anatomy and physiology of prokaryotic cells
DESCRIPTION
Microbiology Mrs. Hieneman. Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells. Bacterial Shape and Arrangement. Streptococcus chain. Sarcinae cube . Staphylococcus aureus cluster. Spiral-shaped bacterial cell. Prokaryotic Cell Structure. Cytoplasmic Membrane. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells
MicrobiologyMrs. Hieneman
![Page 2: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bacterial Shape and Arrangement
![Page 3: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Streptococcus chain
![Page 4: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sarcinae cube
![Page 5: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Staphylococcus aureus cluster
![Page 6: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Spiral-shaped bacterial cell
![Page 7: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
![Page 8: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Membrane
• Surrounds cytoplasm and defines boundaries of cell
• Acts as barrier, but also functions as an effective and highly discriminating conduit between cell and surroundings
• Made up of phospholipid bilayer
![Page 9: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 4.14c
![Page 10: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Phospholipid
![Page 11: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 4.14b
![Page 12: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Movement of Molecules through Cytoplasmic Membrane
• Several ways for molecules to move through membrane
1. Simple Diffusion2. Osmosis3. Facilitated Diffusion4. Active Transport
![Page 13: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Simple Diffusion
• Does not require expenditure of energy• Process by which some molecules move
freely into and out of the cell• Small molecules such as carbon dioxide and
oxygen
![Page 14: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Microbiology: An Introduction, 9eby Tortora, Funke, Case
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 4.18: The principle of osmosis - Overview.
(a) At beginning of osmotic pressure experiment
(b) At equilibrium
(c) Isotonic solution — no net movement of water
(d) Hypotonic solution — water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)
(e) Hypertonic solution — water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)
Glass tube
Rubberstopper
Rubberband
Sucrosemolecule
Watermolecule
Cellophanesack
Cytoplasm Solute Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Water
![Page 15: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Transport Proteins
• Transport proteins (or transporters) responsible for:
• Facilitated Diffusion• Active Transport
![Page 16: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Microbiology: An Introduction, 9eby Tortora, Funke, Case
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 4.17: Facilitated diffusion.
Transportedsubstance
Transporterprotein
Outside
Inside
Glucose
Plasmamembrane
![Page 17: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cell Wall
• Composed of peptidoglycan• Comprised of alternating NAG and NAM
molecules• Attached to each NAM is four amino acid
peptide: tetrapeptide
![Page 18: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Categories of Bacteria
• Two Major Categories:• Difference due to difference in chemical
structures of their cell walls– Gram positive: stains purple– Gram negative: stains red
![Page 20: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Gram + Cell Wall
• Thick Layer of Peptidoglycan• Contains techoic acid: chains of ribitol-
phosphate or glycerol-phosphate to which sugars or alanine attached
• Techoic Acid sticks out above the peptidoglycan layer
![Page 21: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Gram – Cell Wall
• More complex than Gram + cell wall• Thin layer of peptidoglycan
– Sandwiched between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
• Outside of peptidoglycan is outer membrane
![Page 24: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 4.13c
![Page 25: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Outer Membrane
• Unlike any other membrane in nature• A lipid bilayer with the outside layer made
of lipopolysaccharides instead of phospholipids
• Also called LPS• Contains Porins
![Page 26: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Periplasm
- Region between cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane
- Gel-like fluid• Filled with secreted proteins and enzymes
![Page 28: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
External Structures
• Glycocallyx• Flagella• Axial Filaments• Fimbrae and Pili
![Page 29: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Glycocallyx
• Gel-like structure– Functions in protection and attachment– Two types- capsule and slime layer– Involved in attachment, enabling bacteria to
stick to teeth, rocks– Enables bacteria to brow as biofilm
![Page 30: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Capsule in Acinetobacter species by gram negative staining
![Page 31: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Filamentous Protein Appendages
• Anchored in membrane and protrude from surface
• Flagella: long structure responsible for motility
• Fimbrae and Pili: shorter, responsible for attachment
![Page 32: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Four types of bacteria with flagella
• Montrichious- one flagella• Amphitrichous- flagella at both ends• Lophitrichous- many flagella at the end of
the cell• Peritrichous- flagella all over entire cell
![Page 33: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 4.7 - Overview
![Page 34: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Axial Filament
• Present in Spirochetes• Attach at end of cell, spiral around,
underneath an outer sheath• Move like a corkscrew
![Page 35: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 4.10 - Overview
![Page 36: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fimbrae and Pili
• Shorter and surround the cell• Similar structural theme to filament of
flagella• Fimbrae- enable cell to adhere to surfaces,
including other cells• Pili- join bacterial cells in preparation for
the transfer of DNA from one cell to another
![Page 37: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Internal Structures of Prokaryotic Cells
![Page 39: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cytoplasm
• Substance of cell inside the cytoplasmic membrane
• About 80% water• Thick, aqueous, semitransparent, elastic
![Page 40: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Chromosome
• Found within a central location known as nucleoid
• Single, circular, double stranded• Consists of all DNA required by cell
![Page 41: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Plasmids
• Some bacteria contain plasmids- small circular double-stranded DNA
• Typically cell does not require genetic information carried on plasmid
• However, it may be advantageous
![Page 43: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis• Relative size and density of ribosomes and
their subunits expressed as distinct unit (S)• Two units of prokaryotic ribosomes: 50S +
30S= 70S• Eukaryotic ribosomes: 80S
![Page 44: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Microbiology: An Introduction, 9eby Tortora, Funke, Case
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 4.19: The prokaryotic ribosome.
(a) Small subunit (b) Large subunit (c)
50S
50S
30S 30S
(c) Complete 70S ribosome
![Page 45: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Inclusions
• Store excess nutrients• Examples: Polysaccharide granules-
glycogen and starch• Lipid inclusions• Metachromatic granules- inorganic
phosphate that can be used to synthesize ATP
![Page 46: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Endospores
• Occurs in members of genera Bacillus and Clostridium
• Dormant cell produced by a process called Sporulation
• Germination- when they exit the dormant state and then become a vegetative cell
• Several species of endospore formers can cause disease
![Page 48: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Anatomy and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56816168550346895dd0f3d1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)