anatomy and phsyiology - ohio state...

ANATOMY AND ANATOMY AND PHSYIOLOGYPHSYIOLOGY

Laura Gallaugher, DVMLaura Gallaugher, DVMApril 22 2009April 22 2009April 22, 2009April 22, 2009

ALAT:ALAT: Chapter 4 andChapter 4 andALAT: ALAT: Chapter 4 and Chapter 4 and Chapter 5Chapter 5

LAT: LAT: Chapter 5Chapter 5

http://www.daviddeen.com/pieces/vitruvian_mouse.html

DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitions

Gross Anatomy:Gross Anatomy: structures or parts of an structures or parts of an animal that are visible to the unaided eyeanimal that are visible to the unaided eyeyyHistology:Histology: microscopic anatomy of microscopic anatomy of normal and/or diseased tissuenormal and/or diseased tissuenormal and/or diseased tissuenormal and/or diseased tissuePhysiology:Physiology: the study of the function of the study of the function of the parts of a living organismthe parts of a living organismthe parts of a living organismthe parts of a living organism

G oss s Mic oscopic AnatomG oss s Mic oscopic AnatomGross vs. Microscopic AnatomyGross vs. Microscopic Anatomy

Gross Anatomy - Kidney Histology - Kidney

→

http://www.ihcworld.com

Bod O gani ationBod O gani ationBody OrganizationBody Organization

CellsCellsCellsCells

Cell Membrane:Cell Membrane:Surrounds cellSurrounds cellSelectively permits Selectively permits nutrients & gases to nutrients & gases to enter the cell and enter the cell and wastes to leave the wastes to leave the

llllcellcell


Nucleus:Nucleus:Contains the Contains the genetic material genetic material (DNA) (DNA) Coordinates Coordinates activitiesactivities

NucleolusNucleolusNuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope

http://www.cartage.org


Cytoplasm:Cytoplasm:Contains nutrients Contains nutrients and organelles of and organelles of the cellthe cell

llllOrganelles: Organelles: structures that structures that do thedo thedo the do the biochemical work biochemical work of the cellof the cellof the cellof the cell

http://www.animalport.com/img/Animal-Cell.jpg

Tiss eTiss eTissueTissueConnective Tissue:Connective Tissue:Connective Tissue:Connective Tissue:

In general, involved in structure and supportIn general, involved in structure and supportC ti tiC ti tiConnective tissue proper:Connective tissue proper:

AdiposeAdiposed ( dd ( ddense connective tissue (tendons & dense connective tissue (tendons & ligaments)ligaments)l ti ti ( ll &l ti ti ( ll &loose connective tissue (collagen & loose connective tissue (collagen & elastinelastin))

Specialized:Specialized: Bone blood & cartilageBone blood & cartilageSpecialized:Specialized: Bone, blood & cartilageBone, blood & cartilage

Connective TissuesConnective TissuesConnective TissuesConnective Tissueshttp://www.hartnell.cc.ca.us

http://lifesci.rutgers.eduhttp://cellbio.utmb.edu

TissueTissueTissueTissue

Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue (Contractile):(Contractile):

C ( h )C ( h )Contracts (shortens) Contracts (shortens) upon stimulationupon stimulationFunctions:Functions:Functions:Functions:movement, posture movement, posture maintenance & heat maintenance & heat productionproductionTypes:Types: Skeletal, Skeletal, smooth & cardiacsmooth & cardiacsmooth & cardiacsmooth & cardiac

Tiss eTiss eTissueTissue

Nerve Tissue:Nerve Tissue:Conducts nerve Conducts nerve impulses throughout impulses throughout the bodythe bodyBrain, spinal cord & Brain, spinal cord & peripheral nervesperipheral nerves

Tiss eTiss eTissueTissueEpithelial Tissue:Epithelial Tissue:Epithelial Tissue:Epithelial Tissue:

Covers all body surfacesCovers all body surfacesLines all cavitiesLines all cavitiesForms glandsForms glandsFunctions:Functions: protective barrier, sensation, absorption, protective barrier, sensation, absorption,

iisecretion, etc…secretion, etc…

http://www.st-sportron.com/health_issues/tissues.html

O gans and O gan S stemsO gans and O gan S stemsOrgans and Organ SystemsOrgans and Organ Systems

