analysis of integral abutment of non-skew bridge subjected under lateral loading using finite...

7/23/2019 ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL ABUTMENT OF NON-SKEW BRIDGE SUBJECTED UNDER LATERAL LOADING USING FINITE ELE

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ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL ABUTMENT OF NON-SKEW BRIDGE

SUBJECTED UNDER LATERAL LOADING USING FINITE ELEMENT

SOFTWARE

By

RABIATUL ADAWIYAH BINTI SAHDAN

This report is submitted as a

partial requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of E!"eer"! #Ho$% C"&"l


2/71

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I, RABIATUL ADAWIYA BI!TI "ADA!, #$%&''()'* +onfirm that the or- in this

report is my on or- and the appropriate +redit has been gi.en here referen+e ha.e been

made to the or- of other resear+hers/

01111111111111111111111111111111111111112

"tudent !ame3 RABIATUL ADAWIYA BI!TI "ADA!

"tudent ID3 #$%&''()'*

Date3 #)th !o.ember #$%)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


3/71

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, first of all, I am grateful to Almighty Allah "/W/T/, ho

gi.e me all the strength and patien+e to +omplete my final year pro4e+t/ I am grateful be+ause

there ha.e been hom ha.e guided and assisted me to su++eed in this pro4e+t/ This final year

pro4e+t is made possible through the help and support from e.eryone, espe+ially super.isor,

le+turers, parents, family, friends, and in essen+e, all sentient beings/

5irst and foremost, I ould li-e to e6press my sin+ere gratitude to my super.isor, Ir/

7uhd "almi8i bin 9aafar for his e6+ellent guidan+e, his most support and en+ouragement to

me in order to +omplete this pro4e+t

I ould also li-e to than- to my group members that alays illing to help and gi.e

their great suggestion to my final year pro4e+t, gi.e some guidan+e to run the softare and to

pro.ide .aluable ad.i+es/ Without them, my resear+h pro4e+t ould ha.e not been possibly

done/

5inally, I sin+erely than- to my parents and family, ho pro.ide the ad.i+e and

en+ourage me ith their best ishes in order to +omplete my pro4e+t/ The produ+t of this

final year pro4e+t ould not be possible ithout all of them

ABSTRACT


4/71

The Abutment Bridge +onsist of a thin slab on ith to beam at both ends of the

bridge and piles as the stru+ture that support the hole bridge/ This bridge are

+onstru+ted ithout e6pansion 4oint, that:s the reason this bridge are +alled Integral

Abutment Bridge/ The ad.antage of using integral bridge are it +an eliminate the

problem of lea-age, also redu+e the +ost of maintenan+e and it +an in+rease the life span

of bridge due to less +orrosion/ The ob4e+ti.e of this study is to +arry out an analysis of

the design of integral abutment of non1s-e bridge due to lateral loading and to identify

the problem that ill o++ur on the integral abutment non1s-e bridge/ In this study, the

pro4e+t approa+h are using finite element softare namely "TAAD/;ro/ "oftare

"TAAD/;ro is one of the most idely used stru+tural analysis and design softare/It

supports se.eral steel, +on+rete and timber design +odes/ This softare as used to

design the Internal Abutment Bridge ith the gi.en load and material/ The parameter

ere assign to the model stru+ture in order to a+hie.e the result of the analysis/

TABLE OF CONTENTS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENT i.

LIST OF FIGURES .i

LIST OF TABLE i6

CHA'TER () INTRODUCTION

%/% Ba+-ground of "tudy %

%/# ;roblem "tatement &

%/&


6/71

&/% Introdu+tion %(

&/# "taad/;ro 7odeller #%

&/#/% Ad.antages of "TAAD/;ro ##

&/& 5inite ?lement Analysis ##

&/* Details Data Input #&

&/) =reate !e 7odel #)

&/)/% "tarting The ;rogram #)

&/)/# =reate "tru+ture #>

&/)/& Define "tru+ture ;roperty &$

&/)/* Assigning "upports &%

&/)/) Assigning Load to The "tru+ture &&

&/)/@ ;erforming Data Analysis *$

CHA'TER ) RESULT AND ANALYSIS

*/% Introdu+tion *&

*/# Result


7/71

Des+riptions ;age

5igure%/% "implified geometry of an integral abutment bridge #

5igure #/% Basi+ "tru+ture of the Integral Abutment Bridge )

5igure #/# Integral Abutment Details @

5igure #/& =omparison of Bridge "tru+tural =hara+teristi+ (

5igure #/* ?6ample of ?6pansion 9oint %$

5igure #/) ?6ample of 5ully Integral Abutment Bridge %%

5igure #/@ ?6ample of semi integral abutment bridge %#

5igure &/% 5lo +hart of methodology #$

5igure &/# The graphi+al user interfa+e indo of "TAAD/;ro #)

5igure &/& !e dialog bo6 #@

5igure &/* The add beam option is sele+ted #>

5igure &/) The geometry +oordinate #'

5igure &/@ "nape !odeBeam =olumn #'

5igure &/> "et Up the =oordinate #(

5igure &/' Beam are +onne+ted at e.ery nodes #(

5igure &/( 7odel "tru+ture of Integral Abutment Bridge &$

5igure &/%$ The ;roperties for Whole "tru+ture Bo6 &$


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5igure &/%% The dialog bo6 of property &%

5igure &/%# Assigning ;roperties to the 7odel &%

5igure &/%& Assigning "upport to the "tru+ture

5igure &/%* 5i6ed "upport Is =hosen

5igure &/%) Load C Definition Dialog Bo6 &*

5igure &/%@ Add !e3 Load =ases Windo &*

5igure &/%> Adding selfeight load &)

5igure &/%' Adding Dead load &)

