anatomy en physiology part...
TRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy en physiology
part 1
Sylvia Welsing-Schaefer 2014/2015
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Why?
• To understand how a body is built up
– Bones
– Muscles
– Tendons / ligaments / (fascia)
– Tissues and organs
– Respiration / circulation / nervous system
• To understand how a body functions
• To learn to observe
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• Anatomy: the study of the body structure
and the relationships among body parts
• Physiology: the study of the body
function, or how the body works
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Basics
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Requirements for life to exist
• Water: The body consists of +/- 60% water
• Food: plants or animals broken down into
chemical substances
• Oxygen: in order to oxidize fuel molecules
and obtain their energy
• Appropriate environmental temperature
• Suitable environmental pressure
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Characteristics of human beings
• Movement • (voluntary / involuntary)
• Metabolism and homeostasis• Catabolism / Anabolism
• Maintain a constant internal environment
• Responsiveness
• Growth an development• Cellular differentiation
• Reproduction
• Adaptation• Bones, Brain, Larynx....
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Levels of structural organisation
• Chemical level• Atoms / molecules (H-H-O, H2O)
• Cellular level
• Tissue• Muscle-, nervous-, connective-, epithelial tissue
• Organs• Brain, stomach, heart
• Body system• Circulatory system, digestive system
• Organism• You yourself!
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Levels of structural organisation
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Organ / Body systems
• Integumentary• Skin (glands), nails, hair
• Skeletal and muscular• Bones, cartillage, tendons, ligaments
• Skeletal-, cardiac-, smooth muscles
• Nervous and endocrine
• Circulatory• Cardiovascular, lymphatic
• Respiratory• O2 en CO2
• Digestive• Digestive tract and glands
• Urinary• Kidneys and urinary tract
• Reproductive
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Body systems
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Skeletal system
• Bone: main supporting tissue of the body– Support
– Protection
– Transmission of forces / movement
– (Hematopoiesis)
– (Storage and release of minerals (Ca, P)
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• (Ligaments)
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Skeletal system
• Form and shape reflects its function
– Long bones
• Leverage
– Flat bones
• Protection
– Short bones
• Weight bearing
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Bone
• Compact bone
• Cancellous / spongy bone
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Bone
• Periost • “outer” Fibrous layer
• “inner” Osteogenic layer
– Osteoblasts
– blood vessels
– elastic fibers
• Where tendons / ligaments
attach
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Bone
• Osteoblasts• Surfaces of developing and growing bone
• Deposit collagen and ground substance
• Entrapped withing lacunae
• Calcification of the matrix
• = osteocytes
• Osteoclasts• Resorption / removal of bone
• Extracellular matrix• 50% Inorganic salts (Ca-phosphate, Na, K, Mg)
• 50% Organic matrix – (ground substance (glycosaminoglycans)
– collagen type I 90%)
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Bone
• Epiphyse
• Diaphyse
• Metaphyse
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Bone
• Continuous and extensive remodeling
• Growth
• Change size / shape
• Stress
• Fractures
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Cartilage
• (Flexible) Connective tissue
• Stiff → Flexible
• Bone → Cartilage → Muscle
• Chondrocyten– Extracellular matrix
– (collagen, proteoglycan, elastin fibers)
• Elastic-, hyaline-, fibro-cartilage
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Cartilage
• Cartilage– Elastic:
• Ear, nose, eustachian tube,
epiglottis, trachea, larynx,
bronchial tubes
– Hyaline:
• joints
– Fibro:
• Intervertebral discs / annulus fibrosis
• Symphysis
• Menisci
• “shock absorbing
– NO BLOOD VESSELS
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Skeleton
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spine
• Cervical 7
• Thoracal 12
• Lumbal 5
• Sacral 5
• Os coccyx (tailbone) 4 (3-5)
• Lordosis
• Kyfosis
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spine
• Scoliosis
– Idiopathic
– Congenital
– Neuromuscular
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Spine movements
• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral flexion L/R
• Rotation L/R
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Anatomical planes
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Anatomical directions
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Pelvis
• Os Coxae
– Os ilium (SIAS, SIPS, crista iliaca)
– Os ischii (tuber ischiadicum)
– Os pubis
• Os Sacrum
• SI-joint
• Acetabulum
• (anteflexion pelvis 10-25°)
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Pelvis
• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral flexion
• Rotation
• (nutation)
• (counternutation)
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Pelvis
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Ligaments
• Fibrous connective tissue
• Links bone to bone at the joint
• Stabilize
• Allow mobility
• Different size and shape
• Different function
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Ligaments
• Knee
– Short, stout
– Maintaining the
knee as a hinge
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Ligaments
• SI
– Dense, broad, thick
– Limit movement of SI joint
• Pelvis / hip
– Thick, strong
– Weight bearing and stabilizing
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Ligaments
• Shoulder
– Thin, band-like, confluent with the shoulder
capsule
– Allowing great range of motion
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joints
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
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Synovial joints
• Synovial cavity
• Synovial fluid
• Fibrous capsule
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joints
• Hinge– Knee, elbow (ulna)
• Ball and socket– Hip, shoulder
• Gliding– Carpals wrist
• Pivot– Radio-ulnair joint
• Condoloid– Radio-carpal joint
• Saddle– Carpometocarpal, thumb, sternoclaviculair
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Femur
• Caput
• Corpus
• Trochantor major
• Trochantor minor
• Condylus medialis
– epicondylus
• Condylus lateralis
– epicondylus
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Femur
