Anatomy and PhysiologyArticulations

Locations-

Functions-

Classification of Joints by Structure

1. Bony

2. Fiberous

3. Cartilagenous

4. Synovial

Synovial Joint Structure• Capsule- 2 layers

1. fibrous outer layer- continuous w/ periosteum2. synovial inner layer- produces synovial fluid

• synovial fluid- lubricates• articular cartilage• Accessory Structures

-Meniscus- pads of fibrocartilage which help hold joint in place-Bursae- synovial fluid filled sac, cushions joint

Classification of Joints by Movement

1. synarthrosis-- immovable

2. amphiarthrosis- -slightly movable

3. diarthrosis- - freely movable

Examples of 1. Synarthrotic Joints;

A. Sutures

B. Gomphoses

C. Synchondrosis

D. Synostoses

Examples of 2.Amphiarthroses

A. syndesmoses

B. symphyses

Examples of 3. Diarthroses1. gliding- have flat or slightly curved surfaces

ex-2. hinge- permit angular motion in single plane

ex-3. pivot- permit only rotation in single plane

ex-4. ellipsoidal (condylar)- oval surface nestled in

depressionex-

Examples of 3. Diarthroses

5. saddle- has concave and convex surface, produces biaxial movement but prevents rotationex-

6. ball and socket- triaxial joints

Motions

• flexion / extension

• adduction / abduction

• pronation / supination

• elevation / depression

Motions (cont)

• circumduction

• rotation

• opposition

Motions (cont)• inversion / eversion

• protraction / retraction

• dorsiflexion / plantar flexion

• circumduction

• rotation

Joint/Bone/Muscle Interaction• p. 313-314

• joint = fulcrum

• bone = lever

• muscle = effort (applied force)

• weight moved = resistance

First Class Lever

• looks like a see saw

• joint is located between the effort and the resistance

• example is extending the neck

Second Class Lever

• looks like a wheel barrow

• weight is located between the muscle and the joint

• example is plantar flexion

Third Class Lever

• looks like a crane

• muscle is located between the muscle and the joint

• example is flexing the elbow

• most common joints in body

Joint Disorders

• dislocations

• sprains

• inflammations

Arthritis

• Infectious

• osteoarthritis

• rheumatoid

• gout

Infectious Arthritis

• caused by a pathogen• edema• synovial fluid cloudy• scarred articular cartilage• treated with antibiotics

Osteoarthritis

• most common inflammation• degenerative• art. Cart. Deteriorates• bone spurs form and break off into capsule• treated with rest, heat, drugs, surgery

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• autoimmune disease• synovial membrane inflammed• pannus forms• blood vessels rupture and clot calcifies• can involve other tissues (lupus)• treatment is rest, exercise, diet, drugs

Gout

• disorder caused by fault in uric acid metabolism• acute and chronic pain in a joint• uric acid crystals accumulate inside joint