analysis of spatial distribution and location of gsm mast in jimeta-yola
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Modern telecommunications are essential to modern society. The emergence of new
technology introduces new elements into the built environment of our cities and creates
demand for additional facilities. Efficient and cost-effective communications are an
important part of a functioning town and contribute to its growth and economic
development.
Telecommunication facilities require a network of towers, antennas and associated
structures. Frequently, hill tops are good locations because they enable signals to be
picked up from and transmitted to a large area. With increased demand for mobile
telephone services and the deregulation of the number of carriers, there has been a
significant increase in the demand for such facilities.
Until early 2000, The Nigeria Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) was the National
“Carrier and Possessor” of the monopoly on the provision of telecommunication
services. However, it was ineffective and ill-equipped to cope with the
telecommunication needs of Nigeria’s developing economy.
In 2001, the Federal Government through the Nigeria Communication Commission
(NCC) issued Licenses to three (3) operators namely; MTN, Econet and NITEL to
1
establish and operate GSM services in Nigeria. This marked the beginning of the rapid
growth of the telecommunication industry in the country.
It is quite certain that by mid 2008, the active lines in Nigeria will be 60 million with a
favourable capacity to tip at 63.4 million (IT & Telecom Digest, Feb. 2008). But with this
comes a lot of responsibilities from telecommunication regulatory authorities because of
the network of facilities that need to be put in place to cope with the increasing demands
from phone users.
Our urban centres have witness unprecedented erection of masts to accommodate
phone users with little regards to standards, health, safety and general well of the
teeming population. This has become an eye sore to urban planners and a threat to the
general well being of inhabitants of where this masts are located.
Has permit and clearance been given before the location of some of this masts? Are
proper standards and procedures strictly adhered to? This are some of the question this
research pose to answer with a view to bring out proposals for the location and
distribution of GSM masts and protection of health, safety and general well being of
inhabitants of Jimeta.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Preliminary studies in Jimeta indicates that GSM mast are located poorly and in
effect health, safety and general well being of inhabitants is being compromised. The
erection of this masts are erratic and has a problem to urban managers.
2
Jimeta has a population of 198,247 (Nigeria Population Commission, 2006) therefore
the demand for base stations is high because of its population and increasing number of
phone users. By implication more base stations need to be provided for effective
network coverage and optimum service delivery without regards to laid down
procedures and guidelines.
1.3 AIM
The aim of the study is to analyse the spatial distribution of GSM masts in Jimeta with
the view to making proposals for improved health and safety and general well being of
the inhabitants of Jimeta.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
1. To review the Standards and criteria for location and distribution of GSM masts in
urban areas.
2. To study the location of existing GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola
3. To examine the criteria for the location of GSM mast in Jimeta-Yola
4. To examine the relationship between Land Uses and GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola
5. To make Proposals for location of GSM masts in Jimeta based on the outcome of
the study.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research will provide answers to the following questions:
a) What is the nature and location of the existing GSM masts in Jimeta?
b) What are the relationship between Land Uses and GSM mast?
3
c) Why are standards, procedures and permissions not adhered to?
d) Who are responsible for monitoring locations of GSM mast with regards to
permissions, EIA reports etc.
e) Are these standards, procedures and permissions strictly adhered to?
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The study is limited to Jimeta the state capital which comprises of Yola North Local
Government due to time and financial constraints of the researcher.
1.7.0 STUDY AREA
1.7.1 Historical Background
The establishment of Jimeta dates back to 1880 when it serves as a trading port for The
Royal Company. Its significant growth was as a result of establishment of native town
by the British in 1903, where their attendants where housed. It is called Clerk Quarters
today.
By 1963, it had a population of 36,300 (Federal Office of Statistics,1995). It presently
forms part of what is now referred to as Greater Yola. Jimeta when compared to other
ancient towns like Kano, Maiduguri, Benin and Oyo is relatively new in the hierarchy of
town development in Nigeria.
The growth of the town was a result of the forces and circumstances that control it
(Mallum, 1992). For instance the natural birth rate increased couple with the inflow of
people into the town for business and other socio-economic activities has over the years
manifested in the expansion of Jimeta town towards Jambutu, Damilu etc.
4
1.7.2 LOCATION AND SIZE
The town of Jimeta is roughly located between 9o 15” North and longitude 12o 30” east
of the equator. It has a latitude of about of 190m above sea level. It is bounded to the
north and north- east by the River Benue, in the south by Yola South and the West by
Jambutu satellite town Lake Gerio .
Jimeta in recent years has grown beyond it, River Benue border in the north due to
the flow of people in search of business and other means of livelihood. Jimeta is the
seat of Government of Adamawa State and is located north of Yola at a distance of
about 2km. It grew and develop as a river port with natural crossing port on the Benue
river.
The river serves a trading route between Adamawa and Cameroun Republic
especially for Royal Niger Company. Although Yola is referred to as the State Capital of
Adamawa, Jimeta is the Administrative, Commercial and industrial centre of the State.
1.7.3 LAND USES
The are six (6) notable land uses in Jimeta they include but not limited to;
Residential Land Use
Commercial Land Use
Recreational Land Use
Administrative Land Use
Industrial Land Use
5
Institutional Land Uses.
It covers about 41% of the urban land uses in the low, medium and high density areas.
The highly populated residential zone are those for the low and medium income
earners. Administrative land uses consist of public water supply, treatment plant,
electricity lines, hospitals, airport and this covers about 2% of the total land mass of the
land uses pattern.
Institutional land use is about 10% and it includes educational and religious land use.
Industrial land use is found along Numan road and Bajabure industrial layout.
Recreational land uses consist of the amusement park, cinema, hotel high clubs, sports
field, open spaces and this takes about 7% of the urban land mass in Jimeta.
Agricultural land mass is found around the periphery and covers about 18% of the total
land mass.
Commercial land uses covers about 9% of the land mass and it includes markets,
shops, petrol stations and banks.
