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Analyzing Still and Moving images

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Visual analysis

assumed to reflect or mirror

The rational argument has been

preferred over the appeal to theemotions

Independent or combination with

written or verbal dimension

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Sensual Theories

Gestalt ("The Whole is Different From

the Sum of Its Parts")Constructivism (Short-Term Memory

Builds Images)

Ecological

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"The Whole is Different From the

Sum of Its Parts"

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Perceptual Theories

Semiotics (The Study of Signs)

Ferdinand de Saussure (Swiss Linguist)

Charles Pierce (American Philosopher)

Iconic signs (Direct One-to-One Relationship--Photographs))

Indexical signs

(An Assumed Connection--Smoke From anExhaust)

Symbolic signs (Meaning Must Be Learned--Words)

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Iconic

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Cognitive

(Your Mind at Work)Memory (The Past Affects the Present)

Projection (Giving Objects Added meaning--Tarot Cards)

Expectation (Assumptions About What Must Be Present)

Selectivity (Active Looking)Habituation (Normal Appearances Can Dull Vision)

Salience (Relative Importance to the Viewer)

Dissonance (Distractions--Noise, Personal Problems,Temperature)

Culture (What and How We Learn to Get By)Words (Explanations Are Always Needed)

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Four approaches

Analysing news visuals as

Distortion

SymbolismSemiotic systems

Epistemological guarantee

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Distortion

Camera can lie

Phallic images, fake

Distortion analysis addresses visualmanipulation, misleading selections,

significant omissions and sense

changing croppings

Production based distortion

Eg: Rushdies rushes

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Symbolism

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Semiotic systems

Concerned with how meaning is createdbetween two signs with in the systemespecially in language

Saussures view on language-Relational, not referential

Organized on internal system, which help givemeaning to individual and social experience

Relation between language and meaning isarbitrary.

The system of the language pre-exists theindividual

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Bergers semiotic film conventions

Signifier( shot &film)

Definition Signified

Close-up

Medium-shot

Long shot

Full shot

Face only

Most of body

Setting &charactors

Full body of person

Intimacy

Personal relationship

Context,scope,public

distanceSocial relationship

Pan down

Pan up

Zoom in

Fade in

Fade out

Cut

Wipe

Camera looks down

Camera looks up

Camera moves in

Image appears on blankscreen

Image screen goes blank

Switch from one image to

another

Image wiped off screen

Power,authority

Smallness,weakness

Observation ,focus

Beginning

Ending

Simultaneity, excitement

Imposed conclusion

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Against British criminal justice bill

Daily mail The Guardian

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Analyzing visuals as

epistemological guarantee

Generalized objectivity claims of news

Positioning of images, document or record

Authoritative factuality

Meinhof in her study identifies interrelation

between news text and pictures

Overlap

DisplacementDichotomy