scriptures, culture, and tradition, but see themselves as adding
a new truth upon this foundation.
With the crucifixion of Jesus, the Christian church was founded, led by the apostles
Jesus handing the keys of the church to P
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Depiction
of Jesus
castingthe money
lenders
out of the
temple
Judaism and Christianity split
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Christianized versions of the Ptolemaic Model of the Cosmos
Why would the ideas of Ptolemy, believed to be
an atheistic scientist, be so eagerly adopted by
Christians?
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Judaism and Christianity in the Empire
Jewish Roman Tensions
Crisis under Caligula, 37 41
Jacob and Simon uprising, c. 55 CE
The Great Revolt: 66 - 73 CE, first of three major rebellions of Jews of Judaea---Vespasian invades Galilee; Titus, his son, destroys rebel resistance in Jerusalem
Jewish Tax implemented in 70 CE
Kitos War in 115 - 117 CE
BarKokhba's Revolt of 132 - 135 CE
-"Zealotry": political movement in 1st century CE to incite people to rebel against the Roman Empire.l
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Judaism and Christianity in the Empire
Christian Roman Tensions
UnderEmperor Nero (54 68 CE), Christians heavily persecuted.
Under 257 edict of EmperorValerius, Christian Priests forced to sacrifice to Roman gods -- punishment wa
Then the Great Persecution from 300 312, under Diocletian
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Judaism and Christianity in the Empire
Times Change for Christians
Under Constantine (in power by 306), the Edict of Milan (312 CE) legalizes Christianity
Constantine himselfconverts to Christianity, establishes the Pentarchy
The Pentarchy were the five first official bishops, located in five different cities in the empire--Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem
Raphael, The Baptism of Constantine Byzantine mosaic of Constantine
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Judaism and Christianity in the Empire
Byzantine depiction of
Council of Nicea
380: Edict of Theodosius, Christianity
becomes State Religion
312: Constantine issues Edict of Milan
325: Constantine holds the Council of
Nicea, which issues the Nicene Creed
Emperor Constantine
and bishops holding
Nicene Creed
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Map of Christian belief, c. 450 CE. Yellow = Orthodox, stripes = heretical beliefs
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Blue and Red dots = early churchesBlue line = rough border of the Roman Empire up to 200 CE
Th S d f R th S d f Ch i ti it
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The Spread of Rome, the Spread of Christianity
Same map, different colors
Dark blue = Christian regions by 325
Light blue = Christian regions by 600
R F E i
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Rome: From Empire toEmpires
In 285,
the
empire
splits into
Eastern
and
WesternEmpires
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Rome: From Empire toEmpires
The two
empires,
East and
West
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Political Power in the Empire
So with the transition to
empire, Roman politics
transforms from
This: an attempt to diffusepower and tyranny by
spreading political power
among many
citizens.
To this: the dominant
rule of four people.
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Political Power in the Empire, And Reasons For Collapse: Internal Tension
Under Diocletian, in 284CE, the Roman Empire
transitioned from the rule of the Principate to
the rule of the Dominate.
Still under Diocletian, in 293 CE, the
Empire adopted the Tetrarchy [rule
of four], in order to better manage
the enormous Roman territory.
Map of the domains
of the original four
tetrarchs
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Reasons For Collapse: External Threats
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The Result of Collapse:The Demise of the West, and the Persistence of the Eastern, Or Byzantine,
Empire
The
remnants of
the Western
Roman
Empire, 477
CE
[the parts still
Roman are
in purple]
The Sassanids and the Rise of Islam
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The Sassanids and the Rise of Islam
Mohammed, soon to unite the
Arabian Pensinsula under Islam,
born c. 570 CE
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The Sassanids and the Rise of Islam
Map of the
Sassanid
Empire
Sassanids saw themselves as Persians; descendants of the Achaemenid Empire, and many
practiced Zoroastrianism,
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The Sassanids and the Rise of Islam
Contest for Jerusalem
614: Sassanids sack Jerusalem, in the Byzantine Sassanid Wars; massacred Christians and Jews
637: Muslim Arab soldiers, following orders of the Caliph Umar, place Jerusalem
under siege,causing Heraclius to surrender the city.
-The Umarriya Covenant composed. This gave the city to Arabs, who promised
religious
liberty to Christians and Jews in return for taxes (jizya)
c. 620: Byzantine-Roman Emperor Heraclius recaptures Jerusalem
Al Sakhrah Mosque, Dome of the Rock, built 691
Al Aqsa Mosque, begun in 600s
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The Sassanids and the Rise of Islam
Many of the Arab peoples united
by Mohammeds preaching.
Formed the ummah, or thecommunity of Muslim faithful.
Led by Mohammed, and then upon Mohammeds death in 632, by the Caliphate.
The first Caliphate: The Rashidun Caliphate
Caliph = successor / substitute / representative
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The Rise of Islam
The first Caliphate: The Rashidun Caliphate
Consisted of four followers and companions of Mohammed
1. Abu Bakr as-Siddiq
2. Umar ibn al-Khattab
3. Uthman ibn Affan4. Ali ibn Abi Talib
5. Alis son, Hasan.
Shia see only Ali and his son, Hasan, as legitimate Caliphs
Sunni see all four Caliphs as legitimate
After these Patriarchal Caliphs came the Caliphate ofUmmayad, and the Ummayad Dynasty
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The Rise of Islam
Dark Brown = expansion under Mohammed (622 632 CE)
Orange = Expansion under Rashid Caliphate (632 661 CE)
Yellow = Expansion under Ummayad Caliphate (661 750 CE)
The Rise of Islam
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The Ummayad Caliphate (purple) in relation to other kingdoms and empires
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The Rise of Islam: Cultural and Intellectual Innovations
Under theAbbasid Dynasty
in particular, the
Arab world
becomes a
center of
mathematic,
scientific,
artistic, religious,and
philosophical
innovation
Th Ri f I l C l l d I ll l I i
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The Rise of Islam: Cultural and Intellectual Innovations
They were also amazing architects! This is the Kairouan Mosque, in Tunisia, completed in the 9th centur
Th Ri f I l
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The Rise of Islam
After the Ummayad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate begins,
marking the peak of Islams expansion, and alarming the
Byzantine/Eastern Roman empire
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The Rise of Islam: The Reaction
Help!
Emperor of the
Byzantine/Eastern
Roman Empire,Emperor
Komnenos,
appeals to Pope
Urban II and other
leaders of
Christianity in theWest for help
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The Rise of Islam: The Reaction
Pope Urban II
convenes the
Council of
Claremont to rally
western Christiansto the cause of
defeating the
Muslim Turks and
Arabs.
Map of the Routes of the First Crusades
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Map of the Routes of the First Crusades
The First Crusades
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Siege of Jerusalem, c. 1099
The Result of the First Crusades:
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The Result of the First Crusades:
The Establishment of Crusader States in and around modern-day Israel-Pales
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The End.
(For now!)