5igure &/%( !odal Load Dialog Bo6 for Load =ase # &@

5igure &/#$ Adding Li.e Load &@

5igure &/#% !odal Load Dialog Bo6 for Load +ase & &>

5igure &/## =ombination Load =ase * and ) &>

5igure &/#& All Load =ases Added &'

5igure &/#* Assigning Load =ase % &'

5igure &/#) Assigning Load =ase # &(

5igure &/#@ Assigning Load =ase &, =ombination Load =ase * And ) &(

5igure &/#> Analyse is +li+- to run the data *$

5igure &/#' Analysis and Design Windo *$


9/71

5igure &/#( Analysis of 7ember 5or+es *%

5igure &/&$ Analysis of "upport Rea+tion *#

5igure */% "ummary of 7a6imum Bending 7oment of beam % and # *@

5igure */# "ummary of 7a6imum Bending 7oment of beam & and * *@

5igure */& "ummary of 7a6imum Bending 7oment of beam ) *>

5igure */* "ummary of 7a6imum "hear 5or+e of beam % and # )$

5igure */) "ummary of 7a6imum "hear 5or+e of beam & and * )$

5igure */@ "ummary of 7a6imum "hear 5or+e of beam ) )%

5igure */> "ummary of 7a6imum =ompressi.e and Tensile "tress of Whole

Beam

)*

LIST OF TABLES


10/71

Des+riptions ;age

Table #/% =omparison of Bridge "tru+tural =hara+teristi+ '

Table #/# "ummary of "ele+ted =riteria Used By ?uropean %&

Table #/& ;re.ious Resear+h %>

Table */% The 7a6imum Bending 7oment of ?a+h Load =ases **

Table */# The 7a6imum "hear 5or+e of ?a+h Load =ases *'

Table */& The 7a6imum "tress of ?a+h Load =ases )#

Table */* alue of bending moment and shear for+e of manual +al+ulation

and softare "TAAD ;ro

))

CHA'TER (

INTRODUCTION


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(/( BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Bridge is a larger stati+ stru+ture that is built to +arry roads and railroads o.er a ri.ers

or +anyons to allo people and .ehi+les to a+ross from one side to the other/ The type of

bridge +hosen must suit to the +ondition, en.ironment and suitability of the situation/ What

bridge ill +arry, hat bridge ill +ross and the geologi+al nature of earth beneath them,

these are the fa+tor that need to be +onsidered to +onstru+t the bridge/ 5or a bridge to be

effe+ti.e, it should dependably se+urely perform its +apa+ity/ In addition, the fun+tion of

bridge is not only to span some physi+al obsta+le, but to distribute loads equally through a

hole stru+ture by using tension and +ompression system/ ?6pansion 4oints and bearings

ha.e been used to +onstru+t the +on.entional bridge, to sustain the seasonal thermal

e6pansion and +ontra+tion of the bridge/ As for +on.entional bridge, its required e6pansion

4oints and bearing/ Thus, the +ost ill be higher in terms of installation +ost and material

be+ause for the suspension 4oints the drainage ater +ontaminated ith +hemi+als lea-age

+an +ause the deterioration of bridge, hile for bearing, due to la+- of lubri+ants it may grind

to a halt/


12/71

Integral Abutment Bridge also +alled 9oint1less bridge dominate a unique number of

design details that ma-e them .aluable in many appli+ations/ There are many type of Integral

abutment bridges, it +an be single1span or multi1span/ Integral abutment bridges are

+onstru+ted ha.ing no e6pansion 4oints and bearing ithin the superstru+ture of the bridge, it

is +onstru+ted integrally ith the abutments/ These bridges +ontribute many ad.antage for the

+onstru+tion industry, su+h as it ill redu+ed the used of mo.eable 4oints and also redu+ed the

e6pensi.e maintenan+e or repla+ement +ost for the +onstru+tion of bridge/ 5urthermore, the

o.erall design of the integral abutment bridge is mu+h simpler than other non1integral bridge/

It is also pro.ide additional redundan+y to the stru+ture thereby impro.e its stru+tural

performan+e/

F"!0re(/( S"12l"f"e3 !eo1e4r5 of a "4e!ral a6041e4 6r"3!e/ #Ar$o5/ S7 e4 al7 (888%

As an engineer e need to be +onfident that the bridge ill endure a ma6imum

loading +ondition and thin- about the orst +ase s+enario that might happen to the bridge/


13/71

and dead load on the bridge/ 5or e6ample, ma6imum li.e loads on bridges +aused by the

hea.y li.e loads apply on bridges during +onstru+tion or load from the mo.ing .ehi+le on the

bridge/ Dead load is a +onsistent load in a stru+ture that is be+ause of the selfeight of the

indi.iduals, the upheld stru+ture, and permanent atta+hment/ 5or e6ample the dead load of the

bridge are all the loads from superstru+ture su+h as the de+-, railings and bra+ing/ Li.e load

is a temporary stru+ture or eight of e.erything superimposed su+h as hea.y load .ehi+le and

ma+hinery/ The purpose of our study is to estimate and +al+ulate hether the integral

abutment bridge +an ithstand the li.e load and dead load that are sub4e+ted on the bridge/

(/* 'ROBLEM STATEMENT

Integral Abutment Bridge is ell -non as .ery e+onomi+al stru+ture and the

ad.antages of the integral abutment bridge, these bridge ha.e been used for a de+ade/


