analecta praehistorica leidensia 20 - collection of papers - ebook

7/22/2019 Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 20 - Collection of Papers - ebook

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KIKAOCVK

W\KODHSV@\HCK

AOHFOISHK

;84>



Shfostìo Wross K iow noiorkth` i `j Wulah sdhin

Xù kro rokfhin k juaa vorshì `j tdhs l``b, j`r jroo!

Vdhs l``b hs pkrt `j tdo Shfostìo o-ahlrkry wdoro e`st `j ùr

pulahckthìs kro juaay kccosshlao j`r jroo. J`r kccoss t` e`ro

jroo l``bs vhsht= www.shfostìo.cè/ahlrkry

F`wia`kf Juaa WFJ

Zhsht tdo Shfostìo o-ahlrkry t` f`wia`kf e`st `j ùr o-l``bs j`r

ìay ₡ 6,?7. J`r tdhs ehiheka joo yù whaa rocohvo k juaay juicthìka

WFJ kif ly f`hin s`, yù doap t` boop ùr ahlrkry ruiihin.

www.shfostìo.cè/ahlrkry



KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7



KIKAOCVKW\KODHSV@\HCK

AOHFOISHK

W_LAHCKVH@IS @J VDO HISVHV_VO @J W\ODHSV@\X_IHZO\SHVX @J AOHFOI

AOHFOI _IHZO\SHVX W\OSS ;84>



rofkctho vki fha iueeor= C.C. Lkboas

v`renovhin= D.K. fo A`re

c`pyrhndt ;844 ly tdo Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry, Aohfoi

HSSI 7;:8->66>

HSLI 87 76 74:3> 6



hidùf

^ha \òlròbs/

Mki Bàoi/

Fhehtrh fo Aòcbor

E. ^kisaooloi

E.O.Vd, fo Nr``td

C.C. Lkboas

W.M.\. E`fforeki

^hmikif vki for Skifoi

Mki Sa`jstrk/


Whotor vki fo Zoafo

Ki okray ôhcdsoahki shto kt Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro (Shto M) /

Spkthka kikayshs `j akto eosàhtdhc kif ioàhtdhc surjkco sckttors, k tost ckso `j tdo

\òrstroob (Ehffao Ahelurn) / /

Vdo `rnkihskthì `j jahit t``h ekiujkcturo hi tdo Futcd Lkifborkehb <>

@i tdo kfzos `j tdo i`rtdwostori Ahiokrlkifborkehb ?3

Ahelurnor kkrfoworb uht Swohbduhzoi, noe. Scdhiioi, pr`v. Ahelurn 4>

Sueekry= Ahelurn p`ttory jrè Swohbduhzoi, Scdhiioi, pr`v. Ahelurn 8<

Vdo _ssoi pr`moct= akrno sckao sottaoeoit krcdkoà`ny `j tdo porh`f >77 LC-KF <?7, k

proahehikry rop`rt 8?

\urkao cuatuspakktsoi uht fo \èohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ;<?

Sueekry= \urka skictukrhos jrè tdo \èki porh`f hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok ;:<

W`st-fop`shthìka focky= k sheuakthì ;:8



^ha \òlròbs,Mki Bàoi, kifFhehtrh Fo Aòcbor

Ki Okray ôhcdsoahki shto kt Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro(Shto M)

Vdhs pkpor prosoits tdo proahehikry rosuats `j tdo oxckvk-

ahì `j k shto kt tdo lkso `j tdo ôhcdsoahki aòss hi tdo

Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro pht. Hi tdo rhcd j ahit kssoelakno jrè

tdhs shto tdo Aovkaa`hs tocdihquo hs klsoit. Ki oxpakikthì

j`r tdo prosoico/klsoico `j Aovkaa`hs c`ro propkrkthì hs

fhscussof hi tores `j Ehffao Wkakoàhtdhc duitor-nktdoror

iwlhahty.

;. Hitr`fucthì

Shioo ;847 tdo Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho `j tdo

\hmbsuihvorshtoht Aohfoi (HWA) dks looi cìfucthin

krcdkoà`nhcka rosokrcd `j tdo Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro nrkvoa

kif aòss qukrry. E`st `j tdo krcdkoà`nhcka aovoas tdkt

dkvo looi a`cktof hi tdo qukrry cìtkhi ovhfoico j`r

dueki kcthvhthos fkthin t` tdo poiuathekto (Skkahki) kif

akst (ôhcdsoahki) nakchka porh`fs. Vdo e`st hep`rtkit

krcdkoà`nhcka aovoa hs jùif hi jhio-nrkhiof rhvor sofheoits

tdkt kro kppr`xhektoay <?7,777 yokrs àf. Vdhs aovoa, hi

vb-dhcd k iuelor `j oxckvkthìs dkvo looi cìfuctof, dks

yhoafof k rhcd jkuika kssoelakno hifhckthvo `j hitornakchka

cìfhthìs, hicaufhin j`rost oaopdkit, rdhi`cor`s, nhkit

foor, rof foor, kif rò foor. Vdo rosokrcd lohin cìfuctof

hs euathfhschpahikry, kif tdo spochkahsts hivàvof dkvorocoitay pulahsdof k jhrst rop`rt (vki

Bàjscd`toi/\òlròbs ;84?). Vdo soih`r kutd`r `j tdhs

krthcao whaa pulahsd k eì`nrkpd ì tdo krcdkoà`nhcka

kspocts `j tdo rosokrcd (\òlròbs hi prop.).

Vdhs krthcao rop`rts tdo proahehikry rosuats `j k skavkno

oxckvkthì `j k shto prosoit kt tdo lkso `j tdo ôhcdsoahki

aòss hi tdo pht. Vdo shto. Shto M, wks fhsc`vorof ly B.

Nròioifhmb kif M.-W. fo ^krrheìt furhin k systoekthc

survoy `j tdo pr`jhaos oxp`sof hi tdo qukrry. _ifor sovoro

theo cìstrkhits, k nrùp `j stufoits jrè tdo \hmbsuihvor

shtoht Aohfoi kif vàuitoors, rkinhin hi shzo jrè ;7 t` <?

po`pao, oxckvktof tdo shto jrè Eky ;< t` Muio ;, ;84:.

<. \osokrcd eotd`fs

Ahttao theo wks kvkhhklao j`r tdo oxckvkthì `j Shto M

lockuso hi Eky ;84: ht aky hi tdo ehffao `j tdo krok tdkt

tdo Laè Cèpkiy, wdhcd ehios tdo qukrry, dkf pakiiof

t` roe`vo ioxt. Ht wks fochfof t` soaoct ki oxckvkthì

strktony tdkt wùaf pr`vhfo Hij`rekthì klùt tdo spkthka

fhstrhluthì `j tdo jhifs `vor ks akrno ki krok ks p`sshlao.

•« Sw

Jhn. ; Vdo oxckvkt hì hi juaa svQ/hin2 tdo qukrryhin c èpki ydks oxckvktof kaa krùif tdo shto. HWd`t`nrkpd ly Mki Wkupht

(HWA), Eky ;84:;.

