anatomy back & joint objectives

7/25/2019 Anatomy Back & Joint Objectives

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Bone, joint, cartilage & ligament lecture

1. Describe the five classifications of bones

• Long bone – tubular (humerus)

• Short bones – cuboidal, found only in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus)

• Flat bones – serve protective functions (skull)

•

Irregular bones – various shapes (facial bones)• Sesmoid bones – develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of

long bones in the limbs (patella)

2. Define various bone markings and formations

• apitulum – small, round, articular head

• ondyle – rounded, knuckle like articular area

• rest – ridge of bone (iliac crest)

• !picondyle – eminence superior to a condyle (lateral epicondyle)

• Facet – smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage (vertebrae"rib)

•

Foramen – passage through a bone (vertebral foramen)• Fossa – hollow or depressed area (infraspinous fossa of scapula)

• #roove – elongated depression or furrow (bicupital groove of humerus)

• $ead – large, round articular end (head of humerus)

• Line – linear elevation

• %alleolus – rounded process

• &otch – indentation at the edge of a bone

• 'rotuberance – proection of bone (occipital protuberance)

• Spine – thornlike process

• Spinous process – proecting spinelike part

•*rochanter – large blunt elevation

• *rochlea – spoollike articular process or process that acts as a pulley

• *ubercle – small raised eminence (greater tubercle of humerus)

• *uberosity – large rounded elevation (ischial tuberosity)

3. Describe bone development and compare the two tpes

• Intramembranous ossification

+irect ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period Forms woven bone,

which then becomes lamellar Formed from connective tissue ie the skull

• !ndochondral ossification

artilage models of the bones from mesenchyme during the fetal period and bone

subse-uently replaces most of the cartilage .ccurs in primary and secondaryossification centers

Formed from cartilage %ost bones

!. Describe the elementar principles of joint design

oint/ articulation, or the place of union or unction, between two or more rigid components

(bones, cartilages, or even parts of the same bone)



• 0 oint1s design is determined by its function (multiple functions, more comple2)

• Stability ends of bones fit together and are braced with capsules, ligaments, tendons

• %obility ends of bones fit together and capsule are filled with synovial fluid, occasionally

cartilage wedges are present• &eed some stability in order to have mobility

• Synovial membrane lines the inner surface of the capsule

•

Synovial fluid forms a film over the oint surfaces• $yaline cartilage covers the oint surfaces

". Define arthrokinematics and osteokinematics and discriminate between the two

• 0rthrokinematics – describes the movement of one oint surface in relation to another Impacts

osteokinematics %ovement depends on oint surface and can slide, roll, or spin

• .steokinematics – describes the movement of bone segments in space +etermined by oint

surface, capsule, ligaments, tendons and other bones an be defined by type of motion(rotary motion at a oint), location of motion (plane of movement), and magnitude of motion (arcmoved through)

#. Describe the three major joint classifications and their characteristics• Functional lassifications/

o Synarthrosis – nonmovable bones are directly oined by connective tissue

• 0mphiarthosis – slightly movable

• +iarthrosis – freely movable

• Structural lassifications

o Fibrous fibrous tissue unites the bones

o artilaginous fibrocartilage connects the bones

o Synovial $diarthroses% bones are indirectly oined by a capsule with moderate to

ma2imal movement

'. Describe the structure and function of the si( major tpes of snovial joints

• 'ivot oint 3 – one surface shaped like a ring, the other is shaped to rotate within the ring

%ovement in hori4ontal plane around vertical a2is Ligaments around the socket 'ermitrotation around a central a2is (ie 0tlas and a2is)

• $inge oint 3 – permit fle2ion and e2tension only in sagittal plane, oint capsule is thin and la2 ,

oined by strong ligament (ie I' oints of finger and elbow oints)

• Saddle oint 5 – each surface is conve2 in one plane and concave in another permit abduction

and adduction as well as fle2ion and e2tension, opposing articular surfaces are shaped like asaddle !2ample/ % of thumb

• ondyloid oint 5 – concave surface and conve2 surface Sagittal (fle2) and frontal (abd)

!2ample/ %' oint of fingers, wrist• 'lane oint 6 – permit gliding or sliding or rotating movements, opposing surfaces are flat or

almost flat Small oints with minimal movement arpals

• 7all and socket oint 6 – allow movement in multiple a2es and planes Large oints with

ma2imal movement Shoulder, hip

). Describe the degrees of freedom and planes*a(is of movement of joints in the bod

• ie the shoulder has 6 +oF

o Shoulder e2ternal"internal rotation



o 0dduction"abduction

o Fle2ion"e2tension

+. Describe the structures that contribute to joint stabilit and mobilit.