14/71

(/, OBJECTI+E

The general ob4e+ti.e of this study as follo3

%/ To +arry out analysis of the design of integral abutment of non1s-e bridge due to

lateral loading/

#/ To determine the suitable load parameter to design Integral Abutment Bridge/

(/ SCO'E OF WORK

The s+ope of or- this study is to analysis the integral abutment of non1s-e bridge

due to lateral loading by using finite element softare/ The finite element softare that been

used through this study is "TAAD ;R


15/71

CHA'TER *

LITERATURE RE+IEW

*/( INTRODUCTION

Arti+le, published 4ournal papers, resear+h report ere +olle+ted through the resour+es

of se.eral 4ournals that ha.e been read/ 5or primary sour+e in getting the purpose of this

study the arti+les, papers and resear+h reports has been used/ The se+ondary sour+e of this

report is the designation from finite element analysis of integral abutment of non1s-e

bridge/

*/* INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGE

Integral Abutment Bridge are design ithout any used of suspension 4oints and

bearing in the bridge de+-/ The bridge are design to sustain the thermal and bra-ing load ith

their stiffness and fle6ibilities that e6tend throughout stru+ture/ They +an be di.ided into to

type, hi+h are single span or multiple span bridges/ Their superstru+ture and substru+ture

are integrally +ast/ The most important thing that e need to +onsider in designing bridge are


16/71

+ost, so the ay to redu+e the +ost are by redu+ed the usage of e6pansion 4oints and bearing

in bridge +onstru+tion/ When +onstru+t integral bridge, its +ut don pro+edure of

+onstru+tion, better seismi+ performan+e and has aestheti+ .alue/ The main ad.antage of this

stru+ture are +ost less, it is be+ause the +ost required to +onstru+t and maintain are less than

the +ost to +onstru+t and maintain +on.entional bridge/

F"!0re */() Ba$"c S4r0c40re of 4he I4e!ral A6041e4 Br"3!e #Bar


17/71

F"!0re */*) I4e!ral A6041e4 De4a"l$ #Bar


18/71

iii/ 're$$0re re$"$4a4 The 4ointless +onstru+tion of integral bridges distributes

longitudinal pa.ement pressure higher than the approa+h pa.ement +ross1se+tion o.er

a total superstru+ture area/

i./ Fa$4 co$4r0c4"o the +onstru+tion required only one ro of .erti+al piles and the

ba+- all +an be +ast +on+urrently, so the fe parts are needed/ The e6pansion 4oints

and bearings are not required, the delays and +ost related to e6pansion 4oints and

bearing +an be eliminate/

./ Ea$e " co$4r0c4"! e16a


19/71


20/71

F"!0re */,) Co12ar"$o of Br"3!e S4r0c40ral Charac4er"$4"c #H"3ea


21/71

hen the temperature drops, the materials +ool +ausing the 4oint gap to open/ This requires

the e6pansion 4oint material to e6pand and follo the 4oint mo.ement

F"!0re */) E:a12le of E:2a$"o Jo"4

Bearing also .ery e6pensi.e to install and the maintenan+e are .ery +ostly/


22/71

*/ TY'E OF INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGE

Integral Abutment Bridge are the stru+tures that are form from superstru+ture and

substru+ture, here this stru+ture are mo.e together to assist the required translation and

rotation/ These are the type of integral abutment bridge0White, #$$>23

*//( F0ll5 I4e!ral A6041e4 Br"3!e$

5ully Integral Abutment Bridges 05IAB2 is defined as a stru+ture here the

superstru+ture 0bridge beams and de+-2 is dire+tly +onne+ted to the substru+ture 0abutments2/

During thermal e6pansion and +ontra+tion, the superstru+ture and substru+ture mo.e together

into and aay from the ba+-fill/ There are no bearings or e6pansion 4oints

F"!0re */.) E:a12le of F0ll5 I4e!ral A6041e4 Br"3!e #Ha16l5/E7 (88*%


23/71

*//* Se1"-I4e!ral A6041e4 Br"3!e

A "emi1Integral Abutment Bridge 0"IAB2 is defined as a stru+ture here only the

ba+-all portion of the substru+ture is dire+tly +onne+ted ith the superstru+ture/ The beams

rest on bearings hi+h rest on a stationary abutment stem/ The superstru+ture, ba+-all, and

approa+h slab mo.e together into and aay from the ba+-fill during thermal e6pansion and

+ontra+tion/ There are no e6pansion 4oints/

F"!0re */>) E:a12le of $e1" "4e!ral a6041e4 6r"3!e #Ha16l5/ E7 (88*%

*/. EUROCODE

In ?urope, the integral abutments are relati.ely ne +on+ept, so the +ode are -eep

+hanging to -eep the ne information/ Their e6perien+e ith integral abutment bridge are

less but it as gained positi.ely and his +laimed, that the old the bridge +odes are being +ut

out and repla+ed it ith the ?uro+ode in #$%% 0White #$$>2/ The ?uropean sur.ey ha.e been

+ondu+ted on #$$> at a +ertain +ountry in ?urope based on a fe +riteria hi+h are stated in

the table belo 0Table #/*2/ A unified ?uro+ode of bridge design may be adopted as soon as


24/71

#$$'/ In our +ountry, British "tandard ha.e been idely used in designing the building, but it

sloly +hanging to the ?uro+ode/

Ta6le */*) S011ar5 of Selec4e3 Cr"4er"a U$e3 B5 E0ro2ea7 *==?

