analysis and simulation of adaptive power system with...

International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161 ©2017 INPRESSCO®, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet

Research Article

1705| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)

Analysis and Simulation of Adaptive Power System with Fuzzy Control of Dynamic Loads Maneesh Singh*, Sudhanshu Tripathi and Anupam Masih Department of Electrical Engineering , Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, U.P, India

Received 01 July 2017, Accepted 01 Sept 2017, Available online 02 Sept 2017, Vol.7, No.5 (Sept/Oct 2017)

Abstract In this paper proposes an Adaptive Power System (APS) it is used to reduce the negative brunt current on the terrace resulting from full dynamic loads. Here we are using the fuzzy logic controller, as a result it has many advantages comparing to other controllers. Such as, the fuzzy controller is the most suitable for the human decision-making mechanism, providing the operation of an electronic system with decisions of experts. The Navy’s planned and near-term high- efficiency sensors and efficiency weapons decision use up a big part of something of the possessions of the future ship platform. By using the fuzzy controller for a nonlinear system allows for a reduction of uncertain effects in the system control and advance the efficiency. The APS has apply to keep up generator/prime-mover protection form harm, and in addition to it is used to ahead in position or time sensor/weapon commission or develop metrics such as system heaviness, mitigate order, and ship fueling expense. By utilizing the simulation results we can examine and determine the ahead in position procedure. Keywords: AC/DC converter, DC/DC converter, synchronous machine, Adaptive Power System, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Simulink (Matlab). Introduction

1 The APS is connected to the active filter abstraction where by the active filter put in an order the power desired to determination the characteristic of the load current needed by the upstream power system. Duty cycles can change from quantity to ordinary and, for few holders for physical object, the peak power demands can be higher in position the ability to perform of the ship power plant. The Adaptive Power System (APS) abstraction likely in this paper as it may be an approving automation for sensors or weapons with large dynamic loads, whatever external the APS cause be inappropriate accompanying the upstream shipboard generator and distribution bus. The APS subsist of power storage, a bidirectional current source, and elementary control system. These innovative control system boost the energy storage discharge, thus reduce the energy storage size. A block diagram of a regular shipboard energy system is put on display in the Figure 1. Regular systems have direct thickly on providing well-regulated voltages and clean power to the comparable load. If the voltage motion as communication detect at the weight are to be reduce, the output block of each reproduce stage is reduce by utilizing small series inductance values, large shunt *Corresponding author’s ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3556-9278

capacitance values, and control loops with high bandwidths. All the same, to avoid the intermediate to low frequency load dynamics this category of system is given from reproduce back to the distribution bus and generator. When the APS related with the passive filter rule (brute-force method) can back the pulsed load at a portion of the size and load required. If using the having movement load technology outside in store energy bust as cause be living (throw-away method), and for unusual special applications outside timeline control as would be needed if utilizing a refresh or recharging type system (restricted-timeline method).

Fig.1 A block diagram of a notional power system with the APS connect

The time limit for the upgrade work is defined by the APS size, the size of the energy storage required to support the delta power, and the maximum average power commission. This maximum allowed average

Maneesh Singh et al Analysis and Simulation of Adaptive Power System with Fuzzy Control of Dynamic Loads


power resolve the comparable duty cycle of this enhanced use and hence the quickest allowed regenerate time of the APS power in store. Therefore, a new access is needed to maintain the load dynamics of develop Navy structure the new Adaptive Power System (APS) clearly location this need. The APS possibly nearly new to simply reduce bus intrusion and decrease weight to the shipboard gen sets by modify the dynamic energy load observe by the shipboard power system into an equal wheeling time average – approximately plate as an active low pass filter to the load dynamics. As presented in Figure 1, The APS can be added to a current system. The APS subsist of power storage, an inactive power filter, a bi-directional

current source, and new control loops, when put on display in Figure 2. The bi-directional current source simply pass the pulsed power demand outside of the APS energy storage to the like sensor or weapon structure, along these lines produce a buffer to the upstream power material. The APS is related to the active filter theory place by the active filter supply the current wanted to support the quality of the load power wanted by the crucial power system. Active filters have been passed down for years in alternating current (AC) power systems to be minimized the current unity and advance the power factor given to the source when the loads are nonlinear and electrically rowdy.

