ancient rome

Ancient Rome

The Roman World Takes Shape

Section 1

Introduction

0Rome began as a small city in Italy and became a ruler of the Mediterranean and beyond

Roman Civilization Arises in Italy

0Unifying the Lands of Italy0Because of the Geography, Italy was easier to unify

then Greece0 It is not broken up and the mountains are not as strenuous

to cross

0 It has broad fertile lands as well and can support growing populations


0Early People Settle Italy0800 BCE

0The Latins settle Italy 0They settles along Tiber River

0They grew in time to create serval villages and cities 0Rome was the capital


0Early People Settle Italy0They shared the Italian peninsula

0Greeks0Etruscans

0 Lived on Northern Italy and some of central Italy0 Learned a lot from them

0 Alphabet 0 Engineering techniques to drain marshy land0 Adopted gods and goddesses

0Carthaginians

Romans Establish a Republic

0 Intro 0Drove out the Etruscans by 509 BCE0Established a republic

0The people chose some of the officials0 Idea was that it would prevent any individual from gaining

too much power


0Structuring the Republic 0Early Republic

0300 member0Patricians

0 Members of the land holding upper class

0Senators nominated two consuls0 Job was to supervise business of government and command

armies0Can only serve one term


0Structuring the Republic 0 In war

0Senate might choose a dictator (ruler who has complete control over a government)

0Had rule for only 6 months0Cincinnatus

0 He was a farmer who became dictator twice to save the romans


0Plebeians Fight for Their Rights 0Plebeians

0The farmers, merchants, and artisans who made up most of the population

0Had legal rights as citizens but nothing else

0Gained the right to elect their own officials (tribunes)0They had the power to veto (block) laws that they felt were

harmful

0Fought to be members of the senate0Fought for a written Law


0Romans Leave a lasting Legacy0Framers of the US would adopt Roman ideas such

as the senate, the veto, and checks on political power

Characterizing Roman Society

0 Introduction0Family was the basic unit of Roman society0The father

0Had absolute power


0The Role of Women changes over Time0Women played a larger role in society then it did

with the Greeks 0Over the centuries, Roman women gained greater

freedom and influence 0Went to public baths0Dined out0Went to theater


0Romans Educate Most Children0Learned history0Politics0This was still mostly for the rich


0Roman Mythology and Religion 0Were polytheists

0Belief of many gods and goddesses

0Adopted much from the Greeks0 Jupiter

0 Ruled over the sky and other gods

0 Juno- Jupiter's wife0 Was the goddess that protected marriage

0Neptune0 Was the god of the seas


0The Roman Republic Grows0 Intro

0By 270 BCE, Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula


0Citizen-Soldiers Make Up the Roman Army0Rome's success was based on its skillful diplomacy

and its well trained army0Legion- 5,000 men

0This was the basic military unit

0Originally it was made up of Citizen soldiers0The citizen fought and had to buy weapons 0The main payment was they shared the spoills of v ictory


0Citizen-Soldiers Make Up the Roman Army0There would also be harsh punishment

0 If a unit fled from battle, one out of every 10 men would be put to death


0Rome is Just with Concurred lands0 Generally treated defeated enemies with Justice0 Concurred lands would have to acknowledge Roman

leadership, pay taxes, supply soldiers for the Roman army0 In return they would be allowed to keep their customs,

money, and local government 0 Sometimes, Rome would offer partial citizenship to a

conquered people0 Most conquered lands remained loyal


0Maintaining states0To protect its conquests, Rome posted soldiers

throughout the land0Built a network of military roads to link distant

territories0Trade increased0Language began to unify0Cultures began to unify0 Italy began to unite under Roman rule

The Roman Republic Grows

0 Intro0By 270 BCE, Rome controlled most of the Italian

peninsula

From Republic to Empire Section 2

Introduction

0 In a nutshell0Rome's vast expansion is what caused the Republic

to crumble

Rome Grows Through Conquest

0 Intro0The Conquest of the Italian peninsula brought them

into contact with Carthage, a city state on the coast of Northern Africa0Ruled over an empire


0Rome Fights Carthage in the Punic Wars 0Punic Wars

0There were three0 The wars lasted from 264 BCE-146 BCE

01st Punic War0Rome Won

0 Took over Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia


02nd Punic War0218 BCE Hannibal led his army through France, and over

the Alps into Italy0 It was a surprise!