*/> FEASIBILITY OF AN INTEGRAL ABUTMENT

Integral abutment bridge are .ery ell -non on the e+onomi+ and fun+tional

ad.antage due to the elimination of e6pansion 4oint and bearings, that are generally re+ogni8e

by the bridge engineer/ It is .ery ne+essary to determine the feasibility of the integral

abutment bridge at early planning stage be+ause not e.ery site are suitable for this type of

bridge 0ambly,%((#2/


25/71

The feasibility of an integral abutment arrangement is influen+e by folloing fa+tors3

i/ Length of stru+ture

5or design as an integral abutment bridge the length of stru+ture should be +onsidered/

5or the present, the length for o.erall stru+ture should not more than %)$ m/ An

adequate measure must be ta-en to a++ount for mo.ement and its effe+t, if the length

of integral abutment design is beteen %$$m to %)$m/ 7o.ement requirement should

be +onsidered due to types of 4oints, 4oint seal, bearings, ba+-fill and approa+h slab

details and +onstru+tion temperature/ ?6pansion 4oint should be +onstru+t at the end of

approa+h slab if the length of the integral abutment bridge is less than %$$m/ The

limitation pla+ed on the total length of the stru+ture is mainly fun+tion of lo+al soil

properties, seasonal temperature .ariations, resistan+e of abutment foundation to

longitudinal mo.ement and the type of superstru+ture are being +onsidered/

ii/ Type of stru+ture

Type of superstru+ture that are used ith integral abutment in+luded3

a/ "teel girder ith +on+rete de+-

b/ =;=I girders ith +on+rete de+-

+/ ;re1stressed bo6 girders ith +on+rete de+-

iii/ Feometry of stru+ture

In de+iding the feasibility of integral abutment design, geometry of the stru+ture

should be +onsidered/ The s-e effe+t must be ta-en to a++ount if the s-es is greater

than #$G but less than &)G to +arry out pre+ise analysis/ To +arry out the analysis for

s-e, there are se.eral effe+t that need to be +onsidered su+h as torsion, unequal load

distribution, lateral translation, pile defle+tion in both longitudinal and trans.erse

dire+tion and the length of the abutment that are e6posed to soil pressure/

i./ Abutment height and ing alls


26/71

5or the height of abutment and the length of ingall, it is re+ommended that it is

limited to @m to >m respe+ti.ely/ To redu+e the soil pressure, the abutment must be

-ept as short as possible/ It is re+ommended that the abutment should be in equal

height/ If the height of abutment is different, it +an +aused the unbalan+e lateral load

that resulting in sideays and it should be +onsidered in the design/ In order to

determine a sideays .alue su+h as the +orresponding earth pressure on the short leg

plus the base shear of the frame ould balan+e the earth pressure on the high leg, the

design pro+ess requires an iterati.e pro+ess/ The ingalls should be parallel to the

roaday and the si8e should be minimi8e to allo the substru+ture to be mo.ed ith

minimum resistan+e/

./ 7ulti1span stru+ture

The span and the arti+ulation at the support of multi1span stru+ture should be sele+ted

so that the equal mo.ement ould o++ur at the end of the stru+ture/ The de+-

diaphragms may either be made fi6ed in the lateral dire+tion, integral ith the piers or

mo.e laterally/ If de+- diaphragm made ith integral, the piers should be fle6ible and

supported on the fle6ible foundation/

.i/ "ub1soil +ondition

"ub1soil +ondition need to be +onsidered be+ause it is .ery important in the integral

abutment design/ The prime +riteria is the need to support the abutments on relati.ely

fle6ible piles/ It is not +onsidered suitable for integral abutment bridge hen the load

bearing strata near the surfa+e or the used of short pile hi+h is less than )m in length/

5or dense and stiff soil, to redu+ed resistan+e to lateral mo.ement the pre1augered

holes filled ith loose should be pro.ided/ The use of integral abutment arrangement

should be a.oided, hen the soil is sus+eptible to slip failure, sloughing or boiling/


27/71

*/? DESIGN LOADING

Integral bridges are sub4e+ted to the dead and li.e load 0primary2, applying load of the

stru+tural members should be .aried depending on the +onstru+tion steps su+h as the timing

of integrated superstru+ture to substru+ture/ 7oreo.er, it is .ery important to +onsider

se+ondary load that affe+t the bridge/ There are se.eral se+ondary load that need to be

measured to design the integral abutment bridge su+h as 0Bur-e 9r,%((&23

i/ "hrin-age and +reep

?ffe+t of shrin-age is on the positi.e moment of single spans and on the +ontinuity

+onne+tion at the +ontinuous span of abutment/ As for +reep effe+t, it is larger than

shrin-age effe+t of +ontinuous single span bridge 0=hen,%((>2/This effe+t +an be

+al+ulated by using the 05reyermuth ,%(@(2method/

ii/ Temperature gradient

temperature gradient generate se+ondary bending moments through the depth of the

bridge beam due to the fa+t that the +entroid of temperature distribution +ur.e are not

+oin+ide ith the +entroid of the +ross1se+tion of the beam of bridge0?merson ,%(>>2/

iii/ Differential settlement

Differential settlement gi.e effe+t to the se+ondary bending moment 0Bar-er, Dun+an

et al,%((%2 and simple pro+edures to estimate differential settlements are pro.ided by

0AA"T


28/71

*/@ 'RE+IOUS CASE STUDY

Ta6le */,) 're&"o0$ Re$earch

!ame of

resear+her

Years Titles 5indings Remar-s

Robert ?/

Abendroth

#$$> An Integral

Abutment Bridge

ith ;re+ast

=on+rete ;iles/

?.aluate the performan+e

of sele+ted ;= piles and

establish the displa+ement

.ersus temperature

beha.ior of the abutments

The appli+ation of pre1

stressed and pre+ast piles

+on+rete for the integral

abutment bridge

"ami

Arsoy

%((( The beha.ior of

integral abutment

bridges

Determine the intera+tion

beteen integral abutment

approa+h fills, foundation

piles, and foundation soils

Use finite element method to

estimate approa+h slab

performan+e

;aul 9/ Barr #$%& Beha.ior and

analysis of an

integral abutment

bridge

;ro.ide +on+lusions and

re+ommendations useful

in the future appli+ation of

integral abutment bridges

sur.ey as +ondu+ted and a

parametri+ study as

performed using a series of

finite element models


29/71

Rodolfo 5/

7aruri

#$$* Integral

Abutments and

9ointless Bridges

To obtain a snapshot about

the usage of integral

abutments and 9ointless

bridges from the states,

their design +riteria

and other issues

sur.ey about the number of

integral abutments designed,

built and in ser.i+e, the

+riteria used for design and

+onstru+tion, and problems

e6perien+ed ith integral

abutment bridges

CHA'TER ,

METHODOLOGY


30/71

,/( INTRODUCTION

The purpose of designing the bridge is to analyse the load that are sub4e+ted on the