1.7.4 VEGETATION
They are two (2) vegetation zones within Adamawa State, the Sub-Sudan and Northern
Guinea Savannah Zone. The Sub-Sudan is marked by short grasses and interspersed
by short trees commonly found in the northern part of the state. The Guinea Savannah
Zone is marked with thick tall grasses and trees. This covers greater part of the State
within which Jimeta falls.
6
Vegetation of the environment of Jimeta is secondary vegetation. This is due to mans
action through construction, grazing and felling wood and gathering among others,
having destroyed the natural vegetation.
1.7.5 GEOLOGICAL FORMATION
Adamawa State in general picturesque mountain land traversed by River valleys of
Benue, Gongola and Yedzaram. The valleys of Cameroun, Mandara and Adamawa
Mountains forms part of this undulating landscape. Like most areas of northern Nigeria,
the soil of Adamawa State is dry from basement complex while few other places are on
sandstone shale and alluvium. Jimeta consist of alluvium soil (Max Lock, 1976).
1.7.6 POPULATION
The population of Jimeta was given as 198,247 (NPC,2006). The population was of
people from all ethnic groups in Nigeria. However, the indigenous population is made of
Laka, Verre, Bata Fulani and Hausa. The town is civil service town, although
commercial trading is prominent.
Some percentage of the population is engage in fishing. Farming is also practice by
section of the population. Cash crops produce includes groundnuts, rice while the food
crops are millets, cassavas, maize etc.
A lot of dry season vegetable gardening is being undertaken at the Lake Gerio and
River Benue banks. The Fulanis engage in cattle rearing.
7
1.7.7 INFRASTRUCTURES
Jimeta is served with communication networks, water supply and is connected to the
national grid. Three types of banks are operational in Jimeta; these are the commercial
banks, specialised banks and the central bank of Nigeria (CBN). There are over fifteen
(15) banks and four (4) specialised banks in Jimeta. It also has over ten(10) insurance
companies. Educational facilities and health services are also available in Jimeta. There
are 101 primary schools, 22 post primary schools and five (5) post secondary
institutions. There is a government specialist hospital, sixty nine (69) Health clinics and
dispensaries (Bashir,1999).
Within Jimeta are some shopping complex, hotels, sport facilities, cinema halls etc.
However, there are some rural communities which do not enjoy this infrastructures.
2.4.0 CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA).
8
The idea of Environmental Impact Assessment has its origin in the United State in the
late 60’s. This was as a result of public growing concern over the accelerating rate of
environmental degradation resulting from major development, major accidents
especially involving toxic chemicals.
In Nigeria almost 32 years later the Federal Government saw the need for EIA when
in 1988 it promulgated the Environmental Protection Decree. The concept of
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process of assessing, evaluating or
predicting the direct and indirect effect of a major policy action development on its
immediate or distant environment.
The purpose of the EIA study is to assess all action that may result in significant
physical, chemical, biological, hydrological, cultural, social and health perturbations (i.e.
changes) to the existing natural environment and the communities within the proposed
project area.
EIA is traditionally carried out to assess the potential environmental and social
impacts of a propose developmental activity. It is an environmental management tool,
which provide a project proponent with fore knowledge of likely impacts that may arise
from a planned development (or any activity or whatsoever that may adversely affect
the environment or alter/change the ecosystem balance) with a view to mitigating (i.e.
ameliorating/minimising) the impact.
Specific objectives of EIA are;
i. To gather from existing data sources, field survey and sampling, relevant
background data/information on the general environmental (physical, biological,
9
chemical and socio economic) components of the proposed sites that are likely to
be impacted by the proposed telecommunication infrastructural deployment
activities.
ii. To analyse the data obtained and describe the present environmental status of
the study area prior to the proposed activities, with particular reference to all the
environmental components significant to mobile telephone, infrastructure
development and expansion activities.
iii. To identify adverse and potential environmental impacts that may arise from the
proposed activities in the study area, and recommend appropriate mitigation
measures and environmental management and monitoring plan for their
amelioration.
2.4.1 TECHNIQUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT
An EIA process consists of the following stages;
1. Screening; this involves examining the proposed project to find out if it falls under
categories of project which requires EIA or not.
2. Preliminary Assessment; this involves identification of the projects key impacts
on the local environment and description/prediction of the likely extent of the
impact.
10
3. Full EIA;
a. Scoping; obtaining basic knowledge of the main characteristics of the
projects e.g. site preparation, construction etc and the principal
environmental elements contained within the area likely to be affected by
the proposed project.
b. Baseline studies; scope parameters to ascertain the conditions of in the
environment existing before the implementation of the proposed project.
c. Impact prediction/Evaluation; it involves determination of magnitude,
extent and significance of the expected impacts.
d. Mitigation measure; the measures to be taken to prevent, reduce, remedy
or compensate for each of the adverse impacts evaluated.
4. EIA review; competent authority project leader with technical assistance
5. Consultation and public participation; environmental agencies, environmental
groups, community leaders and all stakeholders should be involved in the
process
6. Synthesizing the findings; using the decision arrived at by various stakeholders
and groups after consultation and public participation is pertinent here
7. Decision making; the best decision and alternative that carries all stakeholders is
to be taken for the proposed project
8. Implementation;
9. Post-auditing
Three (3) main classes of quantitative impact techniques are commonly used, namely;
a. Checklist method
11
b. Matrix method
c. Network method.
2.4.2 NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The purpose of undertaking an EIA is to provide system of information for planning and
decision makers. Market forces can hardly provide valuable information for decision
makers and public, especially on adverse environmental impact of a proposed
development or measures of mitigating the adverse effects.
2.4.3 IMPACT OF BASE STATIONS ON PUBLIC HEALTH
The wide use of a relatively new technology raises the question of whether there are
any implications for human health. Although, there are conflicting reports relating the
probable health effect of GSM mast.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the state of complete
physical, mental and social well being, not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Thus
it is essential that the probable impact of base stations on the health of residents within
their immediate vicinity in particular be assessed.
