ancient irrigation

[Water Resources & Irrigation Engineering]

2014Assignment #1

Submitted by:

Farva Malik

Submitted to:Sir Usman

Contents1 Irrigation..............................................................................................................................................2

1.1 Ancient Irrigation: Egypt and the Nile..........................................................................................2

1.2 Management...............................................................................................................................2

1.3 Mesopotamia: Canals on the Plain..............................................................................................4

1.4 Development...............................................................................................................................5

1.5 The Indus Basin............................................................................................................................5

1.6 History.........................................................................................................................................5

2 Salient Features of Barrages:...............................................................................................................7

3 Salient Features of Off Taking Canals.................................................................................................12

1 Irrigation It is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.

1.1 Ancient Irrigation: Egypt and the NileAncient irrigation styles depended very much on the physical geography and geology of the area, and the engineering skills available. Four different styles of irrigation were developed very early in agricultural history. All irrigation systems depend on taking water from natural sources and diverting it to artificial channels or ponds where it is applied to crops.

Records have shown that Egyptians were the first to use irrigation along the Nile River about 5000B.C, and was accomplished through digging a series of canals and bridges. The device used for lifting water from steams to higher lying fields was the Egyptian Shaddof. Artificial irrigation was considered an Egyptian achievement that required the people and government's cooperation and persistence.

At first, Egyptian agriculture along the Nile was based on growing winter crops after the annual floods had subsided. Egyptian irrigation was based on several facts. There was only one water source (the river) which was too powerful to control. Irrigation works therefore had to be passive in construction, and built relatively high along the river bank so that they dealt only with the peak of the flood. The river valley is flat-floored, but narrow and steep-sided, never more than 25 km wide until it reaches the Delta below Cairo. Irrigation schemes could therefore not carry water any great distance away from the river.

The ancient Egyptians practiced a form of water management called basin irrigation, built large flat-bottomed basins for growing crops along the river banks, and simple sluices that diverted water into them at the peak of the flood. It was easy in engineering terms, if not in labor, to arrange for good water flow through several basins in succession, controlled by simple gates. They constructed a network of earthen banks, some parallel to the river and some perpendicular to it, that formed basins of various sizes. Regulated sluices would direct floodwater into a basin, where it would sit for a month or so until the soil was saturated. Then the remaining water would be drained off to a basin down-gradient or to a nearby canal, and the farmers of the drained plot would plant their crops.

1.2 Management

Egyptians began practicing some form of water management for agriculture about 5,000 years ago. Neither was salinization a problem. There was always plenty of water. The summer water table remained at least 3-4 meters below the surface in most basins, so salts never built up in the

soil; and the flow in the canals and ditches was strong enough to avoid silting. And the month or so of inundation prior to planting pushed whatever salts had accumulated in the upper soil layers down below the root zone. With salt buildup naturally checked and fertility constantly restored, , (Silt that settled in the basins was beneficial in two ways: it made the floors of the basins evenly flat, and it brought a lot of nutrients with each year's flood.) Ditches and canals were short, and the typical irrigation scheme was very local. Egyptian agriculturists enjoyed not only a productive system, but a sustainable one.

For nearly 1,500 years Egyptian farmers cultivated about 800,000 hectares under this system of basin irrigation. This technology enabled farmers to irrigate crops near the river banks and canals during the dry summer. This would have allowed the cultivated area to expand by 10-15 percent. A similar increase might have been afforded by the waterwheel, introduced sometime after 325 BC. So by the time Egypt had become a breadbasket for the Roman Empire, some 1 million hectares of land were effectively under cultivation in the course of a year.

The design of the irrigation system depended critically on knowing in advance the height of the annual flood, and the Egyptians developed a system of "Nilometers" at various points along the valley. Rapid communication and early warning of the height of the flood as it rolled downstream from the south made a great difference to the size of the harvest. Herodotus wrote that the Egyptians "get their harvests with less labor than anyone else in the world."

