anatomy 1 final

8/8/2019 Anatomy 1 Final

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CARDIOVASCULARCARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEMSYSTEM


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BLOOD


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FUNCTIONS OFBLOOD:FUNCTIONS OFBLOOD:1.Transport of gases,1.Transport of gases, nutientsnutients, and waste, and wasteproducts.products. Oxygen enters blood in the lungs and isOxygen enters blood in the lungs and is

carried in the blood to thecarried in the blood to the lubgslubgs , from which it is, from which it is

expelled. Ingested nutrients, ions, and water areexpelled. Ingested nutrients, ions, and water are

transported by the blood from the digestive tracts totransported by the blood from the digestive tracts tocells, and the waste products of the cells arecells, and the waste products of the cells are

transported to the kidneys for elimination.transported to the kidneys for elimination.

2. Transport of processed molecules2. Transport of processed molecules. Many. Many

substance are produced in one part of the body andsubstance are produced in one part of the body andtransported in the blood to another part, where theytransported in the blood to another part, where they

are modified.are modified.


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3. Transport of regulatory molecules3. Transport of regulatory molecules. Many of. Many of

the hormones and enzymes that regulate bodythe hormones and enzymes that regulate bodyprocess are carried from one part of the body.process are carried from one part of the body.

4. Regulation of pH and osmosis.4. Regulation of pH and osmosis.

5. Maintenance of body temperature.5. Maintenance of body temperature. Blood isBlood is

involved with body temperature rinvolved with body temperature r egulationegulationbecause warm blood is transported from thebecause warm blood is transported from the

interior to the surface of the body, where heat isinterior to the surface of the body, where heat is

released from the blood.released from the blood.

6. protection6. protection againsagains foreign substances. Cells andforeign substances. Cells andchemicals of the blood constitute an important partchemicals of the blood constitute an important part

of the immune system, protecting against foreignof the immune system, protecting against foreign

substance such as microorganisms and toxins.substance such as microorganisms and toxins.


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7. Clot formation.7. Clot formation. Blood clotting providesBlood clotting providesprotection against excessive blood loss whenprotection against excessive blood loss when

bloodblood bleselsblesels are damaged.are damaged.


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COMPOSITION OF

BLOODCOMPOSITION OF

BLOODBloodBlood-- is a type of connective tissue that consists of cell and cell fragmentsis a type of connective tissue that consists of cell and cell fragments

surrounded by a liquid matrix.surrounded by a liquid matrix.

--the cells and cell fragments are the formed elements, and the liquid isthe cells and cell fragments are the formed elements, and the liquid is

the plasma.the plasma.

-- the formed elements account for slightly less than half and plasmathe formed elements account for slightly less than half and plasma

accounts for slightly more than half the total blood volume.accounts for slightly more than half the total blood volume.

--the total blood volume in the average adult is about 4the total blood volume in the average adult is about 4--5 liters(L) in5 liters(L) in

females and 5females and 5--6 L in males. Blood make up about 8% of total body6 L in males. Blood make up about 8% of total body

weight.weight.


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Blood componentsBlood componentsred blood cells -

45 %

buffy coat- 1%

(white blood

cells)

plasma- 55%

(1-2% other

solutes, 7-9%

proteins,90-92% water)


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PLASMAPLASMA

-- is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% of water ; 7% proteinsis a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% of water ; 7% proteins

and ; and 2% other substances, such as ions,and ; and 2% other substances, such as ions, nutrients,gasesnutrients,gases, and, and wasetwaset

poductspoducts..--plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.

ALBUMIN(the egg white)ALBUMIN(the egg white)

--makes up 58% of the plasma proteins.makes up 58% of the plasma proteins.

--although the osmotic pressure of blood results primarily from sodiumalthough the osmotic pressure of blood results primarily from sodium

chloride , albumin makes an important contribution.chloride , albumin makes an important contribution.GLOBULINSGLOBULINS

--ACCOUNT FOR 38% OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS.ACCOUNT FOR 38% OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS.

--SOME GLOBULINS, such as antibodies and complement , are part of theSOME GLOBULINS, such as antibodies and complement , are part of the

immune system.immune system.

FIBRINOGENFIBRINOGEN

--is a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins.is a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins. AtyivationAtyivation ofofclotting factors result in the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, a threadlikeclotting factors result in the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, a threadlike

protein that forms blood clots.protein that forms blood clots.

SERUMSERUM

--is a plasma without clotting.is a plasma without clotting.


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FORMED ELEMENTSFORMED ELEMENTS--about 95% of the volume of the formed elements consists of redabout 95% of the volume of the formed elements consists of red

blood cell(RBCs), orblood cell(RBCs), or erethrocyteserethrocytes..

--the remaining 5% of the volume ofthe remaining 5% of the volume of tete formed elements consistsformed elements consists

of white blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes andof white blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes and cece;; fragments;; fragmentscalled platelets orcalled platelets or thronbocytesthronbocytes..