The assessment of any health impact resulting from exposure to radioactive frequency
(RF) fields depends on the results of a well planned and executed scientific research.
This is germane because any effect of exposure to RF at the levels encountered from
telecommunications is likely to be subtle.
12
Precautionary measures like clearly defined physical exclusion zones be provided
around each base station antennas , which delineates area within which exposure
guidelines may be exceeded. The purpose of such exclusion zone is to prevent
members of the public from exposure to RF.
2.4.4 IMPACT OF BASE STATION ON AESTHETICS/VISUAL INTRUSION
There are many ways which both environment and aesthetic is affected by location of
mast. Some of the identified environmental impact associated with GSM mast include
but not limited to:
Emission of pollutants gases from machineries and power generators.
Accidental spill from handling of diesel.
Spent paints during routine servicing and maintenance checks.
Falls and injuries arising from maintenance of mast.
Accidental collapse of mast.
Fire and explosion.
Obstruction to flight navigation etc.
Bulky and complex mast sited in high density residential areas have adverse visual
effects
2.5 NIGERIA COMMUNICATION COMMISSION (NCC) ACT 2003
13
Primarily this Act is to create and provide a regulatory framework for The Nigerian
Communications Industry and all matters related thereto and for that purpose and
without detracting from the generality of the foregoing. The objectives are but not limited
to:
I. Promote the implementation of the national communication or telecommunication
policy as may from time to time be modified and amended.
II. Establish a regulatory framework for the Nigerian communication industry and for
this purpose create an effective, impartial and independent regulatory authority
III. Promoting the provision of modern, universal, efficient, reliable, affordable and
easy accessible communication services and the widest range thereof
throughout Nigeria.
Section 135 of the Act specified the required approval for network installation which
states that; Licensee under this Act may require approval of the State Government,
Local Government or other relevant authority for installation, placing, laying or
maintenance of any network facilities on, through, under or across any land and it
shall be the responsibility of such licensee to obtain such approvals.
Section 136 further states that;
A licensee shall, in installing its network facilities, take all reasonable steps to ensure
that he cause as little detriment and inconvenience, and does as little damage, as is
practicable.
14
If a licensee engages in an activity under this part in relation to any land, the
provider shall take all reasonable step to restore the land to a condition that is similar
to its condition before the activity began.
All licensees shall, in connection with the installation of their respective network
facilities, take all reasonable steps to;
a) Act in accordance with good engineering practice
b) Protect the safety of persons and properties
c) Ensure that the activity interfere as little as practicable with-
i. The operation of public utility
ii. Public roads and paths
iii. The movement of traffic
iv. The use of land
d) Protect the environment.
2.6 ADAMAWA STATE URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
(ASUPDA)
Adamawa State Urban Planning & Development Authority metamorphosed from The
Gongola State Urban Planning and Development Authority established under Edict of
21st November 1986. The function of the Authority shall be;
a. To administer, execute and enforce the provisions of the Town Country Planning
law within the areas for which the Authority has been appointed The Planning
Authority
15
b. Foster the development of the State through the exercise of its powers and
functions under the Edict
c. To carry out the functions and duties provided for in this part in particular in other
areas declared as Urban areas in the State
d. To do such other things that appear to it to be necessary, requisite or
advantageous for the purpose of carrying into effect its functions under this Edict
The Authority shall establish a Town Planning Division the function of which shall be-
i. To prepare or cause to be prepared and keep under continuous review land
Development plans for the Urban centres of the State
ii. Prepare, publish and implement planning schemes for each designated Urban
centres
iii. Subject to the provisions of any Law, control the use and development of land
within Urban centres
iv. To act as State agents activities related to physical and environmental planning
within its areas of jurisdiction
v. To prepare and provide layout plan for commercial, industrial, recreational and
institutional uses
vi. To plan or cause to be planned Urban renewal programmes to upgrade the
environmental quality of blighted areas or part of Urban centres
vii. To give effects to all planning by-laws
viii. The collection of property tax
ix. To preserve buildings, objects of architectural interest and the historic character
of the urban centres within its areas of jurisdiction
16
2.7 CRITERION FOR APPROVAL OF MAST LOCATION BY ADAMAWA STATE
URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.
1. Evidence of Site Acquisition;
This involve identifying a suitable site for the proposed mast. Then entering a
negotiation for the site for either outright purchase or lease agreement then the
lease agreement or sales agreement and all legal document pertaining to the site
is attached and formed part of the document to be submitted to the authority for
application for permit.
2. EIA Report;
While telecommunication network can bring substantial benefits to business and
social users, such development if insensitively cited can be enormously out of
tune from their environment and natural landscape.
The purpose any EIA is to allay the fear that some peoples well being may be
adversely affected by the location of mobile phone stations. These ranges from
mobile phone users, those who work and live around base stations. The impact
reports will be examining mainly three areas namely: Health, Aesthetics ( Visual)
and Public Sensibilities.
3. Aviation Clearance;
Mobile phones and their base stations transmit and receive signals using
electromagnetic waves. All electromagnetic radiation or waves consist of
17
oscillating electric and magnetic field. Frequencies between 100 KHz and 300
KHz comprises radio frequency (RF) band widely used for telecommunication
including radio and television.
All these frequencies and waves directly interfere with aviation communication
routes hence, permit and clearance has to be obtained first.
4. 2yrs Audit report;
Two (2) years audited report of any GSM operator must be submitted with all
relevant documents
5. Site Inspection;
Development Control department staff must inspect the site of all mast to ensure
that standard are strictly adhered to all relevant permits and clearance has been
obtained.
