analysis and design of quadrature oscillators ||
TRANSCRIPT
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF QUADRATURE OSCILLATORS
ANALOG CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING SERIESConsulting Editor: Mohammed Ismail. Ohio State University
Titles in Series:SUBSTRATE NOISE COUPLING IN RFICs
Helmy, Ahmed, Ismail, MohammedISBN: 978-1-4020-8165-1
BROADBAND OPTO-ELECTRICAL RECEIVERS IN STANDARD CMOSHermans, Carolien, Steyaert, MichielISBN: 978-1-4020-6221-6
ULTRA LOW POWER CAPACITIVE SENSOR INTERFACESBracke, Wouter, Puers, Robert, Van Hoof, ChrisISBN: 978-1-4020-6231-5
LOW-FREQUENCY NOISE IN ADVANCED MOS DEVICESHaartman, Martin v., Ostling, MikaelISBN-10: 1-4020-5909-4
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ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN TECHNIQUES AT 0.5VChatterjee, S., Kinget, P., Tsividis, Y., Pun, K.P.ISBN-10: 0-387-69953-8
IQ CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES FOR CMOS RADIO TRANCEIVERSChen, Sao-Jie, Hsieh, Yong-HsiangISBN-10: 1-4020-5082-8
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THE GM/ID DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR CMOS ANALOG LOW POWERINTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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RF POWER AMPLIFIERS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSReynaert, Patrick, Steyaert, MichielISBN: 1-4020-5116-6
ADVANCED DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR RF POWER AMPLIFIERSRudiakova, A.N., Krizhanovski, V.ISBN 1-4020-4638-3
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Analysis and Design of QuadratureOscillators
by
Luis B. OliveiraUniversidade Nova de Lisboa and INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal
Jorge R. FernandesTechnical University of Lisbon and INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal
Igor M. FilanovskyUniversity of Alberta, Canada
Chris J.M. VerhoevenTechnical University of Delft, The Netherlands
and
Manuel M. SilvaTechnical University of Lisbon and INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal
123
Dr. Luis B. OliveiraINESC-IDRua Alves Redol 91000-029 [email protected]
Dr. Jorge R. FernandesINESC-IDRua Alves Redol 91000-029 [email protected]
Dr. Igor M. FilanovskyUniversity of AlbertaDept. Electrical &Computer Engineering87 Avenue & 114 StreetEdmonton AB T6G 2V42nd Floor [email protected]
Dr. Chris J.M. VerhoevenDelft University of TechnologyMekelweg 42628 CD [email protected]
Dr. Manuel M. SilvaINESC-IDRua Alves Redol 91000-029 [email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-4020-8515-4 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8516-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008928025
c© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recordingor otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exceptionof any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being enteredand executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
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springer.com
To the authors’ families
Preface
Modern RF receivers and transmitters require quadrature oscillators with accuratequadrature and low phase-noise. Existing literature is dedicated mainly to singleoscillators, and is strongly biased towards LC oscillators. This book is devoted toquadrature oscillators and presents a detailed comparative study of LC and RC oscil-lators, both at architectural and at circuit levels. It is shown that in cross-coupled RCoscillators both the quadrature error and phase-noise are reduced, whereas in LC os-cillators the coupling decreases the quadrature error, but increases the phase-noise.Thus, quadrature RC oscillators can be a practical alternative to LC oscillators, es-pecially when area and cost are to be minimized.
The main topics of the book are: cross-coupled LC quasi-sinusoidal oscillators,cross-coupled RC relaxation oscillators, a quadrature RC oscillator-mixer, and two-integrator oscillators. The effect of mismatches on the phase-error and the phase-noise are thoroughly investigated. The book includes many experimental results,obtained from different integrated circuit prototypes, in the GHz range.
A structured design approach is followed: a technology independent study, withideal blocks, is performed initially, and then the circuit level design is addressed.
This book can be used in advanced courses on RF circuit design. In addition topost-graduate students and lecturers, this book will be of interest to design engineersand researchers in this area.
