ancient roman civilizationsites.coloradocollege.edu/sail/files/2015/01/4... · 1/4/2015 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ancient Roman Civilization
753 BCE: legendary founding of Rome by Romulus 509 BCE: Republic of Rome founded 27 BCE: End of Republic, reign of Emperor Augustus 27 BCE-200 CE Early Imperial period
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Terrain of Rome before se.lement Republican Rome
Organic city
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Where is Pompeii? The Bay of Naples? Vesuvius erupts and buries Pompeii, 79 CE
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Republican Rome
City of Pompeii Occupied in the 7-‐6th centuries BCE by the Osci, an ancient Italic people Taken over by Etruscans and Greeks (and others). Captured by the Romans in 80 BCE , and significantly rebuilt in the Augustan period (27 BCE-‐14CE) . Infrastructure: WATER and WASTE
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Bay of Naples from Mt. Vesuvius
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View of Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvio in the background
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Famous visitors to Pompeii
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Roman (Campania). Pompeii. General view to N. showing paved street with pedestrian crossing blocks (in backgound, Mount Vessuvius).
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Pompeii, Street view with shops
Inside of a shop, Pompeii
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Interior of lunch shop
Lunch counter with marble revetment
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Aerial view of the forum
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Forum at Pompeii. What kinds of things happened in the forum?
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Pompeii, view of forum
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House of the VeZi, Pompeii Garden of the house of the VeZi
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House of the VeZi, Pompeii View from the impluvium to the garden peristyle
Garden of the house of the VeZi
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Pain[ng in the triclinium House of the VeZi
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Fic[ve architecture, fic[ve marble PLINY
Pompeii, House of the VeZi
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Excava[on of the house of the VeZi in the late 1800s
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753 BCE: legendary founding of Rome by Romulus 509 BCE: Republic of Rome founded 27 BCE: End of Republic, reign of Emperor Augustus 27 BCE-200 CE Early Imperial period
129 BCE 117 CE
Growth of empire in republican period and into the imperial period. Empire the largest at 117CE during the reign of Trajan
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Biggest ques[on from your reading on Rome: How did Augustus make Rome into an imperial capitol? Let’s ask more specific ques[ons. • What kinds of monuments did Augustus erect in Rome?
• What were they made of? • What were the central messages that Augustus wanted to communicate to the city, to the world, through his new monuments?
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Now we will look at: 1. Triumphal arches and the concept of
Augustan peace 2. Augustus’ forum and the Temple to
Mars Ultor 3. The Ara Pacis and the Campus mar[us
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Augustan Rome, regions created in 7 BCE Republican Rome
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200 BCE (note loca[on of Parthia)
Augustus commemorates peace with the Parthians! 53 BCE Parthians defeat Roman army and take prisoners 20-‐19 BCE Augustus returns to Rome with prisoners and the Roman ba.le standards
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Loca[on of arch: next to temple of the divine Julius Caesar, Augustus’ adop[ve father Augustus in a chariot with Parthians paying tribute,
Dedicated in 19 BCE
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Return of the Parthian standards
Augustus or Primaporta: Bronze original probably set up in a public place ca. 19 BCE
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Arch of Titus
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The Forum of Augustus
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Via dei Fori Imperiali
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Temple of Mars Ultor
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Program of the forum: Links August to Julius Caesar and to his divine ancestors. The halls were lined with sculptures of his ancestors. Vowed to build this temple in the heat of ba.le in 42 BCE, when he defeated those who murdered his father. Temple dedicated in 2 BCE
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Reconstruc[on of the Forum of Augustus and the Temple of Mars Ultor, ca. 20 BCE
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Fragment of a gilded bronze statue of Venus from the Temple of Mars Ultor
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Augustan temple: remember that Favro considers Augustus’ architecture fairly conserva[ve.
Temple of Portunus, Cattle Market, Rome, late 2nd c BCE (from the Republican period)
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Temple to Mars Ultor Luna (Carrara) marble, a source for white marble found during Augustus’ reign.
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Carrara (Luna) marble quarries
Pliny ch. 4 of book 36: “All these ar[sts, however, used nothing but the white marble of the Isle of Paros, a stone which was known as "lychnites" at first, because, according to Varro, it was cut in the quarries by lamplight. Since their [me, many other whiter marbles have been discovered, and very recently that of the quarries of Luna. ”
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2. Yellow marble from Numidia 3. Green marble from Thessaly (Greece) 4. Cipollino marble from Greece 5. Green serpen[ne marble from Greece 10. Pavonazze.o marble from Turkey 11. Alabaster from Egypt 12. Ancient red porphyry from Egypt
The global marble market!
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Cipollino green marble from Greece
Alabaster from Egypt
Egyp[an porphyry
Pavonazze.o (peacock!) marble from Phrygia (today Turkey)
Numidian yellow from North Africa
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Various pieces of different colored marbles on the lunch counter in Pompeii
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Pantheon, Rome. Built in ca. 126 by the emperor Hadrian
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Interior of the Pantheon, Rome Showing some original Roman marble revetment The columns are made of Pavonazze.o (peacock!) marble from Turkey
What did Pliny think about the use of imported marbles?
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Augustan Rome, regions created in 7 BCE Republican Rome
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Ara Pacis in the Campus Mar[us. Part of a complex including Augustus’ sundial and his mausoleum
Loca[on of the Campus Mar[us: click here.
Obelisk of red granite from Egypt
Pliny (ch. 15) men[ons the obelisk used as a sundial.
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Ara Pacis Augustae, consecrated in January in 9 BCE; commemorates Augustus’ triumphant return from Gaul and Spain in 13 BCE. Luna marble (from Carrara)
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Tellus (Mother Earth). “The two children on her lap have been interpreted as the nephews and heirs to Augustus, Gaius and Lucius Caesar.”h.p://www.bluoon.edu/~sullivanm/italy/rome/arapacis/arapacis.html
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Figure to the leq of Tellus Closeup of Tellus What’s the central idea here?! FECUNDITY!
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Procession on the south wall of the altar
Augustus (his body is mostly destroyed) leads the imperial family in a procession (a celebra[on of victory? The inaugura[on of the temple itself? We aren’t sure.
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Procession on the south wall
Agrippa, the princeps (second in command)
Livia, Augustus’ wife (probably) “She has also been iden[fied as Augustus' daughter, Agrippa's wife, and mother of the heirs to the throne.”
h.p://www.bluoon.edu/~sullivanm/italy/rome/arapacis/arapacis2.html
The child holding on to Agrippa may be one of Augustus’ named heirs
PATERFAMILIAS
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Young children of the Julio-‐Claudian family
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Peace piety Family good harvests (fecundity) lots of fer[le mothers birthing loyal Romans A FERTILE god-‐pleasing imperial line!
OVERALL???
All in a shiny marble altar
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Peace, prosperity, wealth
Suetonius (XXVIII), remarks that Augustus "found Rome a city of brick and leq it a city of marble."