analysing the costs and benefits of ethanol-based fuel programs: can the u.s. afford to go green? by...

8/6/2019 Analysing the Costs and Benefits of Ethanol-based Fuel Programs: Can the U.S. Afford to Go Green? by Luc Berlin 2…

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lkyh mha kqgny lkookabqbn|%‟ mllkyabhc qk \mo Hne|kh‒| myqblen Nqgmhke Hk Ekhcny

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Nhnycr % mha Nqgmhke zemhq bh Lnhqyme Beebhkb|% nvnh inebnvn qgmq qgn yb|bhc lkyh zybln| b|

bh abynlq lkyynemqbkh sbqg qgn ―anvme~mqbkh kf qgn Monyblmh akeemy‟ a~n qk ―bhvn|qky|

sgk gmvn |sbqlgna qk z~qqbhc okhnr bhqk lkookabqbn| mha okyn anomha fyko

nonycbhc omy`nq| eb`n M|bm‟ '@knqqny|% Klq 9::7"(

Yna~lna Nhvbykhonhqme Bozmlq mha Lynmqbkh kf Hns Dki|

\~zzkyqny| mha lybqbl| kf Ibkf~ne| me|k ab|mcynn kh qgn bozmlq Nqgmhke

zyka~lqbkh gm| kh lmyikh nob||bkh mha cekime smyobhc( M| lybqbl| myc~n qgmq Nqgmhke

zyka~lqbkh mllnenymqn| zkee~qbkh mha cekime smyobhc% |~zzkyqny| lembo qgn lkozenqn

kzzk|bqn( Mllkyabhc qk qsk emhaomy` |q~abn| ~hvnbena ir Qgn Beebhkb| Lkyh Cyksny|

M||klbmqbkh% zyka~lqbkh kf Ibkf~ne| enmvn| m ―|omeeny lmyikh fkkqzybhq qgmh cm|kebhn

mha gm| |~i|qmhqbme ykko fky cyksqg sbqgk~q mffnlqbhc lkyh |~zzer qk qgn fkka mha

fnna |nlqky|‟ mha ―okanyh nqgmhke zemhq| gmvn m |~znybky lmyikh fkkqzybhq mha

nhnycr inhnfbq sgnh lkozmyna qk cm|kebhn ynfbhnybn|‟ 'Zynhanycm|q% nq me"(

Ay( \qnffnh O~neeny% zybhlbzme yn|nmylg nlkhkob|q mq qgn ^hbvny|bqr kf Beebhkb| mq

Lgblmck‒| Nhnycr Yn|k~yln| lnhqny f~yqgny m||nyq| qgmq m lkhle~|bvn yn|nmylg fbha|

qgn bozmlq kf qgn okanyh nqgmhke zemhq kh cekime smyobhc qk in 1: znylnhq eksny

qgmh cm|kebhn( Qgb| b| kivbk~|er m |~i|qmhqbme yna~lqbkh fyko h~oiny| zynvbk~|er

myc~na mha |gmyna ir lybqbl| bh z~iebl animqn|(

Maabqbkhmeer% anvnekzbhc mh Nqgmhke zykcymo bh qgn ^hbqna \qmqn| sk~ea enma

qk qgn lynmqbkh kf hns dki|% mha bh ok|qer y~yme lkoo~hbqbn| sgnyn dki kzzkyq~hbqbn|

myn |lmylny( Yki Neebkqq% vbln zyn|banhq kf qgn Beebhkb| Lkyh Cyksny| M||klbmqbkh%



Ynzemlbhc lkyh sbqg |~cmylmhn m| qgn zynobny Ibkf~ne lykz sk~ea zk||bier

meenvbmqn qgn skyybn| kf omhr lybqbl| |znlbfblmeer kh qgn |~idnlq| kf fkka zybln|%

anfkyn|qmqbkh% mha cekime smyobhc(

Zmyq Qgynn4 Ekk` mq qgn lk|q mha inhnfbq okane mha

anqnyobhn sgblg fmlqky| k~qsnbcg qgn kqgny|(

Qgn Zybhlbzen kf Lk|q/Inhnfbq Mhmer|b|

Mllkyabhc qk emqn Zykfn||ky Nasmya Cymoeblg% m fkyony nlkhkobl| zykfn||ky mq

qgn ^hbvny|bqr kf Oblgbcmh mha mh Mlqbhc Abynlqky kf qgn Lkhcyn||bkhme I~acnq Kffbln%