Organs consist of Organs consist of groups of several groups of several types of tissuetypes of tissueVarious organs make Various organs make

ffup systems…none of up systems…none of these systems can these systems can function alone; eachfunction alone; eachfunction alone; each function alone; each depends on others for depends on others for survivalsurvivalsurvivalsurvival

http://www.funnyanimalpictures.net

Integ mentaInteg menta S stemS stemIntegumentaryIntegumentary SystemSystem

F tiF tiFunctions:Functions:BarrierBarrier

Prevents entry of Prevents entry of pathogenspathogens

ffProtect from UVProtect from UVFluid balance Fluid balance

Prevents loss of water, Prevents loss of water, electrolytes & nutrientselectrolytes & nutrients

h lh lThermoregulationThermoregulationSensorySensory

Integ mentaInteg menta S stemS stemIntegumentaryIntegumentary SystemSystemEpidermis:Epidermis:Epidermis:Epidermis:

Outer layerOuter layerComposed of layers of cellsComposed of layers of cellsComposed of layers of cellsComposed of layers of cells

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/epidermis.html


Dermis:Dermis:Lies under the Lies under the epidermisepidermisElastic connective Elastic connective tissuetissueNerves, blood vessels, Nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth hair follicles, smooth muscle fibers, pigment muscle fibers, pigment cells and glandscells and glandscells and glandscells and glands

http://www.artistry.com


Glands:Glands:Sebaceous & mucusSebaceous & mucus--secreting glands:secreting glands:Sebaceous & mucusSebaceous & mucus secreting glands: secreting glands: lubricate & protectlubricate & protectSweat glands: regulate fluid balance and Sweat glands: regulate fluid balance and g gg gtemperaturetemperature

Skeletal S stemSkeletal S stemSkeletal SystemSkeletal System

Function:Function:Determines the animal’s shapeDetermines the animal’s shapeDetermines the animal s shapeDetermines the animal s shapeSupportSupportProtectionProtectionProtectionProtection

Ex. Brain protected by skullEx. Brain protected by skullMovementMovementMovementMovement

Provides points of attachmentProvides points of attachment


Exoskeleton:Exoskeleton: an external skeleton that is an external skeleton that is present in crustaceans, insects & other present in crustaceans, insects & other invertebratesinvertebratesEndoskeleton:Endoskeleton: an internal skeleton composed an internal skeleton composed f b & il d d b f if b & il d d b f iof bone & cartilage and covered by soft tissueof bone & cartilage and covered by soft tissue

www.kaziah.com

www.whatsthatbug.com


Bone:Bone: consists of living cells in a nonliving consists of living cells in a nonliving calcified frameworkcalcified framework

Cells: growth & repairCells: growth & repairMatrix: rigidityMatrix: rigidityB i il h h d hB i il h h d hBegins as temporary cartilage that hardens as the Begins as temporary cartilage that hardens as the animal agesanimal ages

Cartilage:Cartilage: nonnon--calcifiedcalcifiedCartilage:Cartilage: nonnon--calcifiedcalcifiedRibs, ears, intervertebral discs, joint surfaces, larynx Ribs, ears, intervertebral discs, joint surfaces, larynx & trachea& trachea


www.aclasta.co.nz


Axial SkeletonAxial SkeletonCentral trunk of the bodyCentral trunk of the bodyhttp://vet.osu.edu/index.phhttp://vet.osu.edu/index.php?id=2246p?id=2246

A di l Sk l tA di l Sk l tAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonLimbs attached to the axial Limbs attached to the axial skeletonskeletonskeletonskeleton

M sc la S stemM sc la S stemMuscular SystemMuscular System

Muscle tissue is capable of contraction & Muscle tissue is capable of contraction & relaxationrelaxation

Functions:Functions:MovementMovementPostural maintenancePostural maintenancePassage of food Passage of food Propulsion of bloodPropulsion of bloodFocusing the eyeFocusing the eyeHeat productionHeat productionHeat productionHeat production


Skeletal Muscle (AKA Striated Skeletal Muscle (AKA Striated muscle):muscle):muscle): muscle):

Function: Function: Movement of bonesMovement of bonesMuscle contractionMuscle contraction →→ Muscle relaxationMuscle relaxationMuscle contraction Muscle contraction →→ Muscle relaxationMuscle relaxationStrong contractions, but fatigue easilyStrong contractions, but fatigue easilyStriated muscle is usually in a state of mildStriated muscle is usually in a state of mildStriated muscle is usually in a state of mild Striated muscle is usually in a state of mild contraction = muscle tonecontraction = muscle tone

M sc loskeletal S stemM sc loskeletal S stemMusculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal SystemJoints & Movement:Joints & Movement:Joints & Movement:Joints & Movement:

