Anatomy & PhysiologyBiology 141 Fall 2007

Roberta Brashear-Kaulfers Syllabus distribution

Class Cards

Website info:

http://hawaii.hawaii.edu/brashear

Levels of OrganizationAn Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

• Objective: define terms and describe specialties of each

• Biology- study of life• Anatomy- study of internal and external

structures and relationship among parts• Physiology-study of functions of body • Relationship between A & P:

*All functions are performed by specific structures

2 Main Groups of Anatomy:#1 Gross Anatomy

• Macroscopic, large structures visible with unaided eye

• 5 types:1) surface anatomy-2) regional -3) systemic –4) developmental-5) clinical-

#2 Microscopic Anatomy

• Microscopic-need microscope to visualize

1) Cytology- internal structures of cells

2) Histology- examine tissues,groups of specialized cells that form organs

Physiology-study of function

• Specialties:

1) Cell physiology- function of cells, chemical and molecular

2) Special- specific organs

3) Systemic- specific organ systems

4) pathological- effects of disease on organ functions

Physicians use all of these to evaluate

Levels of Organization

• 1) chemical/molecular- atoms & molecules• 2) Cellular –cells• 3) Tissue – tissues• 4) Organ- 2 or more tissues form an organ• 5) Organ system- 11 of them• 6) Organism- total human• 7) Population 8) Community • 9) Ecosystem 10) Biosphere

Organ Systems

• 1) Integumentary-

• 2) Muscular-

• 3) Endocrine-

• 4) Lymphatic-

• 5) Digestive-

• 6) Skeletal-

Organ Systems

• 7) Nervous-

• 8) Cardiovascular-

• 9) Respiratory-

• 10)Urinary-

• 11) Reproductive (male)-

• 11) Reproductive (female)

Homeostasis

• Maintain a stable internal balance,• 1) Autoregulation-intrinsic, adjusts to some

environmental change • 2) Extrinsic- nervous or endocrine (exercise),

very specific reaction• Reaction needs:• 1) receptor/stimulus • 2) control center/integration• 3) effector cell/organ that responds

Homeostasis

• Negative feedback- response causes a negative feedback and blocks stimulus so the reaction shuts down and stabilizes

• Positive feedback- initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the condition

• Eventual state of Equilibrium, when opposing forces are in balance

Frames of ReferenceSuperficial Anatomy

• Anatomical Landmarks: locations p 16

anatomical position- stand with hands down, palms facing forward, feet together

1) anterior- front

2) posterior- back

3) supine- lay down face up

4) prone- lay down face down

Anatomical Regions

• Anatomical Regions-

• 4 Abdominopelvic quadrants:

1) Rt upper quadrant-

2) Lt upper quadrant-

3) Rt lower quadrant-

4) Lt lower quadrant-

• 9 abdominopelvic regions- pg 17

Anatomical Directions

• Posterior- dorsal

• Anterior- ventral

• Cranial- top/head

• Caudal- bottom/feet

• Proximal- close to body

• Distal- away from body

Sectional Anatomy -3”D” slices

• Sectional plane-• Transverse plane-• Frontal plane-• Sagittal plane-

Body Cavities- 1) protect organs and cushion them2) permit changes in size/shape of internal organs

Body Cavities and Viscera

• Ventral body cavity- coelom /diaphragm

seperates the superior thoracic cavity from

inferior abdominopelvic cavity

• Viscera-organs covered with serous membrane

• 2 layers between organ and cavity are: parietal layer and visceral layer

Thoracic Cavity

• Lungs, heart = respiratory, cardio, lymph, esophagus and thymus

• Left and right pleural cavity separated by mediastinum-connective tissue that stabilizes and supports esophagus, trachea, thymus, blood vessels

• Pericardial cavity- surround heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Diaphragm to the pelvis

• Abdominal (superior)- liver, spleen, small intestine, stomach, most of large intestine, kidney and pancreas

• Pelvic (inferior)- large intestine, urinart bladder, reproductive organs

• Areas separated by peritonuem- parietal and visceral

Assignments

• Chapter 1 page 25 review questions