Some of the criterion to be critical looked into by Development Control Officers are
but not limited to;
A. Location of proposed development to ascertain;
i. Neighborhood of the proposed development
ii. Zoning location
iii. Density of location
iv. Maximum height of mast allowable at the proposed location
v. Whether the proposed site falls within any planning scheme
B. Physical characteristics of the site to check;
a. Size of plot
b. Maximum are developable
18
c. Land form
d. Topography
e. Soil condition
C. Accessibility of proposed site to establish;
i. Type of roads serving the proposed site
ii. Hierarchy of road
iii. If access road is a Federal road
iv. Width of access road
v. Does it terminate at the plot
vi. Can the proposed project development hinder access to future
development
D. Proximity of proposed site to facilities and utilities in the neighbourhood
such as;
a. School
b. Hospital/clinic
c. Shopping centre
d. Place of worship
e. Sporting area
f. Office
g. Industry
h. Distance to high tension electricity line
i. Distance to water line
j. NNPC pipe lines
19
k. Telephone lines
E. Distance to special features/areas such as
i. lake
ii. mountain
iii. quarry site
iv. river/stream
v. gully
vi. railway line
vii. expressway
F. . Setbacks and airspace; distance of proposed project to existing
Buildings and roads
G. Characteristics of the proposed development with respect to;
a. proposed use
b. if any development readily accessible to household utility line
c. conformity of proposed development with planning scheme for the
area
d. if fencing is to be encouraged
6. Payment of required fees
20
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter attempts to explain the various methods and procedures which will be
employed in conducting this research. In order to obtain an objective results, variety of
methods and tools will be used for the purpose of collecting data which will eventually
be followed by analysis of the data using appropriate techniques.
3.2 TYPES OF DATA REQUIRED
The types of data used for this study involves data related to locations of GSM mast in
Jimeta, the health and environmental impact and mitigating measures for reducing the
erratic sitting of masts.
3.3 SOURCES OF DATA
In order to obtain relevant valid information for research, the data utilized for this study
was primary and secondary data.
3.3.1 Primary Data
Through personal observation, questionnaire administration, interviews with various
stakeholders (Zain, MTN, GLO, Etisalat, Adamawa State Urban Planning and
Development Authority, Federal Ministry of Environment, State Ministry of Environment,
NCC etc.)
3.3.2 Secondary Data
21
Secondary data was obtained from published and unpublished papers to be equipped
with theoretical background of the subject matter.
3.4 SAMPLING FRAME
Sampling is the selection of part to represent the whole. Sampling is necessary for
research because it is not possible for a researcher to include all elements of the
population for reasons of time, resources and accessibility. 300 questionnaires was
distributed to service consumers, service providers and regulatory authorities to get
their response.
3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique, in which every
9th household was sampled for interview.
3.6 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
Instrument utilised for the data collected for this research includes questionnaires and
personal observation to authenticate the existence of the variables that was considered
in the questionnaires.
3.7 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
In collecting data for this research, the researcher visited the field for observation and
assessment, oral interviews, questionnaire administration as well as the collection of
EIA reports of GSM companies, NCC Act, Federal Ministry of Environment etc. Both
random and systematic sampling techniques were used in the selection of respondents.
22
3.8 INSTRUMENTS OF DATA ANALYSIS
To analyse the data that was gathered, various statistical methods was be used
especially the parametric instruments. This involves tabulating and percentages, mean,
charting (Pie and Bar Chart) to present the data in an easy and understandable manner.
23
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents and analyse the data collected, it also present and discusses the
findings according to the research questions raised. 300 questionnaires were
administered to various stakeholders ( Service Consumers, Service Providers and
Regulatory Agencies) and 296 were retrieved and analysed. The results of the findings
are presented below;
Socio-Demographic characteristics of respondents
This section presents the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. They
include Status of Respondents, Educational Qualification, Occupation, Designation etc.
They are important for this study because they influence people’s perception towards
GSM masts and how they affect the environment.
24
SERVICE CONSUMERS
Fig. 1
23%
21%
56%
Status of Respondents
HusbandWifeOthers
Source: Field Survey 2009
From figure above, 21% of the respondents are Wives, 23% are Husbands while 56% are others which includes Sons, Daughters, Nieces, Nephews etc.
25
Fig. 2
Source: Field Survey 2009
The Chart above revealed that 3% of the respondents did not indicate their level of
education, 14% are Secondary School Certificate Holders, 18% of the respondents are
Graduates, while 24% are Post Graduates and 41% are OND/NCE holders.
26
14%
41%
18%
24%3%
Educational Qualification of Household Heads
First School Leaving CertificatesSecondary School Certificate HoldersOND/NCEHND/BscPost GraduateNot indicated
Fig. 3
Civil/P
ublic Se
rvice
Trading/M
erchan
dising
Tech
nical S
ervice
/Arti
sans
Unemploye
d
Retired
Others
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
47%
3% 3%18%
9% 19%
Occupation
Occupation
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the figure above, 1% of the respondents did not indicate their occupation, 3% are
Artisans/Technical Service providers, also 3% are into Trading/Merchandising, while 9%
are Retired. 18% are Unemployed, 47% are Civil/Public Servants while 19% are other
form of occupation which includes Consulting, Bankers etc.
27
Fig. 4
YesNo
Not Indicated
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70% 63%
32%
5%
Was the Community consulted before the construction of the Mast?.
Was the Community consulted before the construction of the Mast?.
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the Chart above, 63% of respondents indicated that they were consulted before
the Mast in their Neighbourhood was constructed, 32% indicated that they were not
consulted before the Mast in their Neighbourhood was constructed while 5% did not
indicate whether the community was consulted or not before construction of Mast in
their Neighbourhood.
28
Fig. 5
69%
31%
Are there any changes that the Construction of GSM Mast has brought to your
Neighbourhood
YesNo
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the figure above, 69% of the respondents indicate that construction of GSM Mast
has brought changes to their Neighbourhood while 31% of the respondents indicate that
the construction of GSM Mast did not bring any changes to their Neighbourhood.