Fig.2 An analysis of the functionality of the APS system With the useful operation of control loops and energy storage, the APS can scale down the percentage at which the power demand on the generator changes, thus reduce the dynamics and eerie content seen by the generator - transforming a weapon or sensor system that had differently been inconsistent with the podium power system into one that is now suitable. Adaptive Power System (APS) A. Overview

Fig.3 The power ripple filtering demand of the APS

The purpose of an action of the APS is to reduce bus shock and weight to prime-power material by converting the dynamic current load into an identical rotation ordinary of the power demand. The APS is creating to meet the expected demand as shown in Figure 3. The APS utilization must also not obstruct with continue a stiff voltage (hard regulated voltage) to the load. The important factor of the APS receive the power storage capacitance and two control loops. One loop controls the APS output current to maintain the needed dynamic power to the load working the power outside of the in storage capacitance, and the additional loop continue the voltage across the energy storage capacitance to inside the admit valuation. Figure 2 arrange the structure voltage and current waveforms in consequence of the fact that the APS when healthy the generator power waveform in the direction of the sometime when the function of a dynamic load profile.

Working of the Adaptive Power System is as follows: • The current transfer outside of the strenuous power system is supervised by the APS to be corresponding to



the separate to refine (0.13 Hz) current profile of the load demand. The BDCS is a DC/DC converter that cans development power in both leadership – it can both consume and transport power. • Therefore, the AC fundamental or dynamics of the load profile is not unit of Ibus but is transfer by the power-storage capacitance along the BDCS. • The energy-storage capacitance equivalent is preferred to be excessive suitable to maintain the source and go under currents to something that holds up structure the pulsed load demand. The equivalent in consequence of the fact that the energy-storage capacitance is reduce by concede the voltage traversing a space Cstore to change somewhat, position Udelivered = 1/2 Cstore(Vt20 − Vt2+), minimizing the energy storage capacitance recommended.– This present important load and size accumulation related to using an in-line high-powered low- pass filter (brute-force method).

Fig. 4 Signal flow graph of APS for low frequency energy loop design where Ibus = Iref and Iload = Iload.

The voltage innovation side to side Cstore is in addition to decoupled outside of the load, allowing contracted supervision of the bus voltage seen by the dynamic load approaching continue. Udelivered is the energy delivered or absorbed by the storage capacitance, and Vt0 and Vt+ are the comparable voltages across the energy-storage capacitance just prior to the load disruption and after the energy-storage capacitance has transported or consumed the choose power.

B. APS Requirements for Notional System To indicate the APS process and conduct, a top-level design and simulation for a notional 300-kW system was operate. Considering this particular system the APS network with the 375-VDC bus, as put on display in Figure 1. The system was designed to support the following load and input–output conduct stipulation: • Duty Cycle of Load: 0 to continue • Average Load Power: 0 to 300 kW • Peak Load Power: 0 to 300 kW • Input Voltage: 4160 VAC per MIL-STD-1399-680 • Input compound Power Ripple condition: Figure 3

• Voltage Transients at the 375-V Bus Load compound: maintain to better than ±5% C. APS Design Details for Notional System Control Loop Bandwidth Considerations Figure 5 provides the simplified details for the APS. The bi-directional current source is a commutable design subsists of thirty-eight 8-kW program. In regulation and achievement because the BDCS is positioned in contact the bi-directional buck topography, accepting a 100-kHz switching frequency and ordinary current-mode control. The exchange frequency is exclusive at a great distance aloft acceptable to access the required control loop bandwidths (which personal choice contribute the choose APS filtering achievement) indicating contrast low adequate to protect common switching losses. The close current loop bandwidth of the bi-directional current source is decided to be middle from two points 15 and 25 kHz (change with the voltage side to side Cstore), acknowledge the exposed current loop of the APS to be set at 4 kHz. To intelligible the dissection, the previous acceptance be in possession exist nearly new, and as a result this signal flow graph is singular genuine for low frequencies. The gain of forward paths are defined as (1) (2)

(3)

where the bar over Vbus specify a constant average value. There is only one loop in Figure 4, which is decide as

(4)

Table 1 Size and weight of the Aps system

Component Value Size(ft³) Weight (Ibs.)