Early irrigation was rather local and primitive, and food was not stored efficiently, so the early civilizations were vulnerable to long-term fluctuations in the Nile floods. There was no significant attempt at water storage: since all the water came from the Nile, any storage would have meant damming the river, which was far beyond the capability of the ancient Egyptians. Therefore their irrigation system was passive, and early Egyptian civilization depended largely on one winter crop per year. After it was harvested in the spring, the land lay fallow until after the next flood. Only in a few places with very wet soil was there any chance of a second crop, and among these areas were Abydos, Memphis, and Thebes, the great centers of ancient Egyptian civilization. They lay along the river, upstream from the Delta.

Overall, Egypt's system of basin irrigation proved inherently more stable from an ecological, political, social, and institutional perspective than that of any other irrigation-based society in human history. Fundamentally, the system was an enhancement of the natural hydrological patterns of the Nile River, not a wholesale transformation of them. Although it was not able to guard against large losses of human life from famine when the Nile flood failed, the system sustained an advanced civilization through numerous political upheavals and other destabilizing events over some 5,000 years. No other place on Earth has been in continuous cultivation for so long.

1.3 Mesopotamia: Canals on the PlainIrrigation has been an important base for agriculture in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq and part of Iran) for 6000 years. But Mesopotamia is very different from Egypt. Mesopotamia has low rainfall, and is supplied with surface water by only two major rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. Although they are much smaller than of the Nile, they have much more dramatic spring floods, from snowmelt in the highlands of Anatolia, and they carry more silt. Furthermore, the plains of Mesopotamia are very flat, and poorly drained, so that the region has always had persistent problems with poor soil, drought, catastrophic flooding, silting, and soil salinity.

Mesopotamia was known as the land between two rivers, the Tigris to the north and the Euphrates to the south. Irrigation was extremely vital to Mesopotamia because rains were seasonal in this area, which meant that the land flooded in the winter and spring and water was scarce at other times. Farming in the region depended on irrigation from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

The Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia built city walls and temples and dug canals that were the world’s first engineering works.

Canals and irrigation ditches were built for redirecting the water to the fields. Regulators were then used to raise and lower the level of water in canals and ditches so that water could be used by the farmers.

The plains of southern Mesopotamia have wonderfully rich soils, deposited by the rivers Tigris and Euphrates over thousands of years. Watered by means of irrigation, they turned into highly productive farm land, able to sustain large populations.

Mesopotamian engineers had to worry about water storage and flood control as well as irrigation. Silt built up quickly in the canals, threatening to choke them. This could be overcome by constant dredging as long as organization and manpower were available. The other problem was more insidious, and could not be overcome by the engineering available at the time. It was difficult to drain water off the fields, and there was always a tendency for salt to build up in the soil.

Although the plain of Mesopotamia is very flat, the bed of the Euphrates is higher than that of the Tigris; in fact, Euphrates floods sometimes found their way across country into the Tigris. Engineers used this gradient as soon as irrigation schemes became large enough, using the Euphrates water as the supply, and the Tigris channel as a drain.

Mesopotamia has had times of successful irrigation, and times of silt and salinity crises: the latter around 2000 BC, 1100 BC, and after 1200 AD. The first crisis may have been caused by water politics. In any irrigation system, the farmers most downstream are those most likely to be short of water in a dry year, or to receive the most polluted water. In Sumeria, the city of Lagash was

rather far downstream in the canal system based on the Euphrates. Apparently Entemanna of Lagash decided that he would instead cut a canal to tap Tigris water, but the addition of poor-quality water led to rapid salinization of the soil.

1.4 Development In about 6000 BC, irrigation began to be practised in the foothills of the Zagros mountains, very near southern Mesopotamia. Communities of farmers dug tanks and reservoirs to store water, and ditches to lead it to the fields throughout the growing season. In this way they were able to water their fields over a long period of time, increasing their yield of crops.

The techniques learnt here enabled farmers to settle in the dry southern Mesopotamian plains. By creating irrigation systems, they were able to feed their crops with water well beyond the brief rainy season.

