anatomylecture1.0anatomicalstructuredr.lasam

8/11/2019 AnatomyLecture1.0AnatomicalStructureDr.Lasam

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St. Paul University PhilippinesAnatomy 1.0 School of Medicine June 28, 2012

Anatomic Structures Dr. Lasam

Group | Keith Daliuag, Roselyn baculi, Jamie Acierto Page 1of 6

Outline

I. Definition of Anatomy and its Branches

II. Anatomical Position

III.Medical Terminologies related to positionIV.Terms related to movement

V. The Skin

A.Parts

B. Appendages of the Skin

C. Clinical Notes

VI.Fasciae

VII. Muscle

VIII.Joints

IX. Ligaments

X. Bone

XI. Bone Marking and Formations

I. DEFINITION OF ANATOMY AND ITS BRANCHES

ANATOMY is the science of the structure and function of the body.

Clinical anatomy (Applied) is the study of the macroscopic structure

and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and

other health sciences.

Basic anatomy is the study of the minimal amount of anatomy

consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and

function of the body.

-the person is standing erect, with the upper limbs by the sides of

the trunk and the face and palms of the hands directed forward.

-gives a sense of UNIFORMITY in assessing

IMAGINARY PLANES

1. MEDIAN SAGITTAL PLANE

- Vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing into

2 equal R&L halves.

2. CORONAL PLANE

Imaginary vertical plane @ R angles to the median plane

3. HORIZONTAL or TRANSVERSE PLANES

- Right angles to both the median and the coronal planes

III. TERMS RELATED TO POSITION

Anterior and Posterior

-are used to indicate the front and back of the body

Palmar and Dorsal

-used in place of anterior and posterior in describing the

hand

Plantar and Dorsal

-Used in place of anterior and posterior in describing the

foot

Proximal and Distal

-Describes the relative distances from the root of the limbs

Superficial and Deep

-Describes the relative distances of structures from the

surface of the body.

Superior and Inferior

-Denotes levels relatively high or low with reference to the

upper and lower ends of the body

Internal and External

-Used to describe the relative distance of a structure from

the center of an organ or cavity

Ipsilateral- refers to the same side of the body

example: left hand and left foot

Contralateral

-refers to the opposite sides of the body

example: right ostiomeatal complex and the left middle

turbinate

Supine

-lying on the back

Prone

-lying facing downward

II. ANATOMICAL POSITION


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IV. TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENT

Flexion

movement that takes place in a sagittal plane

Extension

straightening the joint and usually takes place in a

posterior direction

Lateral Flexion

is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane Abduction

-Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

in a coronal plane.

Adduction

-Movement of a limb towards the body in a coronal plane

Rotation

movement of a part of the body around its long axis.

a. Medial rotation

- movement that result in the anterior surface of the part

facing medially.

b. Lateral Rotation

- anterior surface facing laterally.

Pronation Of The Forearm

- medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner thatthe palm faces posteriorly

Supination Of The Forearm

-Lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated

position so that the palm comes to face anteriorly.

Circumduction

-combination of sequence of the movements of flexion,

extension, abduction, and adduction.

Protraction

-to move forward

Retraction

-to move backward

Inversion

movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial

direction. Eversion

opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in

a lateral direction.

V. SKIN

A. PARTS

1. Epidermis

-superficial( more mature flat cells )

-Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Keratinized)

2. Dermis

-Deeper layer

-Composed of dense connective tissue

-Contains Blood vessels, lymphaticvessels and nerves

SKIN CREASES- where the skin of the joint always folds

B. APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN:

I. NAILS

-keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tip s o

the fingers and toes

Nail Root-The proximal edge of the plate

Nail Folds- the nail is surrounded and overlapped by folds o

skin

Nail Bed-The surface of skin covered by the nail

II. Hairs

- grow out of follicles, which are invaginations of the

epidermis into the dermis

Hair Bulbs- The follicles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and

their expanded extremities

Hair Papilla- Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and the

concavity is occupied by vascular connective tissue

Arrector Pili- A band of smooth muscle that connects the

undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis

The muscle is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers, and its

contraction causes the hair to move into a more vertica

position; it also compresses the sebaceous gland and causes it

to extrude some of its secretion

Gooseflesh- The pull of the muscle also causes dimpling of

the skin surface

III. Sebaceous Glands

- pour their secretion, the sebum, onto the shafts of the

hairs as they pass up through the necks of the follicles

Sebum- . an oily material that helps preserve the flexibility

of the emerging hair. It also oils the surface epidermis

around the mouth of the follicle.