Production of formed elementsProduction of formed elements

hematopoiesishematopoiesis--the process of blood cell productionthe process of blood cell production


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Red blood cellsRed blood cells

--normal red blood cell are disknormal red blood cell are disk-- shaped cells with edges that areshaped cells with edges that arethicker than the center of the cell.thicker than the center of the cell.

--the biconcave increases thethe biconcave increases the thethe surface area of the red bloodsurface area of the red blood

cellcell compardecomparde with a flat disk of the same size.with a flat disk of the same size.

--the red blood cell can bend or fold around its thin center,the red blood cell can bend or fold around its thin center,

decreasing its size and enabling it to pas more easily throughdecreasing its size and enabling it to pas more easily through

small blood vessels.small blood vessels.--red blood cells livered blood cells live fprfpr about 120 days in males and 110 days inabout 120 days in males and 110 days in

females.females.

-- the main component of a red blood cell is the pigmented proteinthe main component of a red blood cell is the pigmented protein

hemoglobin, which accounts for about a third of the cellshemoglobin, which accounts for about a third of the cells

volume and is responsible for its red color.volume and is responsible for its red color.


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Red blood cellsRed blood cells


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WHITE BLOOD CELLSWHITE BLOOD CELLS-- are spherical cells that lack hemoglobin.are spherical cells that lack hemoglobin.--white blood cells form a thin, white layer of cells between plasmawhite blood cells form a thin, white layer of cells between plasma

and red blood cells when the components of blood are separatedand red blood cells when the components of blood are separated

from each other.from each other.

--they are larger than red blood cells and each has a nucleus.they are larger than red blood cells and each has a nucleus.

Although white blood cells are components of blood, the bloodAlthough white blood cells are components of blood, the bloodserves primarily as a means to transport these cells to otherserves primarily as a means to transport these cells to other

tissues of the body.tissues of the body.

--white blood cells can leave the blood and move bywhite blood cells can leave the blood and move by ameboidameboid

movementmovement through the tissues.through the tissues.

-- each whiteeach white blodblod cell type is named according to its appearance incell type is named according to its appearance in

stained preparations. Those containing largestained preparations. Those containing large cytoplasmiccytoplasmic granulesgranulesare granulocytes, and those with very small granules that cannotare granulocytes, and those with very small granules that cannot

be easily seen with the light microscope arebe easily seen with the light microscope are agranulocytesagranulocytes


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White blood cellsWhite blood cells


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basophilbasophil


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eosinophileosinophil


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neutrophilsneutrophils


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3 KINDS OF GRANULOCYTES3 KINDS OF GRANULOCYTES

NeutophilsNeutophils (neutral loving)(neutral loving)-- the most common typethe most common type

of white blood cells, have smallof white blood cells, have small cytoplasmiccytoplasmic granulesgranules

that stain with both acidic and basic dyes.that stain with both acidic and basic dyes.

BasophilsBasophils(base loving)(base loving)-- the least common of allthe least common of all

white blood cells , contain largewhite blood cells , contain large cytoplasmiccytoplasmic granulesgranules

that stain blue or purple with basic dyes.that stain blue or purple with basic dyes.

EosinophilsEosinophils (acidic dye loving)(acidic dye loving)--containcontain cytoplasmiccytoplasmicgranules that stain bright red withgranules that stain bright red with cosincosin, an acidic, an acidic

stain.stain.


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2 KINDS OF AGRANULOCYTES2 KINDS OF AGRANULOCYTES

lymphocytes (lymph cell)lymphocytes (lymph cell)-- are the smallest of theare the smallest of the

white blood cell.white blood cell.

MonocytesMonocytes (one cell)(one cell)--are the largest of the whiteare the largest of the white

blood cells.blood cells.

-- after they leave the blood and enter tissues,after they leave the blood and enter tissues,

monocytesmonocytes enlarge and becomeenlarge and become macrophagesmacrophages..


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The end?The end?


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VEINSVEINS


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FUNCTIONS OF PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION

The heart provides the major force that causes blood circulate, and the

peripheral circulation functions to:

1. Carry blood. Blood vessels carry blood from the heart to all tissues of the body

and back to the heart.

2. Exchange materials, waste products, and gasses. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse

from the blood vessels to cells in essentially all areas of the body. Waste products

and carbon dioxide diffuse from the cells, where they are produced, to blood vessels.

3. Transport. Hormones, components of the immune system, molecules required for

coagulation, enzymes, nutrients, gases, waste products, and other substances are

transported in the blood to all areas of the body.

4. Regulate blood pressure. The peripheral circulatory system and the heart work

together to regulate blood pressure within a normal range of values.5. Direct blood flow. The peripheral circulatory system directs blood to tissues when

increased blood flow is required to maintain homeostasis.


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GENERAL FEATURES OF BLOOD VESSEL STUCTURE

Arteries (resembling a wind pipe)

are blood vessels that carry blood away from the

heart.