1.5 The Indus Basin

In terms of water usage in Pakistan, domestic use account for around two per cent of total water usage, industrial about the same and agriculture for close to 97 per cent, a staggering figure that is well above the global average of about 70 per cent. The Indus Basin is a very developed watershed in that it has a lot of storage and management infrastructure. The schematic diagram below shows the major rivers, canals, dams and other works of the Indus Basin irrigation system. Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma are the three primary reservoirs on this system. Tarbela is the first regulation device on the Indus and Pakistan’s largest storage device with 10.93 billion cubic meters of storage capacity.Water from the Indus empties onto the plains through regulatory structures known as rimstations. About 173 billion cubic metres pass through the rim stations, about 128 billion cubic metres of which is diverted for irrigation. But this figure is still insufficient to meet agricultural irrigation requirements, and the shortfall of about 40 per cent is made up from groundwater pumping. The associated canal network is massive, with 43,561 kilometres of canals, 18,884kilometres of seepage/storm water drains and 12,612 kilometres of tile drains, mostly in the Indus Plain provinces of Punjab andSindh. This system of reservoirs and canals forms the basisof the Indus Basin irrigation system and is thus absolutely essential to agriculture.

1.6 History

The first canals were constructed some five or six centuries ago and extended under the Mughal Emperors. The early canals were inundation channels and delivered water to the fields when rivers were in high flow during the summer. They tended to be unpredictable in operation and subjected both to frequent breaches and serious siltation problems.The next stage in the evaluation of the Irrigation System was construction of perennial canal shaving permanent headworks. These headworks either did not extend across the entire stream or allowed the floods to pass over their crests. The first evidence of perennial irrigation on any

of the Indus rivers dates back to early seventeenth century when a 80 Km long canal was constructed by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (reigned 1605-27) to bring water from the right bank of the Ravi to the pleasure gardens of Sheikhupura near Lahore. The irrigation system which exists today was stated in the nineteenth century under the British administration. In the early 19th century, there were numerous inundation canals leading from the Indus River and its tributaries.The more important of these were the Upper and Lower Sutlej canals, the Shahpur canals, the Chenab canals and the Indus canals in Punjab and Bahawalpur. In the Sindh, where the Indus River flows more or less on a ridge, conditions were particularly favorable for inundation canals. Among Sindh’s 19th century canals were the Desert, the Begari, the Sukkur, the Fuleli, the Pinyari and the Kalri canals

From the middle of the 19th century onwards, a large number of inundation canals were remodelled and fitted with permanent headworks and new canals with weir controlled supply were constructed for the Sindh, Punjab and NWFP areas. The first permanent headworks constructed in 1887 was the Marala Barrage, which started supplying water to the Upper Chenab Canal in 1915. In 1889, a project was prepared for the irrigation of part of the Rechna Doab. The project envisaged the diversion of the Chenab waters by means of a weir at Khanki. The project was sanctioned in 1890 and the Chenab Canal, now called the Lower Chenab Canal, was opened in 1892.

A similar scheme was sanctioned for the irrigation of the area between the Chenab and the Jhelum (Chaj Doab) from a weir at Rasul on the Jhelum River. Construction was started in 1897and the Jhelum Canal, now called the Lower Jhelum Canal was opened in 1901.After World War-I, the Sukkur Barrage Project, the first barrage constructed on the Indus River was started in 1923 and was commissioned to irrigation in 1932. During 1921 the Sutlej Valley Project was sanctioned for the development of the Punjab, Bikaner (now in India) and Bahawalpur states areas. The Project consisting of four (4) weirs on the Sutlej River at Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam and Panjnad and 11 canals were completed by 1933.The Trimmu Barrage, located below the junction of the Jhelum and the Chenab Rivers was started in 1837 and completed in 1939, was the last barrage completed prior to World War II. At the time of independence the Kalabagh Barrage (Jinnah), Kotri Barrage on the Indus River and the Bhakra Dam in India on the Sutlej River were under construction

2 Salient Features of Barrages:

Barrages Over Indus R iver

Tounsa Barrage

Year of Completion: The Taunsa Barrage was completed in 1958Location: Taunsa Barrage is located 20 km southeast of Taunsa Sharif city on the Indus River in the Punjab province of PakistanDesign Discharge: 750000 cusecsLength: 4346 feetNo. Of Bays: 53No. Of Under sluices: 12Crest Level: 6Off Taking Canals: 4