29
Fig. 6
8%
18%
7%1
7%
18%
32%
Changes brought as a result of construction of GSM Mast in Neighbourhood
Change in Aesthetics Noise from Generating Sets and Obstruction
Cutting of trees to avoid interference with Signal
1 & 2 Above 1,2 & 3 Above Not indicated
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the Chart above, 7% of the respondents indicated that Cutting of Trees to avoid
interference with Signal is the changes brought to their Neighbourhood, 8% indicated
that it is Changes in Aesthetics and 17% indicated that the combination of Noise from
Generating Sets and Changes in Aesthetics are the changes brought to their
Neighbourhood as a result of construction of GSM Mast. While 18% of the respondents
believe it is Noise from Generating Sets and Obstruction are the changes brought to
their Neighbourhood and another 18% indicated that the combination of all the above
mentioned are the changes brought to their Neighbourhood.
30
Fig. 7
NoYes
Not Indicated
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90% 81%
14%
5%
Are you happy living close to GSM Mast?
Are you happy living close to GSM Mast?
Source: Field Survey 2009
81% of the respondents from the Chart above indicated that their are not happy living
close to a Base Station, 14% of the respondents are happy living close to the Base
Station while 5% did not indicate or are adamant about it.
31
Fig. 8
Because of constant light around the Base Station
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%4%
5%5%
Reason for being happy living close to a Base Station
Reason for being happy living close to a Base Station
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the figure above, 4% of the respondents indicate that they are happy living close
to a Base Station because of consistent light around the Base Station, 5% indicated that
they are happy living close by because of better network service while another 5% are
happy living close to the Base Station for no apparent reason or did not indicate.
32
Fig. 9
Because
of Dan
ger
Risk/Fe
ar of M
ast co
llapse
Because
of Fea
r of R
adiati
on
Pollution an
d Radiati
on
For h
ealth
reaso
ns
Envir
onmental
Pollution
No reaso
n indica
ted
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
3%2%
7% 7%
18%
30%
14%
Reasons for not being happy living close to a Base Station.
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the Chart above, 2% of the respondents indicate that they are not happy living
close to a Base Station because of Risk/Fear of accidental collapse of mast, 3%
indicated that they are not happy because of the danger of living close to the mast and
7% indicates Radiation as their reason for not happy living close to a Base Station.
Another 7% of the respondents indicates Radiation and Pollution as their reason for not
being happy living close to a Base Station while 14% are not happy living close to a
Base Station for no apparent reason or not indicated. 18% believe Health
concern/problems are their fear of not being happy living to a Base Station and 30%
indicates Environmental Pollution is their reason.
33
Fig. 10
YesNo
Not indicated
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90% 81%
17%
2%
Do you think the construction of GSM Mast will have effect on the Environment?
Do you think the construction of GSM Mast will have effect on the Environment?
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the Chart above, 81% of the respondents think the construction of GSM Mast will
have effect on the Environment, 17% of the respondent do not believe the construction
of GSM Mast will have on the Environment while 2% did not indicate whether the
construction of GSM Mast will have effects on the Environment or not.
34
Fig. 11
15%
10%
4%
1%
24%22%
24%
Common Environmental Problems
Emission of Gas Pollutants from Generating SetsNoise from Generating SetAccidental Spill from Handling DieselSpents Paints during Servicing & Maintenance1 & 2 Above1, 2 & 3 AboveAll of the above
Source: Field Survey 2009
The figure above indicate that 1% of the respondents believe Spent Paints during
Servicing and Maintenance Checks is the common Environmental problem associated
with GSM Base Station, 4% indicate Accidental Spills from handling diesel the common
Environmental problem while 10% indicated Noise from Generating Set is the problem.
15% of the respondents indicates Emission of Gas Pollutants from Generating Sets is
the common Environmental problem,22% indicates the combination Gas Pollution from
Generating Sets and Spill from handling diesel are the common Environmental
problems. And 24% also indicates the combination of Gas Pollution from Generating
Sets and Noise from same Generating Sets are the common Environmental problems
while another 24% of the respondents believe that all the above mentioned are the
problems.
35
SERVICE PROVIDERS
Fig. 12
OND/NCEHND/Bsc
Post Graduate
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
1%
81%
18%
Educational Qualification
Educational Qualification
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the chart above, about 81% of the respondents possess a HND/Graduate
Certificate, 18% possesses a Post Graduate level of Education while 1% is NCE/OND
level holders.
36
Fig. 13
31%
16%28%
25%
Distribution of GSM Mast in Jimeta by Service Providers
MTNZAINGLOETISALAT
Source: Field Survey 2009
From the Chart above, MTN has 31% of the total number of GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola,
GLO 28% while about 25% of the masts is being covered by ETISALAT. And 16% is
Zain.
37
Fig. 14
Lease Agreement Outright
Purchase
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
95%
5%
How do you get the land for erection of GSM Mast
How do you get the land for erection of GSM Mast
Source: Field Survey 2009
The figure above reveals that 95% of the Service Providers obtain land for the erection
of GSM mast through lease agreement while 5% is outright purchase.
38
Designation of respondent of service provider
Table 1
S/NO Designation of Respondent Service Provider
1. Roll-Out Manager Globacom
2. Base Station Transmission Engineer Globacom
3. Capital Project MTN
4. Radio Access Manager Zain
5. Facility Manager Zain
6. Maintenance Engineer Etisalat
Source: Zain, Globacom, MTN and Etisalat 2010
From the Table 1 above, the respondents of Globacom are Roll-Out Manager and Base
Station Transmission Engineer, Capital Project for MTN while the respondents for Zain
are Radio Access and Facility Managers respectively and Maintenance Engineer for
Etisalat is the respondent.
