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  • 8/12/2019 Analysis and Comparative Study on the Performance Between Standard and High Efficiency Induction

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    PEDS 2 0 0 7

    A n a l y s i s a n d C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d y on t h e P e r f o r m a n c e b e t w e e n S t a n d a r da n d H i g h E f f i c i e n c y I n d u c t i o n M a c h i n e s o p e r a t i n g as S e l f - E x c i t e dI n d u c t i o n G e n e r a t o r sB . S a w e t s a k u l a n o n d a n d V . K i n n a r a e sD e p t . o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , K i n g M o n g k u t ' s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l og y L a d kr a b a n g , B a n g k o k 1 0 5 2 0 , T h a i l a n dF a x 6 6 2 - 3 26 9 9 0 2 E - ma i l : B u dh a p o n d gh o t ma i l . c o m, E - m a il : k k w i j i t d W k m i t l . a c . t h

    A b s t r a c t - - T h i s p a p e r p r o p o s e s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e a n a l y s i s a n dc o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y b e t w e e n s t a n d a r d a n d h i g h e f f i c i e n c ys q u i r r e l c a g e s e l f - e x c i t e d i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s ( S E I G ) .C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f c a p a c i t a n c e o f SEIG b a s e d o n e q u i v a l e n tc i r c u i t m o d e l i s g i v e n . T e s t i n g a n d p e r fo r m a n c e c o m pa r i s o nu n d e r d y n a m i c a n d s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s f o r b o t h p u r er e s i s t i v e a n d r e s i s t i v e - i n d uc ti v e l o a d c on d it i on s h a v e b ee nm a d e . The i n te rp re ta ti o n o f e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s c a n b eg u i d e l i n e s f o r e f f e c t i v e d e s i g n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f SEIG f o rw i n d e n e r g y a p p l i c a t i o n s .I n d e x T e r m s - - s e l f - e x c i t e d i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r , i n d u c t i o nm a c h i n e s

    I . INTRODUCTIONO w i n g t o t h e c o n t i n u o u s i n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y n e e d , i ti s d i f f i c u l t t o m e e t t h e g r o w i n g d e m a n d b y e x p l o i t i n ge n e r g y f r o m t h e l i m i t c o n v e n t i o n a l s o u r c e , s u c h a s c o a l ,o i l , g a s , a n d s o o n . As a c o n s e q u e n c e , a g r e a t e r e m p h a s i si s now b e i n g g i v e n t o h a r n e s s e n e r g y f r o m n o n -c o n v e n t i o n a l s o u r c e s s u c h a s w i n d , b i o g a s a n d s m a l lh y d r o h e a d s [ 1 , 3 ] . A t h r e e p h a s e i n d u c t i o n m a c h i n e c a nb e m a d e t o w o r k a s a s e l f - e x c i t e d g e n e r a t o r ( S E I G )w h e n i t s r o t o r i s d r i v e n a t s u i t a b l e s p e e d b y w i n de n e r g y a n d i t s e x c i t a t i o n i s p r o v i d e d b y c o n n e c t i n g at h r e e p h a s e c a p a c i t o r b a n k a t t h e s t a t o r t e r n i n a l s i n o r d e rt o b u i l d - u p v o l t a g e a n d r e g u l a t e t e r n i n a l v o l t a g e . I to f f e r s v a r i o u s a d v a n t a g e s o v e r o t h e r m a c h i n e s s u c h a sr e d u c e d u n i t c o s t , b r u s h l e s s r o t o r ( s q u i r r e l c a g ec o n s t r u c t i o n ) , a b s e n c e o f s e p a r a t e DC s o u r c e a n d e a s e o fm a i n t e n a n c e . N u m e r o u s p a p e r s h a v e a t t e m p t e d t oa n a l y z e t h e S E I G u s i n g e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t a p p r o a c h [ 1 - 5 ] .G e n e r a l l y t w o d i f f e r e n t ( b u t r e l a t e d ) m e t h o d s o fc a p a c i t a n c e v a l u e s o l u t i o n f o r v o l t a g e b u i l d - u p a n dt e r n i n a l v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n h a ve b ee n e mp l oy e d, n a me l y,t h e l o o p i m p e d a n c e m e t h o d a n d n o d a l a d m i t t a n c em e t h o d . S t e a d y s t a t e a n a l y s i s o f s u c h g e n e r a t o r s s e e m s t ob e m o r e i n t e r e s t e d t h a n d y n a m i c a n a l y s i s . E x c i t a t i o nc a p a c i t o r s a f f e c t s s t a t o r c u r r e n t . T h e r e f o r e c a r e f u ls e l e c t i o n o f t h i s c a p a c i t o r i s r e q u i r e d . C o n t r o l l e d s t a t i cv a r c o m p e n s a t o r i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e a c l o a d v o l t a g er e g u l a t o r b a s e d o n d y n a m i c m o d e l c a n b e f o u n d i n [ 6 ] .T h e s e t e c h n i q u e s a r e b a s e d o n p o w e r e l e c t r o n i ca p p l i c a t i o n s w h i c h p r o v i d e s g o o d p e r f o r n a n c e u n d e r aw i d e r a n g e o f o p e r a t i o n . H o w e v e r t h e r e a r e a f e wr e s e a r c h w o r k s o n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f v a r i o u s t y p e s o fs q u i r r e l c a g e i n d u c t i o n m a c h i n e s w i t h s u i t a b l ec a p a c i t a n c e s u b j e c t t o l o a d c o n d i t i o n s b a s e d o ns e p a r a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r s i n t o b u i l t - u p c a p a c i t o r a n dc o m p e n s a t i n g c a p a c i t o r . T h e r e f o r e t h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t t h e