bridge/ The load that in.ol.e in designing this bridge are selfeight load, dead load, super

imposed load and +ombination load 0selfeight load, dead load and super imposed load2/ The

finite element softare used to analyse the bridge is "TAAD/;R


31/71

F"!0re ,/() Flo9 char4 of 1e4ho3olo!5

,/* STAAD/'ro Mo3eller

Data collection

Insert data

Develop model using

STAAD.PRO

Model verication

Analyse the model

Obtain result

Discussion

Dra! conclusion

"omplete


32/71

This study used the model ith be tested and analysed by using "TAAD/ This softare

ha.e fun+tion to analyse the stru+tural and design program primarily in building industry

su+h as bridges, highay stru+tures, dam, +ul.erts, retaining alls, +ommer+ial buildings,

industrial stru+tures and so on/ The program thus has the folloing fa+ilities to enable this

tas-/

i/ Fraphi+al model generation utilities, using mathemati+al +ommand to +reate model/

5or e6ample, line is used to represent the member of beam and +olumn/ Huadrilateral

and triangular shape ill present slabs, alls, and panel entity/ These utilities allo

user to assign properties, assign materials li-e steel, spe+ify supports, +on+rete, orient

+ross se+tions as desired, timber, aluminium, generate loads, apply loads e6pli+itly,

and design parameters et+/

ii/ Analysis engines that perform linear elasti+ and finite element analysis, delta analysis,

dynami+ response and frequen+y e6tra+tion, et+/

iii/ Design engines for +ode inspe+tion and optimi8ation of aluminium, steel and timber

members/ Reinfor+ement +al+ulation for +on+rete beams, slabs, +olumns and shear

alls/ Design of moment and shear +onne+tions for steel members/

i./ Result .ieing, result .erifi+ation and report generation tools for e6amining shear

for+e and bending moment diagrams, displa+ement diagrams, solid stress +ontours

and beam, plate, et+/

./ ;eripheral tools for a+tions li-e e6port and import of data from and to other generally

a++epted formats, asso+iates ith other popular softare for su+h as prestressed and

reinfor+ed +on+rete slab design, steel +onne+tion design, footing design, et+/

,/*/( A3&a4a!e$ of STAAD/'ro


33/71

i/ The only stru+tural engineering softare system that offers finite element analysis

and design plus stand1alone or integrated design modules all in one lo +ost, easy1to1

use pa+-age/

ii/ 5inite element analysis and design solutions that +an ta+-le most stru+tural analysis

problems/

iii/ In+ludes sophisti+ated design modules that +an be run as integrated ith the finite

element model or in stand1alone design mode for stru+tural elements su+h as retaining

alls or isolated shear alls/

i./ !ot 4ust a single appli+ation/ RA7 ?lement 'i is part of a +omprehensi.e portfolio

of stru+tural engineering modelling, analysis, design and drafting softare from

Bentley/

./ ?asy to learn, easy to use

.i/ Large dedi+ated de.elopment and support team insures you re+ei.e timely upgrades

and unmat+hed te+hni+al support/

.ii/ 7odel qui+-ly and a++urately

.iii/ User +ustomi8able features enable to design qui+-ly, per offi+e standards

,/, FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

5inite element analysis 05?A2 is a +omputeri8ed method for predi+ting ho a produ+t

rea+ts to real1orld for+es, .ibration, heat, fluid flo, and other physi+al effe+ts/ 5inite

element analysis shos hether a produ+t ill brea-, ear out, or or- the ay it as

designed/ It is +alled analysis, but in the produ+t de.elopment pro+ess, it is used to predi+t

hat is going to happen hen the produ+t is used/

,/ DETAILS DATA IN'UT

%/ Dimension of 7odel "tru+ture

The dimension of the Integral Abutment Bridge for the model stru+ture as shon belo3

length of span 3 &*/) m


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#/ Loading

"/ Load +ase % selfeight fa+tor 1%-!

""/ Load +ase # superimposed load 0dead load2 1@/@> -!

"""/ Load +ase & A load 0li.e load2

A loading1The loading go.erned by the Road ehi+les 0Authorised Weight2

Regulations %((', referred to as the AW ehi+les and +o.er .ehi+les up to **

tonne gross .ehi+le eight/ Loads from these AW .ehi+les has been enhan+ed to

+o.er impa+t load 0+aused hen heels Jboun+eJ i/e/ hen stri-ing potholes or

une.en e6pansion 4oints2, o.erloading and lateral bun+hing 0more than one

.ehi+le o++upying the idth of a lane2/

refer to B")*$$3 ;art #, +l @/%$/% 0!ominal load for type A2

' -!m 6 &*/)m K #)$ -! )#@ -!

i./ +ombination load +ase 0 B" )*$$3 ;art #2

a2 UL" 3 Ultimate limit state

b2 "L" 3 "er.i+eability limit state


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,/. CREATE NEW MODEL

,/./( S4ar4"! 4he 'ro!ra1


36/71

F"!0re ,/*) The !ra2h"cal 0$er "4erface 9"3o9 of STAAD/'ro

F"!0re ,/,) Ne9 3"alo! 6o:


37/71

In figure &/*, there are @ option hi+h are Add Beam, Add Solid, Open Structure

Wizard, Open STAAD Editor and Edit Jo !nformation. Add Beam has been +hosen to

generate this model/ By ho.ering the +ursor at the option, the des+ription of ea+h option

appear at the des+ription bo6/ As for add beam option the des+ription is about +reating ne