Vdoroj`ro, e`st `j tdo jhifs woro càaoctof ly squkro

eotor, oxcopt hi ki krok `j <3 squkro eotors wdoro tdoy

woro hifhvhfukaay pa`ttof hi tdroo fheoishìs hi `rfor t`

kcquhro e`ro fotkhaof Hij`rekthì klùt tdohr d`rhzìtka

kif vorthcka fhstrhluthì. Kat`notdor wo oxckvktof kppr`x-



KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

hektoay <;7 e'. ô osthekto tdkt ly càaocthin jhifs ly

squkro eotor wo woro klao t` oxckvkto kt aokst tdroo theos

e`ro `j tdo krok tdki wùaf dkvo looi p`sshlao dkf wo

hifhvhfukaay pa`ttof kaa jhifs oicùitorof. Furhin tdo

oxckvkthì tdo Laè Cèpkiy roe`vof tdo sofheoits kaa

krùif ùr oxckvkthì krok s` tdkt tdo shto roekhiof ks ki

oaovktof paktj`re hi tdo ehffao `j tdo qukrry {jhn. H). Vdo

qukrryhin ekcdhios kas` cut tdrùnd ki hep`rtkit cìcoi-

trkthì `j jahit krtojkcts hi tdo sùtdwost pkrt `j tdo shto.

@ur Hij`rekthì klùt tdhs cìcoitrkthì hs sckity lockuso

wo roc`vorof tdo krtojkcts wdhao lohin 'cdksof' ly tdo

qukrryhin ekcdhio.

3. Strkthnrkpdy

K fotkhaof foscrhpthì `j tdo Waohst`coio sofheoits hi tdo

qukrry dks looi pulahsdof oasowdoro (Zkifoilorndo ot ka.

;84?). Jhnuros < kif 3 nhvo k scdoekthc `vorvhow `j tdo

noà`nhcka cìtoxt `j Shto M. Vdo jhifs kro strkthnrkpdhckaay

shtuktof kl`vo ki Ooehki pkao`sà (tdo 'Sà fo \`cùrt',

cj. Nuaaoit`ps ;8?6) kif loa`w tdo 'D`rhzìt vki

Iknoaloob', k wokbay fovoa`pof s`ha fktof t` ck. <7,777L.W. (Dkoskorts ot ka. ;84;). Vdo noà`nhcka ektrhx `j Shto

M hs tdo àfost ^chcdsoahki sofheoit jùif hi tdo qukrry,

kif dks looi foshniktof ks _iht :.; hi tdo a`cka

ahtd`strkthnrkpdy (Zkifoilorndo ot ka. ;84?). Vdhs uiht

cìshsts `j ahndt nroy aòss, dkvhin k ekxheka tdhcbioss `j

<7 ce, `vorakhi ly ki oqukaay tdhcb akyor `j fkrb nroy-

lr`wi aòss. Vdo tw` succosshvo akyors `j tdo uiht, wdhcd

dkvo looi hitorprotof ks k s`ha tdkt j`reof uifor stoppo-

ahbo cìfhthìs, cìsthtuto k cèpaox tdkt dks `jtoi looi

`lsorvof kt tdo lkso `j ôhcdsoahki aòss pr`jhaos hi

I`rtdwost Our`po ('Sà fo ^kriotoi', soisu Wkopo kif

Zkid``rio ;8:>). Ht sdùaf, d`wovor, lo strossof doro,

tdkt ehcrè`rpdà`nhcka kikayshs `j tdhs hijorrof s`ha cè

paox kt Loavèfäro fhf i`t yhoaf kiy ovhfoico j`r s`ha j`r-

ekthì hi tdhs d`rhzì (pors. cèe. D.M. Eñcdor ;84>). K

shehakr cèpaox hi Socahi (I`rtdori Jrkico) dks looi fktof

t` >7,777-;77,777 L.W . (Vujjroku ot ka. ;84?). ô pr`vh-

shìkaay kccopt tdhs fkto ks tdo lost osthekto `j tdo kno `j

tdo Loavèfäro _iht :.;. Krtojkcts woro fhstrhlutof vorthckaay

tdrùndùt tdo 37-67 ce tdhcb uiht, lut tdo ekm`rhty `j

tdoe woro jùif ì tdo l`rfor lotwooi tdo ahndt nroy kif

fkrb nroy-lr`wi aòss. Bkrst j`rekthì pr`cossos tdkt

`ccurrof kjtor _iht :.; sofheoits dkf looi fop`shtof

ckusof tdo krcdkoà`nhcka akyor t` sulshfo. Hi tdhs roakthvoay

a`wor p`shthì tdo akyor wks pr`toctof jrè tdo sulsoquoit

or`shì tdkt cèpaotoay `lahtorktof _iht :.; t` tdo wost `j

tdo shto (jhn. <).

6. Shto M jhifs

@tdor tdki k jow jrkneoits `j cdkrc`ka kif sèo lkfay

prosorvof eàkrs - pr`lklay `j oaopdkit - tdo jhifs `j Shto

M cìshst `j jahit krtojkcts.

Kppr`xhektoay <,477 krtojkcts woro càaoctof, ;;: `j wdhcd

woro jrè tdo sùtdwostori pkrt `j tdo shto kif woro

roscuof heeofhktoay hi jrìt `j tdo qukrryhin ekcdhio. Kt

e+ IKW

Shto M• ?</h9DC) 6: /< 47

w

Snvsh,.--=,.ZM-'Y-v22-

àhYYpt

Jhn. < Scdoekthc pr`jhao sd`wh in tdo noà`nhcka p`shth ì `j Shto M. Zorthck a oxknno rkthì

^ha \òlròbs (HWA)|.

;7 T. HF rkwh in ly Mki Iofora`j kif



^HA \@OL\@OBS, MKI B@AOI OI FHEHV\H FO A@OCBO\ - EKKSV\HCDV-LOAZOFO\O

_iht :.;

_iht ?.<

Jhn. 3 Scdoek thc pr`jhao `j Shto M hi ahtd`s trkthn rkpdhc _iht

:.; sd`whin tdo vorthcka oxtoishì `j tdo krtojkct fhstrhluthì

hi tdo _iht kif l`w tdo ekm`rhty `j krtojkcts hs cìcoitrktof.

;=<7. HFrkwhin ly Mki Iofora`j kif ^ha \òlròbs (HWA)a.

tdhs stkno `j tdo rosokrcd tdo jahit ektorhka dks i`t yot

looi stufhof systoekthckaay2 tdoroj`ro, wo cki ìay pr`vhfo

sèo proahehikry roekrbs klùt tdo tocdià`nhcka kif

typà`nhcka cdkrkctorhsthcs `j tdo kssoelakno.

Vdo rkw ektorhka `j kae`st kaa krtojkcts hs k rktdor c`krso-

nrkhiof, nroy-lauo jahit whtd k vory rùifof, fhrty-wdhto

c`rtox. Vdo ikturkaay jrkcturof surjkcos oxdhlht k lr`wi

pkthikthì kif wktor-ràaof ofnos. Vdus, wo supp`so tdkt

tdo rkw ektorhka wks càaoctof jrè tdo rhvorlof oxp`sof

iokrly kt tdo theo tdo shto wks `ccuphof.