    a n a l y s i s o f c a p a c i t a n c e w i t h t h e p ro po s ed a pp ro ac hd e p e n d i n g o n l o a d c o n d i t i o n s a n d c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o nt h e p e r f o r n a n c e b e t w e e n s t a n d a r d a n d h i g h e f f i c i e n c ym a c h i n e s o p e r a t i n g a s s e l f - e x c i t e d i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s .T h e r e s u l t s w i l l b e g r a p h i c a l l y p r e s e n t e d a n d d i s c u s s e d i no r d e r t o p r o v i d e g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e d e s i g n e r s .I I . EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

    F o r p r o p o s e d c a p a c i t a n c e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e S E I G ,t h e s y s t e m c a n b e s h o w n i n F i g 1 . C a p a c i t o r s a r e d i v i d e di n t o t w o p a r t s n a m e l y , a b u i l t - u p o r e x c i t a t i o n c a p a c i t o r( C b ) a n d a c o m p e n s a t i n g c a p a c i t o r ( C c ) f o r t e r n i n a lv o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n . T h e C b i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r n o - l o a do p e r a t i o n w h i l s t b o t h C b a n d C c a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o n -l o a d o p e r a t i o n . F or n o- lo a d o p e r a t i o n , t h e p e r p h a s ee q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t i s s h o w n i n F i g 2 . n e g l e c t i n g h a r m o n i ce f f e c t a n d c o r e l o s s [ 3 ] .

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    Z C D R C D + j X C D 1 )R C D ( a b)R2Xm2C D R 2 2 X + a - b ) 2 ( X + X 2 ) 2

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    Z A BF i g . 2 . P e r p h a s e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f t h e S E I Ga t n o - l o a d

    U s i n g KVL r e s u l t s i nI Jc b + J i X l ) + Z C D j 0

    S i n c e I g i s n o t d e f i n i t e l y z e r o d u r i n g v o l t a g e b uu p , a s a c o n s e q u e n c e , e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) c a n b e r e w r i t t e n a sK 2 + R I + J X 1 ) + Z C D 0