• $yaline cartilage8mobility

• Syonovial fluid8mobility

• 9oint capsule8stability

•

Ligament8stability• %uscle"tendon8stability (deep muscle), mobility (superficial muscle)

1. Describe the role of ligaments and brainstorm positions that stretch ligaments in thebod $for e(ample fle(ing the spine stretches the posterior longitudinal ligament%

• !2tending the spine would fle2 the anterior longitudinal ligament

11. Describe the role of cartilage and the tpes of cartilage in the bod

• artilage is softer than bone(more water, no mineral) but more resilient artilage doesn1t

regenerate because it1s avascular

• $yaline articular cartilagearticular cartilage (ribs)

o $yaline cartilage is the thin covering on the end of most bones at oints whichprovides a smooth articular surface

• !lastic cartilageears, epiglottis

• Fibrocartilageintervertebral discs, labrum, menisci

12. -ompare a closed kinematic chain with an open kinematic chain

• losed chain – distal end of the oint is fi2ed, motion occurs in a predictable fashion, oints are

interdependent (standing, push up)

• .pen chain – distal end of the oint is free, motion occurs in various fashions, oints may

function independently or in unison (waving hand, kicking ball)

13 Define closed and loosepacked position and compare the close and loosepacked

positions of a joint

• lose packed – oint surfaces are ma2imally congruent and ligaments and oint capsule are

ma2imally taut, so oint is most stable (knee e2tended)

• Loose packed – oint surfaces are relatively free to move in relation to the other, so structures

are more la2 Loose ligaments and oint incongruence

1! Describe the effect of the close and open pack position on motion and stabilit

• losed pack position oint surfaces are ma2imally congruent and ligaments and oint capsule

are ma2imally taut, so oint is most stable (elbow, knee, and I' e2tension) %ore stable, less

movement

• Loose pack position oint surfaces are relatively free to move in relation to the other, so

structures are more la2 (%' e2tension) Less stable, more movement 9oint play is performed

at loose pack position

1". Describe how joints are innervated /ilton0s aw

• $iltons Law states that the nerves supplying a oint also supply the muscles moving the oint or

the skin covering their attachments



1#. Describe olff0s law and how bones can change based upon these principles• States the remodeling of bone is influenced by mechanical stresses (walking, etc)

•

1'. Describe the patholog and cause of osteoarthritis $degenerative joint disease%

• +estruction of cartilage and bone :heumatic disease (age, gender, heredity, obesity, oint

abnormalities, inury and oint overuse) where cartilage in oints breaks down, causing pain andstiffness an be limited to specific oints artilage wears away and bone ends thicken andbony growths (osteophytes) appear where cartilage used to be

1). Describe the osteokinematics*arthrokinematics that occur at the joint with motion

• .steokinematics

o +etermined by shape of the oint surfaces, oint capsule, ligaments, muscle bulk,

tendons, and boneso :.% is normal, hypermobile, or hypomobile dependent on bony and soft tissue

• 0rthrokinematics

o %ovement of one oint surface in relation to another with one surface as more stable

baseo :oll rolling of 3 oint surface on another, as in a tire rolling on the road (femoral

condyles rolling on tibia)o Sliding gliding of 3 component over another, as when a braked wheel skids (pro2

phalan2 on metacarpal)o Spin rotation of the movable component, as when a top spins, a pure rotatory

motion (radius on humerus in pron"sup)



$umerus

o $umeral head

o #reater tubercle

o Lesser tubercle

o Intertubercular sulcus

o aka bicipital grooveo +eltoid tuberostiy

o :adial groove or spiral groove

o %edial epicondyle

o Lateral epicondyle

o .lecranon fossa

Scapula



o glenoid cavity aka glenoid fossa

o supraglenoid tubercle

Biceps brachii

o .rigin/

Short head/ tip of coracoid process of scapula

Long head/ supraglenoid tubercle of scapulao 0ttachment/

*uberosity of radius and fascia of forearm

o Innervation/

%usculocutaneous nerve

o 0ction/

Supinates forearm and fle2es it (when supinated)

Fle2es arm

o 7icipital tendon/ the tendon that oins the short and long heads to their attachments

o 7icipital 0poneurosis/ the layers of flat tendons, located at the cubital fossa, and seperates

superficial from deep structureso

*he aponeurosis reinforces the cubital fossa, and helps to protect the brachial artery and themedian nerve running underneath

o

Brachialis

o .rigin/

distal half of anterior surface of humerus

o 0ttachment/

coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna

o Innervation/


o 0ction/

Fle2es forearm in all positions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubital_fossa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_nerve

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_nerve

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubital_fossa



o

-oracobrachialis

•

o .rigin/

*ip of coracoid process of scapula

o 0ttachment/

%iddle third of medial surface of humerus

o Innervation/


o 0ction/ $elps fle2 and adduct arm

o



4eins

• ephalic vein;

• 7asilic vein

• %edian cubital vein

5rteries

• Subclavian artery;

• 02illary artery;

• 7rachial artery

o +eep 7rachial

o :adial artery

o <lnar artery

anatomy back & joint objectives

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