4oints and beams using the +onstru+tion grid, draing tools and spreadsheets/ After that, +li+-

finishM/

F"!0re ,/) The add beamo24"o "$ $elec4e3

,/./* Crea4e S4r0c40re


38/71

After done ith the first step, hi+h is starting the model ne6t step is +reating

stru+ture by using geometry +oordinate shon in figure &/)/ The small bo6 at the bottom left

shos the dire+tion of the global a6es that represent by the symbol N, Y and O/ At the right,

shos the "nap !odeBeam +olumn/ Un+he+- the Default Frid 0Linear2M hi+h left the

indo for modelling purpose empty and +li+- +loseM button as shon in figure &/@/

F"!0re ,/.) The !eo1e4r5 coor3"a4e


39/71

F"!0re ,/>) Sa2e No3eBea1 Col01

In figure &/> shos the +oordinate is set up a++ording to the dimension of the model

by fill in the +oordinate in the table of node +oordinates that indi+ate for the beam/ Beam

+onne+ted at e.ery node by +li+-ing at the Add BeamsM button on the menu header/ As

shon in figure &/'/


40/71

F"!0re ,/?) Se4 U2 4he Coor3"a4e

F"!0re ,/@) Bea1 are coec4e3 a4 e&er5 o3e$


41/71

F"!0re ,/8) Mo3el S4r0c40re of I4e!ral A6041e4 Br"3!e

,/./, Def"e S4r0c40re 'ro2er45

In this step, the property of beam are assigned/ The FeneralM i+on is +li+-ed at left/

After that, the properties for hole stru+ture bo6 appeared and +li+- at the defineM bo6

shon in figure &/(/ Then, +li+- at the propertyM i+on and the re+tangularM property are

+hosen/ =on+reteM has been +hosen for the material and the dimension of the stru+ture for

YD is $/>) and for OD is %& has been filled in the dimension bo6 as shon in figure &/%$ and

then +li+- add button/ The dimension is then appeared on the +olumn of properties1hole

stru+ture bo6 and +li+- assign button to assign the properties to the model as shon in figure

&/%%


42/71

F"!0re ,/(=) The 'ro2er4"e$ for Whole S4r0c40re Bo:

F"!0re ,/(() The 3"alo! 6o: of 2ro2er45

F"!0re ,/(*) A$$"!"! 'ro2er4"e$ 4o 4he Mo3el

,/./ A$$"!"! S022or4$

!e6t step to design the model, is assigning the support to the model/ It +an be done by

+li+- at general button, the button for supportM is then appeared and +li+- at the support

button it is shon in figure &/%#/ After that, +reate the support by +li+- at +reateM button/ The


43/71

+reate support dialog bo6 ill appeared and fi6ed support is +hosen as the bridge is fi6ed

supported in reality/ !e6t, +li+- addM button as in figure &/%& and assign support to the

stru+ture shon in figure &/%#/

F"!0re ,/(,) A$$"!"! S022or4 4o 4he S4r0c40re

F"!0re ,/() F":e3 S022or4 I$ Cho$e


44/71

,/./. A$$"!"! Loa3 4o 4he S4r0c40re

5or this study, to generate model stru+ture, the load that apply on the stru+ture is load

+ases and +ombination load +ases/ These load are referred from the "tru+ture Design 7anual

for ighay and Railays 0B" )*$$ part #2/ There are & load +ases and # load +ombination

load +ases are in.ol.ed in this analysis, hi+h is3

i/ Load +ases % "elfeight

ii/ Load +ases # 0"IDL2 super imposed load Dead load

iii/ Load +ases & Li.e load 0A2

i./ =ombination load +ases * 0UL"2 0"elfeight K Dead load K Li.e load2

./ =ombination load +ases ) 0"L"21 0"elfeight K Dead load K Li.e load2

The first step to assign load on the stru+ture is +li+- at the generalM i+on and after that

+li+- at the loadM i+on, then load C definitionM dialog bo6 appeared as shon in figure

&/%*/ =li+- the neM button, a ne indo appeared hi+h is Add !e3 Load =asesM

indo as shon in figure &/%) and sele+t primaryM at the left of the bo6 for primary load/

5or load +ase %, sele+t the !oneM for loading type and as for title +hange to L


45/71

F"!0re ,/(.) Loa3 Def""4"o D"alo! Bo:

F"!0re ,/(>) A33 Ne9) Loa3 Ca$e$ W"3o9


46/71

F"!0re ,/(?) A33"! $elf9e"!h4 loa3

5or load +ase #, sele+t the Dead LoadM for loading type and as for title +hange to

L


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F"!0re ,/(8) No3al Loa3 D"alo! Bo: for Loa3 Ca$e *

5or load +ase &, sele+t the Li.e LoadM for loading type and as for title +hange to

L


48/71

F"!0re ,/*() No3al Loa3 D"alo! Bo: for Loa3 ca$e ,

5or +ombination load +ase * and ), the step are similar to the pre.ious load but

different at adding the load/ At Add !e3 Load =asesM indo, sele+t +ombinationM then

?dit3 =ombinationM indo are appeared/ 5or +ombination load +ases *, +hange the name to

=shon in figure &/#%/ Insert the fa+tor of ea+h load +ases based on 0B" )*$$3 ;art#2 for dead,

super imposed and li.e load/ The step are repeated for +ombination load +ase ) as shon in

figure &/#%, and then +li+- add button/

F"!0re ,/**) Co16"a4"o Loa3 Ca$e a3 .