lk|q/inhnfbq mhmer|b| ―b| m fymonsky` fky kycmhbtbhc qgk~cgq|% ky lkh|banymqbkh| qgmq

lmhhkq in nm|ber nh~onymqna ky vme~na% mha sgnyn qgn mhmer|b| inlkon| }~bqn

lkhdnlq~yme‟ 'Cymoeblg% z( >"( Bh kqgny skya|% m lk|q/inhnfbq mhmer|b| banhqbfbn| qgn

zyk| mha lkh| kf m zyk|znlqbvn anlb|bkh% bh qgb| lm|n bh z~iebl zkeblr% mha gnez| qgn

anlb|bkh/om`ny lkon qk m |k~ha mha ~hibm|na d~aconhq ir |nnbhc sgblg fmlqky|

k~qsnbcg qgn kqgny|(

\nno| |qymbcgqfkysmya nhk~cg; Khn sk~ea qgbh` |k( Gksnvny% inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b|%

m| sn sbee ab|l~|| bh qgn hnwq |nlqbkh% lmh in m abffbl~eq qkke qk ~|n qk mhmertn

ckvnyhonhq zykcymo|(

Lk|q/Inhnfbq Mhmer|b| mha qgn Ckvnyhonhq

Meqgk~cg |nnobhcer |qymbcgqfkysmya% m lk|q/inhnfbq mhmer|b| qnha| qk in m

inqqny qkke fky zybvmqn anlb|bkh/om`bhc ymqgny qgmh fky z~iebl zkeblr( Bh gb| ikk`% M

C~ban qk Inhnfbq/Lk|q Mhmer|b|% Zykfn||ky Cymoeblg banhqbfbn| qgynn lkh|banymqbkh|



sgr bq inlkon| zmyqbl~emyer abffbl~eq qk ak inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b| fky ckvnyhonhq

zykcymo|4

Fby|q% qgn ckvnyhonhq b| hkq mh nhqbqr |nzmymqn fyko bq| lbqbtnh|% i~q ynmeer qgn

lkeenlqbvn nwzyn||bkh kf qgn sbee kf lbqbtnh|( Qgn inhnfbq| mha lk|q| kf |konckvnyhonhq zykdnlq myn qgnh hkq qgn bhlynm|n| ky anlynm|n| bh ckvnyhonhqynvnh~n| i~q qgn cmbh| ky ek||n| qk mee onoiny| kf qgn lkoo~hbqr(\nlkha% qgn zyblbhc kf yn|k~yln| ~|na ky qgn inhnfbq| lynmqna ir m zykdnlq(^heb`n zybvmqn zyka~lny| sgk om`n anlb|bkh| im|na kh omy`nq zybln% z~ieblanlb|bkh om`ny| gmvn qgn maana yn|zkh|bibebqr kf m|`bhc sgnqgny qgn|n zybln|cbvn m lkyynlq onm|~yn kf |klbme inhnfbq| ky lk|q|(Qgbya% qgn ckvnyhonhq‒| zkeblr z~yvbns lmh in vnyr iykma( Qgnynfkyn khnlmhhkq hncenlq qgn bozmlq k~y anlb|bkh lmh gmvn kh kqgny zkeblbn| 'Cymoeblg%zz( 1/>"(

Nvnh qgk~cg bq b| abffbl~eq qk mhmertn ckvnyhonhq zykcymo| ~|bhc m lk|q/inhnfbq okane

inlm~|n kf qgn qgynn lkh|banymqbkh| lbqna mikvn% Zykfn||ky Cymoeblg bh m |znnlg kh

qgn Onqgkakekcr kf Inhnfbq/Lk|q Mhmer|b| okyn |znlbfblmeer qgn |~idnlq kf Mvkbabhc

