anatomy of a slip, trip, and fall...anatomy of a slip static coefficient of friction (scof) the...

Aon Risk Services Central, Inc.

Proprietary | Unauthorized Use Prohibited | October 2016

Anatomy of a Slip, Trip, and Fall Wisconsin Association of School Business Officials

Steve Pautz Senior Risk Control Consultant Aon Risk Solutions


Proprietary | Unauthorized Use Prohibited | October 2016 2

Agenda

I. What Does the Data Tell Us?

II. Anatomy of a Slip

III. Anatomy of a Trip

IV. Anatomy of a Fall

V. Prevention Through Design

VI. Measuring Slip Resistance

VII. What Can Be Done for You?



All Aon Risk Solutions services are purely advisory and for the purpose of assisting clients in risk control

and safety procedures. This presentation is the result of information available to us at the time and does

not purport to refer to or guarantee compliance with local, state or federal regulations which may be

applicable to such practice and conditions. This presentation should not be considered a definitive listing

of all hazards nor an absolute solution to all hazards. No responsibility for the implementation,

management and operation of risk control and safety procedures is assumed by Aon.


Proprietary | Unauthorized Use Prohibited | October 2016

What Does the Data Tell Us?




Wisconsin – Education – Policy Year 2010 - 2014 Total Incurred, Total Claim Count, and Average Total

% Of Grand Total % Of Grand Total

Group Total

Incurred Total

Incurred Total Claim

Count Total Claim

Count Avg Total Incurred

Allergic Reaction, Chemical Contact, Hearing Loss, Occupation Disease $68,622 1% 50 2% $1,372 Assault, Robbery $738,394 6% 158 8% $4,673 Burn, Electric Contact $53,347 0% 29 1% $1,840 Caught in, machine, tool, struck by $1,016,272 8% 490 24% $2,074 Exposure to Body Fluid, Needle Stick, Bite by Human $376,319 3% 128 6% $2,940 Manual Material Handling / Repetitive Motion $3,500,484 27% 362 18% $9,670 Miscellaneous, Unknown $254,885 2% 53 3% $4,809 Motor Vehicle $66,963 1% 13 1% $5,151 Resident Transfer / Assist $152,355 1% 25 1% $6,094 Resident/Patient-Combative $404,181 3% 81 4% $4,990 Slip Trip Fall $6,332,893 49% 669 33% $9,466 Grand Total: $12,964,714 2,058 $6,300




$1,372

$4,673

$1,840 $2,074

$2,940

$9,670

$4,809 $5,151

$6,094

$4,990

$9,466

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

To

tal C

laim

Co

un

t

Ave

rag

e T

ota

l In

cu

rre

d

Wisconsin – Education – Policy Year 2010 - 2014 Average Total Incurred & Claim Count



Slip, Trip, Fall – How They Are Happening

Wisconsin – Education – Policy Year 2010 - 2014 Total Incurred, Total Claim Count, and Average Total Incurred

% Of Grand

Total % Of Grand

Total

Description Total

Incurred Total


Count Total Claim


Fall-Different Level $278,885 4% 50 7% $5,578 Fall-Ladder or Scaffolding $253,132 4% 17 3% $14,890 Fall-on Snow or Ice $1,318,134 21% 113 17% $11,665 Fall-Slip Trip on Same Level $2,976,636 47% 328 49% $9,075 Fall-Stairs $572,397 9% 74 11% $7,735 Jumping $171,565 3% 16 2% $10,723 Walking/Running (non specific) $762,144 12% 71 11% $10,734

Grand Total: $6,332,893 669 $9,466



Slip, Trip, Fall – How They Are Happening

$5,578

$14,890

$11,665

$9,075

$7,735

$10,723 $10,734

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

To

tal C

laim

Co

un

t

Ave

rag

e T

ota

l In

cu

rre

d

Slip Trip Fall – Wisconsin – Education – Policy Year 2010 - 2014 Average Total Incurred & Claim Count