0The Romans were expecting a southern invasion0Hannibal won battle after battle for 15 years.

0 Never attacked Rome

0Rome decided to ignore him and attack Carthage itself0Hannibal was forced to return home to defend-

0 He was defeated

0Rome won this costly war0Took overall the lands outside of Africa


03rd Punic War0Rome wanted revenge

0Completely destroyed Carthage0 Survivors were killed or sold into slavery0 Poured salt over the earth so that nothing would ever grow there again


0Ruling over the Mediterranean0The Romans became the sole masters of the

Mediterranean sea0 It was also called the Roman lake

0Rome was committed to a policy of imperialism- establishing control over foreign lands and people0While it fought the Carthaginians in the West, Romans

confronted the Hellenistic rulers in the east0 Remember Alexander?

0One by one, the Hellenized territories (even Macedonia) fell to Rome


0The Impact at Home0All the conquests and control of busy trade rought

brought incredible riches to Rome0Generals and traders amassed fortunes

0Latifundia- Huge farming estates 0These were created by wealthy families0Needed slaves and forced people captured in war to do it


0The Impact at Home0In the last days of the republic around

a third of Italy's people lived in slavery0Effects of slave labor0Hurt the small farmers0Could not compete with the larifundia who made cheap

produce0They often fled to the cities to look for work

0 Rome was filled with poor and angry people0 There was rampant corruption


0Making attempts at Reform0Two young plebeians named Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus0Tiberius

0 Elected a tribune in 133 BC0 Distribute land to poor farmer

0Gaius0 Elected a tribune to make even more reform

0The senate did not like the power they began to amass0They and thousands of their followers were killed.

The Roman Republic Declines

0 Intro0 Rome had a lot of problems that it couldn't solve0 Since many people had power, people began to fight!

0CIVIL WAR HOMIES!!!!!!0SLAVE UPRISINGS!!!0DEATH!!!!!0BLOOD!!!!0LOOTING!!!!


0 Julius Caesar the Dictator0Out of the chaos Julius Caesar rose

0Was an ambitious military commander0Dominated Roman Politics

0Pompey0Was another brilliant General and also dominated Roman

Politics


0 Julius Caesar the Dictator0 Julius Caesar

0 In 58 BCE set out with his army on a conquest0 He took over the land of the Gaul's

0Pompey was nervous about his army and got the senate to back him 0 Julius Caesar wasn't having it

0 They fought and Pompey was crushed

0Forced the senate to make him dictator


0Caesar makes Reforms0Between 48 BCE and 44 BCE there were numerous

reforms0Public works

0 Created jobs for the poor

0Granted citizenship to more people0 Introduced a new calendar


0CAESAR KILLED!!!! MORE WAR!!!!0He was assassinated by senators 0Stabbed to death

0More civil war0His friends wanted to hunt down his

enemies0Mark Antony and Octavian

0 They won and then they fought each other with Octavian being the victor

The Age of the Roman Empire Dawns

0 Intro0The Senate gave the triumphant Octavian the title

Augustus 0Means exalted one 0Exercised Absolute Power

0Augustus ruled until 14 AD


0 Augustus Builds a Stable Government0 He laid the foundation for a stable government0 Left the senate in place0 Created efficient, well-trained civil service to enforce

its laws0 Undertook economic reforms

0Ordered a census (population count) to make taxes more fair0 Set up a postal service0 Issued new currency

0 The government would function well for 200 years


0Emperors Vary0Not all Augustus' successors were great0Weak ones0Caligula and Nero

0 Were considered evil and even insane0 Nero persecuted Christians

0Good Emperors 0Lasted between 96 CE and 180 CE0Hadrian

0 Codified Roman law making it the same for all providences0 Built a wall across Britain to hold back atters from the non-Roman

North


0Pax Romana 0The Pax Romana "Roman Peace"

0 It is the 200 year span that began with Agustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius

0Achievements0Roman Legions maintained peace0Roman fleets chases off pirates0Much trade0Knowledge Sharing


0The Distraction of Entertainment0Circus Maximus

0Rome's largest racecourse0 It was a chariot race0Many people bet

0Gladiator matches0Most popular0Slaves were taught to fight0 If a gladiator made a poor showing, then sometimes the

crowd wanted them dead


0The Distraction of Entertainment0Entertainment was often a successful way to keep

the masses in line0 It distracted them from their problems

The Rise of ChristianitySec 4

Introduction

0Remember the pax romana?0What is it?