Zkebqbl| bh Anlb|bkh Om`bhc % banhqbfbn| fns bh|qmhln| sgnh m inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b| lmh

in nffnlqbvn bh z~iebl zkeblr anlb|bkh|4

Bf omy`nq| mha vme~mqbkh onqgka| myn lenmy mha qbon znybka| myn ynemqbvnerebobqna% m| sbqg ybvny mha gmyiky zykdnlq|% |~i|bar onm|~yn|% qmw ky qmybff

lgmhcn|% inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b| b| ~|~meer mien qk fymon z~iebl anlb|bkh| zynqqrlenmyer( I~q fky zykcymo| bhvkevbhc yn|nmylg% lebomqn lgmhcn% ky kqgny qrzn| kf nwqynon |lbnhqbfbl ~hlnyqmbhqr% anlb|bkh| myn fymona o~lg en|| lenmyer( Nvnh bh qgn|n mynm|% inhnfbq lk|q mhmer|b| gm| vme~n% m| B sbee qyr qk bee~|qymqn% i~q khno~|q in vnyr lmynf~e qk nh|~yn qgmq qgn yn|~eq| kf qgn mhmer|b| myn hkqob|~|na(Qgn|n myn fk~y lm|n| k~q kf znygmz| g~hayna| ky nvnh qgk~|mha| bh sgblgckvnyhonhqme anlb|bkh/om`bhc gm| bhvkevna inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b|( Qgnr myn hkqbhqnhana qk ynzyn|nhq m lkozenqn zkz~emqbkh |mozen i~q kher qk bee~|qymqnlnyqmbh qrzn| kf k~qlkon|( Bh nmlg lm|n% inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b| sm| ~|na% mha bqkfqnh gma |kon nffnlq( Bh |kon lm|n|% qgn inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b| |nnona qk in

snee akhn0 bh kqgny lm|n|% bq sm| hkq(

Khn lmh ayms |nvnyme en||kh| fyko qgn nwmozen|4

• Insmyn kf ebobqmqbkh| / Khn eb`n| qk qgbh` qgmq inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b|% m| mfenwbien mha lkozyngnh|bvn fymonsky` fky lkh|banybhc zykcymobhfkyomqbkh% |gk~ea in ~|na fky meok|q mhr z~iebl anlb|bkh(



• Bhanznhanhq nvme~mqbkh| myn ly~lbme / k~q|ban mhmer|q| fk~ha omhrzykieno| mha omhr ibm|n| bh qgn nvme~mqbkh|( D~|q m| lkyzkymqbkh| |gk~eain |~idnlq qk qgn |ly~qbhr kf k~q|ban m~abqky|% ckvnyhonhq mcnhlbn| |gk~eain |~idnlq qk qgn |ly~qbhr kf k~q|ban nvme~mqky|(

• Bhanznhanhq anlb|bkh om`bhc |qy~lq~yn| myn an|bymien / Z~iebl zkeblranlb|bkh/om`bhc lmh kfqnh in bozykvna ir nozksnybhc |nob/bhanznhanhqikmya| qk om`n anlb|bkh|( Qgn anlb|bkh| kivbk~|er o~|q in qgn |kyq qgmqmyn monhmien qk inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b|(

• Qgn nvme~mqbkh onqgkakekcr b| gnezf~e / Omhr zmyqbl~emy b||~n| sbqgbhinhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b| gmvn innh myk~ha fky anlman|//gks qk ab|lk~hqf~q~yn ynvnh~n| mha lk|q|% gks qk anme sbqg nwznlqmqbkh|% gks qk qynmqyb|`% mha |k fkyqg( \lgkemy| gmvn animqna qgn|n b||~n| qk qgn zkbhq mqsgblg m ynm|khmien lkh|nh|~| nwb|q| kh gks qk gmhaen qgno(

• Qgn i~acnq zykln|| gnez|(

• \qkzzbhc nwb|qbhc zykcymo| b| hkq bozk||bien / Inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|n| kf zykdnlq| lmh in akhn mq mhr zkbhq% mha qgnyn b| zynlnanhq fky |qkzzbhc zykcymo| bh oba|qynmo(

• Inhnfbq/lk|q mhmer|b| lmh me|k in ~|na qk bozykvn qgn sky`bhc| kf zykcymo|(

Kf lk~y|n bh m ―|bozeny‟ nlkhkobl skyea% bq sk~ea in o~lg nm|bny qk znyfkyo m lk|q/

inhnfbq/lk|q kf nvnh ckvnyhonhq zykcymo|( Zmynqk‒| y~en% ir hbhnqnnhqg lnhq~yr

Bqmebmh |klbme |lbnhqb|q% Vbefynak Zmynqk% sgblg |qmqn| ―zykcymo W bozykvn| qgn snefmyn

kf |klbnqr bf bq om`n| mq enm|q khn zny|kh inqqny kff mha hk khn sky|n kff‟ lk~ea

|bozer in qn|qna ir maayn||bhc qgn fkeeksbhc }~n|qbkh4 Akn| anvnekzbhc mh nqgmhke/

im|na f~ne zykcymo bh qgn ^(\( om`n mq enm|q khn zny|kh inqqny kff mha% ok|q

bozkyqmhqer% enmvn hk khn sky|n kff;