Slip, Trip, Fall – When They Are Happening

Slip Trip Fall Wisconsin – Education – Policy Year 2010 - 2014

Total Incurred, Total Claim Count, and Average Total Incurred by Accident Month

% Of Grand

Total % Of Grand

Total

Accident Month Total

Incurred Total


Count Total Claim


January $1,360,684 21% 93 14% $14,631 February $1,013,695 16% 93 14% $10,900 March $566,762 9% 69 10% $8,214 April $640,409 10% 48 7% $13,342 May $599,063 9% 56 8% $10,698 June $206,354 3% 31 5% $6,657 July $192,895 3% 30 4% $6,430 August $334,986 5% 32 5% $10,468 September $412,736 7% 56 8% $7,370 October $352,264 6% 51 8% $6,907 November $373,197 6% 60 9% $6,220 December $279,848 4% 50 7% $5,597 Grand Total: $6,332,893 669 $9,466



Slip, Trip, Fall – When They Are Happening

$14,631

$10,900

$8,214

$13,342

$10,698

$6,657 $6,430

$10,468

$7,370 $6,907

$6,220 $5,597

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

To

tal C

laim

Co

un

t

Ave

rag

e T

ota

l In

cu

rre

d

Slip Trip Fall – Wisconsin – Education – Policy Year 2010 - 2014 Average Total Incurred & Claim Count



Frequency of Slips, Trips, and Falls

Slips, trips & falls make up a majority of general industry accidents (USDoL)

– 15% of all accidental deaths; 2nd leading cause behind motor vehicles

• ~12,000/year

– One of most frequently-reported injuries

• ~25% of reported claims/year

– Over 17% of all disabling occupational injuries result from falls

Most could have been prevented



Human Factors Increasing Risk

Failing eyesight and/or visual perception

Age

Physical condition & fatigue

Stress or illness

Medications, alcohol & drug effects

Hurry, hurry, hurry!



The Aging of America

By 2032, there will be more people over 64 than children under 15

The “over 64” portion of the population is the fastest growing segment at a rate of 120% by 2050: compared to 35% for children under 15 and 28% for adults 15 to 64.

Men who reach 65 this year can expect to live another 17 years and women can expect another 19 years.




Aging of America and Slips, Trips, and Falls

Aging populations probably will cause STF issues to get worse

By 2050, 25% of population will be over age 60

1/3 of people over 65 fall at least once per year

Falls account for 87% of all fractures in those over 65

Data Conclusions

The population of the United States is going to “grow older”

STF happen more frequently to older individuals

STF will be an increasing issue for the workforce

Technology and daily pressures will continue to encourage our hectic ways



Anatomy of a Slip



Anatomy of a Slip

Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF)

The force required to initiate relative motion between an object and a surface it is resting on.

According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) terminology, SCOF is the ratio of

the force required to move the object to its mass.

That is, if it takes five pounds of horizontal force to move a ten-pound block resting on a floor, the

SCOF is .50.



Causes of Slips

Wet product or spills on smooth floors or

walking surfaces

– Water/ liquids

– Mud

– Grease

– Oil

– Food

Dry product or spills making walking surface

slippery

– Dusts

– Powders

– Granules

– Wood

– Plastic wrapping



Causes of Slips

Sloped walking surfaces

Loose, unanchored rugs or mats

Loose floorboards or shifting tiles

Ramps without skid- or slip-resistant

surfaces

Shoe construction and maintenance

Highly-polished floors can be slick even

when dry

– Concrete

– Marble

– Ceramic tile

Freshly-waxed surfaces

Transitioning from one surface to another

– Carpet to vinyl

– Vinyl to tile

– Grid to smooth concrete

– Asphalt to concrete



Anatomy of a Trip



Causes of Trips

Uncovered hoses, cables, wires or extension

cords across aisles or walkways

Clutter, obstacles in aisles, walkway & work

areas

Open cabinet, file or desk drawers & doors

Changes in elevation or levels

– Unmarked steps or ramps

Rumpled or rolled-up carpets/mats or carpets

with curled edges

Irregularities in walking surfaces

– Thresholds or gaps

Missing or uneven floor tiles & bricks



Causes of Trips

Damaged steps

Non-uniform, improper or irregular steps

– Taller or shorter

– Shallower tread depth

– Otherwise irregular

Tread

Riser



Causes of Trips



Anatomy of a Fall



Causes of Falls

Stairs

Inadequate stairway visibility

Inadequate or no handrail

Handrail at improper height

Improper tread or riser dimensions

Tread visibility or surface material

Objects on stairs or landings

Behaviors

Hurrying, running, slow gait

Not paying attention, distraction

Playing on stairs

Carrying things

Misjudging number of steps

Misjudging location of nosing



Prevention Through Design



Prevention Though Design (PtD)

Top 5 Reasons for selecting a specific flooring material.