0A New Religion began to rise0Christianity arose in one of the cornors of the empire0By 380-390 CE Christianity became the offical

religion of the empire0 It reshaped the Roman empire0After the fall of Rome, The Christian faith became the

leader of the world for over 1,000 years

The Early Empire has Diverse Religions

0Rome Tolerates Diversity 0Mystery Religions

0These were religions with that had secret rituals and only a few followed

0Some would devote themselves to a specific god or goddess

0As long as citizens of the empire showed loyalty by honoring Roman gods and acknowledging the divine spirit of the empire, the people were allowed to believe what they wanted


0Divisions in Judea0 In 63 BCE Rome had firm control of Jerusalem

0They allowed them to practice their monotheism

0Some Jews conformed to Roman ideas, however, there were others who rejected0These people were called zelots

0Many were looking for a messiah- the annointed king osent by God0They thought he would lead their people


0 Jewish Rebellions066 AD Jews rebelled

0They were crushed in 4 years

0 Jews rebelled again later0Romans burned down the city and destroyed the temple

Jesus Proclaims his Teaching

0 Intro0The rise of Christianity began among followers of a

certain person named Jesus0He was Jewish

0The life of Jesus is told in the New Testament of the Christian Bible0Mathew0Mark0Luke0 John


0Jesus Begins Preaching0Jesus was born around 4 BCE0According to the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke,

and John) here are some instances of Jesus' life0Jesus was born to a woman named Mary0Jesus worshiped 1 God and followed Jewish

law 0Jesus would teach amongst huge crowds0He used Parables- short stories with simple moral ideas

0He performed miracles


0Jesus teaches new beliefs 0Jesus did teach about following Jewish law,

he also taught new ideas as well0Radical ideas0Jesus called himself The Son of God 0He claimed that his mission was to bring spiritual

salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed in him


0 Jesus teaches new beliefs 0Other ideas

0Emphasized God's love 0Taught the need for justice


0Condemned to Death 0According to the Gospels

0 Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples0 Jesus died by Crucifixion 0Rumors speak that Jesus rose from the dead0Then he taught that people 0This became one of the central beliefs of Christianity.

The Message of Christianity Spreads

0 Intro0After Jesus' death, the message and life of Jesus was

spread by his disciples0They began to preach to the Jewish community

around the known world0According to tradition, the Apostle Peter set up

Christianity in Rome


0Paul Spreads Christianity0Paul- a Jew from Asia minor, played the most

influential role in spreading Christianity0He had never met Jesus0He was actually one of the persecutors

0He had a vision of Jesus appearing to him and he converted

0He traveled all throughout Greece and Asia Minor discussing difficult teachings and emphasizing Jesus


0Paul Spreads Christianity0He traveled all throughout Greece and Asia Minor

discussing difficult teachings and emphasizing Jesus sacrificing his life for the love of humanity

0He wrote letters and it became a part of the New Testament

Christians are Oppressed

0Rome's religious tolerance was not extended to Christians0They believed that they were not loyal because they

refused to offer sacrifices to the emperor or to Roman deities

0There were often rumors of Christians evil practices.