Ynm||n||bhc qgn vmybk~| lkhlnyh| ymb|na ir ikqg lybqbl| mha |~zzkyqny| kf

Nqgmhke zykcymo|% khn lmh ana~ln qgmq qgn kher zkbhq mq sgblg qgn myc~onhq| myn

hkq lkhqymablqkyr b| kh qgn |~idnlq kf meqnyhmqbvn Ibkf~ne|( Ikqg |ban| |nno qk

ml`hksenacn qgmq |~cmy lmhn b| m o~lg lenmhny Ibkf~ne lykz qgmh lkyh mha kffny|



|ebcgqer okyn mavmhqmcn|% |~lg m| cyksbhc kh |kbe sgnyn anfkyn|qmqbkh b| hkq hnnana%

gmvbhc yn~|mien sm|qn qgmq lmh cnhnymqn gnmq% mha hkq gmvbhc m| cynmq kf mh bozmlq

kh fkka zybln|( Qgn|n myn vmeba mha |qykhc myc~onhq| qgn ^(\( ckvnyhonhq |gk~ea hkq

bchkyn sgnh om`bhc bq| anlb|bkh(

LKHLE^\BKH

B gmvn mesmr| innh bhqnyn|qna bh qgn nlkhkoblme bozmlq m ckvnyhonhq zkeblr

gm| kh bq| |klbnqr( Sbqg qgn l~yynhq lgmeenhcn| kf lenmh mha ynhnsmien nhnycr

anznhanhln mha cekime smyobhc% B fneq ikqg bhqnyn|qna mha lkozneena qk maayn|| qgn

b||~n kf Ibkf~ne|( Sybqbhc or zmzny meeksna on qk banhqbfr mha |q~ar qgn lk|q| mha

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f~ne zykcymo% mha nvnhq~meer gnez on mh|sny qgn |bozen }~n|qbkh4 Lmh qgn ^(\(

mffkya qk ck Cynnh;

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hk ynq~yh( Gksnvny% qgn qkzbl kf anvnekzbhc meqnyhmqbvn mha lenmhny f~ne| fky k~y

vngblen| b| hkq khn qgmq |gk~ea hnbqgny in qm`nh ebcgqer hky y~|gna( Bh qgn kqgny gmha%

qgn kzzkyq~hbqr lk|q| kf cbvbhc ~z m~qkokiben| myn qkk cynmq% mha gnhln myn zmqg|

qgmq lmhhkq in f~eer lkh|banyna( Inlm~|n kf eml`% ky inqqny rnq qgn nwqynon abffbl~eqr

kf ynme/skyea nwznybonhq|% n|znlbmeer kh lykz zyka~lqbkh mha lebomqn lgmhcn%

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gb| myqblen% Ibkf~ne| ky Fkka% ―qgn okane| myn kher m| ckka m| qgn |lbnhln ingbha



qgno‟ mha ―sbqgk~q ybckyk~| vmebamqbkh% okane| lmh ob|enma% m| |omee nyyky| nwzmha

bhqk emycn khn|‟ 'Lm||omh% z(97"(

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mhmer|b| |~zzkyqbhc qgn anlb|bkh(

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yken qk zemr bh m||n||bhc qgn nlkhkobl| mha |lbnhln kf meqnyhmqbvn f~ne|‟

'Zynhanycm|q% nq me("(

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ikqg nlkhkoblmeer mha nhvbykhonhqmeer% qgmh sn myn hks fmlbhc( Qgn Ibkf~ne zykcymo

b| khn kf qgn vnyr fns qnlghkekcblme bhhkvmqbkh| sgnyn m hncmqbvn ―B qkea rk~ |k‟

lkhhkqmqbkh lmhhkq in mffkyana aksh qgn ykma mha sk~ea in hkqgbhc en|| kf m

ab|m|qny(



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analysing the costs and benefits of ethanol-based fuel programs: can the u.s. afford to go green? by...

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