Anatomy and Physiology

Know the difference!

Anatomy is the study of an

organism's body structures and their locations.

Physiology is the study of

the functions of each body

part.

Remember,

Anatomy is STRUCTURE

Physiology is FUNCTION

When the Structure and Function of the body is in balance, all of the ‘parts’ of the body work together. This state of Balance in the human

body is called HOMEOSTASIS

Body Organization

The body is organized as

follows: Cell Tissue Organ System

Cells

• Recall, from medical terminology, the root word meaning cell is CYTE. This will help you as you learn about various cell types throughout the body

The smallest structural

(or anatomical) unit of the

human body is the CELL

Cells

Cells perform several functions

• Taking in food and oxygen

• Producing heat and energy

• Eliminating wastes

• Performing unique tasks

• Reproducing to create new, identical cells

Parts of the cell

The Cell membrane

– The outer covering of the cell, or cell wall. It is semi-permeable (think contact lens) meaning some things can travel through the wall and others cannot

Parts of the cell

Cytoplasm

• The cytoplasm is the sticky, fluid like interior of the cell. It transports substances within the cell and is also the site where chemical reactions take place

Nucleus

• The nucleus is the ‘brain’ of the cell located near the center of the cell. It directs the cell in reproduction and controls many of the cells functions

Organelles

• Within the cytoplasm of the cell, there are many smaller structures that carry out specific functions.

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria are referred to as the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. This is where energy is produced in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Mitochondria break down nutrients to form ATP.

Ribosomes

• Ribosomes help make protein. They are formed inside the nucleus out of protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

After they are formed in the nucleus the travel to the cytoplasm where they either float freely or attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The fine network of tubules that transports substances in and out of the cell nucleus is called the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum also helps in the production and storage of protein

Centrioles

• The centrioles are key in the process of cell division. A single pair of centrioles live near the nucleus of the cell.

The golgi apparatus

• The sewer system of the cell!

• The golgi apparatus is a stack of membrane layers that transport secretions(garbage) out of the cell

Lysosomes

• Lysosomes protect the cell from foreign invaders. They contain enzymes that allow them digest foods. They use these enzymes to destroy bacteria

Cellular Metabolism

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical

reactions that take place in a cell.

Metabolism consists of Anabolism and

Catabolism

Metabolism

Anabolism is the process of building

up complex substances from

simpler ones.

Catabolism is the process of breaking

down complex substances into

simpler ones. This process releases

energy

Cell reproduction

• Mitosis, which is cell division. A non-sexual reproduction which aids the body in replacing old, damaged cells with new ones.

• Meiosis, which is the basis for sexual reproduction

Cells reproduce

in two ways

Mitosis

• In the process of mitosis, a single cell condenses and produces two cells. Each mitotic cell contains 46 chromosomes (think skin cell)

Meiosis

• Meiosis is sexual reproduction. Each cell contains 23 chromosomes. (think egg or sperm)

Comparison of Meiosis to Mitosis

Problems on the cellular level can by caused by aging, lack of oxygen, disease, bacteria or

viruses

• Atrophy:

• A decrease in size of cells as a result of aging or disease.

• Hyperplasia:

• An increase in the number of cells.

• Metaplasia:

• Cells being replaced by another type of cell.

• Dsyplasia:

• Cells changing in shape or organization.

• Neoplasia:

• Cells changing in structure with an uncontrolled growth pattern.

Tumors

Sometimes cells divide in an unusual or abnormal way. The cell division can result in tumor formation

• A tumor is also knows as a neoplasm

Neoplasms (tumors)

• A benign neoplasm is one in which the tumor is confined to the area in which they are formed. It is non-cancerous and can be removed through surgery

• Usually, benign neoplasms are relatively harmless, though they can cause inconvenience or discomfort. Benign neoplasms in the brain or spinal cord can be life threatening

There are two types

of neoplasms

Cancer

A Malignant Neoplasm is cancerous. As abnormal cells reproduce, they crowd out or invade normal cells.

They interfere with the functioning of the specific organ or body part.

Malignant neoplasms can, and often do spread to other parts of the body. This is called Metastasis

Common locations for cancer

• Mouth

• Lungs

• Breast

• Colon

• Uterus

• Bone marrow

• However, there are many, many different forms of cancer, and it can develop virtually anywhere in the body

Cancer continued

• As we talk about each part of the body, we will discuss cancer in more detail.

