anatomy of the cardiovascular system
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System. Cardiovascular System. As Also circulatory system Consists of: the heart, arteries , veins , capillaries. Heart. Four chamber muscular organ Comparable to the size of a closed fist Located in the mediastinum Behind sternum - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular
System
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Cardiovascular System• As Also circulatory system• Consists of:
1. the heart, 2. arteries, 3. veins, 4. capillaries
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Heart• Four chamber muscular organ• Comparable to the size of a closed
fist• Located in the mediastinum
– Behind sternum– Between 2nd and 6th ribs– Between T5-T8
• Apex – base of heart – Located at the 5th intercostal space
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Heart
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Coverings of the Heart1. Pericardium – loose fitting sac
surrounding the heart– Fibrous pericardium – tough, loose-
fitting, inelastic– Serous pericardium
• Parietal layer: lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
• Visceral layer: adheres to outside of the heart
– Pericardial space: between parietal and visceral layer• Filled with 10-15mL of pericardial fluid• Decreases friction
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Walls of the Heart2. Epicardium – outer layer
– Epicardium = serous pericardium3. Myocardium – thick, contractile layer
composed of cardiac muscle cells– Intercalated disks contain many gap junctions– Allow cardiac muscle cells to function as a single
unit syncytium4. Endocaridium – interior of cardiac wall
– Endothelial tissue– Covers projections of myocardial tissue called
trabeculae
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Walls of the Heart
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Chambers of the Heart• Atria – two superior chambers
– “Receiving chambers”– Blood from veins enters atria
• Ventricles – two inferior chambers– “pumping chambers”– Thick muscular walls to increase force of
pumping action• Left > right
– Separated by interventricular septum
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Valves of the Heart• Permit blood flow in one direction
during circulation• Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
– Also cuspid valves– Between atria and ventricles
• Semilunar (SL valves)– Between R ventricle and pulmonary
arteries and L ventricle and aorta
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Atrioventricular Valves• Tricuspid valve
– Btwn R atrium and ventricle– 3 flaps of endocardium– Connected to ventricular papillary
muscle via chordae tendinae• Bicuspid valve
– Btwn L atrium and ventricle– Also called mitral valve– Two flaps of endocardium
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Semilunar Valves• Pulmonary semilunar valve
– Btwn R ventricle and pulmonary trunk• Aorta semilunar valve
– Btwn L ventricle and aorta
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Chambers & Valves
Trace the blood flow through the heart
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Blood Supply to the Heart• Right and left coronary arteries
– First branches off aorta – Right coronary artery right marginal
artery & posterior interventricular artery– Left coronary artery circumflex artery
& anterior interventricular artery– Most of the blood goes to the L ventricle– In 50% of the population, the R coronary
artery is dominant
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Blood Supply to the Heart• Anastomosis: Connections between blood
vessels that allow for collateral circulation• Few exist between large branches of
coronary arteries• In presence of an obstruction in a large
artery ischemia will result to a large area of tissue– Myocardial infarction (MI) (aka heart attack)
• Anastomoses do exists between smaller branches of the R and L coronary arteries
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Blood Supply to the Heart• After traveling through the capillaries
of the heart, blood empties into the R atrium via the coronary sinus
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Warming Up I 1. The apex of the heart rests on the:2. True/False: The epicardium and the
fibrous pericardium are the same structure.
3. What is the correct order of the layers of the heart from outside to inside?
4. The ____________ connect the cuspid valves to the papillary muscles.
5. What is an anastomosis?6. What is also known as the pacemaker of
the heart?
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Types of Blood Vessels• Artery – carries oxygenated blood
away from the heart– “distributors”– Arteriole: small artery– Precapillary sphincters: regulate the
blood flow into capillaries
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Types of Blood Vessels• Vein – carries unoxygenated blood
towards the heart– Great ability to stretch (capacitance)– Function as reservoirs: blood pools in
the valves then is pushed forward from the pumping pressure
– Venules: small vein
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Types of Blood Vessels
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Types of Blood Vessels• Capillaries – arterial system switches
to venous system– “primary exchange vessels”– Transport materials to and from the cells– Speed of blood flow decreases to
increase contact time– Microcirculation: blood flow between
arterioles, capillaries and venules
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Types of Blood Vessels
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Structure of Blood Vessels• Tunica adventitia - outermost layer
– Fibrous connective tissue– Holds vessels open; prevents tearing of
vessels walls during body movements– Larger in veins than arteries
• Tunica media – middle layer– Smooth muscle and elastic CT– Helps vessels constrict and dilate– Larger in arteries
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Structure of Blood Vessels• Tunica intima – innermost layer
– Composed of endothelium– Semilunar valves present in veins– One cell thick in capillaries
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Circulatory Routes • Systemic Circulation – blood flow
from the L ventricle to the body & back to the R atrium
• Pulmonary Circulation – blood flow from the R ventricle to the lungs and back to the L atrium
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Circulatory Routes
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Aorta
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Systemic Arteries• Arch of aorta• Subclavian (L and R)• Brachiocephalic• common carotid (L and R)• Axillary (L and R)• Brachial (L and R)• Radial• Ulnar
• Abdominal aorta• Common iliac• External iliac• Femoral• Popliteal• Posterior tibial• Anterior tibial• Dorsal pedis
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Systemic Veins• Superior vena cava• Inferior vena cava• External jugular• Internal jugular• Brachiocephalic (L and R)• Subclavian (L and R)• Cephalic• axillary
• Basilic• Median basilic• Median cubital• Common iliac• External iliac• Femoral• Popliteal• Great saphenous• Small saphenous
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Fetal Circulation• Two umbilical arteries carry blood to the
placenta• The placenta allows for exchange of
oxygen and nutrients from the mother. Maternal and fetal blood do NOT mix.
• Umbilical vein returns oxygenated blood and enters fetus via the umbilicus
• Foramen ovale – hole btwn the R and L atria– Allows for blood to bypass the R ventricle and
pulmonary circulation
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Fetal Circulation• Ductus arteriosus – small vessel
connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta– Allows for another bypass route from the
lungs
**Most of fetal blood is a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood**
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Fetal Circulation