Vdo w`rbof surjkcos `j tdo krtojkcts dkvo i` pkthikthì

kif dkvo k jrosd kppokrkico.

Ht hs roekrbklao tdkt iìo `j tdo jakbos sooe t` dkvo looi

pr`fucof ushin tdo Aovkaa`hs tocdihquo. Kae`st kaa tdo

jakbos dkvo looi fotkcdof ly dkrf dkeeor porcusshì,

kif ht a``bs hj i` systoekthc c`ro rofucthì pr`cofuro wks

jàh`wof. Vdo jakbos kro tdhcb kif rktdor dokvy, kif sèo

`j tdo ùtor surjkco `j tdo jahit i`fuao jrè wdhcd tdoy

woro strucb jroquoitay roekhis ì tdo f`rska shfo.

E`st `j tdo c`ros kro sekaa kif dkvo ki hrronuakr j`re

(jhn. 6)2 tdoro kro kae`st i` lakfos `r t`às ekfo ì

l akfos.

Vdoro hs ovhfoico tdkt ekhitoikico kif roe`fhjhckthì `j

t`às woro prkcthcof kt tdo shto, katdùnd pr`lklay i`t ìk vory akrno sckao. Wkrtay tdhs wks fìo ly eokis `j tdo

'aìn sdkrpoihin tocdihquo', wdhcd hivàvos tdo jklrhckthì

`j k aìnhtufhika jakbo kaìn k scrkpor- `r cutthin-ofno,

kif rosuats hi k sdkrp t`à-ekrnhi. Ovhfoico j`r jroquoit

uso `j tdhs tocdihquo dks looi i`tof j`r tdo aktor Skkahki

hifustrhos kt ak C`tto fo St.Lroakfo (Morsoy, Nrokt Lrhtkhi),

pkrthcuakray akyor K (Ckaa`w kif C`rij`rf hi pross).

Vdo wksto pr`fucts `j tdhs tocdihquo roc`vorof kt Shto M

hicaufo ;3 roiowka jakbos ('Aìn Sdkrpoihin Jakbos' `r

'ASJ' , / /n . ?) kif < jakbo-t`às dokrhin ionkthvos `j sucd

jakbos. @tdor t`à-romuvoikthì tocdihquos jùif hi tdo shto

kssoelakno hicaufo tdo roe`vka `j jakbos kaìn w`rbhin-

Jhn. 6 HZHkkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro Shto M= c`ro. RFrk whin ly Mki

Bàoi (HWA)a. 3=6.

Jhn. ? Ekkstrh cdt-Lo avèfäro Shto M= rojht tof Aìn Sdkrpoihin

Jaka1os. HFrkwhin ly Mki Bàoi (HWA)a 3=6.




ofnos ly k sorhos `j dkrf porcusshì la`ws kif pr`lklay

kas` tdo rofucthì `j t`às ly cìthiuùs rotùcdhin,

ospochkaay hi tdo ckso `j sèo stoopay rotùcdof scrkpors

(cj. Fhllao ;8462 ;84:).

Vdoro kro tdroo sekaa jakbos hi tdo Shto M-kssoelakno tdkt

fhjjor jrè tdo rost `j tdo krtojkcts hi tdohr rkw ektorhka -

tdoy kro ekfo jrè ahndt lr`wi-nroy jahit whtd hicaushìs -

ks woaa ks tocdià`nhckaay - tdoy kro pr`fucof ly s jt dke

eor porcusshì. ^dkt roekhis `j tdohr strhbhin paktj`res

hifhcktos tdkt tdoso jakbos woro strucb `jj wdhao rosdkrpoi-

hin k lhjkchka t``h ('dkifkxo rosdkrpoihin jakbos'). Vdo

jakbos woro jùif ca`so t`notdor hi tdo i`rtdwostori pkrt

`j tdo oxckvkthì.

Katdùnd tdoso jakbos kppokr t` lo dkifkxo rosdkrpoihin

jakbos, i` wksto jrè hihthka stknos hi tdo pr`fucthì `j

tdo lhjkco hs roprosoitof, kif i` dkifkxo kppokrs t` dkvo

looi fhsckrfof kt tdo shto. Vdoroj`ro, wo kssueo tdkt k

lhjkchka krtojkct wks trkisp`rtof t` kif jrè tdo shto.

Jhn. : HZHkkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro Shto M= vkrhùs scrkpor j`r es. Frk whin ly Mki Bàoi (HWA)a 3=6 .




W`sshlay tdo dkifkxo hi quosthì hs tdo ìo jùif c. <77

eotros kwky jrè tdo sp`t kt Shto O (\òlròbs ;84?).

Vdhs wùaf supp`rt tdo dyp`tdoshs tdkt dkifkxos woro

noiorkaay curktof kif '...woro hepaoeoits ekfo t` lo

tkboi ì duithin kif nktdorhin oxpofhthìs kwky jrè tdo

dèo lkso' (Booaoy ;847).

Keìn tdo hitoithìkaay rotùcdof phocos `j tdo

kssoelakno kro 63 cèpaoto t`às, kif 34 jrkneoitkry

t`às.

Kppr`xhektoay ?;% (i 5 <<) `j tdo cèpaoto t`às cìshsts

`j vkrhùs scrkporj`res, hicaufhin strkhndt, cìvox, kif

cìckvo shfo scrkpors (jhn. :), jùr sekaa, scrkpor-ahbo t`às

('rkcaottos', jhn. >.;.-<), ìo scrkpor ekfo ì k c`ro, kif

sovorka fùlao-shfof scrkpors.

Vdo rotùcd `j tdo scrkpor w`rbhin ofnos hs noiorkaay stoop

kif hrronuakr2 oxcopthìkaay ht hs jakttor kif sckakrhj`re.

@iay k jow oxkepaos, j`r histkico k jakbo whtd trkisvorso

scrkpor rotùcd, lokr tdo cdkrkctorhsthcs `j stoppof

'[uhik'-ahbo jakbhin.

Ki`tdor fèhikit nrùp (i5 ;8= ck. 66 % `j tdo cèpaoto

t`às ) cìshsts `j i`tcdof phocos kif t`às whtd hrronuakr,'foithcuakto' rotùcd (jhn. >.3-?).

Vdo roekhihin t`às kro ki kinao-lurhi kif k dokvy

fhdofrka lurhi. Vdhs akttor krtojkct, d`wovor, cùaf kas` lo

hitorprotof ks k c`ro usof j`r pr`fuchin sekaa, lakfo-ahbo

jakbos.

Dkifkxos kif `tdor lhjkchkaay w`rbof t`às kro oithroay

klsoit hi tdo kssoelakno. Vdkt lhjkchka t`às woro pkrt `j

tdo 't`àbht', d`wovor, cki lo hijorrof jrè tdo prosoico

`j tdo 'dkifkxo rosdkrpoihin jakbos' fhscussof kl`vo.

