1

Submitted By: Supervisors:

1. Avnish Kumar 10CC17A19011 Dr. Thallada Bhaskar

2. Bijoy Biswas 10CC17A19003 Dr. Thallada Bhaskar

3. Jyoti Gahtori 10CC17A19002 Dr. Ankur Bordoloi

4. Neha Sharma 10CC17A19006 Dr. Anjan Ray

5. Sonu Bhandari 10CC17A19007 Dr. Rajaram Bal

Analysis of waste management

in local area

PROJECT REPORT

As a part of the requirement for the partial fulfillment of the course work

of

CSIR-Harnessing Appropriate Rural Interventions and Technologies

(HARIT)

2

Table of contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………3-4

2. Composition and characteristics of solid waste……………………………………..5

3. Waste generation and collection in KV IIP………………………………………...6

4. Waste generation and collection in Garh Vihar Phase2……………………………..7

5. Overall assessment of generated waste……………………………………………...8-9

5.1 Locality

5.2 Comparative assessment of the common waste generated in KV and Colony

6. Segregation…………………………………………………………………………..9-11

7. Collection…………………………………………………………………………….11

8. Inferences made from the data generated……………………………………………11-12

8.1 KV-IIP

8.2 Garh Vihar Phase2

9. Waste minimization methods…………………………………………………………12-17

9.1 Biological treatment

9.1.1 Aerobic composting

9.1.2 Anaerobic composting

9.2 Thermal treatment

9.2.1 Gasification

9.2.2 Pyrolysis

9.2.3 Torrefication

9.2.4 Hydrothermal treatment

10. Conclusions and Recommendations………………………………………………..18-19

References…………………………………………………………………………….19-20

3

1. Introduction:

Waste is mainly a by-product of consumer-based lifestyles that drive much of the world’s

economies. In most cities, the quickest way to reduce waste volumes is to reduce economic

activity—not generally an attractive option. However different types of waste can be

categorised and can be managed in different ways as shown in the mind map below:

Solid waste is the most visible and pernicious by-product of a resource-intensive, consumer-

based economic lifestyle. Greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and endocrine

disruptors are similar by-products to our urban lifestyles. The long term sustainability of

today’s global economic structure is beyond the scope of this paper. However, solid waste

Mind Map

4

managers need to appreciate the global context of solid waste and its interconnections to

economies and local and global pollution.

Solid waste is inevitably linked to urbanization and economic development. As countries

urbanize, their economic wealth increases. As standards of living and disposable incomes

increase, consumption of goods and services increases, which results in a corresponding

increase in the amount of waste generated. In the present scenario, generally Solid waste is

considered as an ‘urban’ issue. Waste generation rates tend to be much lower in rural areas

since, on average, residents are usually poorer, purchase fewer store-bought items (which

results in less packaging), and have higher levels of reuse and recycling. Today, more than 50

percent of the world’s population lives in cities, and the rate of urbanization is increasing

quickly. By 2050, as many people will live in cities as the population of the whole world in

2000. This will add challenges to waste disposal. Citizens and corporations will likely need to

assume more responsibility for waste generation and disposal, specifically, product design

and waste separation. Also likely to emerge will be a greater emphasis on ‘urban mining’ as

the largest source of materials like metal and paper may be found in cities.

The main objective of this Report is to provide current waste (mainly solid waste) generation,

composition, collection, and disposal data by locality. The long term sustainability of today’s

global economic structure is beyond the scope of this report. However, solid waste managers

need to appreciate the global context of solid waste and its interconnections to economies and

local and global pollution.

The present work is mainly focused on analysis of solid waste generated in a local area (KV-

IIP, Garh Vihar phase 2) & the technique employed for seggregation of generated waste.

5

2. Composition and characteristics of the solid waste:The present report makes projections

for Solid waste generation in 2018-19, based on expected population and economic growth

rates in Mohkampur, Dehradun. The whole survey was done in two areas (KV-IIP and Garh

Vihar phase2). According to the survey following observations were made: 1) KV-IIP: The

visit was made by our team and according to the observations made on field trials. The solid

waste generated in Kendriya Vidyalaya consists of different types which are categorised in

the table below:

Types of waste in School Techniques : Already employed for waste

minimization

1. Paper Separate dustbin

2. Plastic Banned in the campus

3. Thermocols Coverted to Glue by chemical reactions at lab

scale

4. Aluminium sheet Converted to Alum/Al2(SO4)3 (by reacting with

Sulfuric acid)