Christians are Oppressed

0Ways they were persecuted0Scapegoated 0Death0Torture

0They often became martyrs0People who suffer or die for their beliefs

The Message Appeals to Many

0Even though persecution happened, Christianity spread throughout the world

0Christianity welcomed all people, 0Poor0Sick0Rich0The oppressed

The Message Appeals to Many

0People found equality0Persecution even brought new converts0Watching someone willing to die for the beliefs is

powerful

Rome Embraces Christianity

0Christian persecution ended in 313 AD when the emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan0 It granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the

Roman empire 0Emperor Theodosius0Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman

empire and repressed the practice of other faiths

The Early Church Develops

0 Joining the Church0To join the church a person had to be baptized or

blessed with holy water0Through this people were believed to be forgiven

0 In early church communities women served as teachers and administrators0Later they were barred from any official role in the Church


0Structuring the Clergy0Clergy- a group of people who conduct Christian

services0Could only be men

0Diocese- each Christian community and it's clergy as a group


0Structuring the Clergy0Bishop

0A high Church official responsible for everyone in his diocese

0Traced their spiritual authority back to the disciples

0Patriarch 0An honorary title and they exercised authority over other

bishops in their area


0Differences arise with the Church0There soon was rivalry among patriarchs0Latin West

0Bishops of Rome were called popes0They began to claim authority over all other bishops

0Greek East0This is where 4 of the 5 patriarchs lived0Believed that there should be a sharing of power

0Heresy emerged0Beliefs that are said to be contrary to offical

church teachings


0Scholars Further Define Christianity0Theology

0 Its s a Greek work that means "talk or discourse about God"

0There were numerous scholars in the early Church0Clement0Origen

The Long Decline of RomeSection 5

The Roman Empire Divides

0 Intro0After Marcus' Aurelius' death in 180. the Roman

empire entered into turmoil0Political Violence Becomes Common0 It was a common occurrence that Roman emperors

would be overthrown by politicians or generals who had support from their military

0 In 50 years, there at least 26 Emperors


0Social and Economic Problems arise0High taxes to support the army

0Hurt the small business owners and shop keepers

0Poor farmers often left their land


0Emperor Diocletian Shares Power0284 CE Diocletian 0Wanted to restore power0He had a huge empire0Divided it into two parts- 0East

0 Rule by him

0West0 Ruled by Co-Emperor Maximian


0Emperor Diocletian Shares Power0Diocletian tried to stop inflation (Rapid rise of

prices)0Fixed the prices of certain goods

0He forced farmers to stay on their land0Sons were required to follow their father's

occupations


0Emperor Constantine Makes Further Reforms0312 AD Constantine took the throne

0Was a talented General

0Granted Toleration of Christians 0Established the new capital at the city of Byzantium

0He renamed it Constantinople


0 Improvements proved to be temporary 0The reforms of Constantine and Diocentine worked

for about 100 years, but it was not able to stop the long decline

Invaders Threaten the Romans

0 Intro0Rome has always faced attacks from the German

people from the east of the Rhine0When Rome was powerful, t hey were able to hold

them back


0Migrating Nomads Attack0200 CE

0There were numerous wars in Asia that would eventually overwhelm Rome in the West

0They sent nomadic people, the Huns, migrating from central Asia toward eastern Europe


0370 CE0Huns went into Europe0They were skilled fighters0Great horsemen0The Huns pushed the Germans further into Roman

territory


0Rome was hard Pressed0Surrendered Britain0France0Spain


0Rome is Sacked0Roman Army tried to push back. But they kept

loosing0Alaric The Visigoth

0Overran Italy and sacked Rome in 410 CE

0Vandals0Took over Spain and even parts of North Africa


0ATTILA THE HUN!!0 In 434 CE he began to lead a savage campaign of

conquest over much of Europe0Romans believed it was divine punishment for their sins

0Odoacer the German0 In 476 CE ousted the emperor in Rome

Many Problems Cause Rome to Fall

0Military Attacks0There were just so many that Rome could not fight

them all0Romans lacked discipline and training because of

the constant loss of soldiers0They had to hire mercenaries (foreign soldiers)


0Political Turmoil0Government became more oppressive and

authoritarian0Frequent Civil Wars

0Economic Weakness0There were numerous economic problems


0Social Decay0People were more focused on social plesures then

patriotism 0 In the past

0Politics was geared towards Rome survival


0Did Rome Really fall?0Not really

0 In The West the city Fell, but the culture survived for a few centuries

0The Catholic church kept much of the Roman Traditions alive

0 In the East0The Eastern Empire was in a Golden Age 0They survived another 1000 years

ancient rome

Education