Vdo 34 lr`boi t`às hicaufo l`td scrkpor- kif foithcuakto-

jrkneoits. Vdo rktdor a`w rkth` `j wdào t` lr`boi t`às

(ck. ;.;) sunnosts ki hitoishvo uso `j t`às kt tdo shto , ks

fòs tdo `ccurroico `j tdo t`à-romuvoik thì jakbos eoi-

thìof kl`vo.

Keìn tdo krtojkcts whtd i` hitoithìka rotùcd kro ?7

jakbos lokrhin uso rotùcd2 sèo ikturkaay lkcbof bihvos

kro kas` prosoit hi tdhs nrùp.

?. Wr`vhshìka hiaorproakthì `j tdo ahtdhc

kssoelakno.

Wordkps tdo e`st strhbhin jokturo `j tdo Shto M kssoelakno

hs tdo t`tka klsoico `j tdo Aovkaa`hs c`ro propkrkthì

tocdihquo. Hi k j`rtdcèhin pkpor (\òlròbs ot ka. hi

prop.) wo fhscuss ki oxpakikthì j`r tdo prosoico/klsoico

`j tdo Aovkaa`hs c`ro propkrkthì kif j`r tocdià`nhckavkrhklhahty hi noiorka keìn shtos hi tores `j Ehffho

Wkakoàhtdhc duitor-nktdoror e`lhahty.

ô sunnost tdkt propkrof c`ros kif/`r tdohr jakbo pr`fucts

woro ronuakray trkisp`rtof hi tdo Ehffho Wkakoàhtdhc, kif

tdkt tdhs wks fìo t` oisuro tdo kvkhaklhahty `j cutthin

ofnos j`r juturo ioofs. Hi tdhs rospoct wo kssueo tdkt tdo

uso `j c`ro propkrkt hì tocdihquos rojaocts 'ocìèhzhin

Jhn. > Ekkstr hcdtLo avèfäro Shto M= ;-< 'rkcaott os', 3-? Foi-

thcuaktos HFrkwhin ly Mki BàoiU 3=6.




Z.

Q

• • •

<:-?7

9?7

Jhn. 4 HZakp `j Shto M oxckvkth `i krok sd` whi n tdo iuelor `j krtoj kcts por squkro eotor. Vdo

sdkfof kroks woro i`t systoekthckaay oxckvktof. HFrkwhin ly Mki Iofora`j kif Fhehtrh Fo

A`ocbor (HWA)|.




lodkvhùr', oxcopt kt ahtdhc rkw ektorhka pr`curoeoit shtos,

sucd ks Lkbor's Dào (Nrokt Lrhtkhi, \ò ;84;), wdoro tdo

Aovkaa`hs tocdihquo soisu sarhct` wks usof j`r tdo pr`fuc

thì `j ìay ìo `r k jow jakbos por c`ro.

Vdhs hitorprotkthì `j propkrof c`ros kif tdohr oifpr`fucts

ks trkisp`rtof htoes hs lksof ì ovhfoico jrè sovorka

Ehffao Wkakoàhtdhc shtos. Vrkisp`rt `j ahtdhcs hi tdo j`re

`j Aovkaa`hs c`ros j`r histkico, hs foeìstrktof j`r tdo

Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro Shtos C kif N, l`td fkthin jrè tdo

Skkahki (vki Bàjscd`toi/\òlròbs ;84?2 \òlròbs hi

prop.), kif cki kas` lo hijorrof jrè tdo kssoelakno cè-

p`shthìs `j Aodrhinoi (Vdhoeo/Zoha ;84?), kif tdo \dohi-

fkdaoi 'ôstwkif-Juifsodh cdt'/La (L`shisbh ;8::2 Vdhoeo

;843). Ki`tdor oxkepao hs tdo Scdwohisb`pj vàcki`-shto

hi tdo Iouwhof Lkshi wdoro trkisp`rtof jahit jakbos woro

jùif hi kss`chkthì whtd folrhs ùt `j a`cka qukrtz

ektorhka (N.L`shisbh, pors. cèe. ;84:). Jurtdor oxkepaos

kro Scakyi (@tto ot ka. ;843) kif Zàaozoao-Cìn`lorn

(Zyicbhor ot ka. ;84:) hi Loanhue.

Hi k tocdi`h`nhcka stufy `j tdo Eùstorhki hi tdo Jroicd

Wèrhn`rf ronhì. Noiosto (;84?) i`thcof k fhcd`tèùsroakthìsdhp lotwooi k Aovkaa`hs kssoelakno typo, ekiujkc-

turof ì trkisp`rtof rkw ektorhkas, kif k iì-Aovkaa`hs

typo, ekfo ùt `j a`ckaay kvkhaklao jahit. \ocoitay tdhs kif

`tdor `lsorvof fhcd`tèùs pkttoris dkvo aof Lhij`rf

(;84:) t` cìcaufo tdkt Ehffao Wkakoàhtdhc tocdià`nhos hi

noiorka woro cdkrkctorhzof ly trkisp`rtof t`àbhts j`r

'pakiiof' usos kif oxpofhâit t`àbhts hitoifof j`r usos 'ì

tdo sp`t'.

Furhin tdo Loavèfäro Shto M oxckvkthì tw` jahit sckttors

woro hfoithjhof, l`td ekhiay cìshsthin `j tdo wksto jrè

jakbo- kif t``h pr`fucthì. Ks folrhs jrè kaa jahitw`rbhin

stknos (jrè foc`rthjhckt hì jakbos t` sekaa rost-c`ros) hs

prosoit tdo cìcaushì sooes musthjhof tdkt hi tdhs ckso t`à-

ekiujkcturo -kt aokst j`r tdo e`st pkrt- dks looi uifor-

tkboi kt tdo Shto M a`ckthì. E`st `j tdo rkw ektorhkas

usof kppokr t` dkvo looi càaoctof jrè tdo heeofhkto

oivhrìeoit.

Hi tdo cìtoxt `j tdhs fhscusshì, tdo Shto M kssoelakno

ehndt lo hitorprotof ks lohin hitoifof j`r `cckshìka `r

'shtukthìka' uso.

K pakushlao oxpakikthì j`r i`t ushin k trkisp`rtof

tocdià`ny ehndt lo tdkt tdo tksbs t` lo porj`reof kt Shto

M woro akrnoay uij`rosooi `r ' uioxpoctof' (cj. Lhij`rf

;84:)2 ki`tdor ehndt lo tdkt ht wks shepay i`t iocosskry t`

uso tdo trkisp`rtof c`ros kif/`r t`às kif tdkt c`st-

loiojht cìshforkthìs soaoctof j`r tdo ekiujkcturo `j t`às

jrè tdo a`ckaay kvkhaklao stìo rktdor tdki uso `j tdo

trkisp`rtof t``hbht.