39
Number of GSM masts and when was it constructed
Table 2
S/NO Name of street/area where mast is
located
Year of construction Service Provider
1. Old Market/ Ajiya street 2005 Globacom
2. Karewa 2006 Globacom
3 Opposite Government House 2005 Globacom
4. Beside FCE 2005 Globacom
5. Behind Abti Ventures 2005 Globacom
6. Jambutu 2009 Globacom
7. Old GRA 2005 Globacom
8. New Market 2005 Globacom
9. Bachure 2009 Globacom
10. State Secretariat 2006 Zain
11. Church Street 2005 Zain
12. Sports Council 2005 Zain
13. Massalachi Close 2008 Zain
14. Bishop Street 2006 Zain
15. Bachure 2006 Zain
40
16. Mallamre 2009 Etisalat
17. Mohammed Mustapha Way 2009 Etisalat
18. Behind Rajah Shopping Mall 2009 Etisalat
19. Rock Haven Avenue 2010 Etisalat
20. Doubeli 2010 Etisalat
21. Jambutu 2010 Etisalat
22. Yola Road 2010 Etisalat
23. Wuro Jabbe 2010 Etisalat
24. Kashim Bila Street Karewa Ext. 2007 MTN
25. Behind Government House Yola 2007 MTN
26. Mallamre 2008 MTN
27. Police Around About 2009 MTN
28. Behind GTB 2006 MTN
29. Jambutu 2009 MTN
30. Shinco 2005 MTN
31. Gimba Road (Bornoma Residence) 2003 MTN
32. Behind Jimeta Temporary Stadium 2004 MTN
33. Bachure 2009 MTN
41
Source: MTN, Globacom, Zain & Etisalat 2010
From the above table, Globacom has nine (9) masts in Jimeta, Zain has six (6) GSM
masts while Etisalat has eight (8) masts and MTN has ten (10) GSM masts in Jimeta
making the number of GSM masts in Jimeta to be thirty three (33).
Where do you obtain permit from?
Table 3
S/NO Regulatory Authority where permit
is obtained
Type of permit Service Provider
1. ASUPDA Development Permit MTN, Zain, GLO
& Etisalat
2. National Civil Aviation Authority Aviation Clearance MTN, Zain, GLO
& Etisalat
3. Ministry of Environment EIA Certificate MTN, Zain, GLO
& Etisalat
Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010
From Table 3 above, the service providers obtain permit from ASUPDA, NCAA and
Ministry of Environment and the type of permits are development permit, aviation
clearance and EIA certificate respectively.
Criterion and standards
Table 4
42
S/NO Plot sizes Height of mast Service Provider
1. 12m X 12m, 15m x 15m and 20m x 20m
30m, 50m and 70m
Globacom
2. 15m X 15m and 20m x 20m
35m, 50m, 70m & 100m
MTN
3. 12m X 12m and 15m x 15m
35m, 50m and 75m
Zain
4. 15m X 15m and 20m x 20m
50m, 75m and 100m
Etisalat
Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010
From Table 4 above, the standards with respect to plot sizes are 12m x 12m, 15m
x15m & 20m x 20m and height of mast are 30m, 50m and 70m for Globacom, 15m x
15m and 20m x 20m for plot sizes for MTN while the height of masts are 35, 50m, 70m
& 100m respectively, 12m x 12m & 15m x 15m for plot sizes for Zain and 35m, 50m and
75m for height of mast. And 15m x 15m & 20m x 20m in terms of plot sizes for Etisalat
while the height of mast standards are 50m, 75, and 100m respectively.
Number of people employed at the base station
Table 5
43
S/NO NO Role Training of personnel Service Provider
1. 3 Security guards Monaco Guards MTN
2. 3 Security Guards Monaco Guards Globacom
3. 2 Security Guards Maza Guards Zain
4. 2 Security Guards Royal Security Guards Etisalat
Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010
Table 5 indicates that three (3) people each are employed at the base station by MTN
and Globacom as security guards and are trained by Monaco Guards, while Zain and
Etisalat each have two (2) guards trained by Maza Guards and Royal Security
respectively.
Sources of power
Table 6
S/NO Source Service Provider
1. Generating set All Service providers(MTN, GLO,
Zain & Etisalt)
2. Power Holding Company of Nigeria
(PHCN)
All Service providers
Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.
The table above indicates that the source of power by the service providers are
generating sets and PHCN.
44
Where do you obtain diesel
Table 7
S/NO Where diesel is obtained Service Provider
1. From contractors All Service Providers
Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.
From table 7 above, all the service provider obtain diesel through contractors.
Control of emission of gas
Table 8
S/NO Control measure Service Provider
1. Exhaust pipe All Service Providers
2. Muffler All Service Providers
Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.
Table 8 above shows that exhaust pipe and muffler are the measures used by the
service providers to control emission of gas.
Control of noise from generating sets
Table 9
S/NO Control measure Service Providers
1. Soundproof Generating sets All Service Providers
Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.
45
The table above indicates that the measure used to control noise from generating sets
by the Service Providers is the use of soundproof generator.
What are the common environmental problems in the base stations?
Table 10.
S/NO Problems Service Providers
1. Emission of gas pollutants All Service Providers
2. Noise from generator All Service Providers
3. Accidental spill from handling diesel All Service Providers
4. Spent paint during servicing and
maintenance checks.
All Service Providers
Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.
From Table 10 above, the common environmental problems in the base stations are
emission of gas pollutants, noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel
and spent paint during servicing and maintenance checks.
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
ADAMAWA STATE URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
Designation of Respondent
Table 11.
S/NO Designation Qualification
46
1. Director Town Planning Post Graduate Certificate
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
From Table 11 above the designation of the respondent from ASUPDA is The Director
Town Planning and his education qualification is a Post Graduate Certificate.
Role of ASUPDA in location of GSM mast
Table 12
S/NO Role
1. Granting Planning Permission
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
Table 12 above indicates that the role of ASUPDA in location of GSM mast is that of
granting planning permission.
Criterion for approval
Table 13
S/NO Criteria
1. Location away from schools and flight path
2. EIA Certificate from Ministry Of Environment
47
3. EIA Produced report
4. Evidence of Site Acquisition and Lease Agreement
5. Payment of relevant fees
6. Site visitation by Development Control Department
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
The table above indicates that the criterion for approval of mast are, location away from
schools and flight path, EIA Certificate from Ministry of Environment, EIA produced
Report, Evidence of Site Acquisition, Payment of relevant fees and site visitation.
How do you monitor the erection of GSM mast to ensure compliance?
Table 13.