1. Appearance

2. Cost

3. Ease of Maintenance

4. Durability

5. Safety



Floor Design and Composition

When choosing flooring, determine:

What kinds of spills are likely?

What are the sanitary requirements?

Is noise a concern?

Will the area have heavy traffic?

Is it normally a wet environment?

When choosing flooring:

What equipment must the floor hold?

How will the floor be cleaned?

Are aesthetic effects a concern?



For Existing Buildings

Slip-resistant Floor Coverings

– Cost-effective solution for inherently slippery floor

– Increases traction

– Visually pleasing

Floor Mats

– Traps moisture and debris

– Scrapes and absorbs moisture, snow and sand from footwear

– Reduces floor maintenance costs by protecting the floor surface and finish

– Need mats that both abrade and absorb

– Mats of sufficient running length and width

• Snow: 10 - 12 walking steps

• Rain: 8 - 10 walking steps

• Dry: 6 - 8 walking steps

– Quick exchange of mats when wet or dirty

– Should be contrasting color to floor and affixed so as not to create another fall hazard



Floor Mats



New Construction

ANSI A117.1 Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to, and Usable by,

Physically Handicapped

ANSI A1264.2 -2001 Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces

ANSI B101 Safety Requirements for Slip, Trip and Fall Prevention

Americans with Disabilities Act, Public Law 101-336, revised 7/23/2004

OSHA General Industry Standard 1910.22 Subpart D

NFPA 101 (2004) Life Safety Code

ASTM C1028-89 (test method for ceramic tiles)

ASTM D2047-93 (test method for coatings using James machine)

ASTM F489-88 (test method for sole and heel material using James)

ASTM F1679-96 (test method using English XL)



Measuring Slip Resistance



Slip Resistance Index

Slip Index (Slip Resistance Index) or Static Coefficient of Friction

Generally considered safe with a reading of .50 or higher.

Surface safety is not necessarily determined by the Slip Index

Usually a localized spot is slipperier than the rest of the floor

Mostly dry surfaces are generally safe – wet with water or with other substances make most walking

surfaces “dangerous”



Slip Meters to Obtain Coefficient of Friction

Brungraber Mark II

HPS Slip Meter

English XL



Slip Resistance Index

The Measure of Friction or Resistance Between Two Surfaces

0.5 or Above = Slip Resistant

0.45 - 0.49 = Slippery

0.35 - 0.44 = Very Slippery

0.00 - 0.34 = Unusually Slippery



What Can Be Done for You?



Prevention Program

Analyze Losses

Analyze Exposures

Obtain and Maintain Management Commitment and Policies

Implement Best Practices & Appropriate Programs

Monitor Results



Slip Trip and Fall Manual

Campaigns

– Tread Safely This Winter

– C.L.I.M.B. Safely

– Get a Grip – Stairs Slip Trip & Fall Prevention

– Who Looks at the Bottom of Shoes?

– See Your Path – Trip & Fall Prevention

Supplements

– Slip, Trip & Fall Hazard Assessment Checklist



Keys to Success

1. Establish Clearly Written Policies and Practices.

2. Management Commitment To Safety / Risk Reduction.

3. Engineer Hazards Out When Possible

4. Regular Frequent Inspections

5. Encourage Employee Involvement

6. Awareness / Safety Training

7. Require Proper Footwear

8. Report and Investigate all Accidents and Near Misses



What Can You Do?

Be aware of hazards and behaviors (yours and those of others)

Address hazard NOW! Correct or report immediately

Assist with any accident response as appropriate



Questions

Steve Pautz Senior Risk Control Consultant

Aon Risk Solutions

[email protected]

Nikole McMyler Account Executive – Education

Aon Risk Solutions

[email protected]

anatomy of a slip, trip, and fall...anatomy of a slip static coefficient of friction (scof) the...

Documents