5. Chemical waste Not generated much (as their usage is very less)

6. Leaves and peeled off eatables They are using them as compost

6

3. Waste generation and collection in KV:

Fig1: Waste generated in KV

The above pie charts show the percentage of different types of waste generated per person in

15days. There is total number of 1200-1300 peoples in KV-IIP and per person biodegradable

waste generated are paper (10g), leaves and peels (500g) and non-biodegradable waste

generated plastics (0.3 to 0.5g), metals (0.5 to 0.8g) and waste thermocol generation is very

less. Accordingly the data of fifteen days was calculated and converted into percentage which

is shown in fig1. The above data clearly shows the large amount of paper waste generated

which indirectly meant the

7

4. Waste generation and collection in Garh Vihar phase2

Fig2: Waste generated in Garh Vihar phase2

The above pie charts show the percentage of different types of waste generated per person in

15days in Garh Vihar phase2. There are total number of 85-95 peoples residing in that area

and per day biodegradable waste generated paper (50-80g), leaves and peels (500g),kitchen

waste (3-5Kg) , Cow dung (6-7Kg) and non-biodegradable waste generated plastics (0.3 to

0.5g) , metals (0.5 to 0.8g). Accordingly the data of fifteen days was calculated and converted

into percentage which is shown in fig2.

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5. Overall assessment of generated waste.

5.1 Locality

The observations made in local area can be visualised clearly indicating worse

management conditions of generated waste as shown in fig3 below.

Fig3: Disposal of waste (a) in open area (b) in field (c) house holding (d) in sewage

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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5.2 Comparative assessment of the common waste generated in KV and

Garh Vihar colony

There are four types of common waste generated in both the areas and their comparison is

indicating that the metal based waste generated is higher in colony i.e 24.2% in colony

whereas it is about 10.8% in KV. The plastic based waste in colony is about 16.2% and 4.2%

in KV. However the leaves based waste in both these areas is almost same 7.5% and the

paper based waste is 13.5% in colony whereas the same is 12% in KV.

6. Seggregation:

Although the generation of waste with rising globalisation is very high but its segregation

itself is challenging problem which really need to be looked upon for its minimization . This

will indirectly help in reducing the environmental pollution which leads to several health

10

issues and ecological disbalances. In this context everybody need to put their individual and

team efforts to rise the awareness and hence contributing in overcoming environmental

issues. Our CSIR-HARIT team looked deeply on this issue at local level and did the survey in

nearby areas (KV and Garh Vihar phase2) and collected some data which is indicated in the

pie chart (fig4) shown the segregation percentage of generated waste in KV and colony i.e

66.67% and 33.3% in KV and colony respectively.

Fig4: Segregation of waste in KV and Garh Vihar colony

Separation of different types of waste according to their class (biodegradable or non

biodedradable. According to the data collected from both areas (KV and Garh Vihar) , it was

found that the awareness of the educational firm is better than the residential area. The KV

people follow proper seggregation management with 100% segregation of the generated

waste whereas colony people need to be more responsive towards this issue.

(a

)

(b) (a)

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Fig5: Segregation of (a) Biodegradable waste (b) Non-bio degradable waste

The segregation of biodegradable and non biodegradable waste generated in KV is shown in

fig5 above that indicates well mannered seperation of generated waste.

7. Collection:

There are 18household in garh Vihar phase 2 and every house has kept single dustbins for

waste disposal . Out of 18 only 2 are active in collection of different categories of waste in

different dustbins which accounts only 11.1% of the segregation from this area. The School

consist of 12classes having 1200 students and about 50 staff members and their management

of collection of different waste need not to be questioned! As they have already have well

equipped supervision.

8. Inferences made from the data generated

8.1 KV-IIP:

According to the observation table, we came to the conclusion that the school is generating

two types of waste i.e, degradable (Paper, Leaves and peeled off eatables) and no

biodegradable (Plastics , Metals, Thermocol). As per discussion with Principal of the school,

they already have maintained an excellent and admirable culture of waste segregation.

Furthermore, they are also recycling and reusing some of the waste i.e;

a. Conversion of waste aluminium to alum by using sulfuric acid and

b. Conversion of thermocols to glue by high temperature reaction with petroleum products)

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8.2 Garh Vihar Phase2:

The colony people are less aware about the waste management techniques and it was found

that overall only 33.3% of segregation , recycle and reuse is being done by people residing in

that area. Special measures need to be followed by the society for best management.

