ancient history through medieval times (part 1). medical history- overview health care providers...
TRANSCRIPT
MEDICAL HISTORY
Ancient History
Through
Medieval Times
(Part 1)
NOTES FROM PREZI PRESENTATION Medical History- Overview
Health Care Providers were: Priests Medicine Men
Many Ailments came from: Poor Sanitation Unsanitary Water Supply Lack of Knowledge
It was believed that: Evil Spirits and Demons caused disease.
Of Scientific Interest: Microorganisms
NOTES FROM PREZI - CONTINUED Ancient History
80% of People died by the age of 30 Hunting Accidents Violence
Treatments Rituals “Wives Tales” Trephining
Cutting of a hole in the skull with a flint knife.Treatment for Migraines, Epilepsy, Paralysis,
InsanityTreatment for Head injuries too.
NOTES FROM PREZI - CONTINUED
Medical treatments began around 3000 B.C.“Black Magic”Medicinal Plants
1/3 of which we still use today It was believed that our blood flowed
through canals Leaches used to clear the canals. We still used this therapy today. Leaches secrete Hirudin (prevents coagulation)
NOTES FROM PREZI - CONTINUED
Egyptian God of Medicine Imhotep Egyptian physician for the royal family. Wrote the Sacred Books
If the physician followed them but the patient died, it was okay – nothing happened to the physician.
If the physician did not follow them and the patient died, the physician was executed.
Father of Chinese Medicine Wrote the Great Herbal
Document that contained thousands of drugs.Originally used to drive out demons.
Acupuncture – 365 spots on the body.
ANCIENT HISTORY (REVIEW) Ancient History
80% of people died by the age of 30 Why?
Hunting accidentsViolence
ANCIENT HISTORY(REVIEW)
Treatments Rituals “Wives Tales” Trephining
Cutting a hole in the skull with a flint knife Treatment of migraines, epilepsy, paralysis or
insanity Then treatment for head injuries
Sometimes skulls showed healing and many years of survival
ANCIENT HISTORY (REVIEW)
Medical treatments began around 3000 B.C. (Egyptian tombs show evidence) Sometimes rituals Then repellents to fight demons
“Black Magic” excretions, insectsMedicinal plants (1/3 of what is used today)
ANCIENT HISTORY (REVIEW)
Blood flowed through canalsClear the canals with leaches (still used today
as therapy) HIRUDIN (substance excreted by leech that
prevents coagulation)
ANCIENT HISTORY (REVIEW)
Egyptian God of Medicine Imhotep, Egyptian physican for the royal
familyAdhere to the rules of the Sacred Books
If patient dies, no blame on the physician No adherence and patient dies, physician is
executed
ANCIENT HISTORY (REVIEW)
Father of Chinese MedicineGreat Herbal (document containing thousands
of drugs) Originally used to drive out demons
Acupuncture (365 spots on body)
2000 BC Babylon
Established a legal code Set fees for services Rules of conduct Loss of life or eyesight, physician lost his
handsOnly applied to NobilitySlaves just replaced
2000 BC Greeks
Apollo (The Sun God) taught medicine to a centaur who taught others like Asklepios (Greek God of Healing)
Massage, bathing and exerciseDrug induced sleepCleaning of wounds with large, nonpoisonous
snakesGod Asklepios would apply salves
Caduceus (medical symbol) derived from this God holding a staff with a serpent coiled around it
1500 B.C. Hindu priest-doctors contributed surgery
AnesthesiaCataract and plastic surgery
500 B.C. Greeks
Dissected animals (Alcmaeon) Human dissection was illegal
Blood gave life and heart distributed it (Empedocles)
Hippocrates moved medicine from priests to philosophers Organized method of gaining knowledge
(Observation) Hippocratic Oath (To do no harm)
Aristotle (tutor of Alexander the Great) Brought together medicine, biology, botany and
anatomy (based on animal dissection)
500 B.C. Egypt
Human dissection was legal70,000 books, home of a famous medical
schoolWith rise of the Roman Empire, this declined
and back to supernatural/spiritual medicine went.
500 B.C. Romans
distrusted and despised the wandering Greek physicians Greek Physicians were slaves (till 200 BC)
46 B.C. Julius Caesar (Roman) gave physicians
citizenship rights Physicians began to achieve status
150 A.D. Claudius Galen – Physician from Asia Minor
Treated Gladiators (with little medical training)Believed the body was composed of humors
Four fluids (blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile)
Used diet, massage, exercise and drugsWas kicked out of Rome then returned and
cured the emperor’s stomachache.Produced 500 books, claimed to have authority
of Hippocrates Accepted for 1300 years (unchallenged till 16th
century) Set back medical progress
150 A.D.Romans made little contribution to medicine
Realized disease was connected to filth and overcrowdingDrained marshesLaws for clean streets Aqueducts for clean drinking water
Private hospital system Diseases (Malaria, small pox)
drainage system no longer used to keep marshes down
Pandemic Bubonic plague
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Anglo-Saxon settlers Illness caused by “nine venoms, the nine
diseases, or nine worms, or nine elves and witches”
MEDIEVAL HISTORY5th – 16th centuries
No progress in medical knowledge or practice Pagan magic, superstition and herbalism
MEDIEVAL HISTORY6th – 10th centuries
EpidemicsSmallpox, dysentery, typhus, plague,
widespread famine.
MEDIEVAL HISTORYChristian Church and Arab scholars
Illness was a punishment Priests again healers
Exorcism and holy relics
MEDIEVAL HISTORYArab physicians in 1000 AD
Contributed to pharmacology because of knowledge of chemistry
MEDIEVAL HISTORYRhazes the Arab Hippocrates
150 books (one weighing 22 pounds) observation of disease distinguished between smallpox and measles cautery (hot iron)
MEDIEVAL HISTORYMedical school in Salerno, Italy around 850
AD Union of medical knowledge from the East and
the West First school where students took exams Issuance of degrees Anatomy and surgery (based on animal
dissection) Other medical schools followed (Paris, Oxford
and Cambridge)
MEDIEVAL HISTORYMedieval European surgeons (barber-
surgeons) Limited to nobility, wealthy Cut hair, bloodletting, opened abscesses,
amputations (same razor) Trademark
White poles wrapped with blood-stained bandages (Barber pole today)
MEDIEVAL HISTORYLots of disease from famine, population
movement and uncleanliness Most famous diseases:
MEDIEVAL HISTORYLeprosy
Contagious Thought to be a result of the sins against God Forbid to marry Wear a black cloak with white patches
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Bubonic Plague Thought to be spread by rats, was actually a
bacteria that grew in fleas on the rats Shivering, headache, vomiting, pain Large painful boils Died within five days