S/NO Monitoring Mechanism
1. Through Development Control Department Site Visitations
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
From Table 13 above, the regulatory authority monitor the erection of GSM mast to
ensure compliance through site visitations by Development Control department.
Level of compliance
Table 14
S/NO Level
1. Existence of Approved and Unapproved Masts by all
48
service providers.
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
Table 14 above indicates that Unapproved mast by all service providers exist showing
poor level of compliance by the service providers.
Land use Zoning in approval of mast
Table 15
S/NO Zoning Type
1. Mixed Land uses
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
From the table above mixed land use is indicated as zoning criteria for the erection of
masts.
Availability of masts without approval/permit
Table 16
S/NO Yes/NO List Reason
1. Yes All service providers Service providers devise means
of using contractors to cut
corners to erect mast failure to do
49
that result to non payment to the
contractors
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
From Table 16 above, ASUPDA indicated that their exist GSM mast that do not have
permit/approval by all service providers through contractors who cut corners to get their
payment.
Common Environmental problems of Base Stations
Table 17
S/NO Problems
1. Emission of gas pollutants
2. Noise from generator
3. Accidental spill from handling diesel
4. Spent paint during servicing and maintenance checks.
Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010
From the table above, the common environmental problems in the base stations are
emission of gas pollutants, noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel
and spent paint during servicing and maintenance check.
4.2 FINDINGS
50
i. From the data collated by different respondents which includes GSM Service
consumers across the study area, the GSM Service providers and Regulatory
Authority, they are about 33 GSM mast spread across Jimeta-Yola.
ii. MTN has more mast than all the other service providers with about 10 GSM masts
while Globacom has 9, Etisalat the recent addition to GSM industry has 8 and Zain
has 6 mast.
iii. Most of the communities where these masts are located have been consulted
before construction of the GSM mast while a fraction were not consulted.
iv. Most of the inhabitants of where GSM masts are erect indicates that the mast
brought changes in their neighbourhood. Changes such as Aesthetics quality,
noise and obstruction and altering of the environment.
v. The study revealed that most inhabitants of where GSM mast are located are not
living close the base stations because of fear/ risk of accidental collapse, effect
of radiation, pollution, health concerns and environmental problems.
vi. The research also reveals that the location of masts will have effects on the
environment.
vii. The common environmental problems discovered associated with the location of
GSM mast in neighbourhood include emission of pollutants from generators,
noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel and spent paint
during servicing and maintenance checks.
viii. Majority of the masts located in the study area are on lease agreement
51
ix. And the research reveals also that the Service Providers obtain permit and
approval from Adamawa State Urban Planning & Development Authority,
Ministry of Environment and National Civil Aviation Authority.
x. It has been discovered by the study that the criteria for the approval of permit are
EIA reports, EIA Certificate, Evidence of Site Acquisition or Lease Agreement,
Site Designs and Drawings, payment of relevant fees and Aviation Clearance.
xi. Standard plot sizes used for the location of the masts are 12m X12m, 15m X
15m and 20m X 20m
xii. Also the Height of the mast varies from 30m, 50m, 70m and 100m respectively.
xiii. The study also reveals that between 2 & 3 people are employed at the base
stations as security guards usually trained by private security guards (Monaco
guards for MTN & Glo, Maza Guards for Zain and Royal Security for Etisalat)
xiv. It has also been discovered that all the service providers uses Generators
and PHCN as their source of power but with much usage of generators.
xv. And it has been revealed that service providers uses contractors to supply
diesel for their generators
xvi. The service providers also uses exhaust pipe ad mufflers to control emission
of gas from generators.
xvii. While they use soundproof generators to control noise pollution.
xviii. The study reveals that ASUPDA’s role as a regulatory authority is that of
granting planning permission.
xix. And the research also reveals the existence of both approved and
unapproved GSM masts in the study area.
52
4.3 ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF GSM MAST
DISTRIBUTION IN JIMETA-YOLA.
KEY SCORING
S/NO SCORE IMPLICATION
1. 0 Very negative impact
2. 6. Negative impact
3. 7. No impact/ neutral
4. 8. Average positive impact
5. 9. Moderate positive impact
6. 10. Outstanding positive impact
RATING
Below 40%, not acceptable
41- 60% Critical condition
61% and above, acceptable.
53
54
S/NO Name of street/area
where mast is
located
Service
Provider
Impacts Score
1. Old Market/ Ajiya
street
Globacom Aesthetics 6
Noise 0
Smoke 0
Liquid
Waste
0
Zoning
Location
7
Plot Size 7
Distance of
site to
existing
Buildings &
Roads
7
Proximity to
Utilities &
Facilities
7
Height of
Zoning
7
Land Use
Compatibilit
y
7
Total Score 48
Twelve (12) GSM masts were selected from the four (4) Service Providers representing
three (3) different zones. High, medium and low density residential zones. Effects like
Land Use Compatibility, Height of Zoning, Noise Pollution, Smoke Pollution, Liquid
Waste, Zoning Location, Plot Size, Distance of Site to existing buildings and roads,
Proximity to Utilities and Facilities are enumerated. Then scores allocated according to
the magnitude of the effect.
Out of the three (3) masts selected from Globacom, none scored above critical condition
because of non compliance to Regulatory Authorities Guidelines and Standards which
in some instance are as a result of negligence on the part of the Regulatory Authority
while the Service Providers are responsible for the low scoring in most of the instances.
Zain masts also scored below acceptable level from the three (3) selected masts
because of the above listed effects and non adherence to physical standards.
The selected masts from Etisalat scored higher because of their zoning location and
other spatial factors that worked in their favour, the mast in Wuro Jabbe particularly is
acceptable.MTN masts in Bachure scored above acceptable level while the other are in
critical condition.
4.3 DISCUSSION
If left unchecked the indiscriminate erection of multiple single user telecommunication
site within the study area will turn to eye sore and a major problem to urban managers.
