anatomy & physiology unit #1 notes history of anatomy ... documents/hp intro tissues... ·...
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit #1 Notes
History of Anatomy & Physiology Scope of Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy =
Physiology=
_____________________ & ________________________
Gross Anatomy
-_________________ that can be seen with the naked eye, whether by _______________ observation or
________________.
The Origins of Biomedical Science
_________________“father of medicine”
- established a code of ethics for physicians (Hippocratic Oath).
- emphasized seeking a _____________ for disease.
________________ (384 – 322 b.c.e)
- believed in both _______________ and ___________ cause for disease
- book “Of the Parts of Animals”, tried to identify unifying themes
- argued ________ structures are made from _________ structures.
______________________ (129 –c – 199)
- physician to the ___________________
- wrote the most noteworthy medical textbook of ancient era
__________________; Published On the Motion of Heart and Blood in Animals
Before it was believed that digested food traveled to the _________ then turned into blood then
traveled through the ____________ to ____________who digested it.
Organization of the Human Body
__________ > ____________>____________>______________>______________ Life Processes
· ____________________________:sum of all chemical processes that occur in body.
· Responsiveness:
· _______________________: includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or other
structures inside cells.
· Growth:
· Differentiation:
· _________________________: either formation of new cells for growth and repair or the production of
a new individual.
Homeostasis
Definition:
· Appropriate concentration of _____________, appropriate _____________, appropriate
______________.
· Stress:
· Internal:
· External
· The _______________ and ___________________ systems are under control of the homeostatic
mechanisms of the body.
· _________________________: detects deviation and sends signals throughout body to counteract
stress.
· _________________________: glands and hormones (chemical messengers), also send signals
throughout the body (slower than nervous system).
Feedback System
Negative:
Positive:
Chemistry Chemical Elements
· All _____________ is made up of chemical _______________.
· Of the 109 elements we know of, ______ are found in the human organism. 96% are:
-
-
-
-
- Trace Elements: ______________, _____________, ___________, ___________,
__________, magnesium, iodine, and iron (3.9 %)
Structure of Atoms
An ________________ is the basic unit of a chemical element.
A group of atoms bonded together is known as a ___________________________.
Compounds
A chemical substance that is composed of two or more different ___________________.
Ionic Bond
____________ between a positively charged and negatively charged ion.
These are considered “__________________” bonds.
Examples:
Covalent Bond
A chemical substance that is composed of two or more different elements.
Known as the “______________” bond.
Examples in the human body;
Water
___________________________________
Hydrogen Bonds
A specific type of ____________________ bond where the positive charge of a hydrogen atom is
attracted to the negative charge of another atom.
Examples in the human body;
Water
Holds proteins together
Holds bases of DNA together.
Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic; without ________________
Examples in the human body; water & ____________
Water
Why is water important to the human body;
1.It is a _____________________; other molecules (solutes) dissolve in water. It carries nutrients, wastes,
and oxygen around the body.
2.Water helps in ___________________; water helps break down large molecules for digestion.
Molecules can also be produced in water.
3.Water absorbs and releases _____________slowly; helps keep a stable internal environment in terms
of temperature.
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Function: to _____________________________ for cell’s basic life activities.
-releases lots of energy when it is broken down.
- We restore ADP to ATP through several processes in the body collectively know as cellular respiration.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
-Most readily available energy source (used to make ATP), used in some cell structures.
-Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and _________________________
Examples:
- _________________________ (monosaccharide) used for energy.
- glycogen (polysaccharide) a long chain a glucose molecules, stored by the liver and
skeletal muscles to be used for energy when needed.
Divided into 3 major groups:
Monosaccharides: simple sugars, building blocks of carbohydrates
__________________________: two or more monosaccharides, simple sugars
Polysaccharides: tens or hundreds of monosaccharides put together, complex sugars
Lipids
- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- contains less oxygen than carbohydrates
- protect, _____________________, and serve as energy reserve
Types of Lipids;
- Triglycerides: provide 3 times more energy than carbs, but difficult to break down.
- Phospholipids; cell membrane
· ______________; cholesterol, vitamin D, and some hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
Triglycerides
Importance in the human body;
______________; “bad” fats found mostly in animal products. Saturated fats can cause high cholesterol
levels.
__________________; “good” fats found in oils such as canola oil, olive oil, and peanut oil help to reduce
cholesterol levels.
Tissues Cell ; ____________________________________________________________
Tissue
- A layer or group of ___________cells with a _____________ function.
- Cells ------ Tissues ------- Organs—---Organ System
· Tissues can be distinguished from each other by cell size, shape, organization, and function.
4 Major Tissue Types
· _____________, _____________, ____________, ______________
Epithelial Tissue
- “Epi” means on top.
- Covers body surfaces and organs, also the inner lining for body cavities and lines hollow organs.
- Lacks _____________vessels.
- Cells divide rapidly.
- Cells are tightly packed.
- Functions in ___________, secretion, _________________, and excretion.
- Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers.
- Cell shape
________________ thin flattened cells
________________: cube-like shapes
________________: elongated cells
- Cell Layers
_____________: single layer of cells
_____________: two or more layers of cells
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Often a site for diffusion and filtration. Covers surface.
Example: Lines the alveoli of the lungs, forms walls of
capillaries, and lines insides of major blood vessels.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Thick due to amount of cell layers.
Offers protection.
Makes up the outermost layer of skin.
Also lines esophagus and oral cavity.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Main functions are secretion and absorption.
Found in kidneys, follicles or thyroid gland, covers the
ovaries.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Provides more protection that single layer.