Tarbela Dam

Year of Completion: The dam was completed in 1976Location: Located about 50km North West of Islamabad at Tarbela in Swabi, shortly located at the point from where the District Haripur, in hazara division starts.Design Discharge: The main spillway has a discharge capacity of 18,406 cubic metres per second (650,000 cu ft/s) and the auxiliary spillway, 24,070 cubic metres per second (850,000 cu ft/s).Length: 2,743.2 metres (9,000 ft)

Ghazi Barotha Barrage

Year of Completion: 2004Location: Indus RiverDesign Discharge: 500000 cusecsLength: 170560 feetOff Taking Canals: 1

Jinnah Barrage

Year of Completion: 1946Location: Situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the north-west Punjab province, bordering the Province on the Indus River.Design Discharge: 950000 cusecsLength: 3360 feetNo. Of Bays: 42Off Taking Canals: 1

Chashma Barrage

Year of Completion: The project was built between 1967 and 1971.Location: Chashma Barrage wetland site is located Indus Monsoon Forest, some 25 km southwest of Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan.Design Discharge: 1176000 cusecsLength: 3556 feetNo. Of Bays: 52No. Of Under sluices: 11Off Taking Canals: 2

Guddu Barrage

Year of Completion: The barrage was completed in 1962.Location: Guddu Barrage is a barrage across river Indus, near Kashmore in Pakistan.Design Discharge: 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m³/s) / 1200000cusecsLength: 3840 feetNo. Of Bays: 64 baysNo. Of Under sluices: 2Crest Level: 236Off Taking Canals: 5

Sukkhur Barrage Year of Completion : 1932Location & River on which its constructed: Near Sukkur, Indus riverDesign Discharge: 1.5 million cusecsOff Taking Canals: 7Length: 4725 ftNo. of bays: 66No. of under Sluices: 2Crest level: 177.0 S.P.D

Kotri Barrage

Year of Completion: 1955Location: Located southeast of Karachi near HyderabadDesign Discharge: 750000 cusecsLength: 915 metres (3,000 ft) longNo. Of Bays: 44Crest Level: 48 S.P.DOff Taking Canals : 4

Barrages Over Jhelum River

Mangla Dam

Year of Completion: It was constructed in 1967Location: Located at the Jhelum River, about 67 miles (100 km) south-east of the Pakistani capital, Islamabad in[[dadyal Mirpur]] district of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.Design Discharge: 1.01 million cusecsLength: 10,300 feetOff Taking Canals: 1

Rasool Barrage

Year of Completion: It was constructed in 1968Location: is located on the Jehlum River, 4 km downstream of the Rasul Weir and 72 km from the Mangla Dam.Design Discharge: 24070 cubic meter per second/876000 cusecsLength: 3,209 feetNo. Of Bays: 42No. Of Under sluices: 6Crest Level: 703 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 2

Barrages Over Sutlej River

Sulemanki Barrage

Year of Completion: 1927Location: Sutlej RiverDesign Discharge: 309000 cusecsLength: 2220 feetNo. Of Bays: 24No. Of Under sluices: 16Crest Level: 560 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 3 Islam Barrage

Year of Completion: 1927Location: Sutlej RiverDesign Discharge: 300000 cusecsLength: 1650 feetNo. Of Bays: 29No. Of Under sluices: 4Crest Level: 435.5 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 2

Mailsi Siphon

Year of Completion: 1965Location: This siphon is located on Sutlej River near MailsiDesign Discharge: 286 cumecs/429000 cusecsLength: 1,601feetNo. Of Bays: 24Crest Level: 415.5 S.P.D

Barrages Over Chenab River

Maralla Head Works

Year of Completion: Marala Barrage was built across the river in 1968.Location: The Marala headworks is situated at the Chenab River near the city of Sialkot Punjab.Design Discharge: 1.1 million ft³/s (31,000 m³/s)Length: 4,472 feetNo. Of Bays: 66No. Of Under sluices: 13Crest Level: 800 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 2