Rotation:Rotation: pivoting movementpivoting movementFlexion:Flexion: Bending or foldingBending or foldingFlexion:Flexion: Bending or foldingBending or foldingExtension:Extension: OpeningOpeningAbduction:Abduction: Movement away from midline ofMovement away from midline ofAbduction:Abduction: Movement away from midline of Movement away from midline of the bodythe bodyAdduction:Adduction: Movement toward midline of the Movement toward midline of the bodybodySupinationSupination: : palm faces upwardpalm faces upward

ii l f d dl f d dProtonationProtonation:: palm faces down and outpalm faces down and out

M sc loskeletal S stemM sc loskeletal S stemMusculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal SystemLigament: attaches bone Tendon: Attaches gto bone at the joint muscle to jointed bones

Hill's Pet Nutrition, Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy

M sc la S stemM sc la S stemMuscular SystemMuscular SystemSmooth Muscle:Smooth Muscle:Smooth Muscle: Smooth Muscle:

Contractions are involuntaryContractions are involuntaryContract and relaxes more slowly thanContract and relaxes more slowly thanContract and relaxes more slowly than Contract and relaxes more slowly than skeletal muscleskeletal muscleBlood vessels & organs of GI and reproductiveBlood vessels & organs of GI and reproductiveBlood vessels & organs of GI and reproductive Blood vessels & organs of GI and reproductive systemsystem


Cardiac Muscle:Cardiac Muscle:Specialized striated muscleSpecialized striated muscleSpecialized striated muscleSpecialized striated muscleContracts rhythmically & continuallyContracts rhythmically & continuallyC ti t k f fibC ti t k f fibContinuous network of fibersContinuous network of fibers

Ci c lato S stemCi c lato S stemCirculatory SystemCirculatory System

Functions: Functions: Deliver oxygen & nutrients and removeDeliver oxygen & nutrients and removeDeliver oxygen & nutrients and remove Deliver oxygen & nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste from cellscarbon dioxide and waste from cellsTransport hormones and other chemicalsTransport hormones and other chemicalsTransport hormones and other chemicalsTransport hormones and other chemicals

www.flickr.com


Blood: Blood: transport mediumtransport mediumPlasma:Plasma: Liquid componentLiquid componentPlasma: Plasma: Liquid component Liquid component (55%)(55%)Cellular elements: Cellular elements: erythrocytes (RBC), erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and leukocytes (WBC) and thrombocytesthrombocytes (platelets) (platelets) (45%)(45%)

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct


Erythrocytes (RBCs)Erythrocytes (RBCs)Most abundantMost abundantMost abundantMost abundantContain hemoglobinContain hemoglobin

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxideTransport oxygen and carbon dioxidehttp://www.researchtraining.org

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxideTransport oxygen and carbon dioxideProduced in the bone marrowProduced in the bone marrowMammals: No nucleusMammals: No nucleusMammals: No nucleusMammals: No nucleusBirds, reptiles & amphibians: nucleatedBirds, reptiles & amphibians: nucleated


Leukocytes:Leukocytes:Phagocytosis & migrationPhagocytosis & migrationPhagocytosis & migrationPhagocytosis & migrationGranulocytesGranulocytes

Mulitlobed nucleus cytoplasmic granulesMulitlobed nucleus cytoplasmic granulesMulitlobed nucleus, cytoplasmic granulesMulitlobed nucleus, cytoplasmic granulesNeutrophils, eosinophils & basophilsNeutrophils, eosinophils & basophils

Lymphoid cellsLymphoid cellsLymphoid cellsLymphoid cellsCentral, round nucleusCentral, round nucleusMonocytes lymphocytesMonocytes lymphocytesMonocytes, lymphocytesMonocytes, lymphocytes


ThrombocytesThrombocytes (AKA platelets):(AKA platelets):Small cells, fragmentsSmall cells, fragmentsSmall cells, fragmentsSmall cells, fragments

Function: Function: blood clottingblood clottingStick to the vessel wall near the injured siteStick to the vessel wall near the injured siteStick to the vessel wall near the injured siteStick to the vessel wall near the injured siteRelease chemical messengers to aid in the Release chemical messengers to aid in the formation of a clotformation of a clotformation of a clotformation of a clot

http://www.fortunecity.com


Heart: Heart: 4 chambered: mammals & birds4 chambered: mammals & birds4 chambered: mammals & birds4 chambered: mammals & birds3 chambered: fish & frogs3 chambered: fish & frogs