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IV.Sweat Glands

-are long, spiral, tubular glands distributed over the surface

of the body, except on the red margins of the lips, the nail

beds, and the glans penis and clitoris

-most deeply penetrating structures of all the epidermal

appendages.

C. CLINICAL NOTES

Skin Infections

-The nail folds, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands are common

sites for entrance into the underlying tissues of pathogenic

organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus.

Paronychia

- Infection occurring between the nail and the nail fold

Common Boil(Furuncle)

-Infection of the hair follicle and sebaceous

Carbuncle

-a staphylococcal infection of the superficial fascia. It

frequently occurs in the nape of the neck and usually starts asan infection of a hair follicle or a group of hair follicles

Sebaceous Cyst

- caused by obstruction of the mouth of a sebaceous duct and may

be caused by damage from a comb or by infection. It occurs most

frequently on the scalp

Shock

-A patient who is in a state of shock is pale and exhibits

gooseflesh as a result of overactivity of the sympathetic

system, which causes vasoconstriction of the dermal

arterioles and contraction of the arrector pili muscles.

Skin BurnsTypes:

a. Partial-Skin-Thickness Burn

-superficial, very painful

-heals from the cells of the hair follicles, sebaceous glands,

and sweat glands as well as from the cells at the edge of the

burn

b. Full Thickness Burn

-extends deeper and heals

-to speed up healing and reduce the incidence of

contracture, a deep burn should be grafted.

Two Main Typesof Skin Grafting:

a. Split-Thickness Graft- the greater part of the epidermis,

including the tips of the dermal papillae, is removed from

the donor site and placed on the recipient site. This leaves

at the donor site for repair purposes the epidermal cells on

the sides of the dermal papillae and the cells of the hair

follicles and sweat glands.

b. Full-Thickness Skin Graft- includes both the epidermis and

the dermis and, to survive, requires rapid establishment of

a new circulation within it at the recipient site. The donor

site is usually covered with a split-thickness graft.

full-thickness graft is made in the form of a pedicle

graft, in which a flap of full-thickness skin is turned

and stitched in position at the recipient site, leaving

the base of the flap with its blood supply intact at the

donor site. Later, when the new blood supply to the

graft has been established, the base of the graft is cut

across.

VI.FASCIAE

Two types:

a. Superficial Fascia or Subcutaneous Tissue

-a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites

the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia

b. Deep Fascia

-a membranous layer of connective tissue that invests the

muscles and other deep structures

retinacula- In the region of joints, the deep fascia may be

considerably thickened to form restraining bands

VII.MUSCLE

Three Types Of Muscle:

1. Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary Muscles)

-produce the movements of the skeleton

-has two or more attachments:

origin-The attachment that moves the least

insertion-the one that moves the most

belly-The fleshy part of the muscle

tendons- The ends of a muscle are attached to bones

cartilage, or ligaments by cords of fibrous tissue

Aponeurosis -flattened muscles are attached by a thin but

strong sheet of fibrous tissue

Raphe - an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibersof flat muscles