Often lines the ducts of glands; sweat glands, salivary
glands, and pancreas.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
May ciliated or non-ciliated. Protection, secretion,
absorption.
Non ciliated lines uterus, stomach, and large intestines.
Secretes digestive fluids, absorbs nutrients.
Goblet cells; modified columnar cells that secrete mucous
Connective Tissue
- Most abundant tissue type, make up most of body.
- Bind structures, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce
blood cells, protect against infections, and help repair tissue.
- Not as tightly packed as epithelial cells.
- Contain an _________________________ (composed of protein fibers and a ground substance).
- Have a _______________supply.
- Most can cells divide.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Found on part of the male urethra.
Protection and secretion.
Adipose Connective Tissue
Fat
Energy storage.
Located beneath skin, in between muscles, around
kidneys, behind eye balls, in certain abdominal
membranes, on surface of heart, around certain joints.
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type.
Found on the ends of bones on many joints, soft part of
nose, supporting rings of the trachea.
Important in the development and growth of bones.
Muscle Tissue
- Contract
- Responsible for movement.
- Three types; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Elastic Cartilage
More flexible that hyaline.
Dense network of fibers in extracellular matrix.
Makes up framework for external ear.
Blood
Composed of cells suspended in extra cellular fluid called
plasma.
Made of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Transports gases, defends against disease, clotting.
Bone
Most ridged
Contains mineral salts (calcium) between cells as wells as
collagen fibers which provide flexibility and reinforce
mineral salts.
Supports and protects also provides framework.
Skeletal Muscle
Forms muscles that attach to bones. Muscle movement &
heat production.
Controlled by conscious effort.
Long and narrow, striated (light and dark markings).
Nervous Tissue
Smooth Muscle
Lacks striations.
Shorter and spindle shaped.
Makes of walls of hollow internal organs.
Involuntary.
Moves food and constricts blood vessels.
Cardiac Muscle
Only in the heart.
Striated and branched. Join end to end.
Each cell has a single nucleus.
Intercalated disc connects one cell to another.
Involuntary. Pumps blood through the body.
•Found in brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
•Called _________________.
•Sensory reception and the conduction of electrical
impulses.
Membranes
Combination of an epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue forms an epithelial membrane.
– 3 Types of Membranes
• ________________
• ________________
• ________________
Mucous Membrane
• Lines a _________________ that opens directly to the exterior.
– Examples: respiratory, digestive tract (small intestine, stomach, esophagus, large
intestine), excretory (kidney’s), reproductive.
Serous Membrane
Does not open to exterior, cover organs that lie within cavity.
– Examples;
• _______________ ; covers lungs
• ________________; surrounds heart
• _______________; covers abdominal organs
Cutaneous Membrane
________________
Synovial Cavities
Example;
Integumentary System The skin and its accessory organs, such as hair, nails, glands, and several specialized receptors make up
the integumentary system.
Structure
“Layers” of skin
1. _________________: made of epithelial tissue, outer layer
2. ______________: connective tissue, thicker
3. _____________________________: attaches skin to underlying structures.
Function
1. Regulation of body temperature.
2. _________________
3. Sensation
4. _________________
5. _________________
6. Synthesis of vitamin D
Epidermis
Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Contains 4 types of cells:
1. _________________; protects skin and lying tissue.
2. ______________: produces melanin, absorbs _____________ protects against sun exposure.
3. Langerhans cell: immunity
4. Merkel cell: sensation of touch
___________; protein that helps protect skin and underlying structures
___________; protein that determines skin color and also absorbs UV light, protecting the skin against
sun exposure.
Layers of Epidermis (superficial to deep.) Stratum ________________: stratified cells completely filled with keratin
Stratum lucidum: mostly on hands or soul of feet
Stratum granulosum: 5 rows of flattened cells
Stratum spinosum: 10 rows of cells, melanin
Stratum basale: highly _________________ cells (cells always dividing) melanocytes, keratinocytes,
Merkel cells
Dermis
Composed of _____________________ tissue containing collagen and _______________ fibers.
Cells of Dermis
Adipocytes; fat cells
Fibroblasts; synthesize collagen
_______________; immunity cells
Structures of the Dermis
_______________: small projections of the dermis create ridges in the epidermis (fingerprints).
Some dermal papillae contain _____________________ (Meissner’s), nerve endings sensitive to touch.
The lower region of the dermis consists of dense, irregular connective tissue, adipose tissue,
______________, nerves, oil glands, and the ducts of ________________________.
Glands (accessory organs)
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
- Secrete ____________________
- Keeps hair from drying out, prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps skin
soft, protects against ____________________.
Sudoriferous Glands
- Sweat glands
- ___________________; located in armpit and pubic region
- ___________________; located at base of hair follicles
- Helps regulate body temperature
Hair
- primary function is protection
- Dead, fused, keratinized cells (protein).
- ____________________; smooth muscle fibers that contract making hair stand straight up
(“goose bumps”)
Hypodermis / Subcutaneous Layer
Contains ___________________ endings called lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles (pressure sensors).
Skin Color
Skin color is due to melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. All of these pigments contribute to skin color.
___________________: varies skin color from pale yellow to black
______________: yellowish-orange pigment found in stratum corneum
_______________: causes Caucasian skin to appear pale pink to red depending on the amount of
oxygenated blood moving through the dermis.
Albinism: inability to produce melanin
Freckles: Patches of _______________________
Accessory Organs
Ceruminous Glands
- Ear Wax (Cermen)
- Provides a sticky barrier against foreign bodies Nails
- Plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis
- Provide grip
- _________________________________
- Scratch an itch