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Internal rotation
• External rotation
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Tibia (knee)
• Flexion
• Extension
• (In 90° flexion 10-15° rotation)
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fibula
• Stabilisation ankle joint
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Foot / ankle
• Dorsal flexion
• Plantair flexion
• Inversion
• Eversion
• Pronation foot (passive)
• Supination foot (passive)
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Humerus
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Internal rotation
• External rotation
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ulna
• Flexion
• extension
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Radius / ulna
• Pronation
• Suppination
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Wrist
• Dorsal flexion
• Palmair flexion
• Radial abduction
• Ulnar abduction
• Pronation
• Suppination
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Fingers / toes
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Internal rotation (passive)
• External rotation (passive)
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Shoulder
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Shoulder
• Clavicula Humerus
• Elevation flexion
• Depression extension
• Protraction ab- adduction
• Retraction in- external rotation
• Scapula (thoracal) Together
• Endorotation anteflexion / retroflexion
• Exorotation abduction / adduction
• Cranial / caudal translation exo- endorotation
• Lateral / medial translation
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Shoulder
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Anatomical directions
• Medial
• Lateral
• Proximal
• Distal
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Superior
• Inferior
• Ventral
• Dorsal
• Craniaal
• Caudaal
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Movements anatomical planes
• (Mid)sagittal plane
– (flexion, extension)
• Transverse plane
– (rotation, pronation, supination)
• Coronal plane
– (abduction, adduction, lateral flexion)
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Muscular system
• Skeletal or striated
– Voluntary
• Cardiac
– Involuntary
• Smooth
– involuntary
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Muscular system
• A bundle of many cells
• Muscle fibers (myofibers)
• Myofibrils
• Actine
• Myosine
• Sarcomere = basic functional unit
• (striated appearance)
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Striated muscle
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Striated muscle
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Striated muscle
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Origin and insertion
• Origin– Bone
– Proximal
– Stable
• Insertion– Bone/tendon
– Structure it attaches to
– Distal
– Less mass
– Greater motion
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Form and shape
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Muscle contraction
• Isometric
• Concentric
• Eccentric
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Agonist - Antagonist
• Agonist– ‘prime mover’
– Movement though contraction
• Antagonist– Oppose a specific movement
– Controls, slows down
• Antagonistic pairs– One muscle contracts, other relaxes
– Flexors-extensors
– Abductors-adductors
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Antagonistic pairs
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Synergist
• Synergist
– Helps perform the same joint motion as the
agonist
– (deltoid muscles and TFL and glutes)
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Stretch reflex
• Stretch reflex
– Muscle contraction in response to stretching
(same muscle)
– Muscle spindles
• Reciprocal inhibition
– One side of a joint relaxes
– Other side of a joint contracts
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propriocepsis
• “Awareness” of body position
– Spatial orientation
• Balance and movement
• Proprioreceptors
– Muscles, joints
• Cerebellum
• Visual information
• Vestibular system (evenwichtsorgaan)
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Fascia
• Connective tissue
• Surrounds
– Muscles and groups of muscles
– Blood vessels
– Nerves
• Binds structures together
• Permits structures to slide smoothly
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Fascia
• Dense regular connective tissue
• Bundles of collagen
– (elastin and reticular fibers)
– Varying amounts of elastin and collagen
• Flexibel
• Resist great tension
• Ligaments and tendons
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Fascia
• It’s continuous
• Really thin
• Really thick (IT band)
• Extremely strong
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Fascia
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Fascia
• Makes muscles
“slide”
• 30% of the mass of
our muscle
• Muscle = myofascia
• Tubes, within tubes,
within tubes.......
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Fascia
• Myofascia-tendon complex (MT complex)
• Where fascia becomes tendon
• Areas that are stronger / weaker
• MT junction = weakest link
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Deep fascia
• Ground substances
• Living cells (fibroblasts)
• Everything is interconnected
• All the tissues work together
– Binds
– Transmits forces
– Lubricates
• It’s fascia that holds us together!!!!
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Fuzz
• If fascia is too dry
• Sliding surfaces “stick” together
• Adhesions
• “glue” → FUZZ
• Every night → fuzz
• Injured or immobile → ↓ ROM
• Scarr tissue → ↓ ROM
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Modern meridian theory
• Dr. Motoyama
– (Japan, Shinto priest and double PhD scientist)
• CT and fascia form mechanical continuum
• Everything is ensheathed in CT
• All movements create tension, compression,
shear stress in every part
• Generating bio-electrical signals in the CT
• CT is a semiconducting communication network
• This electric network = meridian system
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Modern meridian theory
• H.A. Hyaluronic Acid
• → 1000 x H2O
• Liquid chrystals
• Meridiens are in the CT
• Meridians are water channels through the CT
• “Water flow”
• Chi or Prana
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bronnen
• Anatomie atlas– Sobotta, thieme, anders...
• Ray long– Key muscles
• Leslie Kaminoff– Yoga anatomie
• Paul Grilley– Yin yoga
• Bernie Clark– Yin yoga
• Internet (wikipedia)– ........................
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Volgende keer
• CNS
– Autonome (motor – sensor)
– Periphere (sympatic - parasympatic
• Stress / burn out
– Fight-or-flight response
• Pregnancy and yoga