anatomy and physiology second semester review. endocrine system endocrine glands a. are made of...
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Anatomy and Physiology
Second Semester Review
Endocrine System
Endocrine glands
a. are made of epithelial tissue
b. secrete hormones
c. are stimulated by the nervous system
d. all of the above
d.
A hormonea. is a secreted chemicalb. is received by receptors on
postsynaptic neuronsc. always acts quicklyd. all of the above
a.
WHICH GLAND IS IT?
The part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
The gland that controls many other glands.
Pituitary
A gland housing immune cells until puberty
Thymus
A gland involved in digestion in the small intestine.
Pancreas
A gland involved in the fight and flight response.
Adrenal
Blood and CardiovascularT/F
A function of the cardiovascular system is to transport wastes.
True: also nutrient, gases and fluids
The cardiovascular system is involved in temperature regulation.
True.
Which is not a cellular component of blood?a. Red blood cellb. White blood cellc. Blood plasmad. Platelets
c. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood
Which component of blood helps clot the blood when you get a cut?
d. platelets
T/F
The main function of white blood cells is to transport oxygen.
False: Red blood cells
The main function of white blood cells is to fight disease.
True
Using blood as a diagnostic tool
If you are anemic which type of blood cell count will be low- red or white?
Red
Antibodies on red blood cells tell us our blood type.
False: Antigens
The pH factor determines if we have + or – blood type.
False:Rh factor
How are blood type determined?T/F
Blood transfusions
What blood type is the universal donor?
O-
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
Match each structure with its function.
Atria
Ventricles
Valves
Inferior and superior vena
cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Bring blood to the heart
Prevent backward flow of blood
Receiving chambers
Blood vessel that leads to the lungs
Pumping chambers
Blood vessel that delivers oxygenated blood to the body
Trace the path of blood through the blood vessels beginning at the heart
1 Artery
5 Vein
6 Capillary
( Arteries / Capillaries ) are a good site for gas exchange because they have thin permeable walls.
( Arteries / Veins ) have thick walls that withstand the high pressure of blood as it is pumped from the heart.
Which is a more worrisome blood pressure?140/ 100
100/60
Watch this video:
Cardiac Conduction System
Now answer the questions:
What structure is responsible for initiating action potentials in the heart?
S-A node (pacemaker)
The graph used to monitor the cardiac conduction system is called an _________________?
EKG (ECG)
The ventricles contract during the ____________ wave.
QRS
What is the name of this graph?EKG
Which pattern is normal?
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system?a. Lymphb. Lymph junctionsc. Lymph nodesd. Lymph vessels
b.
Lymphatic structures
WORD BANK
Lymph node
Lymph vessel
Right lymphatic duct
Spleen
Thoracic duct
Thymus
Tonsils
Lymph comes from
a. Tissue fluids
b. Organ fluids
c. Digestive fluids
d. Reproductive fluids
a.
Which is not true about lymph nodes.
a. They filter lymph
b. Serve as production site for antibodies
c. Remove phagocytized material
d. Produce red blood cells
d.
Specific defenses against disease include species resistance, mechanical barriers, fever and inflammation.
False: Nonspecific defenses
The immune system can attack foreign invaders.
True
(Before birth / After birth ) the body determines what is self and non-self.
Macrophages attack cells which display (antibodies / antigens ) that are non-self.
Once macrophages enter the lymph system, ( Killer T-cells / Helper T-cells ) are activated.
Helper T-cells call out B cells to produce ( histamines / antibodies ) that inhibit the spread of the infection.
Killer T-cells ( destroy / isolate ) the infection.
Suppressor T-cells control ( killer T-cells / the infection ).
Some B-cell and Killer T-cells become (suppressor T-cell/ memory cells).
The condition in which the immune system attacks a person’s own cells is known as
A. an allergy
B. autoimmunity
C. self defense
D. Cancer
B.
An example of natural immunity is a vaccine.
