anatomy and physiology for pilates...planes •a plane is a 2-d flat surface that divides space....
TRANSCRIPT
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY FOR PILATES
Art of Control Studio
Stamford, CT
References
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References - cont’d
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References - cont’d
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and…
6
Table of Contents
• Part 1: Kinesiology Terminology (slide 8)
• Part 2: The Skeletal System (slide 28)
• Part 3: Myofascial Tissue & Muscle Function
(slide 48)
• Part 4: Pathologic Conditions (slide 70)
• Part 5: Muscles / Muscle Functional Groups
(slide 101)
• Part 6: Workshop Concepts (slide 153)
7
PART 1 – Kinesiology Terminology
• Basic Kinesiology Terminology
• Kinesiology • kine = motion
• ology = understanding/study of
8
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy is Structure
– ana =
– tome =
• Physiology is
Function
– phys =
– ology =
9
Axial / Appendicular Body
10
Body Parts
11
Static Positional Terms
12
Pairs of Terms – Static Position
• Anterior / Posterior
• Medial / Lateral
• Superior / Inferior
• Proximal / Distal
• Superficial / Deep
13
Movement Terms - Pairs
• Flexion / Extension
• Abduction / Adduction
• Right Lateral Flexion / Left Lateral Flexion
• Medial Rotation / Lateral Rotation
• Right Rotation / Left Rotation
14
Movement Terms – Pairs…
• Pronation / Supination
• Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion
• Protraction / Retraction
• Elevation / Depression
• Upward Rotation / Downward Rotation
• Extension vs. Hyperextension
• Circumduction
15
Planes
• A plane is a 2-D flat surface that divides space.
• A movements occurs within a plane.
• There are three cardinal planes:
– Sagittal
– Frontal (coronal)
– Transverse (horizontal)
• Oblique planes…
16
Planes – Sagittal and Frontal
17
Planes – Transverse and Oblique
18
Movement in Planes – Sagittal and
Frontal
19
Movement in Planes – Transverse
and Oblique
20
Axes
• An axis (plural: axes)
is an imaginary line
around which
movement occurs.
21
Axes – cont’d
• For each plane, there is a corresponding
axis
• Sagittal – mediolateral
• Frontal – anteroposterior
• Transverse – vertical (superoinferior)
• Oblique - oblique
22
Mediolateral Axis
23
Anteroposterior Axis
24
Vertical Axis
25
Oblique Axis
26
Naming Joint Actions
• A joint action is a cardinal plane joint
motion.
• Three parts to fully describe a joint motion:
– Direction of motion
– Body part that moves
– Joint at which motion occurs
• Example: Flexion of the arm at the
shoulder joint
27
PART 2 – The Skeletal System
28
Bones of the Skeleton
29
Bones – Upper Extremity
• Shoulder Girdle
– Scapula / Clavicle
• Arm
– Humerus
• Forearm
– Radius / Ulna
• Hand
– Carpals
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges (singular: phalanx)
30
Bones – Lower Extremity
• Pelvis
– Pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)
• Thigh
– Femur
• Leg
– Tibia / Fibula
• Foot
– Tarsals
– Metatarsals
– Phalanges (singular: phalanx)
31
Bones – Axial Body