Khanki Head Works

Year of Completion: It was built in 1889Location: It is present at river Chenab in Gujrat District.Design Discharge: 750000 cusecsLength: 4000 feetNo. Of Bays: 48No. Of Under sluices: 6Crest Level: 726.5-727 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 1

Qadirabad Barrage

Year of Completion: 1967Location: Located on the river Chenab in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is lies in Phalia Tehsil of Mandi Bahauddin District.Design Discharge: 900000 cusecsLength: 3,373 feetNo. Of Bays: 50No. Of Under sluices: 5Crest Level: 684.5 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 1

Trimmu Barrage

Year of Completion: 1939Location: It is situated some 25 km away from the city of Jhang westwars, at the famous town of Atharan Hazari where there is the confluence of rivers Chenab and Jhelum.Design Discharge: 645000 cusecsLength: 3025 feetNo. Of Bays: 37No of Left Under SluicePortion: 5No of Right Under Sluice Portion: 6Crest Level: Crest Level of Main Weir 477.50,Crest Level of Under Sluice: 472.00Off Taking Canals: 3

Punjnad Barrage

Year of Completion: 1929Location: Chenab RiverDesign Discharge: 700000 cusecsLength: 2856 feetNo. Of Bays: 47Crest Level: 325 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 2

Barrages Over R i ver Rav i

Balloki Barrage

Year of Completion: 1914

Location: River RaviDesign Discharge: 140000 cusecsLength: 1644 feetNo. Of Bays: 35Crest level: 625.5 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 2

Sidhnai Barrage

Year of Completion: 1965Location: Located on Ravi RiverDesign Discharge: 167000 cusecsLength: 712 feetNo. Of Bays: 15No. Of Under sluices: 4Crest Level: 454 S.P.DOff Taking Canals: 2

3 Salient Features of Off Taking Canals

RAVI RIVER

Balloki Barrage

Balloki-Sulemanki Link Canal

Design Discharge: 6,500 cusecsLength of Canal: 39 miles

Lower Bari Duab Canal

Location: MultanDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 9292 cusecs and tail discharge is 1000 cusecsLength of Canal: 132.14 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 2130937 and culturable area is 1845974

Sidhnai Barrage

Sidhnai-Mailsi Bahawal Link Canal

Location: MultanDesign Discharge: 10,100 cusecs

Length of Canal: 4.132 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 4071 and culturable area is 3724

Sidhnai Canal

CHENAB RIVER

Maralla Barrage

Upper Chenab Canal

Location: Lahore ZoneDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 16850 cusecs and tail discharge is 11373 cusecsLength of Canal: 26.659 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 19600 and culturable area is 12449

Maralla Ravi Link Canal

Location: Lahore ZoneDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 22000 cusecs and tail discharge is 20000 cusecsLength of Canal: 63.463 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 165598 and culturable area is 154987

BRBD Link Canal (Bambawala-Ravi-Bedian-Dipalpur Canal)

Location: Lahore ZoneDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 7260 cusecs and tail discharge is 2380 cusecsLength of Canal: 107.40 miles

Khanki Headworks

Lower Chenab Canal (LCC)

Location: Faisalabad ZoneDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 8143 cusecsLength of Canal: 40.058 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 3700000 and culturable area is 3400000

Qadirabad Barrage

Qadirabad-Balloki Link Canal

Location: Hafizabad ZoneDesign Discharge: 18,600 cusecsLength of Canal: 79.483 miles

Trimmu Barrage

Rangpur CanalTrimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal

Location: (Sidhnai)MultanDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 12500cusecs and tail discharge is 10000 cusecsLength of Canal: 44 miles

Haveli Canal

Punjnad Barrage

Punjnad Canal

Location: BahawalpurDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 10484 cusecs and tail discharge is 4274 cusecsLength of Canal: 38 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 1293941 and culturable area is 1186537

Abbasia Canal

Location: BahawalpurDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 1394 cusecs and tail discharge is 587 cusecsLength of Canal: 44.915 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 117663 and culturable area is 111333

SUTLEJ RIVER

Sulemanki Barrage

Pakpatan Canal


Eastern Sadqiya Canal

Location: Multan

Design Discharge: Head discharge is 6820 cusecs and tail discharge is 5106 cusecsLength of Canal: 49 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 616035 and culturable area is 547472

