anatomy and physiology i introduction to the the skeletal system bone tissue organization of the...

Anatomy and Physiology I

Introduction to the The Skeletal SystemBone Tissue

Organization of the Skeleton

Instructor: Mary Holman

Intro to the Skeletal System

• Osteology - the study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders

• Complex dynamic living tissue– re-modeling

• Each bone is an organ – bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissues, epithelium, blood forming tissues, adipose tissue and nervous tissue

Functions of the Skeletal System

• Support

• Protection

• Assistance in Movement

• Mineral homeostasis

• Blood cell production

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Femur(The thigh bone)

Periosteum

Yellow marrow

Medullary cavity

Space containingred marrow

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal plates

Proximalepiphysis

Distalepiphysis

Diaphysis

Endosteum

Fig. 7.2

condyles


Nerve

Bloodvessels

Compactbone

Endosteum

Fig. 7.4a

Spongybone

Compactbone


© Ed Reschke

Fig. 7.3a


Remnant ofepiphyseal plate

Spongy bone Compact bone

Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.

Fig. 7.3b


Spongybone

Compactbone


Fig. 7.3c


Osteon

Nerve

NerveBloodvessels

Perforatingcanal

Periosteum

Central canalcontaining bloodvessels and nerves

Spongybone

Compac

t

bone

Trabeculae

PoresCentralcanal

Fig. 7.4b The Haversian System


Canaliculus

Osteocyte

Lacuna(space)

Bone matrix

Fig. 7.4c


Central canal

Canaliculus

Lacuna

Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon. © 1979 W.H. Freeman and Company

Fig. 7.5

575x

An Osteon


Cell processin canaliculus

Osteocyte

Lacuna

© Secchi, Lecaque, Roussel, Uclaf, CNRA/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Fig. 7.74,700x

Osteogenesisthe formation of bone

Bones are formed in two ways

• Intramembranous

• Endochondral

Both involve replacing existing

connective tissue

Intra-membranousbones forming

Endochondralbones forming

Fig. 7.6a

Ossification in a 14 wk Human Fetus


Cartilaginousmodel

Fig. 7.8a & bp.207

Developingperiosteum

Calcifiedcartilage

Fetal endochondral bone development


Compact bonedeveloping

Primaryossificationcenter

Bloodvessel

Fig. 7.8c & d

Medullarycavity

Secondaryossificationcenter

Secondaryossificationcenter

Later stages of fetal endochondral bone development


Medullarycavity

Epiphysealplate

Epiphysealplates

Compactbone

Fig. 7.8e&f

Articularcartilage

Medullarycavity

Remnant ofepiphysealplate

Remnants ofepiphysealplates

Spongybone

Articularcartilage

Spongybone

Child Adult


Intra-membranousbones forming

Endochondralbones forming

© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Fig. 7.6a Ossification in a 14 wk Human Fetus


Bone tissueof epiphysis

Zone ofrestingcartilage

1

Zone ofproliferatingcartilage

2

Zone ofhypertrophiccartilage

3

Zone ofcalcifiedcartilage

Ossifiedbone ofdiaphysis

4

(a) (b)b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Fig. 7.9Epiphyseal Plate 100x


© James L. Shaffer

Fig. 7.11p. 209 X-ray of Epiphyseal Plates in a child’s femur etc.


© Martin Rotker

Fig. 7.50apg 243

X-ray of Adult femur, tibia, and fibula

Types of bone cells• osteoblast - “budding” building cells, secrete matrix• osteocyte - “cell” mature cell, maintenance activities• osteoclast - “broken” cells that erode or destroy bone tissue

From: Tortora & Grabowski Principles of A & P


Developingmedullarycavity

Osteoclast

© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Fig. 7.10

800x

Bone Resorption by Osteoclasts


© David Scharf/Peter Arnold; p. 193: Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", FIG 1, VOL 423, © 2003

Osteoclast (1,240x)


Sites ofmuscleattachments


Fig. 7.12


A greenstick fracture is incomplete, and thebreak occurs on theconvex surface of thebend in the bone.

A transverse fracture is complete, and the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone.

A spiral fracture iscaused by twisting abone excessively.

An oblique fractureoccurs at an angleother than a right angleto the axis of the bone.

A fissured fracture involves an incomplete longitudinal break.

A comminuted fracture is complete and fragments the bone.

Fig. 7Ap. 212

Types of Fractures

Compactbone

Medullarycavity

Hematoma

New bloodvessels

Fibrocartilage

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Medullary cavity

PeriosteumBony callus

(a) Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma.

(b) Spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels, and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions.

(c) A bony callus replaces fibrocartilage. (d) Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original.

Fig. 7.7BBoneRepair


StimulusBlood calciumlevel increases.

too high

Normal bloodcalcium level

Control centerThyroid glandreleases calcitonin.

ReceptorsCells in the thyroidgland sense theincrease in bloodcalcium.

EffectorsOsteoblasts depositcalcium in bones.

ResponseBlood calciumlevel is returnedtoward normal.

Fig. 7.13a

Hormonal Control of the Resorption and Deposition of Bone Ca++


too low

Normal bloodcalcium level

Control centerParathyroid glandsrelease parathyroidhormone.

ReceptorsCells in the parathyroidgland sense thedecrease in bloodcalcium.

EffectorsOsteoclasts breakdown bone to releasecalcium.

StimulusBlood calciumlevel decreases.

ResponseBlood calciumlevel is returnedto normal.

Fig. 7.13b

Hormonal Control of the Resorption and Deposition of Bone Ca++

Skeletal Basics

• Approximately 206 bones total

• Axial Skeleton– 80 bones arranged along the central axis of the body– skull bones, auditory bones, hyoid bone, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae

• Appendicular Skeleton– 126 bones– bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones of the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton


Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Suturalbones

Fig. 7.14

Hyoid

Cranium

Face

ClavicleScapula

Sternum

Ribs

Humerus

Ulna

Hip bone

Radius

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

Skull

Vertebralcolumn

Carpals

Metacarpals

(a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 7.15a

Axial Skeleton

AppendicularSkeleton


ClavicleScapula

Ribs

Humerus

Ulna

Hip bone

Radius

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

Phalanges

Vertebralcolumn

Sacrum

Coccyx

(b)

Fig. 7.15b

Axial Skeleton

AppendicularSkeleton

Types of Bones• Long Bones

– femur, humerus

• Short bones – tarsal, trapezoid

• Flat bones – frontal, scapula

• Irregular bones– vertebrae

• Sesamoid bones – patella


(a) (e)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 7.1Types of Bones

tarsal

parietal

vertebra

patella

femur

Bone Surface MarkingsDepressions and OpeningsSites allowing the passage of soft tissue or formation of joints

fissure

foramen

fossa

sulcus

meatus

Bone Surface MarkingsProcesses: projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue such as ligaments or tendons

A. Processes that form joints

condyle

facet

head

Bone Surface MarkingsProcesses (cont.)B. Processes that form attachment points for

connective tissue:crestepicondylelineaspinous processtrochantertubercletuberosity

Miscellaneous terms:

suture

sinus

fontanel

fovea

Bone Surface Markings

anatomy and physiology i introduction to the the skeletal system bone tissue organization of the...

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