9. Waste minimization methods

Waste can be minimized by common person if they are concern about below

1. Take reusable bags to the grocery store to avoid using their wasteful paper or plastic

options.

2. Avoid individually wrapped items at the store.

3. Consider composting your scraps and food waste rather than throwing it away.

4. When possible, buy items packaged in recyclable materials.

5. Reduce the amount of packaging for products.

6. Eliminate the use of water bottles within your facility.

7. Consider going paperless

8. Start a company-wide recycling program that includes composting.

According to the survey done in colony, we found that few families are really concerned

about this problem and they are recycling and reusing the generated waste e.g Cow dung,

vegetable waste and sewage for low scale farming which is shown in fig6 below:

13

Fig6: (a) preparation of compost from cow dung (b) utilization of compost and sewage in

field (c, d) to grow of vegetation

Moreover, the increasing amount of wastes has resulted in a shortage of areas available for

waste disposal, resulting in a non-sustainable waste management. Hence produce waste can

be converted to energy and valuable chemicals. These conversions can be performed using

either biological (e.g., anaerobic digestion) or thermochemical processes (e.g., pyrolysis) and

have been illustrated below.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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9.1 Biological treatment

It involves the use of microorganisms to convert the waste into wealth. This can be achieved

by various microbial processes for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels. The yield of

these products varies with the composition and source of the waste. It was found that the

waste which consists of high composition of food and vegetable waste are easily degradable

leading to high yield of product. The valuable chemicals can be obtained by the

decomposition of complex polymeric molecules (such as cellulose and proteins) into simpler

ones (such as sugars and amino acids)

9.1.1 Aerobic composting:

The organic matter present in the solid waste is biologically converted into compost under

aerobic conditions [1]. The process can be carried out either intensively or mechanically and

humus is the end product which has high nutrient value. The extent of digestion can be varied

with local conditions until the percentage of degradable solids is reduced to between 20% to

10%.Organic waste such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste is processed into soil

improver or biomass fuel. Organic matter is rapidly consumed by bacteria which convert it

into carbon dioxide, water and a several lower molecular weight organic compounds.

9.1.2 Anaerobic digestion:

Biomethanation process is anaerobic decomposition of biodegradable part of municipal

waste. It is a sustainable technique which is generally opted under subtropical climatic

conditions because they are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals [1]. The process

leads to energy generation via conversion of organic matter in absence of oxygen with

liberation of biogas. Biogas is a composition of 55-60% methane so it works as a fuel.

15

9.2 Thermal treatment

MSW can be converted into valuable fuels/chemicals by the thermochemical conversion

technologies mainly include gasification, pyrolysis torrefaction and hydrothermal treatment.

These methods are characterized by a high temperature and higher conversion rate in

comparison with biochemical processes. All the methods such as gasification, pyrolysis,

hydrothermal treatment and torrefaction are performed without oxygen presence or very less

amount oxygen presence for complete combustion [2]. The reaction operating circumstances

(e.g., temperature, reaction heating rate, reaction holding time and oxygen supply) and the

products (gas, oil/condensable, and char/solid residue) varies between different methods

used. The using of thermochemical methods for MSW over traditional MSW incineration, it’s

increased the energy efficiency, formation of value-added fuels/chemicals, and can also

decreased the environment pollutions [3]. Hence the products obtained from thermochemical

conversion may be appropriate for an extensive range of applications, fuels to fine chemicals.

9.2.1 Gasification:

Gasification is a partial oxidation at high temperature with the presence of lower oxygen in

compression to combustion [2]. The temperature using for the gasification is generally within

the range of 700-1200°C, depending on the reactor type as well as the feedstock (MSW)

composition. The gasification (partial oxidation) can be performed by using different gases

presences (air, oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide), or a mixture of these gases. Gasification

mainly produce syngas, it is a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide,

methane, and other light hydrocarbons. MSW contains the electronic plastic waste, other

metal containing waste; so gasification also produces of undesired components such as alkali

16

metals, chlorine, and sulfide. Gasification, a thermochemical conversion process of MSW is

advantageous over incineration of MSW primarily because of producing syngas and that can

be used for fuels/chemicals production, in a conventional burner or coupled to a boiler or a

steam turbine.

9.2.2 Pyrolysis:

Pyrolysis process conducted under inert or in absence of oxygen conditions. The operating

temperature of the pyrolysis method generally using ranging between 300°C and 650°C [4].

