anatomy lab assignment 1

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    ANATOMY LAB ASSIGNMENT 11

    Nervous system

    Worth 10 pointsDue on line 11/06

    1. For each of the following secondary brain vesicles, please identify what adultbrain structures (and their associated ventricles or canals) they give rise to:

    a. TelencephalonCerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter,

    basal nuclei). Lateral ventriclesb. DiencephalonThalmus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina. Third

    ventricle

    c. MesencephalonBrain stem, midbrain. Cerebral aqueduct

    d. MetencephalonBrain stem, pons, cerebellum. Fourth ventriclee. MylencephalonBrain stem, medulla oblongata. Fourth ventricle

    2. Define the following terms as they apply to the nervous system and give

    examples of where they occur:

    a. Cortexb. Gyruselevated ridges, found in the precentral gyrus

    c. Sulcusshallow grooves, found in the central sulcusd. Fissuredeep grooves, transverse cerebral fissue

    e. Cerebral or cerebellar lobecerebellum located under the occipital lobe

    and responsible for sensory and motor function

    f. White matterdeep to grey matter, and responsible for communicationbetween cerebral areas and between the cortex and lower CNS centers.

    g. Gray matterroutes sensory and motor stimuli in the CNS.

    h. Fiber tract- consists ofi. Nerve

    j. Nerve plexusk. Nucleusl. ganglion

    3. Where is the gray matter in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellar cortex, and the

    spinal cord?The gray matter in the cerebral cortex is superficial to the white matter.

    The gray matter in the cerebellar cortex is deep to the white matter.

    The gray matter in the spinal cord is deep to the white matter.

    4. Where is the white matter located in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellar cortex,and the spinal cord?

    The white matter in the cerebral cortex is deep to the gray matter.

    The white matter in the cerebellar cortex is superficial to grey matter.The white matter in the spinal cord is superficial to the grey matter.

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    14. From its site of generation, trace the circulation of CSF (including the spinal

    cord) to the location where it gets reabsorbed.

    CSF is produced from choroid plexus, then circulates through theventricular system, then it comes out theough the lateral and

    median appertures, fills the subarachnoid space, circulates around

    the brain and spinal cord, and then gets reabsorbed through the arachnoidvilli.

    15. What structures return CSF to the venous system?

    The arachnoid villus return the CSF to the venus system to be reabsorbed.16. For the following arteries, provide the region of the brain they supply:

    a. Anterior cerebral arterysupplies blood to the medial surface of the

    frontal and parietal lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

    b. Middle cerebral arterysupplies blood to the lateral parts of the temporal,parietal, and frontal lobes.

    c. Vertebral arterysupplies blood to the cervical vertebrae and deep

    structures of the neck.

    17. Which arteries contribute to the circle of Willis?The posterior (2) and anterior communicating arteries contribute to the

    circle of Willis.18. What is functionally unique and/or important about the circle of Willis?

    It controls the blood pressure in the hemispheres of the brain, and allows

    for rerouting of blood when the carotid is blocked.

    19. What is a dural sinus?When the two layers of the dura materseparate to enclose the dural sinus,

    which collects the venus blood from the brain and redirects it into

    the internal jugular veins.20. Why are there cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord?

    21. Why are lumbar punctures (to withdraw CSF samples) done between L3 andL4 or between L4 and L5?

    LPs are done at that level because the functional part of the spinal cord

    has already exited the vertebral column at that point.22. What is the function of the filum terminale?

    The filum terminale anchors the spinal cord into place so body movements

    do not jostle it.

    23. What is the cauda equina?The cauda equina is found in the lower spinal cord and consists of nerves

    and fibers.