• Head
– Cranium (frontal, temporal, occipital…)
– Face
• Neck/Trunk/Pelvis
– Vertebrae (& sacrum / coccyx)
– Hyoid bone
– Sternum
– Rib cage
32
Bony Landmarks
• Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
• Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
• Iliac Crest
• Medial border of scapula
• Inferior angle of scapula
• Spinous Processes (SPs)
• Transverse Processes (TPs)
33
Joint Classification
• Structural:
– Fibrous
– Cartilaginous
– Synovial (joint cavity)
34
Fibrous Joint Examples
35
Cartilaginous Joint Examples
36
Synovial Joint Examples
37
Synovial Joint Categories
• Uniaxial (hinge and pivot)
• Biaxial (condyloid and saddle)
• Triaxial (ball and socket)
• Nonaxial
38
Uniaxial Joints
39
Biaxial Joints
40
Triaxial Joints
41
Nonaxial Joints
42
Upper Extremity Joints
• Shoulder (Glenohumeral)
• Shoulder Girdle: (scapulocostal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular)
• Elbow
• Radioulnar
• Wrist
• Saddle of thumb
• Metacarpophalangeal
• Interphalangeal (proximal and distal)
43
Lower Extremity Joints
• Hip
• Knee
• Ankle
• Subtalar
• Metatarsophalangeal
• Interphalangeal (proximal and distal)
44
Axial Body Joints
• Disc
• Facet
• Sacroiliac (“SIJ”)
• Temporomandibular (“TMJ”)
45
Other Skeletal Tissues
• Cartilage
• Bursa
• Tendon sheath
46
Other Skeletal Tissues - Figures
47
PART 3 – Myofascial Tissue &
Muscle Function
• Structure & Function
– myo =
– fascial =
48
Myofascial Tissue
49
Fascia
50
Fascia – cont’d
51
Fascia – cont’d
52
Typical Muscle
53
Concentric (Shortening)
Contractions
54
Concentric (Shortening)
Contractions - Brachialis
55
Concentric Contraction
56
Open-Chain & Closed-Chain…
• Kinematic chain of elements
• Upper extremity
• Lower extremity
• Standard and Reverse Actions
57
Eccentric and Isometric
Contractions
58
Concentric Contraction Analogy
59
Eccentric Contraction Analogy
60
Isometric Contraction Example
61
Adding Resistance
62
Stabilization…
• A muscle pulls
equally on both of its
attachments…
• Why might only one
attachment move?
63
Stabilization - Pelvis
64
Stabilization - Scapula
65
Neural Control
66
Neural Control – cont’d
67
Muscle Memory
68
Overview of Blood Flow
• Systemic circulation:
• Heart to arteries to capillaries
– Tissue exchange with the cells of the body
• To veins to the heart
69
PART 4: Pathologic Conditions
• Muscle Spasm
• Joint Dysfunction
• Pathologic Disc (disc bulge / herniation)
• Sciatica
• Spinal Curves – Pelvic Tilt & Hyperlordosis / Hypolordosis
• Rounded Back & Forward-Head Posture
• Elevated Shoulder
• Scoliosis
• Spondylolisthesis
• Degenerative joint disease (DJD, osteoarthritis, OA)
• Strain / Tendinitis & Sprain & Whiplash
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Meniscus damage
• Foot hyperpronation
• Hip replacement
70
Muscle Spasm
71
Joint Dysfunction
72
Pathologic Disc
73
Pathologic Disc
74
Pathologic Disc and Flexion
75
Disc Bulge & Herniation
76
Sciatica
77
“Pinched Nerve”
78
Spinal Curves
79
Pelvic Tilt
• Notice the
relationship between
the sacral base angle
and the lordosis of the
lumbar spine.