Fordwah Canal


Islam Barrage

Qasim Canal

Location: MultanDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 483.00 cusecs and tail discharge is 61 cusecsLength of Canal: 7.43 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 55804 and culturable area is 52797

Bahawal Canal

Location: MultanDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 500 cusecs and tail discharge is 386 cusecsLength of Canal: 2.40 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 57469and culturable area is 52023

Mailsi Siphon

Sidhnai-Mailsi Bahawal Link Canal

Location: (Baghdad) BahawalpurDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 5338 cusecs and tail discharge is 5123 cusecsLength of Canal: 30.40 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 1229174 and culturable area is 1048805

JHELUM RIVER

Mangla Dam

Upper Jhelum Canal

Year of Completion: 1915

Length of Canal: 730.8 miles

Rasool Barrage

Rasool Qadirabad Link Canal

Location: It is a main canal located in Rasul Division.Design Discharge: 19,000 cusecsLength of Canal: 30 miles

Lower Jhelum Canal

Year of Completion: 1901Location: It is a main canal located in Rasul Division.Design Discharge: Its authorized head discharge is 5500.00.Its authorized tail discharge is 3705.00Length of Canal: 39.366 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross command area is 1728349.00.Its Culturable command area is 1485776.00

INDUS RIVER

Tarbela Dam

Ghazi Barrage

Ghazi Barotha Power Channel

Jinnah Barrage

Thal Canal

The amount of water that it carries is 2.534 MAF. It is divided into 2 different divisions.

Thal canal main line lower

Year of Completion: 1947Location: It is a main canal located in bhakkar.Design Discharge: 4100Length of Canal: 100.50 milesGross Area: 3534

Culturable Command Area : 2966

Thal canal main line upper

Year of Completion: 1947Location: It is a main canal located in kalabagh. It is categorized in the zone of sarghodha.Design Discharge: 9000Length of Canal: 100.50 milesGross Area: 2460861Culturable Command Area: 2115931

Chashma Barrage

Chashma Right Bank Canal (CRBC)

Design Discharge: 2500 cusecsLength of Canal: 71 milesArea to Be Irrigated: 261,000 acres

Chashma Jhelum Link Canal

Design Discharge: 21,700 cusecsLength of Canal: 63 miles

Taunsa Barrage

Kachi Canal (Under Construction)

Location: Punjab:MuzaffarGarh, D.G.Khan, Rajanpur Distts Balochistan: Dera Bugti, Naseerabad, Bolan,JhalMagsi DistrictsLength: 500Km (300Km Lined in Punjab 200Km Unlined in Balochistan)Capacity: 6000 CusecsDistributaries &Minors 2000KM, 713000 AcresCommand Area: PHASE-I: 102,000 CCA

PHASE-II: 267,000 CCA PHASE-III: 344,000 CCA

Dera Ghazi Khan Canal (DGKCanal)

Location: It is a main canal located in D.G KhanDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 8900 and tail discharge is 5514Length of Canal: 69.046 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 947874 and cultural command area is 901984

Taunsa Punjnad Canal (TP Canal)

Location: DG Khan (Lashari)Design Discharge: Head discharge 1200Length of Canal: 38.20 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 2150000 and cultural command area is 2000000

Muzaffargarh Link Canal

Location: Muzaffargarh ZoneDesign Discharge: Head discharge is 8901 and tail discharge is 2776Length of Canal: 74.14 milesArea to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 906490 and cultural command area is 838380

Guddu Barrage

Pat Feeder

Desert Feeder

Design Discharge: 419 cumecsArea to Be Irrigated: 185000 acres

Begari Sindh Feeder

Design Discharge: 372 cumecs

Ghotki Canal


Raine Canal

Sukkhur Barrage

Left side canals

Nara Canal Mirwah Canal

Rohri Canal Abul Wah

Right side canals are

Dadu Canal Rice Canal Khirthar Canal

Kotri Barrage

Kotri Baghar Feeder


Phuleli


Pinjari


Akram Wah


ancient irrigation

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