ancient egyptian life text 4: religion shapes …...king tutankhamen’s tomb the mummified body of...
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Text 4: Religion Shapes Ancient Egyptian Life
Topic 2 Lesson 4 Egyptian Civilization
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Important Gods and GoddessesThe chief god was the sun god Amon-Re
Pharaoh, whom Egyptians viewed as god as well as king, was closely linked to Amon-Re
Only the pharaoh could conduct certain ceremonies for the sun god
Egypt was a type of theocracy, meaning the pharaoh had religious authority to rule
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Important Gods and GoddessesMost Egyptians related more easily to the god Osiris and the goddess Isis
Their story touched human emotions such as love, jealousy, and fear of death
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Important Gods and GoddessesAn Egyptian myth tells how Osiris ruled Egypt until he was killed and carved up by his jealous brother, Set
Isis, the wife of Osiris, finds the scattered parts of her husband's body and brings him back to life
Because Osiris could no longer rule over the living, he became god of the dead and judge of souls seeking admission to the afterlife
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Important Gods and GoddessesOsiris was especially important to Egyptians
He ruled over the underworld
God of the Nile and controlled the annual flood that made the land fertile
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Important Gods and GoddessesIsis had special appeal for women, who believed that she had first taught women to grind corn, spin flax, weave cloth, and care for children
Like Osiris, Isis promised the faithful that they would have life after death
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Egyptian Views of the AfterlifeBelief in the afterlife affected all Egyptians, from the highest noble to the lowest peasant
To win eternal life, Egyptians believed that each soul had to pass a test
After the dead was ferried across a lake of fire to the hall of Osiris, the god weighed each soul’s heart against the feather of truth
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Egyptian Views of the AfterlifeThose he judged to be sinners were fed to the crocodile-shaped Eater of the Dead
Worthy souls entered the Happy Field of Food
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Egyptian Views of the AfterlifeTo survive the dangerous journey through the underworld, Egyptians relied on the Book of the Dead
This book contained spells, charms, and magic formulas meant to help the dead in the afterlife
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MummificationEgyptians believed that the afterlife would be much like life on Earth
As a result, they buried their dead with everything they would need for eternity
To give a soul use of its body in the afterlife, Egyptians perfected scientific skills in mummification
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MummificationAt first, mummification was a privilege reserved for rulers and nobles
Eventually, ordinary Egyptians also won the right to mummify their dead, including beloved pets
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King Tutankhamen’s TombMany pharaohs of the New Kingdom were buried in the Valley of the Kings
Their tombs, filled with treasures were a temptation to robbers
As a result, most royal tombs were stripped of their treasures
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King Tutankhamen’s TombIn 1922 British archaeologist Howard Carter unearthed the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamen which had remained almost untouched for more than 3,000 years
The tomb and its treasures have provided scholars a wealth of evidence about Egyptian civilization
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King Tutankhamen’s TombThe mummified body of the 18-year-old “King Tut” had been placed in a solid-gold coffin, nested within richly decorated outer coffin
Today, the objects found in the tomb fills several rooms in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo
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King Tutankhamen’s TombThe objects include:
Chariots
Weapons
Furniture
Jewelry
Toys
Games
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An Attempt to Reshape ReligionAbout 1380 B.C.E. a young pharaoh challenged the powerful priests of Amon-Re
He devoted his life to the worship of Aton, a minor god whose symbol was the sun’s disk
The pharaoh took the name Akhenaton meaning “he who serves Aton”
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An Attempt to Reshape ReligionWith the support of his wife Nefertiti, Akhenaton tried to sweep away all other gods in favor of Aton
He ordered priests to worship only Aton and to remove the names of other gods from their temples
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An Attempt to Reshape ReligionScholars disagree about whether or not Akhenaton was trying to introduce a new religion based on worship of a single god
Akhenaton’s radical ideas had little success
Priests of Amon-Re resisted and nobles deserted the pharaoh because he neglected his duty of defending the empire
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An Attempt to Reshape ReligionAfter Akhenaton’s death, priests of the old gods reasserted their power