3 layers of tissue:3 layers of tissue:3 layers of tissue:3 layers of tissue:EpicardiumEpicardiumMyocardiumMyocardiumMyocardiumMyocardiumEndocardiumEndocardium

http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html


http://www.scienceunleashed.ie/graphics.aspx


Blood Vessels:Blood Vessels:Arteries: Carry blood away from the heartArteries: Carry blood away from the hearty yy yVeins: Carry blood to the heartVeins: Carry blood to the heartCapillaries: Connect arteries and veinsCapillaries: Connect arteries and veinsCap a es Co ect a te es a d e sCap a es Co ect a te es a d e s

http://www.scienceunleashed.ie/graphics.aspx


Did you know?Did you know?The pulmonary artery is the only artery in theThe pulmonary artery is the only artery in theThe pulmonary artery is the only artery in the The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated bloodbody that carries deoxygenated bloodIt takes less than 60 seconds to pump blood It takes less than 60 seconds to pump blood p pp pto every cell in the bodyto every cell in the body60% of the total blood volume at any one 60% of the total blood volume at any one yytime is contained in the venous systemtime is contained in the venous system

L mphatic S stemL mphatic S stemLymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Function:Function: defense against invasion by defense against invasion by pathogenic organismspathogenic organismsp g gp g g

Extension of the circulatory systemExtension of the circulatory systemLymph fluid travels through lymphatics Lymph fluid travels through lymphatics y p g y py p g y ppassing by lymph nodes to remove dead passing by lymph nodes to remove dead cells, bacteria and other foreign material cells, bacteria and other foreign material from the circulation. It returns the fluid to from the circulation. It returns the fluid to the blood via the venous system.the blood via the venous system.


Lymph:Lymph: excess fluid from blood plasma that excess fluid from blood plasma that leaks into tissue spacesleaks into tissue spacesLymphaticsLymphatics:: vessels that carry lymphvessels that carry lymph

Similar in structure to veinsSimilar in structure to veinsE iE iEmpty into venous systemEmpty into venous system

www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Lymphatic


Lymph nodes:Lymph nodes:Clusters of white blood Clusters of white blood cellscellsOccur in groups along Occur in groups along the lymphatic ductsthe lymphatic ductsthe lymphatic ductsthe lymphatic ducts

Neck (cervical), rear Neck (cervical), rear leg (leg (poplitealpopliteal), armpit ), armpit ((axillaryaxillary), groin ), groin (inguinal), bowel (inguinal), bowel (mesenteric)(mesenteric)(mesenteric)(mesenteric)

Respi ato S stemRespi ato S stemRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystemNasal passages:Nasal passages:Nasal passages:Nasal passages:Function: Function: filter, moisten and warm airfilter, moisten and warm air

CiliCiliCiliaCiliaHelp to remove impurities from inspired airHelp to remove impurities from inspired air

http://farm4.static.flickr.com

Respi ato S stemRespiratory Systemwww.greenfacts.org

TracheaBronchusBronchioleAlveoli

Alveoli: single layerAlveoli: single layer of epithelial cells

Site of gas exchange

Respi ato S stemRespiratory System

Inspiration (breathing in):Volume of the thoracic cavity increasesVolume of the thoracic cavity increasesInternal pressure of the thoracic cavity decreases

When the atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure in the lungs, air flows p ginto the lungs

Respi ato S stemRespiratory SystemExpiration (breathing out):Expiration (breathing out):

Pressure within the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressureatmospheric pressure

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Respiratory_System

Digesti e S stemDigesti e S stemDigestive SystemDigestive System

Digestion: Digestion: The process by which large The process by which large particles of food are broken down into particles of food are broken down into ppsmaller moleculessmaller molecules

Simple sugarsSimple sugarsSimple sugarsSimple sugarsAmino acidsAmino acidsFatty acidsFatty acidsFatty acidsFatty acidsVitamins Vitamins MineralsMineralsMineralsMinerals

Mouth, teeth & tongue

1. Esophagus6 Liver

3. Stomach9 Duodenum

6. Liver7. Gall Bladder

9. Duodenum4. Spleen

8 Pancreas13. Colon

8. Pancreas

12. Jejunum

The End

Digestive SystemDigestive SystemDigestive SystemDigestive System

Carnivores: Carnivores: meatmeatD & fD & fDogs, cats & ferretsDogs, cats & ferrets

Omnivores: Omnivores: plants & meatplants & meatplants & meatplants & meatSwine & primatesSwine & primates