Module Lof + Rlof 10μH + 1mΩ 0.001 0.15

C₂ 3.3μF RC₂branch 0.91Ω + 68μF Lsw + Rsw 0.1mH + 6mΩ 0.004 1.4

Cstore 86.7mF 2.1 169.2 Heat Sinks 0.1 4

Miscellaneous 0.1 10 Total Modules 38

EMI Filter L₁ + R₁ 25μH + 0.3mΩ 0.12 49

C₁ 94μF 0.01 1 RC₁ branch 0.31Ω + 1.9mF 0.03 5

Low-Pass Filter Lf + Rf 25μH + 0.3mΩ 0.12 49

Cf 40mF 0.13 21.9 Cs + Rs 0.2F + 25mΩ 1.25 217.7

Rfp 33mΩ Grand Total 93.0 7364



Fig.5 The high-level schematic of an APS system used for simulation, where N is the total number of parallel modules (N=38)

Table 2 Power Losses of the APS System

Single Module Losses Max FET (two Cree SiC FETs) 91.5w Switching Inductor 32w Output Filter Inductor 0.5w Cstore Leakage and Balance Resistors 2.5w Total Module Losses 127w Number of Modules 38 Total BDCS Converter Losses 4822w

Other Losses EMI or Low Pass Filter 210w Low Pass Filter Damping 2w Miscellaneous & Margin 1510w Total System Losses 6545w

Fuzzy Logic Controller In FLC, basic control movement is decisive by a confirmed of linguistic rules. These rules are decisive by the organization. Because the algebraic variables are converted into semantic variables, mathematical form of the system is not necessary in FC.

Fig.6 Fuzzy logic controller

The FLC amount to of three parts: fuzzification, interference engine and defuzzification. The FC is characterized as i. seven fuzzy sets for each input and output. ii. Triangular membership functions for unity. iii. Fuzzification using continued universe of communication. iv. Implication using Mamdani’s, ‘min’ driver. v. Defuzzification using the ceiling method.

Table 3 Fuzzy Rules

ee NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB NB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZE NM NB NB NB NM NS NE PS NS NB NB NM NS ZE PS PM ZE NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB PS NM NS ZE PS PM PB PB PM NS ZE PS PM PB PB PB PB NE PS PM PB PB PB PB

Fuzzification: Membership function values are authorize to the linguistic variables, using seven fuzzy subsets: NB (Negative Big), NM (Negative Medium), NS

(Negative Small), ZE (Zero), PS (Positive Small), PM (Positive Medium), and PB (Positive Big). The

separation of fuzzy subsets and the configuration of membership CE(k) E(k) function modify the shape up to applicable system. The financial worth of input error

and alteration in error are plan near an input scaling factor. In this system the input scaling factor has been

designed such that input values are between -1 and +1. The triangular shape of the membership function of this adjustment assume that for any singular E(k) input

there is only one dominant fuzzy subset. The input error for the FLC is given as

E(k) =

(12)

CE(k) = E(k) – E(k-1) (13) Inference Method: Several composition arrangements

such as Max–Min and Max-Dot have been proposed in

the literature. In this place insubstantial Min

technology is used. The output membership function of

all rules is given by the minimum operator and

maximum operator. Table 1 shows rule base of the FLC.



Defuzzification: As a flower usually miss a non-fuzzy value of control, a defuzzification moment is necessary. To estimate the output of the FLC, „height‟ procedure is used and the FLC output adjusts the control output. Additional, the output of FLC domination the substitution in the inverter. In UPQC, the active power, reactive power, incurable voltage of the line and capacitor voltage are necessary approaching maintained. In organization to control this specification, they are become aware of and distinguished accompanying the innuendo values. To achieve this, the membership functions of FC are: error, change in error and output The set of FC rules are derived from u=-[α E + (1-α)*C] (14)

Fig.7 Input error as membership functions

Fig.8 Change as error membership functions

Fig.9 Output variable Membership functions

Where α is self-adjustable factor which can classify the whole agency. E is the error of the system, C is the change in error and u is the control variable.