:. Juturo rosokrcd

Juturo rosokrcd whaa lo cìcoitrktof ekhiay ì

kccèpahsdhin tdo jàa`whin n`kas=

;) ^dhao pr`cosshin tdo jhifs, wo jùif tdkt ht wks p`ssh-

lao t` jht k iuelor `j tdo jakbos t`notdor. Jàa`whin tdo

cèpaothì `j tdo ehcr`-wokr kikayshs, W. Doiiobois whaa

lonhi k systoekthc kttoept t` rojht tdo krtojkcts càaoctof

furhin tdo oxckvkthì. \osuats `j rojhtthin whaa i`t ìay lo

usof j`r tdo spkthka kikayshs `j tdo shto kif tdo

tocdi`h`nhcka kikayshs `j tdo krtojkcts2 tdoy whaa kas` lo

usof t` eoksuro tdo keùit `j d`rhzìtka fhspakcoeoit `j

tdo ektorhkas hi `rfor t` ekbo hijoroicos klùt p`st-

fop`shthìka pr`cossos. Ki hitorprotkthì `j tdo spkthkafhstrhluthì `j tdo jhifs dks i`t looi ekfo yot. Vdo

d`rhzìtka fhstrhluthì `j tdo jahit krtojkcts kcr`ss tdo

oxckvkthì hs sd`wi hi jhn. 4.

<) Vdo stufy `j p`st-fop`shthìka pr`cossos eust lo cì-

shforof k iocosskry proaufo t` tdo tosthin `j dyp`tdosos

klùt shto juicthì. Ht hs `lvhùs tdkt tdo rosuats `j

ehcr`wokr kikayshs wùaf dkvo ki hep`rtkit rào hi tdo

j`reuakthì kif tosthin `j sucd dyp`tdosos. Curroitay, K.

vki Nhmi hs oxkehihin k skepao `j tdo krthjkcts t` fotor-

ehio hj kif t` wdkt oxtoit ehcr`wokr kikayshs cki cì-

Hrhluto t` k juicthìka hitorprotkthì `j tdo ektorhkas. @ur

jhrst hfok klùt shto juicthì, wdhcd hs lksof ì tdo

proahehikry rosuats `j ùr rosokrcd, hs tdkt Shto M wks k

a`ckthì wdoro spochkahzof kcthvhthos woro porj`reof.

3) K tdhrf hep`rtkit n`ka j`r juturo rosokrcd whaa lo k

cèpkrhsì `j Shto M whtd `tdor shtos hi I`rtdwost Our`po

tdkt kro e`ro `r aoss tdo skeo kno, sucd ks \dohifkdaoi-

ôstwkif/LH (L`shisbh ;8::2 Vdhoeo ;8432 Vdhssoi ;84:),

\`cùrt (Ckdoi kif Dkoskor ts ;846), kif Socahi (Vujjroku

ot ka. ;84?). Vdhs cèpkrhsì whaa oepdkshzo tdo oxpakik

thì `j tdo tocdi`h`nhcka fhjjoroicos lotwooi Shto M kif

tdoso `tdor shtos.




rojoroicos

Lhij`rf, A.\. ;84: Hsàkthin tdo trkishthì t` cuaturka kfkptkthìs= ki `rnkihzkthìka kppr`kc d. Wkpor

prosoitof t` tdo kfvkicof soehikr ì 'Vdo `rhnhis `j e`fori dueki kfkptkthìs',

Scd`à `j Keorhcki \osokrcd, Skitk Jo, Iow Eoxhc`.

L`shisbh, N. ;8:: For pkakàhtdhscdo Juifpaktz \dohifkdaoi, ]honoaoh Froosoi-ôstwkif, Lìior

Mkdrlñcdor ;::, 3;4-366.

Ckdoi, F.

W. Dkoskorts (ofs.)

;846 Woupaos cdkssours fo ak Loanhquo fkis aour ckfro ikturoa, Lruxoaaos.

Ckaa`w, W.

M.E. C`rij`rf (ofs.)

hi pross Ak C`tao fo Sa.Lroakfo, Morsoy. Oxckvkthìs ly Cdkraos EcLurioy ;8:;-;8>4, Aì-

fì/Iow X`rb.

Fhllao, D. ;846 Hitorprothin typà`nhcka vkrhkthì `j Ehffao Wkaoàhtdhc scrkpors= juicthì , styao, `r

soquoico `j rofucthì0 Mùrika `j Jhoaf Krcd. ;;, 63;-63:.

;84: Vdo hitorprotkthì `j Ehffao Wkaoàhtdhc scrkpor rofucthì pktt oris, hi= E. @tto (of.) Cà-

a`quo Hitorikthìka A'Dèeo fo Iokifortka, :;->:, Ahono.

Noiosto, M.-E . ;84? Kikayso ahtdhquo f'hifustrhos eùstèrhoiios fu Wèrhn`rf= uio kppr`cdo tocdià`nhquo fu

cèp`rtoeoit fos nrùpos duekhios ku Wkaèàhtdhquo e`yoi. Vdoso _ihvorshtè L`rfokux

H.

Nu_oit`ps, J.

Dkoskorts, W.

O. Muvhniè

@.S. Buya

D.M. Eñcdor

^. \òlròbs

;8?6

;84;

Cìtrhluthìs k ak cdrìà`nho fu paèhst`cäio ot fos j`reos fu roahoj oi Loanhquo,

Eèe`hros fo a'Histhtut Nèà`nhquo fo a'_ihvorshtè fo Aùvkhi ;4, ;<?-<?<.

Cèpt o roifu fo a'oxcurshì fu ;3 muhi ;84;, oi Doslkyo ot ku Ahelùrn Ioorakifkhs,

cìskcrèo k ak cdrì`strkthnrkpdho fos aòss fu paèhst`cäio supèrhour, Kiikaos S`c. Nèà.

Loan. ;76, <<3-<67.

Booaoy, A.D.

Bàjscd`toi, V. vki

^. \òlròbs (of.)

;847 Oxporheoitka fotorehikthì `j stìo t``h usos, Cdhckn`/Aìfì.

;84? Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro= strkthn rkpdy, pkakoòivhrìeoit kif krcdkoà`ny `j tdo Ehffao kif

Akto Waèhst`cäio fop`shts. Eofofoahinoi \hmbs Noà. Fhoist 38-;. (kas` ks Kikaoctk

Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;4).

@tto, E.

M.-E. Aè`tkrf

K.-E. Scdiohfor

K. Nkuthor

;843 Jùhaaos kux nr`ttos fo Scakyi (Ikeur), Doahihue <3, ;;<-;6<.

Wkopo, \.

\. vki D``rio

;8:> Vdo strkthnrkpdy kif pkako`làkiy `j tdo Akto Waèhst`cäio hi Loanhue (Eèe`hros Oxpa.

Ckrtos Nèà. ot Ehi. Loanhquo 4), Lrussoa.

\ò, F.K. ;84; Vdo A`wor kif Ehffao Wkakoàhtdhc porh`fs hi Lrhtkhi, Aìfì.




\òlròbs, ^.

\òlròbs, ^.

M. Bàoi

O. \oishib

;84? Krcdkoà`nhcka rosokrcd kt tdo Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro pht= k rovhow. Eofofoahinoi \hmbs

Noà. Fhoist 38-;, ;78-;;4 (kas` ks Kikaocak Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;4, ;78-;;4).

hi prop. Krcdkoà`nhcka rosokrcd kt tdo Ekkstrhcdt-Loavoforo pht ;847-;84?, Kikaocak Wrkodhsa`rhck

Aohfoishk.

hi prop . Hitor-kssoihlakno vkrhklhahty hi tdo Ehffao Wkakoàh tdhc= sèo spocuakthvo cèeoits ì

fop`shthìka kif p`st-fop`shthìka pr`cossos.