    24. Which horns of the spinal gray matter contain mainly sensory neurons?Which horms contain primarily motor neurons?

    25. What regions of the spinal cord contain lateral horns? Why only here?

    26. Do spinal funiculi contain fiber tracts or neuronal cell bodies?27. For each of the spinal nerves, provide the foramina through which the nerve

    exits the skull, and its function(s), INCLUDING whether it is motor, sensory,

    or both:

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    a. Olfactoryexits through the olfactory foramina of the ethmoid, transmits

    the sense of smell, and is a sensory nerve.

    b. Opticexits throught the optic canal, transmits visual information tobrain, sensory nerve.

    c. Occulomotorexits through the superior orbital fissure, innervates the

    levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus,and inferior oblique for eye movements, it is a motor nerve.

    d. Trochlearexits through the superior orbital fissure, it innervates the

    superior oblique muscle, it is a motor nerve.e. Trigeminalexits the skull in the superior orbital fissure, receives

    sensation from the face and innervates the muscles for mastication, it is

    both a sensory and motor nerve.

    i. Ophthalmicii. Maxillary

    iii. Mandibular

    f. Abducensexits the skull at the superior orbital fissures, innervates the

    lateral rectus to abduct the eye, it is a motor nerve.g. Facialexits through the stylomastoid foramen, innervates the muscles

    for facial expression, both a sensory and motor nerve.h. Vestibulococlearexits at the internal acoustic canal, senses sound,

    rotation and gravity, it is a sensory nerve.

    i. Glossopharyngealexits at the jugular foramen, receives taste from the

    tongue and innervates the parotid glad, it is both a sensory and motornerve.

    j. Vagusexits at the jugular foramen, supplies innervation to the laryngeal

    and pharyngeal muscles, provides parasympathetic fivers to almost allthoracic and abdominal viscera, it is both a sensory and motor nerve.

    k. Accessoryexits through the jugular foramen, controls the neck muscles

    and trapezeus and overlaps functions with the vagus nerve, it is a motornerve.

    l. Hypoglossalexits through the hypoglossal canal, innervates the muscles

    of the tongue, it is a motor nerve.28. From what plexus does the phrenic nerve arise? What is the sensory and/or

    motor distrubution of the phrenic nerve (what structures/muscles does it have

    motor and/or sensory control over, in general)?

    The phrenic nerve arises from the cervical plexus of the neck. The phrenicnerve innervates the diaphragm and is very important for breathing. It

    receives its information from C2, C3, so when you have a high

    cervical spine injury, frequently the patient looses the ability tobreathe.

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    29. What are the sensory and motor distributions of the following terminal nerves,

    AND from what plexus do they arise?

    a. Axillaryarises from the brachial plexus, serves the deltoid and teresminor muscles and some of the skin of the shoulder region

    b. Radialarises from the brachial plexus, serves the posterior muscles of

    the arm, forearm, and hand, also the skin of the posterolateral seface of thelimb.

    c. Musculocutaneousarises from the brachial plexus, serves the flexor

    muscles in the anterior arm and the skin on the anterolateral forearm.

    d. Median nervearises from the brachial plexus, serves the flexor group ofthe anterior forearm and the skin of the hand, plam, and 2nd and 3rd fingers.

    e. Ulnar nervearises from the brachial plexus, serves the flexor muscle in

    the anterior forearm, and the skin of the medial third of the hand.

    f. Femoral nervearises from the lumbar plexus, serves the skin of theanterior and medial thigh, skin of the medial leg and foot, and the anterior

    muscles of the thigh.g. Obturator nervearises from the lumbar plexus, serves the adductor

    magnus, longus and brevis, gracilis muscle, obturator exturnus, and the

    sensory for the skin of the medial thigh and hip and knee joints.

    h. Sciatic nervearises from the sacral plexus, serves the common peronealnerve and the tibial nerve.

    i. Common peroneal nervearises from the sacral plexus and the sciatic

    nerve, serves the skin of the anterior surface of leg and the dorsum of thefoot, the short head of the biceps femoris, the fibular muscles, tibialis

    anterior, extensor muscles

    j. Tibial nerve--