The products produce by the pyrolysis are solid char, liquid/condensable gases and a lower

amount of non-condensable gases. Pyrolysis is a very promising and simple process that can

be used for every waste conversion. It has been extensively used to produce char and liquid

products from biomass and coal [2,5,6]. The pyrolytic liquid can be utilized as a fuel product

(bio-oil) and further bio-oil can upgrading for the synthesis of fine chemicals. The char

produces by the pyrolysis method may be used for energy production, as soil amendment, and

for long-term carbon sequestration as well as the in a number of potential applications. The

products yields and compounds of the products depend on; feedstock properties

(compositions), temperature, and reaction heating rate. Pyrolysis is classified as a slow and

fast pyrolysis on the basis of the reaction heating rate. In fast pyrolysis, mainly produce liquid

and gas product by applying short reaction residence time whereas in slow pyrolysis, mainly

produce solid char product and lower amount of liquid product by applying long reaction

residence time [2].

9.2.3 Torrefication:

Torrefaction is a mild and slow pyrolysis, for this method the temperature range between

200°C and 350°C [7]. The process is operated at atmospheric pressure with an inert or

17

without presence of oxygen [8]. The reaction residence time use for this method varies from a

minutes to several hours. In torrefication the feedstock firstly evaporation of moisture,

followed by decompositions. In this process char is the major product which is higher energy

density compare to the feed stock [9]. Torrefaction has advantages as the increase in energy

density, enhanced grindability, decreased the water/ moisture content, and decreased

susceptibility to biological treatment. The torrefication char may be use as high-quality fuel

in various applications including cofiring in power plants, entrained flow gasification, water

purification adsorbent and small-scale combustion facilities [10,2].

9.8 Hydrothermal treatment:

For the gasification, pyrolysis and torrefication, the feedstock/MSW need to be dry to remove

moisture present in the feedstocks which is energy challenging. Hence, we need a method

that can be converting the wet feedstock/MSW to useful product or energy. Thermochemical

technique, such as hydrothermal treatment (HT) is a promising that can convert the wet

feedstock to value-added products. HT is carry out in the existence of subcritical water.

Hence, there is no need for pre-treatment to remove water/moisture from the feedstock/MSW.

Hydrothermal treatment (HT), which is performed in the absence of oxygen or inert

atmosphere [11]. The process involves mixer of feedstock and water together in the reactor at

a temperature range of 150-350°C in a pressure vessel [11]. The product produces from the

HT are liquid and solid char by a series of reactions involves in the reactor including

hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, and condensation [12]. The liquid in-situ upgraded

in the HT reactor as water present in the reactor act as a catalyst by giving H+ and OH- and

produce high quality liquid compare to the pyrolysis. HT chars can be use as an adsorbent for

organic pollutants, catalyst, in land/soil improvement.

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10. Conclusions and recommendations:

Main component of municipal solid waste (MSW) comprises the biomass material such as

food, paper, wood waste, clothes rage, rubber, plastics and other daily used discarded

materials. Our studies on waste management show that about 58.2% municipal solid waste is

disposed of unscientifically and unmannered way in open dump places which create problems

to public health, the environmental problems and distort the surround aesthetic beauty.

KV and phase-2 produces 10-12Kg of municipal solid waste per day. In comparison to the

KV, phase2 generated much higher amount of waste (65%) while it is 35% in KV. Wastes

generation of KV ranges 0.4 to 0.6 kg whereas waste generation from Garh Vihar phase2 is 2

to 3kg per person per day.

The increasing amount of MSW presents a great challenge for their handling to minimize

their environmental impact. Traditional methods of waste management such as landfills and

burning have a negative environmental impact, and societies are trying to minimize their use.

Novel approaches that turn waste to a valuable product or energy are gaining ground as

methods for waste management. These methods involve both biological and thermochemical

conversions that can be resulted in improved yields of product or energy formation together

with decreased environmental impact. Biological methods include the production of fuels

(e.g., ethanol, biogas, hydrogen, and butanol), biopesticides, oils from microalgae, and

enzymes (such as amylases, carbohydrases, pectinases, and lipases). Thermochemical

methods of MSW utilization involve gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal treatment and

torrefaction is a very promising result for the production of valuable chemicals/fuels.

19

Recommendations: Citizens and corporations will likely need to pay more attention towards

waste generation and disposal, specifically, product design and waste separation at individual

level.

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