• Analgesics– Opiates– NSAIDs

• Ethanol/Alcohol• Marijuana/Cannabis

What are alcohol forms?2

Ethanol is ethanol is ethanol

1

methanol

3

isopropanol

Prentice Hall – permission to reproduce

Which drink has more ethanol?1. Beer2. Wine3. Shot4. All the same5. Depends on the size

of the drinkl

Ethanol administration and dosage?1 glass of beer

1 glass of wine

1 shot of whiskey

12 ounces at 5%

5 ounces at 12%

1.5 ounces at 40%

How is ethanol metabolized?

ADH

ALDH

Half life approximately 3 – 4 hours

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenase

= O

= O|OH

How does Ethanol influence the Brain?

inside

Which neurotransmitter is MOST impacted by ethanol?

GABA neurotransmitter

GABA receptor now opens, allowing Cl- to move

Cl- Little moves

Cl- LOTS moves

Ethanol also causes hyperpolarization• Helping GABA means inhibiting action potential.Normal action potential

threshold

Threshold not reached

Ethanol Addiction?

•YES • Work through the three parts with a neighbor• Reward

• Tolerance

• Dependence?

More enzyme

“un-marination” of ALL body membranes

Double negative, inhibit inhibitors

What are the benefits of ethanol?

1

resveratrol 3

Insu

lin re

leas

e

Alcohol dose/day

2

What are the side effects of ethanol use?

Alcohol and Brain Damage

PMID: 9161613

Loss of gray matter in alcoholics

And white matter, says Susan Tapert, former UW undergrad

Why does a person “flush” when drinking ethanol?

1. Alcohol binds to specific receptors in the hypothalamus, making one overheat

2. Ethanol causes vasodilation3. Ethanol makes people seek out

warmer environments4. Ethanol causes your cerebellum

to react making you embarrassed

5. Ethanol makes you produce more body heat

What are the long-ranging side effects associated with alcohol use?

Cirrhosis

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Malnutrition, esp. Vit B12

Increase risk of high blood pressure, cancer, immune dysfunction…..

Alcohol DETOX deaths: 5% - 25% of people withdrawing from alcohol die DEPENDING on the care they receive with in withdrawal

Is ethanol toxic?

TI approximately 25 (toxicity)

Underestimates ethanol related deaths

~40% traffic fatalities - Ethanol

Talk to each other. Ethanol causes vasodilation. It also causes INCREASED blood pressure. Which of these explanations might fit?

1. Ethanol causes there to be more dissolved salts in the blood

2. Ethanol causes there to be less dissolved salts in the blood

3. Wider vessels means more blood (which means more pressure)

4. Wider vessels means the heart has to pump harder

Individual experience may vary…

ADH, ALDHD2DROther drugs used (esp. acetaminophen!)Food in gutBody mass, body fatSleep deprivationAgeSetting