Herbivores: Herbivores: plantsplantsRabbits, guinea pigs, horses, sheep & cowsRabbits, guinea pigs, horses, sheep & cows

Digesti e S stemDigesti e S stemDigestive SystemDigestive SystemHow do herbivores digest all thatHow do herbivores digest all thatHow do herbivores digest all that How do herbivores digest all that plant material?plant material?Plant material: cellulosePlant material: cellulosePlant material: cellulosePlant material: celluloseBroken down by bacteria (fermentation)Broken down by bacteria (fermentation)

( & h )( & h )Rumen (goats, cows & sheep) or Rumen (goats, cows & sheep) or CecumCecum(rabbits & horses)(rabbits & horses)

U ina S stemU ina S stemUrinary SystemUrinary System

2 kidneys, 2 2 kidneys, 2 uretersureters, 1 urinary bladder & 1 , 1 urinary bladder & 1 urethraurethraFunction: homeostasisFunction: homeostasis

U ina S stemU ina S stemUrinary SystemUrinary System

Kidneys:Kidneys:Located dorsally in theLocated dorsally in theLocated dorsally in the Located dorsally in the abdominal cavityabdominal cavity

Nephron:Nephron: the basicthe basicNephron: Nephron: the basic the basic functional unit of the functional unit of the kidney (makes urine)kidney (makes urine)kidney (makes urine)kidney (makes urine)

Each kidney is made of 1 Each kidney is made of 1 million nephrons!million nephrons!million nephrons!million nephrons!

www.ratical.org

Rep od cti e S stemRep od cti e S stemReproductive SystemReproductive System

Function: production of gametes (germ Function: production of gametes (germ cells) and secretion of sex hormonescells) and secretion of sex hormones))

Ne o s S stemNe o s S stemNervous SystemNervous System

Neurons: Neurons: nerve cellsnerve cellsCell body, axon & dendritesCell body, axon & dendritesCell body, axon & dendritesCell body, axon & dendrites

Synapse: Synapse: space between axon of one space between axon of one neuron & dendrite of anotherneuron & dendrite of anotherneuron & dendrite of anotherneuron & dendrite of another

http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit5_2_nerve_tissue.html


BrainBrainFunction:Function: interprets & evaluatesinterprets & evaluatesFunction: Function: interprets & evaluatesinterprets & evaluatesCerebrum, cerebellum & brainstemCerebrum, cerebellum & brainstem

www.uoguelph.ca/zoology


CNSCNSBrain & spinal cordBrain & spinal cordBrain & spinal cordBrain & spinal cord

Peripheral nervous systemPeripheral nervous systemNerves and gangliaNerves and gangliaNerves and gangliaNerves and ganglia

Autonomic Nervous systemAutonomic Nervous systemI l f iI l f iInvoluntary functionInvoluntary functionHeartbeat, GI tract, resp. tractHeartbeat, GI tract, resp. tract

Endoc ine S stemEndoc ine S stemEndocrine SystemEndocrine System

Paired & unpaired ductless glandsPaired & unpaired ductless glandsProduce hormonesProduce hormonesProduce hormonesProduce hormones

Chemicals that elicit responses in other Chemicals that elicit responses in other body cellsbody cellsyy

Regulates metabolism, growth, puberty, Regulates metabolism, growth, puberty, reproduction & agingreproduction & agingreproduction & agingreproduction & aging

Endoc ine S stemEndoc ine S stemEndocrine SystemEndocrine System

Pituitary Gland (AKA “Master” gland)Pituitary Gland (AKA “Master” gland)Adrenal GlandAdrenal GlandAdrenal GlandAdrenal GlandThyroid GlandThyroid GlandP th id Gl dP th id Gl dParathyroid GlandParathyroid GlandPancreasPancreasGonadsGonads

http://www.wikieducator.org

Questions for you….Questions for you….Questions for you….Questions for you….

What kind of tissue covers What kind of tissue covers all body surfaces, lines all all body surfaces, lines all cavities and forms glands?cavities and forms glands?cavities and forms glands?cavities and forms glands?

AA Connective tissueConnective tissueA.A. Connective tissue Connective tissue B.B. Muscle tissue Muscle tissue C.C. Nervous tissue Nervous tissue D.D. Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue pp

Place the terms system, tissue, Place the terms system, tissue, and organ in the order of less and organ in the order of less complicated to morecomplicated to morecomplicated to more complicated to more complicated structure. complicated structure.