• Depending on the location of the cancer, early warning signs and symptoms vary.

• Treatments for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. All of these options have side effects and consequences to normal cells

Tissue

When cells of the same type join together for a common purpose Tissue

is formed.

There are 4 types of tissue in the human body

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Nerve

• Muscle

Epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue

• Covers organs

• Lines body cavities

• Covers inside and outside body surfaces

• Forms glands

• Is the main tissue involved in skin

Connective tissue

•Forms bones

•Holds body parts together

•Can be hard or soft, fat, cartilage, bone, etc

Connective tissue

Muscle

Muscle tissue contracts to help the body move

Nerve Tissue

• Nerve tissue carries messages throughout the body to direct it’s activities.

• The brain and spinal cord are comprised of nerve tissue

Nerve tissue

ORGANS

An Organ is formed when tissues of the

same type join together to perform a specific task.

Examples of organs:

• Heart

• Lungs

• Kidney

• liver

Organ systems

• An organ system is comprised of multiple organs working together to complete a common task(s)

• Organs in a system are both independent and interdependent

• Independent in that they perform some functions by themselves

• Interdependent in that they need each other to complete some functions

Organ systems of the human body

• Integumentary system • Skeletal system • Muscular system • Nervous system • Sensory system • Cardiovascular system • Lymphatic system • Respiratory system • Digestive system • Urinary system • Endocrine system • Reproductive system

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis refers to a state of balance in the human body.

• In order to achieve this balance, all organ systems must be working properly

• Fluid balance, electrolyte balance, rest, nutrition, temperature, and oxygen all play a major role

Interdependence

• We know that organs within a system work independently and interdependently, but systems also work interdependently.

– Muscular and skeletal systems work together

– Cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary work together

– Nervous system and sensory system

Interdependence, cont

• Because the systems all work so closely with one another, a problem with one system can manifest itself into problems in other systems

The cost of a broken leg……

• Betty broke her leg, causing damage to her skeletal system. – Betty laid motionless for a long time because of pain,

causing blood to pool and clot in her circulatory system

– A blood clot traveled to her lung, affecting her respiratory system

– A lack of oxygen from the respiratory system caused damage to the brain, part of the Nervous system

– After weeks of immobilization, her muscles atrophied, causing problems with her muscular system

Immunity

• There are two types of immunity

• Natural immunity- the immunity to certain things that we are born with

• Acquired immunity – the immunity to certain things that we develop

Acquired immunity

• When a body is exposed to certain invaders it creates antibodies to fight the invader, then it tries to make itself permanently immune to the invader

Acquired immunity

• Natural acquired immunity is caused by unintentional exposure. For example, people who get measles and recover normally do not get them again.

• Artificial acquired immunity is caused by intentional exposure. For example, a person may be injected with a vaccine that contains a very mild form of a disease. In response, the body creates antibodies for the disease. This process is called immunization.

Active or passive

• Passive acquired immunity is borrowing antibodies from another person or species, and it lasts a short time. For example, a person who has a poisonous snakebite must be given a dose of antitoxin immediately.

• Active acquired immunity occurs when people develop their own antibodies. It is preferred because it lasts longer.

The Skeletal System

• Provides shape and support to the body

• Protects vital organs

• Acts as a set of levers, and together with muscles helps a person move

• Produces blood cells

• Stores calcium

The skeletal system

• The skeletal system is comprised of 206 bones, cartilage and joints.

• It is made of connective tissue

• It’s the ‘framework’ for the human body

Types of bones

• Bones are classified by shape into four categories

• Long

• Flat

• Short

• irregular

Long bones

• Are longer than they are wide. Long bones form the arms and legs.

• They contain a lot of bone marrow

Flat bones

• Have a broad, flat shape.

• They make up the pelvis and skull as well as shoulder blades.

• They provide a large surface area for muscles to attach

Short bones

• Are about as wide as they are long.

• Make up the bones of the wrists and ankles

Irregular bones

• ……. Bones that don’t fit into another category. They are the bones of the spine, ear, and face.

LONG BONES

• The long part of the bone is known as the diaphysis, or shaft.

• Each end of the bone is covered by the epiphysis

• The epiphysis is covered by cartilage to help reduce shock where bones rub