Internal Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Epimysium -The muscle fibers are bound together with

delicate areolar tissue, which is condensed on the surface to

form a fibrous envelope

Pennate Muscles (they resemble a feather)- Muscles whose

fibers run obliquely to the line of pull


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a. Unipennate Muscle -one in which the tendon lies along one

side of the muscle and the muscle fibers pass obliquely to it

(e.g., extensor digitorum longus)

b. Bipennate Muscle- one in which the tendon lies in the center

of the muscle and the muscle fibers pass to it from two sides

(e.g., rectus femoris)

c. Multipennate Muscle- arranged as a series of bipennate

muscles lying alongside one another (e.g., acromial fibers of

the deltoid) or may have the tendon lying within its center

and the muscle fibers passing to it from all sides, converging

as they go (e.g., tibialis anterior)

SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTION

-All movements are the result of the coordinated action of many

muscles. However, to understand a muscles action, it is

necessary to study it individually

A muscle may work in the following FOUR WAYS:

a. Prime Mover -the chief muscle or member of a chief group

of muscles responsible for a particular movement.

Example: the quadriceps femoris is a prime mover in the movement

of extending the knee joint

b. Antagonist -opposes the action of the prime mover

Example: the biceps femoris opposes the action of the quadriceps

femoris when the knee joint is extended

c. Fixator- contracts isometrically to stabilize the origin of the

prime mover so that it can act efficientl

Example: the muscles attaching the shoulder girdle to the trunk

contract as fixators to allow the deltoid to act on the shoulder joint

d. Synergist-contract and stabilize the intermediate joints

Example: the flexor and extensor muscles of the carpus contract to

fix the wrist joint, and this allows the long flexor and the extensor

muscles of the fingers to work efficiently

2. Smooth Muscle

-consists of long, spindle-shaped cells closely arranged in bundles o

sheets

-In the tubes of the body, it provides the motive power fopropelling the contents through the lumen

- In the digestive system, it also causes the ingested food to be

thoroughly mixed with the digestive

juices

Peristalsis- A wave of contraction of the circularly arranged

fibers passes along the tube, milking the contents onward. The

longitudinal fibers pull the wall of the tube proximally over the

contents.

3. Cardiac Muscle

-consists of striated muscle fibers that branch and unite with each

other. It forms the myocardium of the heart

-Its fibers tend to be arranged in whorls and spirals, and they havethe property of spontaneous and rhythmic contraction

-supplied by autonomic nerve fibers that terminate in the nodes of

the conducting system and in the myocardium.

VIII.JOINTS

-A site where two or more bones come together, whether or no

movement occurs between them.

Joints are classified according to the tissues that lie between the

bones:

1. Fibrous Joints

-The articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by fibrous

tissue and thus very little movement is possible

Example: inferior tibiofibular joints

2. Cartilaginous Joints

Cartilaginous joints can be divided into two types:

a. Primary Cartilaginous Joint- one in which the bones are

united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage

Example: union between the epiphysis and the diaphysis o

a growing bone and that between the 1st rib and the

manubrium

b.

Secondary Cartilaginous Joint- one in which the bones areunited by a plate of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces

of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

Example: joints between the vertebral and the symphysis

pubis

3. Synovial Joints

-The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin laye

of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity


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-This arrangement permits a great degree of freedom of

movement

Synovialmembrane

-lines the cavity of the joint which extends from the

margins of one articular surface to those of the other

Capsule of the joint

a tough fibrous membrane protects the outside of the

synovial cavity.

Synovial Fluid

-produced by the synovial membrane

- a viscous fluid that lubricates the articular surface

Articular Discs

-discs or wedges of fibrocartilage that are interposed

between the articular surfaces of the bones

Synovial joints classified according to the ARRANGEMENT OF THE

ARTICULAR SURFACES and TYPES OF MOVEMENT that are possible:

a. Plane joints

-the apposed articular surfaces are flat or almost flat, and this

permits the bones to slide on one anotherExamples: sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

b. Hinge joints

-resemble the hinge on a door so that flexion and extension

movements are possible

Examples: elbow, knee, and ankle joints

c. Pivot joints

-a central bony pivot is surrounded

by a bonyligamentous ring and rotation is the only movement

possible

Examples: atlantoaxial and superior radioulnar joints

d. Condyloid joints-have two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with two

concave surfaces.