49/71

F"!0re ,/*,) All Loa3 Ca$e$ A33e3

After all load are added, ne6t step is assigning the load to the stru+ture depends on

ea+h load +ases by +li+- AssignM button to the node/ 5or load +ases %, the load are assign to

the hole stru+ture/ 5or load +ases #, the load are assign to node %, #,&,*,) and @/ 5or load

+ases &, +ombination load +ases * and ), the load are assign to node &/ It is shon in figure

&/#&, &/#* and &/#)/

F"!0re ,/*) A$$"!"! Loa3 Ca$e (


50/71

F"!0re ,/*.) A$$"!"! Loa3 Ca$e *

F"!0re ,/*>) A$$"!"! Loa3 Ca$e ,7 Co16"a4"o Loa3 Ca$e A3 .


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,/./> 'erfor1"! Da4a Aal5$"$

After all the data are generated, data is obtain from the interpret data that made from

analysis/ Analysis is performed by +li+-ing at the analyse button from menu bar, then +li+-

Run AnalysisM as shon in figure &/#@/

F"!0re ,/*?) Aal5$e "$ cl"c< 4o r0 4he 3a4a

F"!0re ,/*@) Aal5$"$ a3 De$"! W"3o9


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F"!0re ,/*8) Aal5$"$ of Me16er Force$


53/71

F"!0re ,/,=) Aal5$"$ of S022or4 Reac4"o


54/71

CHA'TER

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

/( INTRODUCTION

This +hapter of study, des+ribes the result obtain from the analysis of model stru+ture

of integral abutment bridge by using finite element analysis softare hi+h is "TAAD/;ro/

The stru+tural beha.iour of the model stru+ture are presented as a result obtained in this

analysis/ In this +hapter, it only fo+us on the strength of the stru+ture after the loading a+ting

on the stru+ture/

/* RESULT OF ANALYSIS

An analysis as run for the bridge model stru+ture here load are assign to the

stru+ture/ The load that are +onsidered on the stru+ture are selfeight, dead load hi+h is

superimposed load, li.e load hi+h is highay bridge loading load 0A2 and +ombination of

load hi+h is +ombination of selfeight, dead load and li.e load/ The result are presented in

terms of stresses, shear for+e and bending moment of the model stru+ture/


55/71

/*/( Be3"! Mo1e4

5rom the analysis run on the model stru+ture produ+ed and it as found that, bending

moment diagram as obtained and there is no bending moment at N1a6is and Y1a6is/ 5rom

the table */%, on the O1a6is the highest ma6imum moment is *@(%/'& -!/m, o++ur at node *

of beam number * hi+h is under +ombination load +ase * and for the loest moment o++ur

under the load +ase # that is $ -!/m/ Belo are the table of bending moment for ea+h load

+ase on a6is O3

Ta6le /() The Ma:"101 Be3"! Mo1e4 of Each Loa3 Ca$e$

Type of load +ase Bending 7oment

Load +ase %

7a6 moment3

#)@(/##* -!m

Load +ase #

7a6 moment3

$ -!m


56/71

Load +ase &

7a6 moment3

%$>>/#> -!/m

=ombination load

+ase *

7a6 moment3

*@(%/'& -!/m

=ombination load

+ase )

7a6 moment3

*$$$/%%-!/m


57/71

F"!0re /() S011ar5 of Ma:"101 Be3"! Mo1e4 of 6ea1 ( a3 *

F"!0re /*) S011ar5 of Ma:"101 Be3"! Mo1e4 of 6ea1 , a3


58/71

F"!0re /,) S011ar5 of Ma:"101 Be3"! Mo1e4 of 6ea1 .


59/71

/*/* Shear Force

5rom the analysis performed, shear for+e diagram as obtained/ 5rom the result

a+quired, there is no shear for+e on O1a6is/ 5rom the table */#, on the Y1a6is the ma6imum

shear for+e is ##&>/@% -!, o++ur at node * at beam number & hi+h is under +ombination

load +ase */ Belo are the table of shear for+e for ea+h load +ases on Y1a6is3

Ta6le /*) The Ma:"101 Shear Force of Each Loa3 Ca$e$

Type of load +ase "hear 5or+e

Load +ase %

7a6 shear for+e3

%*(&/## -!

Load +ase #

7a6 shear for+e3

$ -!


60/71

Load +ase &

7a6 shear for+e3

#@*/&> -!

=ombination load +ase

*

7a6 shear for+e3

##&>/@% -!


)

7a6 shear for+e3

%(&&/** -!


61/71

F"!0re /) S011ar5 of Ma:"101 Shear Force of 6ea1 ( a3 *

F"!0re /.) S011ar5 of Ma:"101 Shear Force of 6ea1 , a3


62/71

F"!0re />) S011ar5 of Ma:"101 Shear Force of 6ea1 .


63/71

/*/, S4re$$ of 4he 6ea1

Table */& sho the ma6imum stress of ea+h load +ases/ "tress is a for+e that a+ts on

the body of stru+ture/ There are to type of stress hi+h are present from the analysis, hi+h

are +ompressi.e strength 0red +olour2 and tensile strength 0blue +olour2/ 5rom the result

obtained, the ma6imum +ompressi.e stress is */$'% !mm#o++ur at beam number *, hi+h is

under load +ombination * and for ma6imum tensile stress is &/>%( !mm #at beam number &,

hi+h is under load +ombination * as shon in table */&/

Ta6le /,) The Ma:"101 S4re$$ of Each Loa3 Ca$e$

Type of load +ase "hear 5or+e

Load +ase %

7a6 +ompressi.e

stress3

#/#@% !mm#

7a6 tensile stress3

#/$*' !mm#

Load +ase #

7a6 +ompressi.e

stress3

$/$$% !mm#

7a6 tensile stress3

$/$$% !mm#


64/71

Load +ase &

7a6 +ompressi.e

stress3

$/'>* !mm#

7a6 tensile stress3

$/'(* !mm#


*

7a6 +ompressi.e

stress3

*/$'% !mm#

7a6 tensile stress3

&/>%( !mm#


)