Vdhoeo, D.Vdhoeo, D.

S. Zoha

;843 For pkakàhadhscdo Juifpaktz \dohifkdaoi, Búai (Fhss.).;84? Iouo _itorsucduinoi zue ooezohtahcdoi Oaojkitoi-Mknfpaktz Aodrhinoi, Afbr. Zorfoi,

Fho Buifo I.J.3:, ;;-?4.

Vdhssoi, M. ;84: Ohi wohtoror Juifpaktz for ôstwkifjuifscdhcdt (LH) vì \dohifkdaoi, Krcdñà`nhscdos

B`rr.la. ;:, ;;;-;<;.

Vujjroku, K.

S. \ovhaahì

M. Sèeè

E.M. Khtboi

M. Duxtklao

K. Aor`h-Nùrdki

;84? Ao nhsoeoit Wkaèàhtd hquo e`yoi fo Socahi (I`rf, Jrkico), Krcdñà`nhscdos B`rr.la. ;?,

;3;-;34.

Zkifoilorndo, M.

D.M. Eñcdor

^. \òlròbs

F. Noebo

;84? Ahtd`strkthnrkpdy kif pkakoòivhrìeoit `j tdo Ehffao kif Akto Waohst`coio fop`shts kt

Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro, Sùtdori Ahelurn, Vdo Iotdorakifs. Eofofoahinoi \hmbs Noà.

Fhoist 38-;,>-;4. (kas` hi = Kikaocak Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;4, >-;4).

Zyicbhor, W.

W.E. Zoreoorscd

A. Loocbekis

;84: K Eùstorhki shto kt Zàaozoao-Cìn`lorn (Nkaekkr foi, Loanhue), Iàko Wrkodhsa`rhcko

:, ?-;6

^ha \òlròbs/Mki Bàoi/Fhehtrh fo Aòcbor

Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho

W`stlus 8?;?

IA-<377 \K Aohfoi



E. ^kisaooloi Spkthka Kikayshs `j Akto Eosàhtdhc kif Ioàhtdhcsurjkco sckttorsk tost ckso `j tdo \òrstroob (Ehffao Ahelurn)

Vdo Wrodhst`rho roekhis hi tdo \òrstroob, ki krok `j ;66

be' sùad `j \òreìf kif oksa `j tdo Eouso (Ehffao

Ahelurn, tdo Iotdorakifs) dkvo looi hivoit`rhof. Vdhs

pkpor cìcoitrktos ì tdo hivoit`ry kvkhaklao j`r Akto

Eosàhtdhc kif Ioàhtdhc porh`fs (??77-M>77 L.C.) K

e`foa hs pr`p`sof j`r tdo cdkinos hi tdo sulshstoico

ocìèy, tdkt wùaf lo rojaoctof hi tdo sottaoeoit pkttori.

Jàa`whin k k crhthcka kikayshs `j tdo p`sshlao fhst`rthìs `j

tdo càaoctof Hij`rekthì, tdhs e`foa hs tostof ly ushin

stkthsthcka tocdihquos j`r caksshjhckthì kif spkthka kikayshs.

Katdùnd tdo rosuats `ltkhiof kro i`t uikelhnuùs, sèokro uioxpoctof. Vdo fktk sooe t` hifhckto tdkt tdo Okray

Ioàhtdhc po`paos usof tdo krok ekhiay j`r trkisduekico.

Knrhcuaturka sottaoeoits kro prosoit jrè tdo Ehffao

Ioàhtdhc ìwkrfs. Duithin kif nktdorhin roekhis k

shnihjhckit pkrt `j tdo ocìèy uitha tdo Lokbor cuaturo

porh`f.

;. Hitr`fucahì

Vdoro hs k cìsphcuùs nkp hi bi`waofno klùt tdo

Ioàhthihc lotwooi tdo Ahiokr Lkifhcorkehc (ALB) hi tdo

Sùtd Ahelurn aòss krok (6?77 LC, uickahlrktof C;6) kif

tdo soeh-knrkrhki nrùps hi tdo ôst Iotdorakifs foatk

krok (3677 LC). Eucd hs bi`wi klùt tdo ALB jrè

oxckvkthìs kt Oasa``, Noaooi, Shttkrf, kif Stohi (E`ffor

eki ;8>7, Lkboas ;8>4), ì tdo ìo dkif, kif klùt tdo

nrùps hi tdo foatk krok jrè tdo oxckvkthìs kt Swhjtor-

lkit, Lornscdoidòb, Dkzoifìb, kif Dot Z`reor

(Focbors ot ka. ;847, Aùwo B``hmekis ;8:>k, ;8>:l), ì

tdo otdor dkif. Lut roakthvoay ahttao hs bi`wi klùt tdo

typ`-cdrìà`ny, ektorhka roekhis, kif sulshstoico hi tdo

krok kif tdo theo porh`f hi lotwooi. K iuelor `j ronhìs

hi tdo Eouso \hvor Zkaaoy, wdoro kektour krcdkoà`nhsts,

ohtdor ks hifhvhfukas `r hi `rnkihzof nrùps, dkvo looi

kcthvo j`r k iuelor `j yokrs, `jjor n``f p`sshlhahthos j`r

lrhfnhin tdhs nkp hi bi`waofno. Suhtklao ronhìs `j tdokrok kro, keìn `tdors, tdo \hmb `j Ihmeonoi, Zoirky,

Aouloob, \òrstroob, kif Eìtj`rtorlròb.

Iovortdoaoss, tw` jkct`rs cìstrkhi ekbhin hitorprotkthìs

jrè tdo rosuats `j ronhìka hivosthnkthìs `j tdhs 'hi-

lotwooi' krok. Vdo jhrst hs tdkt tdo krcdkoà`nhcka ektorhka

cìshsts ekhiay `j jahit càaoctof jrè surjkco sckttors. Vdo

socìf hs tdkt tdo càaocthìs `j tdoso ektorhkas dkvo looi

ekfo ly fhjjoroit kektour krcdkoà`nhsts, okcd whtd

dhs/dor `wi eotd`f kif hitoishty `j survoy. Ehthnkthin

tdoso cìstrkhits hs tdkt tdoro hs k cìshforklao keùit `j

fktk klùt tdo krok, wdhcd hs usukaay rokfhay kccosshlao.

E`ro`vor, shico tdo rosuats `j ronhìka kppr`kcdos dkvo

looi rowkrfhin hi `tdor cùitrhos (Dkeìf ;8>4, Brub

;847, Ekfsoi ;84;, ;84<, aaott ot ka. ;84<, Lrkfaoy/Nkr-

fhior ;846), tdoy ehndt kas` lo rowkrfhin hi tdo Eouso

Zkaaoy.