Blood is pumped from the ventricles of the heart intolarge elastic arteries, which branch repeatedly to

form to progressively smaller arteries.

There are arteries are normally classified as Elastic

Arteries, Muscular Arteries, or arterioles.


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Capillaries

blood flows from arterioles

where exchange occurs between the blood and tissue fluid. Capillaries have thinner walls.

Veins

From the capillaries blood flows into veins.

are blood vessels that carry the blood toward the heart Compared with arteries the walls of veins are thinner and contain less

elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscles cells. Veins are classifies as:

Venules

Small Veins

Medium Sized Vein

Large Veins


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Artery

From the inner to the outer wall of the blood vessels, the layers, tunics

are:

Tunica Intima (inner most)

consist of an endothelium composed of simple squamous epithelial

cells

a basement membrane, and small amount of connective tissue.

Tunica Media (middle layer)

consists of smooth muscles arrange circularly around the blood

vessels.

Tunica Adventitia or Tunica Externa (to come from abroad)

is composed of connective tissue

is a denser connective tissue adjacent to the tunica media that

becomes loose connective tissue toward the outer portion of the blood

vessel wall.


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Elastic Arteries

are the largest - diameter arteries and have the thickest walls

Muscular Arteries include medium size and small diameter arteries

medium size arteries are frequently called distributing arteries

because the smooth muscle tissue enables this vessels to control

blood flows to different regions of the body

contraction of the smooth muscles in blood vessels, which is

called vasoconstriction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in

blood vessel is called vasodilation

Small arteries

medium sized arteries supply blood to small arteries

have about the same structure as the mrdium-sized arteries, except

that small arterieshave a smaller diameter and their walls are

thinner.

Arteriols

-transport blood from small arteries to capillaries and are the smallest

arteries in which the three tunics can be identified.


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Elastic arteryElastic artery


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Muscular arteryMuscular artery


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ArteriolesArterioles


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CAPILLARIES

-walls consists of endothelium(nipple) which is a

layer of simple squamous epithelium surrounded

by a delicate loose connective tissue.

-the thin walls of capillaries facilitate diffusion

between the capillaries and surrounding cells

-Blood flow through capillary is regulated by

smooth muscle cells called precapillary

sphincters located at the origin of the branches.


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capillary networkcapillary network


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VeinsVeins--blood flows from the capillary intoblood flows from the capillary into venulesvenules and fromand from venulesvenules intointo

small veinssmall veins..

--venulesvenules are tubes with a diameter slightly larger than ofare tubes with a diameter slightly larger than of

capillaries and are composed of endothelium resting on acapillaries and are composed of endothelium resting on a

delicate connective tissue layer.delicate connective tissue layer.

--smallsmall venulesvenules are slightly larger in diameter thanare slightly larger in diameter than venulesvenules..

--mediummedium sized veinssized veins collect blood from small veins and delivercollect blood from small veins and deliver

it to large veins.it to large veins.

-- the predominant layer is the outerthe predominant layer is the outertunica adventitiatunica adventitia, which, which

consists primarily of dense collagen fibers.consists primarily of dense collagen fibers.

--veins having diameter greater than 2mm containveins having diameter greater than 2mm contain valvesvalves, which, which

allow blood to flow toward the heart but in the opposite direction.allow blood to flow toward the heart but in the opposite direction.


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valvevalve


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vein valvevein valve


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AortaAorta

--all arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or indirectlyall arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or indirectly

from the aorta.from the aorta.

--The aorta is usually considered in three parts:The aorta is usually considered in three parts:

the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.

Ascending aortaAscending aorta the part of the aorta that passes superiorlythe part of the aorta that passes superiorly

from the left ventricle.from the left ventricle.Aortic archAortic arch--the aorta archesthe aorta arches posteriorlyposteriorly and to the left.and to the left.

Descending aortaDescending aorta-- the longest part of the aorta.the longest part of the aorta.

-- the part of the descending aorta that extends through the thoraxthe part of the descending aorta that extends through the thorax

to the diaphragm is called theto the diaphragm is called the thoracic aortathoracic aorta..

-- the part of the descending aorta that extends from thethe part of the descending aorta that extends from the diphragmdiphragm

to the point at which it divides into the common iliac arteries isto the point at which it divides into the common iliac arteries is

called thecalled the abdominal aortaabdominal aorta..


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branches of the aortabranches of the aorta


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The major arteriesThe major arteries


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Arteries of the head and neckArteries of the head and neck


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The cerebral arteryThe cerebral artery


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Arteries of the lower limbArteries of the lower limb


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The arteries of the lower limbThe arteries of the lower limb


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The major veinsThe major veins


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Veins of the head and neckVeins of the head and neck


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The arteries of the lower limbThe arteries of the lower limb


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Veins of the hepatic portal systemVeins of the hepatic portal system


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Veins of the lower limbVeins of the lower limb


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The endThe end!!

ThankThank you!! ;you!! ;--))

anatomy 1 final

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