A.A. Organ, tissue, system Organ, tissue, system S t tiS t tiB.B. System, tissue, organ System, tissue, organ

C.C. System, organ, tissue System, organ, tissue D.D. Tissue, organ, system Tissue, organ, system

Which characteristic do cells in Which characteristic do cells in bone provide?bone provide?

A.A. Flexibility and strength Flexibility and strength BB Structural strengthStructural strengthB.B. Structural strength Structural strength C.C. Rigidity Rigidity

Abilit t d iAbilit t d iD.D. Ability to grow and repair Ability to grow and repair

What happens when blood What happens when blood ppppreaches the lungs?reaches the lungs?A.A. Cells receive oxygen and release carbon Cells receive oxygen and release carbon

dioxide dioxide B.B. Cells receive oxygen and nutrients Cells receive oxygen and nutrients CC Cells receive carbon dioxide and releaseCells receive carbon dioxide and releaseC.C. Cells receive carbon dioxide and release Cells receive carbon dioxide and release

hormones hormones C ll i l t th h th l tC ll i l t th h th l tD.D. Cells circulate through the lungs to Cells circulate through the lungs to absorb carbon dioxideabsorb carbon dioxide

Which of the following is NOT a Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin (integument)?function of the skin (integument)?

A.A. To help regulate temperature To help regulate temperature BB To protect the body from the outsideTo protect the body from the outsideB.B. To protect the body from the outside To protect the body from the outside

environment environment CC To act as an entry point for pathogenicTo act as an entry point for pathogenicC.C. To act as an entry point for pathogenic To act as an entry point for pathogenic

organisms organisms T t b i t th iT t b i t th iD.D. To act as a barrier to pathogenic To act as a barrier to pathogenic organisms organisms

What body structure determines What body structure determines an animal’s shape?an animal’s shape?

A.A. Sternum Sternum BB SpineSpineB.B. Spine Spine C.C. Ligaments Ligaments

Sk l tSk l tD.D. Skeleton Skeleton

In the lymph circulation, whereIn the lymph circulation, whereIn the lymph circulation, where In the lymph circulation, where does lymph end up?does lymph end up?

A.A. It becomes part of urine and is passed It becomes part of urine and is passed out of the bodyout of the bodyyy

B.B. It circulates through the liver and is It circulates through the liver and is excreted as bileexcreted as bileexcreted as bileexcreted as bile

C.C. It becomes part of the bloodIt becomes part of the bloodIt b b b d b ft ti iIt b b b d b ft ti iD.D. It becomes absorbed by soft tissues in It becomes absorbed by soft tissues in the body. the body.

What kind of food does an What kind of food does an omnivore eat?omnivore eat?

A.A. Meat Meat BB Plant matterPlant matterB.B. Plant matter Plant matter C.C. Plant matter and meat Plant matter and meat

What carries the oxygen in the What carries the oxygen in the ygygblood?blood?

A.A. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin BB Pleural fluidPleural fluidB.B. Pleural fluid Pleural fluid C.C. Enzymes Enzymes

Pl t l tPl t l tD.D. Platelets Platelets

Involuntary muscles are involved Involuntary muscles are involved yyin _________________.in _________________.

A.A. blood circulationblood circulationBB respirationrespirationB.B. respiration respiration C.C. digestion digestion

All f th bAll f th bD.D. All of the above All of the above

What is the basic functional unit of What is the basic functional unit of a s e as c u c o a u oa s e as c u c o a u othe kidney?the kidney?

A.A. The The glomerulusglomerulusBB TheThe medulamedulaB.B. The The medulamedulaC.C. The The ureterureter

ThTh hhD.D. The The nephronnephron

What are the 3 main parts of the What are the 3 main parts of the a a e e 3 a pa s o ea a e e 3 a pa s o ebrain?brain?

A.A. Cranium, cerebellum, brain stem Cranium, cerebellum, brain stem BB Cranium cortex brain stemCranium cortex brain stemB.B. Cranium, cortex, brain stem Cranium, cortex, brain stem C.C. Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stemCerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

C b t b i tC b t b i tD.D. Cerebrum, cortex, brain stem Cerebrum, cortex, brain stem

What is the name of the lymph What is the name of the lymph y py pnodes in the rear leg?nodes in the rear leg?

PoplitealPoplitealMesentericMesentericMesenteric Mesenteric AxillaryAxillaryI i lI i lInguinal Inguinal

Platelets are essential for Platelets are essential for _____________._____________.

A.A. fighting infection fighting infection BB immune responseimmune responseB.B. immune response immune response C.C. transporting oxygen transporting oxygen

l tti bl dl tti bl dD.D. clotting blood clotting blood

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