    F o r a n a l y s i s o f t h e o n - l o a d o p e r a t i o n , C c i si n t r o d u c e d . A c c o r d i n g t o F i g . 3 , w h e n s u p p l y i n g t h er e s i s t i v e - i n d u c t i v e l o a d , t h e t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e l e v e l w i l lb e r e d u c e d s i n c e t h e l o a d d r a w s r e a c t i v e p o w e r f r o m t h es y s t e m . I n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e t e r m i n a l v o l t a g ec o n s t a n t , C c c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d a s f o l l o w s . T o t a lr e a c t i v e p o w e r o f o v e r a l l c a p a c i t o r s i . e . C b a n d C c ) i s

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    Q , t = Qg + QL

    Q g = C S g 2 _ p 2( 1 0 )

    1 1 )0 ( 6 ) ( 1 2 )2Q L = X L

    A c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n 6 ) , we c a n o b t a i n a m a x a s

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    W h e r e b c i s t h e c r i t i c a l s p e e d

    W h e r e S G i s t h e p e r p h a s e a p p a r e n t p o w e r o f t h e S E I GP G i s t h e p e r p h a s e a c t i v e p o w e r o f t h e S E I GQ G i s t h e p e r p h a s e r e a c t i v e p o w e r o f t h e S E I GQ L i s t h e p e r p h a s e r e a c t i v e p o w e r o f l o a dQ , i s t h e p e r p h a s e r e a c t i v e p o w e r o f t o t a lc a p a c i t o r

    C o m p e n s a t e d r e a c t i v e p o w e r i s( 8 ) Q c c = Q c t Q c b ( 1 3 )When

    Q c b = 27Q ) 2 f C b ) ( 1 4 )T h e r e f o r e c a p a c i t a n c e f o r b u i l t - u p v o l t a g e d u r i n g n o - l o a dc a n b e d e t e r m i n e d a s W h e r e Q C b i S t h e p e r p h a s e r e a c t i v e p o w e r o f t h eb u i l t - u p c a p a c i t o r

    Q , i s t h e p e r p h a s e r e a c t i v e p o w e r o f t h eCb = ( 9 )x I T f b bZ . m a x X1+X D) c o m p e n s a t i n g c a p a c i t o rW h e r e C b i s t h e p e r p h a s e b u i l t - u p c a p a c i t o r v a l u e

    Z b i s t h e b a s e i m p e d a n c ef b i S t h e b a s e f r e q u e n c y

    P e r p h a s e c u r r e n t o f t h e c o m p e n s a t i n g c a p a c i t o r( C c ) i s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m( 1 5 )_ Q C Cc c - v t IZ a

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    p o i n t , which is lower than the standard SEIG. Whendec reas i ng the sp e e d of the p r i m e mover built- upvoltage of the h i g h efficiency SEIG is decreased lowerthan the standard SEIG. Thereason is that in the des ignof h igh efficiency machines m a gn e t ic material type withnarrow hysteresis lo op is al w a ys selected in order toreduce the hysteresis l o s s e s . As a consequence, thecapability of voltage regulation is influenced with t h i sview point, the h igh efficiency SEIG r equ i r esimprovement to overcomet h i s p r o b l e m .

    Fig.6. Variation of hysteresis voltage for SEIG

    h i g h efficiency SEIG is longer than for the standard SEIGsince the h i g h efficiency SEIG is d e s ig n e d for lowm a g n e t i c flux density.

    s h i s / a y~ M X 4 L N M

    lm* 1 RUK 22 Y

    Fig.9. Terminal voltage waveform of the standard SEIGunder steady -state OoTH v=4.7

    Fig.7. Built -up voltage ofthe standard SEIG

    Fig. Terminal voltage waveform ofthe h i g h efficiencySEIG under s t e a d y - state , THDv= 6

    250-

    200

    150

    ; 100 1 - 1 E3 ~~~~~~~Standard

    50-

    3 15 21

    Harmonic order

    Fig.8. Built- up voltage ofthe h i g h - efficiency SEIG

    Figs.7-8 il l us t ra t e to duration built- up voltage t i m e , t b )of voltage build- up of the SEIG. The duration for the

