Analyzing Financial Data and Ratios

Mr. Michael Wong

Lecturer, PolyU HKCC

Value of Financial Statement Analysis Financial statements, by their nature, are backward-

looking So why analyze the statements?

Analysis provides knowledge of a firm’s operating and financial structure

This aids in estimating future returns

Major Financial Statements Corporate annual reports must include:

Statement of Financial Position Income statement Statement of cash flows

Enough for analysis?

Purpose of Financial Statement Analysis Evaluate management performance in

Profitability Efficiency Risk

Although financial statement information is historical, it is used to project future performance

Five Categories of Financial Ratios1. Common size statements

2. Internal liquidity (solvency)

3. Operating performance Operating profitability Operating efficiency

4. Risk analysis Business risk Financial risk

5. Growth analysis

Common Size Statements Normalize balance sheets and income statement

items to allow easier comparison of different size firms

A common size balance sheet expresses accounts as a percentage of total assets

A common size income statement expresses all items as a percentage of sales

Consolidated Statement of Income

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

Evaluating Internal Liquidity Internal liquidity (solvency) ratios indicate the

ability to meet future short-term financial obligations Current Ratio Quick Ratio Cash Ratio

Evaluating Operating Performance Ratios that measure how well management is

operating a business Operating profitability ratios

Examine how management is doing at controlling costs so that a large proportion of the sales dollar is converted into profit

Operating efficiency ratios Examine how management uses its assets to generate

sales; considers the relationship between various asset categories and sales

Operating Profitability Ratios Operating profitability

ratios measure Gross profit margin Operating profit margin Net profit margin Return on owner’s

equity (ROE)

Operating Efficiency Ratios How effectiveness of a firm’s use of its total

asset base to produce sales Total asset turnover Non-current asset turnover Operating cycle Cash conversion cycle

Operating Cycle & Cash Conversion Cycle

TimeAccounts payable period

Cash conversion cycle

Operating cycle

Cash received

Accounts receivable periodInventory period

Finished goods sold

Firm receives invoice Cash paid for materials

Order Placed

Stock Arrives

Raw material purchased

Operating Profitability Ratios Return on owner’s equity (ROE) indicates the

rate of return earned on the capital provided by the stockholders after paying for all other capital used

Equity Total Average

IncomeNet Equity Totalon Return

Operating Profitability Ratios The DuPont System divides ROE into several

ratios that collectively equal ROE while individually providing insight

An extended DuPont System provides additional insights into the effect of financial leverage on the firm and pinpoints the effect of income taxes on ROE

Operating Profitability Ratios

EquityCommon

Assets Total

Assets Total

Sales

Sales

IncomeNet

EquityCommon

IncomeNet

Profit Total Asset Financial

Margin Turnover Leverage= xx

Risk Analysis Risk analysis examines the uncertainty of income for

the firm and for an investor Total firm risks can be decomposed into two basic

sources: Business risk: The uncertainty in a firm’s operating

income, highly influenced by industry factors Financial risk: The added uncertainty in a firm’s net

income resulting from a firm’s financing decisions

Business Risk Variability of the firm’s operating income over timeTwo primary determinants of business risk Sales variability

The main determinant of earnings variability Cost Variability and Operating leverage

Production has fixed and variable costs Greater fixed production costs cause greater profit

volatility with changes in sales Fixed costs represent operating leverage Greater operating leverage is good when sales are high

and increasing, but bad when sales fall

Effect of operating leverage More operating leverage leads to more business

risk, for then a small sales decline causes a big profit decline.

What happens if variable costs change?

Sales

$ Rev.TC

FC

QBE Sales

$ Rev.

TCFC

QBE

} Profit

Financial Risk Interest payments are deducted before we get

to net income These are fixed obligations

Similar to fixed production costs, these lead to larger earnings during good times, and lower earnings during a business decline Fixed financing costs are called financial leverage

The use of debt financing increases financial risk and possibility of default

Financial Risk Two sets of financial ratios help measure

financial risk Balance sheet ratios Earnings or cash flow available to pay fixed

financial charges Acceptable levels of financial risk depend on

business risk A firm with considerable business risk should

likely avoid lots of debt financing

Financial Risk Balance Sheet Ratios

Total debt ratio Debt-equity ratio Equity multiplier

Earnings or cash flow available to pay fixed financial charges Times interest earned ratio Cash coverage ratio

Potential Growth Analysis Important to both creditors and owners

ability to pay future obligations Ability to pay dividends

g = ROE x Retention rate The retention rate is one minus the firm’s dividend

payout ratio Anything that impacts ROE would also be a

determinant of future growth

Importance of Relative Financial Ratios In order to make sense of a ratio, we must compare it

with some appropriate benchmark or benchmarks Examine a firm’s performance relative to:

The aggregate economy Its industry or industries Its major competitors within the industry Its own past performance (time-series analysis)

Comparing to the Aggregate Economy Most firms are influenced by economic

expansions and contractions in the business cycle

Analysis helps you estimate the future performance of the firm during subsequent business cycles

Comparing to the Industry Norms Most popular comparison Industries affect the firms within them differently,

but the relationship is always significant The industry effect is strongest for industries with

homogenous products Can also examine the industry’s performance

relative to aggregate economic activity

Comparing to the Firm’s Major Competitors Industry averages may not be representative A firm may operate in several distinct industries Several approaches:

Select a subset of competitors for the comparison group Construct a composite industry average from the different

industries in which the firm operates

Comparing to the Firm’s Own Past Performance Determine whether it is progressing or

declining Helpful for estimating future performance Consider trends as well as averages over time

Other than financial statements Corporate Profile Chairman’s Statement Management Discussion and Analysis Notes to Financial Statements

Segment information Noncurrent assets component Any commitments, etc.

Government & Industry Statistics Your Observation

Is financial performance everything? Financial performance may lead

management’s emphasis on short-run financial performance

Need to have some measures that translate an organisation’s mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures.

Other perspectives Four key perspectives:1 Financial2 Customer3 Internal business processes4 Learning and growth

Other perspectives Because the non-financial and operational indicators

measure fundamental changes that a company is making.

The financial benefits of these fundamental changes may not be captured in short-run earnings.

Strong improvements in non-financial measures signal the prospect of creating economic value in the future.

Q&A

Summary of Ratio analysis