The study revealed according to Contreau, (2003: 36) that the visual character of a
natural and cultural landscape may alter in way that greatly changes the local
55
population appreciation of it, making it less attractive for recreation. From the summary
above inhabitants of where such mast are located indicated reservation to location of
such mast in their neighbourhood due to some reason which include fear, health
concern, radiation etc.
The major concern according to Salvato (1992:3) should be maintenance of the
environment to suit man’s efficient performance, comfort, preservation and the
engagement of life. With increase in telecommunication development, human impact on
the environment needs to be controlled to benefit man’s wellbeing, economy and natural
resources.
It implies as Jimoh (2000:41) stated, that government is not performing her duties as
expected, that her fiscal policies are skewed against environmental management.
From the scores of the Analysis of the Spatial and Environmental Effect of the
Distribution of GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola, it has clearly been revealed that most of the
GSM masts in the study area fall below acceptable level of compliance and standards.
Twelve (12) GSM masts were selected from the four (4) Service Providers representing
three (3) different zones. High, medium and low density residential zones. Effects like
Land Use Compatibility, Height of Zoning, Noise Pollution, Smoke Pollution, Liquid
Waste, Zoning Location, Plot Size, Distance of Site to existing buildings and roads,
Proximity to Utilities and Facilities are enumerated. Then scores allocated according to
the magnitude of the effect.
Out of the three (3) masts selected from Globacom, none scored above critical condition
because of non compliance to Regulatory Authorities Guidelines and Standards which
56
in some instance are as a result of negligence on the part of the Regulatory Authority
while the Service Providers are responsible for the low scoring in most of the instances.
Zain masts also scored below acceptable level from the three (3) selected masts
because of the above listed effects and non adherence to physical standards.
The selected masts from Etisalat scored higher because of their zoning location and
other spatial factors that worked in their favour, the mast in Wuro Jabbe particularly is
acceptable.MTN masts in Bachure scored above acceptable level while the other are in
critical condition.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarizes the entire research; suggest some recommendations towards
indiscriminate erection of multiple single user telecommunication sites within the study
area draw conclusion. It also gives some recommendation for further research.
6.2 SUMMARY
The purpose of this study is to Analyse the Spatial Distribution and Location of GSM
Masts in Jimeta- Yola. An understanding of this will enhance the future of the
environment with respect to erection of GSM mast ensuring sound environmental and
57
global trends in location of such mast. This study seeks to establish the location &
distribution of the masts in the study area, permits obtained before erection, criterion for
the permit/approval, adherence to standards with a view to enhance environmental
planning and management. The secondary data used for this research came from
published and unpublished paper related to GSM. The primary data was collected
through personal observation, interviews and questionnaires designed to provide
relevant answers to the research questions raised in Chapter one. The sample size of
300 populations for GSM consumers, 12 for GSM service providers and 3 for regulatory
authority were selected for the research out of which 296 proper responses were
received from service consumers, 6 from service providers and 1 from regulatory
authority were received.
This study has revealed that their are 33 GSM mast in Jimeta-Yola with wide
consultation with community where the mast are located by the service providers. Their
exist both mast that has approval and unapproved mast by all the service providers.
The research also reveals that most inhabitants of where this mast are believe the mast
has brought changes to the environment such as noise from generators, aesthetics etc.
With majority of them not comfortable living close to the mast because of fear/risk of
accidental collapse, radiation, health concern and environmental pollutions as the major
factor. The common environmental problems as discovered by the research are noise
from generators, emission of gas from generator, accidental spill from handling diesel,
and spent paint during servicing and maintenance.
The major statistical instrument used in the data analysis involves tabulating, charting
etc.
58
6.3 CONCLUSION
From the summary above, if left unchecked the erection of multiple single user
telecommunication site within the study area will turn to eye sore and major problem to
urban managers. Because the study has revealed the environmental problems
associated with these masts, the ineffectiveness of the regulatory authorities, the cutting
of corners by service providers to maximise profit, the fears and concern of inhabitants
of where such masts are which are genuine and need to be addressed.
The best way to go about addressing these is to adopt new global trend in
telecommunication management which is suitable to both service providers and service
consumers. The use of “Collocation of Telecommunication Infrastructures. Collocation is
the use of single cell site by multiple telecommunication operators. This will reduce the
erection of multiple single cell site, reduce maintenance cost by service providers curtail
multiple environmental problems spread across by each operator. Collocation is at the
moment in practice in USA, Europe, Asia some part of Africa such as Kenya ,Mauritius
etc.
6.4 RECOMMENDATION
From the data collected from various respondents and in line with current global trend in
telecommunication management, the following measures could be adopted to manage
the future location and distribution of GSM mast.
1. Government should make it mandatory for Service Providers through proper legislative
backing to erect environmental friendly GSM mast, with landscaped perimeter fencing
and encourage the use of Solar Power system to reduce the pollution that comes
59
directly as a result of using generators. The legislative backing to be passed by the
State House of Assembly should include current acceptable environmental practice a
standard for each mast to be erected failure to comply would attract stiff penalty and
subsequent violations to attract heavier fines.
2. Government should take inventory of existing GSM mast with a view to exploring the
use of Collocation infrastructures by the service providers themselves. The use of
Collocation of which will reduce the use of multiple single user telecommunication
infrastructures. Collocation is the use of single cell site by multiple telecommunication
operators. This will reduce the erection of multiple single cell site, reduce maintenance
cost by service providers curtail multiple environmental problems spread across by each
operator. Such Collocation infrastructures should also be environmental friendly and
powered by solar energy.
3. Government should in conjunction with a Technical Telecommunication Infrastructure
Provider together with legislative backing set up a Collocation Telecommunication
Infrastructure for all Service Providers to subscribe to. This involves passing into law by
the State House of Assembly the use of An Independent Collocation Infrastructure
Provider as a permanent solution to erratic mast erections , appropriate parcels of land
of average 20m X 20m to accommodate a maximum of six (6) operators per location
and liaising with technical partners to provide Collocation Infrastructure that will be
subscribe by the service providers.
This will act as income generating opportunity for the state, employment opportunity and
in general sound environmental practice.
60
61