    Fig. 1. Harmonic Sp e ctra of the SEIG terminal voltage

    Figs. 9-11 show terminal voltage waveforms. Thestandard SEIG offers more near ly sinusoidal waveformthan the h i g h efficiency SEIG. Fig. 1. confirms t h i spoint. According to t h i s disa dvantage the h igh efficiencySEIG should be i m p r o v e d . Figs. 12-13 show variation ofreactive power with output power under various loadconditions. Q, b of the standard and h igh efficiency isdecreased due to the i m p a c t of a reduction in f r e q u e n c yof induced voltage. Q, b of the h i g h efficiency SEIG ish i g h e r than that of the standard SEIG due to lower X , , m *

    1316

    C H 1 = 2 0 0 V 5 m s / d i vD C 1 0 0 : 1m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N O R M : 2 0 0 k S / s

    ~ ~ T r a c B 1 P - P3 2 . O V M a x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F r . . . . . q . . 5 0 . . . 0 . . . . . z

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    As a r e s u l t , i t n e e d s h i g h e r c a p a c i t a n c e . Q C c i s i n c r e a s e dw i t h i n c r e a s i n g l o a d s . Q c c o f t h e h i g h e f f i c i e n c y S E I Gu n d e r p u r e r e s i s t i v e l o a d a n d r e s i s t i v e - i n d u c t i v e l o a d s .As a c o n s e q u e n c e , i t n e e d s l o w e r c o m p e n s a t e dc a p a c i t a n c e s i n c e t h e h i g h e f f i c i e n c y S E I G h a s v o l t a g ed r o p d u e t o l o w s t a t o r i m p e d a n c e a n d l o w QG. T h e sumo f r e a c t i v e power o f t o t a l c a p a c i t o r s i s e q u a l t o t h e sumo f r e a c t i v e power o f t h e S E I G a n d l o a d s .

    . q Z S 44 0 , 70

    F i g . 1 2 . V a r i a t i o n o f r e a c t i v e power w i t h o u t p u tpower f o r r e s i s t i v e l o a d

    F i g . 1 3 . V a r i a t i o n o f r e a c t i v e power w i t h o u t p u t powerf o r r e s i s t i v e - i n d u ct i v e l o a ds

    F i g . 1 5 . V a r i a t i o n o f f re q u en c y w i t h o u t p u t power f o rr e s i s t i v e - i n d u c t i v e l o a d s

    v t 4 o

    F i g . 1 6 . V a r i a t i o n o f e f f i c i e n c y w i t h o u t p u t power f o r b o t hSEIGFrom F i g . 1 6 , i t c an b e s e e n t h a t t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e h i g he f f i c i e n c y SEIG i s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e s t a n d a r d SEIGu n d e r v a r i o u s t y p e s o f l o a d s . T h e f a c t i s t h a t i n t h e d e s i g no f t h e h i g h e f f i c i e n c y m a c h i n e , a r e d u c t i o n i n l o s s e s i st h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e . As a r e s u l t , t h e h i g h e f f i c i e n c ym a c h i n e s t i l l p r o d u c e l o w l o s s e s when o p e r a t i n g as t h eS E I G .

    F i g s . 1 4 - 1 5 s h o w a c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y o f t h e S E I G . T h eh i g h e f f i c i e n c y SEIG g i v e s s m a l l e r c h a n g e t h a n t h es t a n d a r d SEIG u n d e r v a r i o u s t y p e s o f l o a d s s i n c e t h er o t o r r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e h i g h e f f i c i e n c y SEIG i s l e s s t h a nt h a t o f t h e s t a n d a r d S E I G .