-the movements of flexion, extension, abduction,

and adduction are possible together with a small

amount of rotation

Example: etacarpophalangeal joints or knuckle joints

e. Ellipsoid joints

-an elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical

concave articular surface

-the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and

adduction can take place, but rotation is impossible

Example: wrist joint

f. Saddle joints

-the articular surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex and

resemble a saddle on a horses back

-these joints permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,

and rotation

Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

g. Ball-and-socket joints

-a ballshaped head of one bone fits into a socketlike

concavity of another. This arrangement permits free

movements, including flexion, extension, abduction

adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and

circumduction

Examples: shoulder and hip joints

Nerve Supply of Joints

The capsule and ligaments receive an abundant sensory nerve

supply Hiltons law -a sensory nerve supplying a joint also

supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin

overlying the insertions of these muscles

IX.LIGAMENTS

LIGAMENTS

-a cord or band of connective tissue uniting two structures

-Commonly found in association with joints, ligaments are of

two types:

a. Fibrous Ligaments-prevent excessive movement in a joint

b. Elastic Ligaments

-elastic tissues and can therefore regain its original length

after stretching

BURSAE

-a lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous sac lined

with a delicate smooth membrane

-Its walls are separated by a film of viscous fluid

SYNOVIAL SHEATH

-a tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon. Synovial sheaths

occur where tendons pass under ligaments and retinacula andthrough osseofibrous tunnels

Mesotendon

-tendon invaginates the bursa from one side so that the

tendon becomes suspended within the bursa

-In certain situations, when the range of movement is

extensive, the mesotendon disappears or remains in the

form of narrow threads, the Vincula.

X.BONE

- a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result

of the stresses to which it is subjected-It is hard because of the calcification of its extracellular matrix

and possesses a degree of elasticity because of the presence

of organic fibers

Functions:

protective function

serves as a lever

important storage area for calcium salts

houses and protects within its cavities the

delicate blood-forming bone marrow


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Two Forms:

1. Compact Bone- appears as a solid mass

2. Cancelous Bone- consists of a branching network of

trabeculae

Bones are grouped as follows based on their

general SHAPE:

1. Long Bones

-are found in the limbs- ends of long bones are composed of cancellous bone

surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone

They have a tubular shaft, the diaphysis, and usually an

epiphysis at each end

The part of the diaphysis that lies adjacent to the

epiphyseal cartilage is called the metaphysis

Examples: humerus, femur, metacarpals, metatarsals, and

phalanges

2. Short Bones

-found in the hand and foot

-They are roughly cuboidal in shapeExamples: scaphoid, lunate, talus, and calcaneum

3. Flat Bones

-found in the vault of the skull

-they are composed of thin inner and outer layers of

compact bone, the tables, separated by a layer of

cancellous bone, the Diploe

Examples: frontal and parietal bones, scapula

4. Irregular Bones

Examples: bones of the skull, the vertebrae, and the

pelvic bones

5. Sesamoid Bones-small nodules of bone that are found in certain tendons

where they rub over bony surfaces

Example: Patella

Development of Bone:

1. Membranous

-directly from connective tissue membrane

2. Endochondral

-cartilagenous model is first laid down and is later replaced

by bone

XI.BONE MARKINGS AND FORMATIONS

Capitulum: small, round, articular head

Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, usually

occurring in pairs

Crest: ridge of bone

Epicondyle: eminence superior to a condyle

Facet: smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage,

where a bone articulates with another bone

Foramen: passage through a bone Fossa: hollow or depressed area

Groove: elongated depression or furrow

Head: large, round articular end

Line: linear elevation

Malleolus: rounded process

Notch: indentation at the edge of a bone

Protuberance: projection of bone

Spine: thorn-like process

Spinous process: projecting spine-like part

Trochanter: large blunt elevation

Trochlea: spool-like articular process or process that acts

as a pulley

Tubercle: small raised eminence

Tuberosity: large rounded elevation

anatomylecture1.0anatomicalstructuredr.lasam

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