Fig.10 Block diagram of simulation

Fig.11 Control block with APS diagram of simulation

Fig.12 Block diagram of fuzzy logic controller

A. Notional System of Simulation results The DC/DC converter voltage control loop is set at 100 Hz. The load profile called in Figures 13(a) and 13(b) not only contains varying duty cycles but also simulates the extreme stressing situation.

(a) Dynamic Load with APS simulation results.

(b) Generator simulation results.

Fig.13 Simulation results of the load profile. Figure13 (a) This graph that the load current (A) variable with time. The load current started from 0A to



the increase the 850A & then few second decreasing to 0 the agen will be increase the load current variation 0 to 850A. The load current is constant current with change in time. This fig. describes the load side voltage (V) of the bus with respect to time with APS system. The bus voltage started from 375v then bus voltage is constant and little second bus voltage decreasing 372v. Then agen increase 375v. The bus voltage at load is constant voltage with change in time. This shows the bus current(A) at x axis & y axis show the time taken to preparing of the APS system. The bus current(A) at started from 0A& constant bus current. The few second current in increase of the 400A then the current is decreasing the 380A and the current agen increase of the 810A. The bus current(A) is constant current with change in time. This graph states that the APS output current(A) variable with time. The APS output current started from 600A and then increase 1020A and decreasing slow 88A then agen decreasing of the 425A. The APS output current (A) is constant current with change in time. This graph states that the DC/DC converter output voltage(V) variable with time. The DC/DC converter is constant voltage with change in time. The showing result of this simulation result of APS Cstore voltage and taking time to performing the task. The voltage at stated 660V & decreasing from the time then agen the voltage at constant after 12s. The Cstore voltage(v) is constant voltage with change in time. To demonstrate the effectiveness and profit of the APS, Figs. 13(b) supply simulation results for different waveforms in the system though a dynamic load is used along and outside application of the APS. The generator is biased beside a 0.6-p.u. load prior to put into use the dynamic load. This fig13(b) show that generator output in per unit(pu) and taking time. The generator output will started from 0.6pu and after 1s the output voltage increasing the 0.68pu and then decreasing the 0.66pu. Then the time is increasing & generator output will be increasing. The generator output in(pu) is constant unit with change in time. The waveform show the time and generator voltage(pu) the generator voltage started 1pu to the constant of the voltage at the time. The generator voltage(pu) is constant voltage with change in time. Fig. 13(a), the load switches to a constant load and the APS consumes no power (APS output current goes to zero) below about 5 s outside of that point in time, demonstrating the efficient conditioning procedure supply by the APS. If the APS is apply for a at various times dynamic load use, the generator decision see essentially a constant load along exclusive a benign very small power ripple riding on top of the load's average power carry.

Conclusion In this paper the Adaptive Power System (APS) idea

canferred can be an empower automation for sensors

or weapons with large dynamic loads, whichever

outside the APS would be inconsistent with the

upstream shipboard generator and distribution bus. In

FLC, basic command process is arranged near a

concluded of linguistic rules. These rules are set by the

system. The APS decided of power storage, a

bidirectional current source, in addition to new

regulation method. The FLC cover of three portion is

fuzzification, interference and defuzzification. The APS

be in possession passed down to protect

generator/prime-mover safety, and in addition to

passed down to advance sensor/weapon achievement

or become better metrics in the way that system load,

reduce order, and ship fueling costs. By using the fuzzy

controller for a nonlinear system allows for a reduction

of uncertain effects in the system control and advance

the efficiency. The APS arrangement continues given

ahead including simulation results confirmation the

abstraction. By using the simulation results we can

study the advanced method.

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analysis and simulation of adaptive power system with...

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