    F i g . 14 . Variation of f r e q u e n c y with o u t p u t power forresistive load

    I V . CONCLUSIONFrom t h e t e s t s a n d a n a l y s i s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o ft h e h i g h e f f i c i e n c y a n d s t a n d a r d S E I G , i t f o u n d t h a t t h eh i g h e f f i c i e n c y SEIG i s s u i t a b l e f o r g e n e r a t i n g e l e c t r i c

    p o w e r f r o m w i n d energy. H o w e v e r , i m pr o v em e n t a n dd e v e l o p m e n t ar e s t i l l r e q u i r e d i n t e r m o f c a p a b i l i t y o fv o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n u n d e r a s p e e d c h a n g e , h a r m o n i cr e d u c t i o n o f t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a n d s t a r t - u p d u r a t i o nAPPENDIX

    V b : 2 2 0 V , l b : 5 . 2 A ( s t a n d a r d m a c h i n e ) a n d 4 . 7 ( h i g he f f i c i e n c y m a c h i n e ) , P b : 2 . 2 kW, Z b : 4 2 . 3 0 Q ( s t a n d a r dm a c h i n e ) a n d 4 6 . 8 0 Q ( h i g h e f f i c i e n c y m a c h i n e ) , ZL:per p h a s e r e s i s t i v e l o a d 2 4 2 Q a n d r e s i s t i v e - i n d u c t i v el o a d 1 6 6 . 9 7 + j 1 0 3 . 4 5 Q .

    1317

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    a M -M ._ ri. ; G ' F

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    REFFERENCES[ 1 ] S . S . M u r t h y , O . P . M a l i k , a n d A . K . T a n d o n , A n a l y s i s o fs e l f - e x c i t e d i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s , P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I E E ,V o l . 1 2 9 , N o. 6 , p p . 26 0- 26 5 , N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 .[ 2 ] S . S . M u r t h y B . P . S i n g h C . N a g m a n i a n d K . V. V.S a t y a n a r a y a n n a , S t u d y o n t h e u s e o f c o n v e n t i o n a l i n d u c t i o nm o t o r s a s s e l f e x c i t e d i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s , IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n so n E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n , V o l . 3 , N o . 4, p p . 84 2- 8 48 , D e c e m b e r1 9 8 8 .[ 3 ] T . F . C h a n C a p a c i t a n c e R eq u i re me nt s o f S e l f - e x i t e dI n d u c t i o n G e n e r a t o r s , IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s o n E n e r g yC o n v e r s i o n , V o l . 8 , N o . 2 , p p . 30 4 -3 1 0 , J u n e 1 9 9 3 .[ 4 ] S . P S i n g h , B . S S i n g h a n d M . P . J a i n , C o m p a r a t i v e s t u d yo n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a c o m m e r c i a l l y d e s i g n e d i n d u c t i o ng e n e r a t o r w i t h i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s o p e r a t i n g a s s e l f e x c i t e di n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r s , P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I E E , V o l . 1 4 0 , N o . 5 ,p p . 3 7 4 - 3 8 0 , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 3 .[ 5 ] L . S h r i d h a r , Bhim S i n g h , C . S . J h a A s t e p t o w a r d si m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S e l f e x c i t e d I n d u c t i o nG e n e r a t o r , IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s o n E n e r g y C o n v e r s i o n , V o l . 8 ,N o . 1 , p p . 4 0 - 4 6 , M a r c h 1 9 9 3 .[ 6 ] T a r e k A h m e d , K a t s u m i N i s s h i d a , M u t s o u N a k a o k aa n d Hyun W oo L e e , S e l f - E x c i t e d I n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o rw i t h S i m p l e V ol t a g e R eg ul a ti on S c h e m e f o r WindE n e r g y , P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 3 0 t h A n n u a l C o n f e r e n c e o ft h e I E E E , V ol . 1 4 0, N o. 5 , p p . 8 6 - 9 1 , November 2 0 0 4 .[ 7 ] I E E E s t d 1 1 2 - 1 9 9 6 , I E E E S t a n d a r d T e s t P r o c e d u r e f o rP o l y p h a s e I n d u c t i o n M o t o r s a n d G e n e r a t o r s , p p . 2 8 - 5 3 ,1 9 9 6 .

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