Vdo \òrstroob hivoit`ry hs tdo jhrst hi k sorhos `j hivoi

t`ry pr`mocts. Ht sorvos ks k pha`t stufy t` oxpa`ro tdokikaythc p`sshlhahthos `j tdo Eouso Zkaaoy ronhì fktk j`r

hivosthnkthin tdo ioàhtdhchzkthì `j tdo I`rtdwost Our`-

poki Wakhi ks woaa ks t` fovoa`p eotd`fà`nhcka

kppr`kcdos.

Vdo hitr`fucthì `j ki knrkrhki ocìèy kif hts fovoa`p-

eoit furhin tdo cùrso `j tdo Ioàhtdhc kro tw` coitrka

tdoeos `j krcdkoà`nhcka rosokrcd. Ayhin whtdhi tdo pur-

vhow `j tdoso tdoeos, tdo rosokrcd prosoitof doro hs

kffrossof t` tdo Akto Eosàhtdhc (Noifoa ;84<) kif

Ioàhtdhc kif hs lksof ì tdo hfok tdkt shnihjhckit cdkinos

hi sulshstoico pkttoris lotwooi tdo Akto Eosàhtdhc kif

Ioàhtdhc sdùaf lo rojaoctof hi tdo krok ly tdo fhstrhluthì

kif a`ckthì `j shtos.

Vdo e`foa pr`p`sof doro j`r tdo skify krok `j tdo

\òrstroob hs tdkt tdhs krok, hi cìtrkst t` tdo aòss krok `j

Sùtdori Ahelurn, wks ahttao usof ly tdo po`paos `j tdo

ALB kif \`ssoi cuaturos, kif tdkt k Eosàhtdhc duitor-

nktdoror ocìèy porshstof uitha kppr`xhektoay 3677 LC.

Kjtor tdhs theo knrhcuaturo pakyof k rào hi tdo sulshstoico

ocìèy, ks hs sd`wi ly tdo Swhjtorlkit kif Dkzoifìb

rosokrcd. Knrhcuaturo kppokrof hi tdo krok ks k sekaa son

eoit `j tdo sulshstoico ocìèy kif tdoi hicroksof hi

hep`rtkico furhin tdo cùrso `j tdo Ioàhtdhc. Ly tdo theo

`j tdo Lokbor cuaturos, wdhcd lonki krùif <;77 LC hi

tdo Sùtdori Iotdorakifs, k juaay knrkrhki ocìèy wksostklahsdof (Aùwo B``hmekis ;84?).

Hj tdo kl`vo e`foa hs c`rroct, tdoi tw` nrkfuka cdkinos hi

tdo pr`p`rthì `j shto typos kif shto a`ckthìs sdùaf lo

vhshlao lotwooi 3677 kif <;77 L C =

;. K trkishthì jrè soeh-porekioit ckeps (`ccuphof j`r

k pkrt `j tdo yokr) t` porekioit `ccupkthìs `j k shto

(`ccuphof j`r k iuelor `j yokrs). Sucd k trkishthì wùaf



;< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

lo rojaoctof hi ki hicrokso hi tdo shzo `j shtos, hi tdo

iuelor `j krtojkcts hi hifhvhfuka shtos, kif hi tdo

vkrhklhahty `j krtojkct typos (kssuehin tdkt k aìnor furk-

thì `j `ccupkthì whaa oitkha k nroktor iuelor `j kcthvhthos

kt k pkrthcuakr a`ckthì). Kt tdo skeo theo, tdo a`ckthì `j

tdo shtos wùaf sdhjt jrè tdo ekrnhis `j pdysh`nrkpdhc

uihts (tdo e`ro oivhrìeoitkaay dotor`noiùs trkishthì

zìos) t`wkrf tdo coitor `j tdoso uihts (wdhcd kro e`rooivhrìeoitkaay dè`noioùs kif e`ro suhtklao j`r

knrhcuaturo).

<. K focrokso hi tdo iuelor `j shtos roaktof t` kcthvhthos

ùtshfo tdo (soeh-)porekioit shtos (h.o., 'oxtrkcthì' ckeps)

roakthvo t` tdo iuelor `j (soeh-)porekioit shtos. Oxtrkc

thì ckeps kro cdkrkctorhzof ks dkvhin k a`wor foishty `j

ektorhkas, aoss vkrhkthì hi ektorhkas, k sekaaor surjkco

krok, kif lohin a`cktof hi ki kcthvhty spochjhc oivhrìeoit.

Vdo jàa`whin cki lo i`tof ronkrfhin tdo cdkinos hi tdo

fhstrhluthì pkttoris. Vdo \òrstroob hs ki krok whtd cì-

shforklao pdysh`nrkpdhc vkrhklhahty `r dotor`noiohty. Hi

sucd k akifsckpo soaocthvo cd`hco `j a`ckthìs, h.o., ushin krostrhctof iuelor `j tdo pdysh`nrkpdhc uihts prosoit, aokfs

t` k caustorof shto pkttori. Vdo e`ro vkrhklao tdo akif

uihts uthahzof, tdo e`ro fhsporsof whaa lo tdo fhstrhluthì `j

tdo shtos. @i tdhs lkshs, ht wks oxpoctof tdkt wo wùaf

`lsorvo k e`ro prìùicof caustorhin `j shtos tdrùnd

theo.

Vdo jàa`whin pr`cofuros woro usof t` kttoept t` tost tdo

kl`vo e`foa=

;. cìstructhì `j k shto typà`ny ushin shto shzo, tdo

iuelor `j krtojkcts prosoit kt k shto, kif tdo vkrhklhahty `j

krtojkcts prosoit kt k shto2

<. foscrhpthì `j tdo fhstrhluthìka pkttori `j tdoso shtos

ushin p`hit-pkttori kikaysos23. fotorehikthì `j tdo roakthì lotwooi shto a`ckthìs kif

tdo akifsckpo ushin p`hit-krok kss`chkthì.

<. Ekp j`rekahì pr cossos

<. ; VDO \@O\SV\OOB

Vdo hivoit`ry hs rostrhctof t` tdo \òrstroob, ki krok `j

;66 be' sùtd `j \òreìf kif okst `j tdo Eouso (jhn.

;). Vdo coitor `j tdo krok hs Shit-@fhahoilorn, wdoro tdo

Dooebuifo Zoroihnhin \òrstroob (DZ\) dks k eusoue

kif k cìjoroico coitor. Shico ;8:> tdo DZ\ dks c``r-

fhiktof tdo kcthvhthos `j ;7- ;? kektour krcdkoà`nhsts , kif

ekhitkhis k ronhstor `j kaa tdo ektorhkas a`cktof.

Vdhs lkshc hij`rekthì klùt tdo krcdkoà`nhcka rosokrcd hi

tdo \òrstroob, d`wovor, nhvos k fhst`rtof phcturo `j tdo

`rhnhika shto typos kif tdohr fhstrhluthì. Vw` jkct`rs lhks

tdo roprosoitkthì `j tdo `rhnhika fhstrhluthì (tdkt hs, tdo

'tkrnot p`puakthì', `r p`puakthì `j hitorost) nhvoi ly tdo

hij`rekthì klùt tdhs fhstrhluthì tdkt cki lo, `r dks

looi càaoctof (tdkt hs, tdo 'skepao p`puakthì') (Dkeìf

;8>4). Vdoso kro ;) krcdkoà`nhcka roc`vory prkcthcos, kif

, c«YYYY-Y-YAC

Y /Y Yr

;% 'h1ríYY

m

" • • ²

Q}Y-Q,Yy%Y3 /-h /• ; /• •, 2

h Y * Y Y ~ * - Y Y Y Y Y "* • •*

Q 2'Y•'~-, . y "h •9 /'*••*•"

,' "Y9.-...!

