anatomy and embryology of the eye and ocular adnexa dr. abdullah al-amri ophthalmology consultant
TRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy And Embryology Of The Eye And Ocular Adnexa
Dr. Abdullah Al-AmriOphthalmology Consultant
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Contents
• Anatomy of The Bony Orbit • Anatomy of Ocular Adnexa.• Anatomy of The Eye.• Embryology.
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Orbital anatomy
• Seven bones make up the bony orbit :1. Frontal 2. Zygomatic 3. Maxilla (or maxillary bone)4. Ethmoid (or ethmoidal bone)5. Sphenoid 6. Lacrimal 7. Palatine
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Orbital roof
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Medial orbital wall
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Orbital floor
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Lateral orbital wall
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Optic foramen and superior ophthalmic fissure
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Periorbital Sinuses
• The periorbital sinuses have a close anatomical relationship with the orbits.
• The periorbital sinuses offer a route for the spread of infection.
• Mucoceles occasionally arise from the sinuses and can extend into the adjacent orbit.
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Extraocular Muscles
• There are 7 extraocular muscles:1. Medial rectus2. Lateral rectus3. Superior rectus4. Inferior rectus5. Superior oblique6. Inferior oblique7. Levator palpebrae superioris
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Origin and insertion
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Eye lid
• The palpebral fissure is the exposed zone between the upper and lower eyelids.
• The upper eyelid is more mobile than the lower and can be raised I5 mm by the action of the levator muscle alone.
• The levator muscle is innervated by CN Ill.
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Conjunctiva
• The palpebral conjunctiva is a transparent vascularized membrane covered by a nonkeratinized epithelium that lines the inner surface of the eyelids.
• Continuous with the conjunctival fornices it merges with the bulbar conjunctiva before terminating at the limbus.
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• The conjunctiva consists of bulbar (red), forniceal (black), and palpebral (blue) portions.
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Vascular Supply of the Eyelids
• The blood supply of the eyelids is derived from the facial system, which arises from the external carotid artery, and the orbital system, which originates from the internal carotid artery.
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• The venous drainage of the eyelids can be divided into 2 portions:
1. Superficial system which drains into the internal and external jugular veins.
2. Deep system which flows into the cavernous sinus.
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Lymphatics of the Eyelids
• Lymphatic vessels are found in the eyelids and conjunctiva, but neither lymphatic vessels nor nodes are present in the orbit.
• Swelling of the lymph nodes is a diagnostic sign of several external eye infections.
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Lacrimal Gland and Excretory System
• The main lacrimal gland is located in a shallow depression within the orbital part of the frontal bone.
• The gland is divided into 2 parts.• When the upper eyelid is everted, the smaller,
palpebral part can be seen in the superolateral conjunctival fornix.
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Vascular Supply and Drainage of the Orbit
• The posterior ciliary vessels supply the whole uveal tract, the cilioretinal arteries, the sclera, the margin of the cornea, and the adjacent conjunctiva.
• The anterior ciliary arteries supply the rectus muscles.
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• The vortex veins drain the venous system of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
• Venous drainage of the orbit occurs through 2 major veins, the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins.
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The eye
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Cornea and the tear film
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The sclera
• The sclera, also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber.
• It is of variable thickness, 1 mm around the optic nerve head and 0.3 mm just posterior to the muscle insertions.
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The uvea
• The uvea is the vascular pigmented middle layer of the eye.
• It is traditionally divided into three areas, from front to back:
1. Iris.2. Ciliary body.3. Choroid.
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The iris
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The ciliary body
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The retina
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The lens
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Optic nerve and visual pathway
• This is formed by the axons arising from the retinal ganglion cell layer.
• In the orbit, the optic nerve is surrounded by a sheath formed by the dura, arachnoid and pia mater continuous with that surrounding the brain.
• The central retinal artery and vein enter the eye in the center of the optic nerve.
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Embryology of the eye
• The eye begins to develop as a pair of optic vesicles on each side of the forebrain at the end of the 4th week of pregnancy.
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Questions