80
Hypolordosis / Hyperlordosis
81
Rounded Back & Forward-Head
Posture
82
Elevated Shoulder
83
Tight ‘hip joint abductors’
• Notice the effect upon
the spine
84
Scoliosis
85
Scoliotic Curves
86
Scoliosis as a Compensation
87
Scoliosis and Musculature
88
Scoliosis and Movement
89
Spondylolisthesis
90
DJD/OA
91
Strain / Tendinitis
92
Sprain
93
Whiplash – Strain/Sprain
94
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
95
Meniscus Damage
96
Foot Hyperpronation
97
Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d
98
Foot Hyperpronation – cont’d
99
Hip Replacement
100
PART 5 – Muscle Functional
Groups
101
Upper Extremity
• Shoulder joint
• Shoulder girdle
• Elbow joint
• Radioulnar joints
• Wrist joint
• Finger joints
102
Shoulder Joint
• Flexors (anterior deltoid)
• Extensors (posterior deltoid)
• Abductors (middle deltoid)
• Adductors (pectoralis major, latissimus
dorsi)
• Medial rotators (pectoralis major,
latissimus dorsi)
• Lateral rotators (rotator cuff…)
103
Shoulder Joint - Figures
104
Shoulder Girdle
• Protractors (pectoralis muscles)
• Retractors (rhomboids, middle trapezius)
• Elevators (upper trapezius, levator
scapulae)
• Depressors (lower trapezius, pectoralis
minor)
• Upward rotators
• Downward rotators
105
Shoulder Girdle Figures
106
Elbow Joint
• Flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis)
• Extensors (triceps brachii)
107
Elbow Joint Figures
108
Elbow Joint Figures – cont’d
109
Radioulnar Joints
• Pronators
• Supinators
110
Radioulnar Joints Figures
111
Wrist Joint
• Flexors (wrist flexor group)
• Extensors (wrist extensor group)
• Radial deviators
• Ulnar deviators
112
Wrist Joint Figures
113
Finger Joints
• Flexors
• Extensors
• Abductors
• Adductors
114
Finger Joints Figures
115
Lower Extremity
• Hip joint
• Pelvis
• Knee joint
• Ankle joint
• Subtalar joint
• Toe joints
116
Hip Joint
• Flexors (iliopsoas)
• Extensors (gluteal muscles, hamstrings)
• Abductors (gluteal muscles)
• Adductors (adductor group)
• Medial rotators
• Lateral rotators (gluteal muscles, deep
lateral rotators)
117
Hip Joint Figures
118
Hip Joint Figures – cont’d
119
Pelvis (at the hip joint)
• Anterior tilt (hip flexors)
• Posterior tilt (hip extensors)
• Depression (hip abductors)
• Elevation
• Right rotation
• Left rotation
120
Pelvis Figures
121
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
122
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
123
Pelvic Posture and the Spine
124
Knee Joint
• Extensors (quadriceps femoris group)
• Flexors (hamstring group)
125
Knee Joint Figures
126
Ankle Joint
• Dorsiflexors
• Plantarflexors (gastrocnemius, soleus)
127
Ankle Joint Figures
128
Subtalar Joint
• Pronators / Evertors (fibularis muscles)
• Supinators / Invertors (tibialis anterior and
posterior)
129
Subtalar Joint Figures
130
Toe Joints
• Extensors
• Flexors
• Abductors
• Adductors
131
Toe Joint Figures
132
Axial Body
• Spinal Joints
• Pelvis (sacroiliac and pubic symphysis)
• Temporomandibular joints (TMJs)
133
Spinal Joints - Trunk
• Flexors (abdominals: rectus abdominis,
external and internal abdominal obliques)
• Extensors (erector spinae)
• Right lateral flexors
• Left lateral flexors
• Right rotators (abdominal obliques)
• Left rotators (abdominal obliques)
134
Spinal Joints - Neck
• Flexors (sternocleidomastoid [SCM],
scalenes, longus muscles)
• Extensors (upper trapezius, levator
scapulae, semispinalis capitis)
• Right lateral flexors
• Left lateral flexors
• Right rotators (upper trapezius, SCM)
• Left rotators (upper trapezius, SCM)
135
Spinal Joints Figures
136
Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d
137
Spinal Joints Figures – cont’d
138
Pelvis (at the lumbosacral joint)
• Anterior tilt (back extensors)
• Posterior tilt (abdominals)
• Depression
• Elevation (lateral flexors)
• Right rotation
• Left rotation
139
Pelvis Figures
140
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
141
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
142
Pelvis Figures – cont’d
143
Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)
• Elevators
• Depressors
• Right lateral deviators
• Left lateral deviators
144
Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs)
Figures
145
Fasciae
146
Fasciae – cont’d
147
Powerhouse
• The “core”
• Pelvis and Trunk
• Hip joints and Spinal joints
148
Powerhouse cont’d
149
Powerhouse cont’d
150
Core Stabilization
151
Core Stabilization – cont’d
152
PART 6: Workshop Concepts
153
Where to learn more...
154