False: acquired
Allergies are normal responses to foreign invaders.
False: abnormal
Epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic reactions.
True
Respiratory system
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
a.Take in carbon dioxide and remove oxygen
b.Warm and moisturize the air
c. Filter particles
d.Speech
a. Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
NosePharynxLarynxEpiglottisTracheaBronchiAlveoliLungs
a. Small clusters involved in gas exchange
b. Branched airways leading to alveolic. Blocks material from entering trachead. Throate. Soft, spongy organsf. Where air enters the bodyg. Houses the vocal cordsh. Windpipe- filters incoming air
The function of the nasal conchae is to
A. reduce the weight of the skullB. filter the airC. swirl the air so it can be warmed and humidifiedD. cool and dry the air
C.
Match each structure with its function
Nostril
Nasal hairs
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchiole Tubes
Passageway into lungs
Where air enters the respiratory system
Tube for both air and food
Trap large particles
Contains the vocal cords
A tube connecting the larynx and bronchi
True or False?
The microscopic alveoli within the lungs are the site of gas exchange.
True
The blood vessels surrounding the alveoli are(arteries / arterioles / capillaries / venules / veins. )
Capillaries have thin walls, allowing gases to easily diffuse in and out.
The CO2 is moving into the alveolus and the O2 is moving into the blood stream because of differences in
A. pH
B. partial pressure
C. charge
B.
Ventilation
Which of the following would not be associated with inhalation?
a.Diaphragm
b.The medulla oblongata
c.The pons
d.The pectoralis minor muscles
The medulla
Exhalation
Muscles of exhalation relax due to elastic recoil.
True
Chemoreceptors keep alveoli from completely collapsing after an exhalation.
False: Surfactant
What will happen to breathing rate in each of the following situations?
Fight or flight?Increase
Hyperventilation in fresh air?Decrease
An out of shape person climbing stairs?Increase
Digestive System
The purpose of the digestive system is to mechanically and chemically break down food for the purpose of absorption.
True
Digestion is aided by enzymes.
True
The biochemical broken down in the mouth?Carbohydrates
The biochemical broken down in the stomach?
Proteins
The biochemical broken down in the small intestine?
Lipids
Circle the best answer
The ( lymph / salivary ) glands produce enzymes that break down carbs.
The ( teeth / tongue ) aid(s) in swallowing.
The ( epiglottis / glottis ) prevents food from entering the respiratory system.
The ( gallbladder / liver ) makes bile that emulsifies large fat droplets.
Bicarbonate is secreted into the
( small intestine / large intestine ) to neutralize stomach acid.
Absorption of most nutrients takes place in the ( small intestine / large intestine ) .
The large intestine absorbs ( feces / water ).
How is the nutrient important?
Water
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins/Minerals
Provide quick energy
Long term energy
Essential for normal cell function, growth and development
Make up body structures such as muscle and skin
Dissolves chemicals, transports heats, lubricates joints
Urinary System
The function of the urinary system is to maintain proper levels of
A.water
B.electrolytes
C.hydrogen Ions
D.all of the above
D.
Word Bank: calyx, capsul,e column, cortex, pelvis, pyramid, renal artery, renal vein, ureter
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The kidneys filter blood to remove
( wastes / nutrients )
The renal ( cortex / medulla ) is the site of filtration.
The renal pyramid is made of
( nephron tubules / ureters).
If your are vigorously exercising on a hot and humid day for a long period of time you should.
A.Drink water
B.Replace lost electrolytes
C.Monitor urine output
D.All of the above
D. And take lots of breaks!
Reproductive System
You can live without your reproductive system.
True
The primary sex organ of the male is the penis.
False: testes
The primary sex organ of the female is the ovary.
True
The menstrual cycle prepares the woman’s body for fertilization.
True
Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg.
True
A woman is considered pregnant once an embryo implants itself in the fallopian tubes.
False: uterus
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