7a6 +ompressi.e

stress3

&/*'% !mm#

7a6 tensile stress3

&/%>% !mm#


65/71

F"!0re /?) S011ar5 of Ma:"101 Co12re$$"&e a3 Te$"le S4re$$ of Whole Bea1

/, +ERIFICATION OF STAAD 'ro SOFTWARE


66/71

erifi+ation of "TAAD ;ro "


67/71

There are se.eral parameters that must be ta-en into +onsideration in designing and

+onstru+ting a stru+ture in order to ensure that the stru+ture is good in strength/ This study

sho the result of the integral abutment bridge in form of bending moment, shear for+e and

stress and loading that rea+t on the abutment bridge/ The result shos, the ma6imum .alue of

bending moment, shear for+e and stress o++ur under the load +ombination *, it is be+ause

load +ombination no * is for UL" 0ultimate limit state2/ Limit state is the deals ith the

strength and stability of the stru+ture under the ma6imum design load it is e6pe+ted to +arry/

To help ensure that a bridge +an hold the amount of eight that it as designed to

ithstand ithout brea-ing under hea.y traffi+, it undergoes something +alled a stress test/

"tress is defined as internal for+e per unit area/ There are to types of stress hi+h are

present in all types of bridges hi+h are +ompressi.e stress and tensile stress/ 5rom the result

obtain from the analysis the ma6imum +ompressi.e stress of hole stru+ture is */$'%!mm #,

this .alue are lesser than the alloable +ompressi.e stress hi+h is #@/@> !mm #/ As for the

tensile stress, the ma6imum .alue for the hole stru+ture is the &/>%(!mm #and for the

alloable tensile stress is &/# !mm#hi+h is for +lass # for unfa+tored/ 5or the .alue of

ma6imum tensile stress for the analysis that are unfa+tored is #/@ !mm #/ "o, the unfa+tored

.alue for ma6 tensile stress is lesser than the alloable stress/

CHA'TER .

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION


68/71

./( CONCLUSION

The main ob4e+ti.e of this study is to analysis the integral abutment bridge sub4e+t

under lateral loading by using finite element softare/ Based on the study, it is shon that the

load that ha.e been applied +an be supported by the bridge/ The important attributes to be

+onsidered in designing the abutment bridge using "TAAD ;ro softare is based on the

material, geometry, support and loading/

As the study +ondu+ted by using "TAAD ;ro, it is shon that the load that ha.e been

applied +an be supported by the bridge/ The important parameter to be +onsidered in

designing the abutment bridge using "TAAD ;ro softare is based on the material properties,

geometri+ properties, support properties and loading properties/ In the designing the bridge

using "TAAD ;ro softare, +on+rete is used as the material to analyse the bridge/

After the analysis are done for the hole stru+ture, a +on+lusion are presented based

on the result of selfeight, superimposed load, lateral li.e loading and o.erall load +ase

+ombination analysis that has been done/ The result of analysis is signified in terms of

stru+tural beha.iour of beam hi+h in+luded the bending moment, shear for+e and stress

effe+t on the beam/ Thus, the se+ond ob4e+ti.e are a+hie.ed that are to determine the suitable

load parameter to design Integral Abutment Bridge/

./* RECOMMENDATION

5or satisfa+tory bridge performan+e, the stru+ture must be detailed and +onstru+ted

properly/


69/71

a/ piles must be +onstru+ted and oriented as designed

b/ Intermediate piers should be designed to a++ommodate lateral displa+ement or the

+onne+tion must be detailed to minimi8e lateral for+e transfer/

To further studies on this final year pro4e+t, se+ondary loading su+h as loads due to +reep,

shrin-age and thermal gradient should be applied on the model/ This loading might gi.e the

signifi+ant .alue due to the load applied to the model imitate li-ely the load from the .ehi+le/

7oreo.er, the design of bridge should be more detail and +omplete, be+ause it +an in+rease

the pre+ision of the modelling result/

5rom this study and result, it ha.e been found that further studies need to a++omplish in

order to produ+e the ne te+hnology, that +an in+rease the strength le.el of the stru+ture

beside it +an de+rease the +onstru+ting +ost espe+ially in bridge +onstru+tion/

REFERENCES

AA"T


70/71

Arsoy, "/, et al/ 0%(((2/ The beha.ior of integral abutment bridges, irginia

Transportation Resear+h =oun+il =harlottes.ille, A/

Bar-er, R/, et al/ 0%((%2/ E7anuals for the design of bridge foundations/E !=R; Report

&*&/

Bur-e 9r, 7/ 0%((&2/ EThe design of integral +on+rete bridges/E =on+rete International

%)0@2/

=hen, Y/ 0%((>2/ EImportant +onsiderations, guidelines, and pra+ti+al details of integral

bridges/E 9ournal of ?ngineering Te+hnology %*0%23 %@1%(/

Design 7anual for ighay and Bridges/ BD &>$% olume %, "e+tion &,;art%*3Load for

highays Bridges/

idea-i, !, et al/ 0#$$@2/ Design and =onstru+tion Fuideline of Integral Abutment

Bridges for 9apanese ighays/

?merson, 7/ 0%(>>2/ Temperature differen+es in bridges3 basis of design requirements/

5reyermuth, =/ L/ 0%(@(2/ Design of +ontinuous highay bridges ith pre+ast, prestressed

+on+rete girders/


71/71

ambly, ?/ 0%((#2/ Integral bridge abutment details in pra+ti+e and in theory/ Bridge

Design 5or Durability/ ?6pansion 9oints And =ontinuity/ ;apers ;resented At To

analysis of integral abutment of non-skew bridge subjected under lateral loading using finite...

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