The book originated from the PhD work of the first author. This work was thecontinuation of previous research work by the authors from TUDelft and Universityof Alberta, and involved the collaboration of 5 persons in three different institutions.The work was done mainly at INESC-ID (a research institute associated with Tech-nical University of Lisbon), but part of the PhD work was done at TUDelft and at theUniversity of Alberta. This has influenced the work, by combining different viewsand backgrounds.
This book includes many original research results that have been presented atinternational conferences (ISCAS 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 among others) andpublished in the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems.
vii
viii Preface
Lisbon, Portugal Luis B. OliveiraLisbon, Portugal Jorge R.FernandesCanada Igor M. FilanovskyThe Netherlands Chris J.M. VerhoevenLisbon, Portugal Manuel M. Silva
Acknowledgements
The work reported in this book benefited from contributions from many personsand was supported by different institutions. The authors would like to thank allcolleagues at INESC-ID Lisboa, Delft University of Technology, and Universityof Alberta, particularly Chris van den Bos and Ahmed Allam, for their contribu-tions to the work presented in this book and for their friendly and always helpfulcooperation.
The authors acknowledge the support given by the following institutions:
� Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia of Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia eEnsino Superior, Portugal, for granting the Ph.D. scholarship BD 10539/2002,for funding projects
OSMIX (POCTI/38533/ESSE/2001),SECA (POCT1/ESE/47061/2002),LEADER (PTDC/EEA-ELC/69791/2006),SPEED (PTDC/EEA-ELC/66857/2006),
and for financial support to the participation in a number of conferences.
� INESC-ID Lisboa (Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores –Investigacao e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa), Delft University of Technology,and University of Alberta, for providing access to their integrated circuit designand laboratory facilities.
� European Union, through project CHAMELEON-RF (FP6/2004/IST/4-027378).� NSERC Canada for continuous grant support.� CMC Canada for arranging integrated circuits manufacturing.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Main Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Transceiver Architectures and RF Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 Receiver Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Heterodyne or IF Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2.2 Homodyne or Zero-IF Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.3 Low-IF Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Transmitter Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.1 Heterodyne Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.2 Direct Upconversion Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.4.1 Barkhausen Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.4.2 Phase-Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.4.3 Examples of Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.5.1 Performance Parameters of Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.5.2 Different Types of Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.6 Quadrature Signal Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.6.1 RC-CR Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.6.2 Frequency Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.6.3 Havens’ Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Quadrature Relaxation Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.2 Relaxation Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1 High Level Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.2.2 Circuit Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3 Quadrature Relaxation Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.3.1 High Level Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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xii Contents
3.3.2 Quadrature Relaxation Oscillator without Mismatches . . . . . . 423.3.3 Quadrature Relaxation Oscillator with Mismatches . . . . . . . . . 463.3.4 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 Phase-Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.4.1 Phase-noise in a Single Relaxation Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.4.2 Phase-noise in Quadrature Relaxation Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 Quadrature Oscillator-Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.2 High Level Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2.1 Ideal Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644.2.2 Effect of Mismatches and Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.3 Circuit Level Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5 Quadrature LC-Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.2 Single LC Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.3 Quadrature LC Oscillator Without Mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.4 Quadrature LC Oscillator with Mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895.5 Q and Phase-Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.6 Quadrature LC Oscillator-Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6 Two-Integrator Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996.2 High Level Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2.1 Non-Linear Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006.2.2 Quasi-Linear Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.3 Circuit Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046.4 Phase-Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116.6 Two-Integrator Oscillator-Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.6.1 High Level Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136.6.2 Circuit Implementation and Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197.2 Quadrature Relaxation Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.2.1 Circuit Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207.2.2 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.3 Quadrature LC Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237.3.1 Circuit Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Contents xiii
7.3.2 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267.4 Quadrature Oscillator-Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.4.1 Circuit Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277.4.2 Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.5 Comparison of Quadrature LC and RC Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8 Conclusions and Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1378.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1378.2 Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
A Test-Circuits and Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141A.2 Quadrature RC and LC Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
A.2.1 Test Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141A.2.2 Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
A.3 Quadrature Relaxation Oscillator-Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144A.3.1 Test Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144A.3.2 Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161