Anatomical landmarksAnatomical landmarks

Introduction Introduction

M.M Devan Dictum “Aim of a prosthodontist is M.M Devan Dictum “Aim of a prosthodontist is not only the meticulous replacement of what is not only the meticulous replacement of what is missing, but also perpetual preservation of missing, but also perpetual preservation of what is present”what is present”

Complete denture must function in harmony Complete denture must function in harmony with the remaining natural tissues so for the with the remaining natural tissues so for the success, a through knowledge of the anatomy success, a through knowledge of the anatomy is a must.is a must.

Maxillary landmarksMaxillary landmarks1.1. Labial frenumLabial frenum2.2. Labial vestibuleLabial vestibule3.3. Buccal frenumBuccal frenum4.4. Buccal vestibuleBuccal vestibule5.5. Distobuccal sulcusDistobuccal sulcus6.6. Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge7.7. TuberosityTuberosity8.8. Hamular notchHamular notch9.9. Hard palate (flat portions)Hard palate (flat portions)10.10. Fovea palataniFovea palatani11.11. Mid palatine sutureMid palatine suture12.12. Incissive papillaeIncissive papillae13.13. Rugae Rugae

Labial frenumLabial frenum

Single band of fibrousSingle band of fibrous

connective tissueconnective tissue Properly relieved Properly relieved

Labial vestibuleLabial vestibule

Extends from labial frenumExtends from labial frenum

to buccal frenum.to buccal frenum. Proper lip support should be Proper lip support should be

provided.provided.

Buccal frenumBuccal frenum

Consist of one or moreConsist of one or more

bands.bands. Relieved Relieved Influenced by 3 musclesInfluenced by 3 muscles

Orbicularis oris (forward)Orbicularis oris (forward) Buccinator (backward)Buccinator (backward) Caninus (position)Caninus (position)

Buccal vestibuleBuccal vestibule

Buccal frenum to hamularBuccal frenum to hamular

notchnotch Influenced byInfluenced by

BuccinatorBuccinator ModiolusModiolus Coronid process of mandibleCoronid process of mandible

Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge

Ridge left after the extraction Ridge left after the extraction

of teeth.of teeth. Mucosa is firmly attached toMucosa is firmly attached to

the periosteum of the bone.the periosteum of the bone. Consist of dense collagenous fibers.Consist of dense collagenous fibers.

Maxillary tuberosityMaxillary tuberosity

Posterior convexityPosterior convexity Combination syndromeCombination syndrome

Hamular notchHamular notch

Pterygomaxillary notchPterygomaxillary notch Distal extension of dentureDistal extension of denture Identifying the PPS area.Identifying the PPS area. Situated between the tuberosity and Situated between the tuberosity and

hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate.hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate.

Hard palateHard palate

Flat areas as secondary Flat areas as secondary

retentive areas.retentive areas. U shaped palateU shaped palate Flat palate (not good support)Flat palate (not good support) V shaped palate (least favorable)V shaped palate (least favorable)

Fovea palatineFovea palatine

Formed by coalescence of Formed by coalescence of

several mucous gland ducts.several mucous gland ducts. Landmark for location of Landmark for location of

vibrating line.vibrating line.

Mid palatine sutureMid palatine suture

Junction of palatine process Junction of palatine process

of maxilla.of maxilla. Covered by a thin mucosaCovered by a thin mucosa Slightly elevated or raisedSlightly elevated or raised Proper relief required.Proper relief required.

Incisive papillaeIncisive papillae

Pad of fiberous connective Pad of fiberous connective

tissue over incisive foramentissue over incisive foramen Proper relief should be given.Proper relief should be given. Aid in arrangement of anterior teeth and Aid in arrangement of anterior teeth and

jaw relation.jaw relation.

Rugae Rugae

Resist the horizontal forces Resist the horizontal forces

against the denture.against the denture. Should not be over Should not be over

compressed.compressed.

Mandibular land marksMandibular land marks

1.1. Labial frenumLabial frenum2.2. Labial vestibuleLabial vestibule3.3. Buccal frenumBuccal frenum4.4. Buccal vestibuleBuccal vestibule5.5. Buccal shelf areaBuccal shelf area6.6. Retromolar padRetromolar pad7.7. Pear shaped padPear shaped pad8.8. Lingual frenumLingual frenum9.9. Lingual vestibuleLingual vestibule

Labial frenumLabial frenum

Single narrow bandSingle narrow band Usually shorter and Usually shorter and

wider than maxillary.wider than maxillary.

Labial vestibuleLabial vestibule

Between labial andBetween labial and

buccal frenumbuccal frenum Support to the lower lip.Support to the lower lip.

Buccal frenumBuccal frenum

Single or more bands.Single or more bands. More clearance requiredMore clearance required

Buccal vestibuleBuccal vestibule

Extend up to external Extend up to external

oblique ridge.oblique ridge. Denture borders mayDenture borders may

overextend in this regionoverextend in this region

Buccal shelf areaBuccal shelf area

It is the primary stress It is the primary stress

bearing area.bearing area. Consist of thick corticalConsist of thick cortical

bone & dense connectivebone & dense connective

tissuetissue

Retromolar pad areaRetromolar pad area

Forms the distal end ofForms the distal end of

the denture.the denture. Consist of loose Consist of loose

connective tissueconnective tissue

Pear shaped padPear shaped pad

Aggregation of mucous Aggregation of mucous glands and loose,glands and loose,connective tissue.connective tissue.

Formed after residual Formed after residual scar of third molar.scar of third molar.

Muscle attachmentsMuscle attachments Posteriorly – temporalis tendonsPosteriorly – temporalis tendons Laterally – buccinatorLaterally – buccinator Medially – pterygomandibular raphe and superior Medially – pterygomandibular raphe and superior

constrictor of pharynx.constrictor of pharynx.

Lingual frenumLingual frenum

Fibrous band of tissue Fibrous band of tissue

that overlies genioglossus that overlies genioglossus Proper clearance requiredProper clearance required

Lingual vestibuleLingual vestibule

Divided into threeDivided into three Anterior vestibule Anterior vestibule Middle vestibuleMiddle vestibule Distolingual vestibuleDistolingual vestibule

Anterior Anterior

Also called sublingual crescent areaAlso called sublingual crescent area Structures presentStructures present

Genioglossus musclesGenioglossus muscles Lingual frenumLingual frenum Anterior portion of sublingual glandAnterior portion of sublingual gland

Middle Middle

Also called mylohyoid vestibuleAlso called mylohyoid vestibule Is the largest portion of lingual vestibuleIs the largest portion of lingual vestibule Structures seenStructures seen

Mylohyoid muscle Mylohyoid muscle Sublingual glandSublingual gland

Posterior Posterior

Also called lateral throat form orAlso called lateral throat form or

retromylohyoid fossaretromylohyoid fossa BoundariesBoundaries

Anteriorly – mylohyoid muscleAnteriorly – mylohyoid muscle Laterally – pear shaped padLaterally – pear shaped pad Posteriorly – retromylohyoid curtainPosteriorly – retromylohyoid curtain Medially - tongueMedially - tongue