Jhn. ; A`ck thì `j tdo \òrstroob

<) ikturka kif cuaturka p`st-fop`shthìka pr`cossos.

Loj`ro tdo pr`p`sof e`foa cùaf lo ovkauktof ly kikays-

hin tdo \òrstroob fktk, tdo hepkct `j tdoso jkct`rs ì tdo

skepao p`puakthì dkf t` lo kssossof.

<. < \OC@ZO\X W\KCVHCOS

Vdo krcdkoà`nhcka fktk hi tdo \òrstroob `rhnhikto jrè

oxckvkthì, jhoaf survoy, kif cdkico c`_octhì (h.o., cà

aoctof hi tdo cùrso `j f`hin ki kcthvhty `tdor tdki

krcdkoà`nhcka jhoaf w`rb, sucd ks rocrokthìka dhbhin kif

knrhcuaturka kcthvhthos). E`st `j tdo ektorhkas ronhstorof

`rhnhikto jrè jhoaf survoy, sèo `rhnhikto jrè cdkico

oicùitor, kif vory ahttho jrè oxckvkthìs.

Zory ahttho dks looi roc`rfof hi tdo \òrstroob klùt tdo

cìtoxt `j `r tdo roakthìs keìn tdo ektorhkas càaoctof

ly cdkico. Jhoaf survoy, ì tdo `tdor dkif, dks tdo hitoi-

thìka n`ka `j jhifhin kif f`cueoithin tdo a`ckthì `j

krtojkcts. Vdoro kro, d`wovor, tw` typos `j survoy,

uisystoekthc kif systoekthc survoy (Dkeìf ;8>4, ;847).

Hi uisystoekthc survoy tdo cd`hco `j tdo pakco(s) t` lo

survoyof hs jroquoitay lksof ì cdkico. Sèotheos ìay

jhoafs jùif whtd dhnd cìcoitrkthìs `j krtojkcts kro

oxpa`rof. @jtoi tdo jhoafs kro i`t sokrcdof systoekthckaay,

lut crhss-cr`ssof hi kaa fhjjoroit fhrocthìs. Kif tdo



;3 E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO @J SCKVVO\S

iuelor `j theos tdkt vkrhùs jhoafs dkvo looi vhshtof vkrhos

cìshforklay. Hi systoekthc survoy sèo kttoept hs ekfo t`

ekhitkhi shehakr survoy c`vorkno, o.n., ly cìtràahin tdo

iuelor kif spkchin `j cr`sshins hi tdo jhoafs.

Vdhrty-tdroo porsìs wd` dkvo sulehttof krcdkoà`nhcka

Hij`rekthì klùt tdo \òrstroob kro ronhstorof hi tdo

DZ\. H hitorvhowof jhvo `j tdo e`st kcthvo hi `rfor t`

oahcht tdohr rosokrcd eotd`fà`ny, hitorost, kif e`fo `jkrtojkct kif shto ronhstrkthì. Vdo rosokrcd eotd`fà`nhos

keìn tdoso porsìs woro dhnday vkrhklao. Vw` prkcthcof

systoekthc survoy, lut k tdhrf stktof tdkt dhs prhekry

hitorost wks tdo \èki porh`f. Hi tdhs akttor ckso tdo

prodhst`rho jhifs tdkt woro roc`rfof cki lo cìshforof t`

lo cdkico oicùitor jhifs.

Vdo p`toiahkaay survoyklto pkrt `j tdo DZ\-krok, wdhcd

dks k t`tka krok `j ;66 beY hs - kjtor oxcaufhin pkrts

c`vorof ly paknnoi s`has, Dà`coio sofheoits, j`rosts, kif

urlki kroks - >8 beQ Vwoity-jùr be Q `r 37"%, `j tdhs

krok dks looi survoyof ly tdo jhvo kektours hitorvhowof

{jhn. <). Shico, hituhthvoay, tdhs fhf i`t sooe t` lo k n``f

lkshs j`r frkwhin cìcaushìs klùt sottaoeoit pkttoris, k

c`ro krok wks fojhiof, wdhcd prhekrhay cìshstof `j tdo

kroks survoyof ly tdo jhvo kektours. Vdhs krok hs ?; be%

`j wdhcd 36 beY hs p`toithkaay survoyklao. Vwoity-tw` beY

(:?%) `j tdo p`toithkaay survoyklao krok dks looi

survoyof, wdhcd sooeof t` lo k eucd lottor lkshs j`r

f`hin spkthka kikaysos. ^htdhi tdo c`ro krok tdo fhjjoroicos

hi survoy hitoishty sthaa dkf t` lo tkboi hit` kccùit.

E`ro`vor, tdoro kro zìos lot wooi tdo kroks hivosthnktof

DZ\-krok

" + ‖ c`ro krok

R H kektour krok ;

Y Y R kektour krok <

Y Y ; kektour krok 3

<be

Jhn. < A`ckth ì `j tdo kroks survoyof ly tdo jhvo kektours

hitorvhowof. Vdroo ekhi survoy kroks kif k c`ro krok kro

fophctof. Vdo c`ro krok wks soaoctof ks tdo krok hi wdhcd

roc`vory prkcthcos pakyof k aoss hep`rtkit rào hi tdo spkthka

fhstrhluthì `j jhif a`ckthìs.

ly tdo kektours wdoro jhoaf survoy hs i`t p`sshlao.

Hi ;846, <?4 krcdkoà`nhcka//irj a`ckthìs woro ronhstorof

hi tdo DZ\ a`n, `j wdhcd <78 dkf prodhst`rho krtojkcts. Hi

`rfor t` fhsthinuhsd lotwooi survoy jhifs kif cdkico

oicùitor jhifs tdo iuelor `j fhkni`sthc krtojkcts por jhif

a`ckthì wks fotorehiof. Vdo bhifs `j krtojkct cìshforof

t` lo fhkni`sthc woro=

- rotùcdof jahit krtojkcts- uirotùcdof jahit ekcr`-lakfos/jakbos

- jahit `r stìo kfzos kif kxos kif porj`rktof kxos

- ehaahin stìos, dkeeorstìos, kif nrhifhin stìos.

Ki krlhtrkry fhsthicthì wks ekfo lotwooi tdo 'sekaa' jhif

a`ckthìs whtd jowor tdki jhvo fhkni`sthc krtojkcts, wdhcd

woro foshniktof tdo rosuat `j cdkico oicùitor, kif 'akrno'

jhif a`ckthìs whtd jhvo `r e`ro fhkni`sthc krtojkcts, wdhcd

woro cìshforof tdo rosuat `j jhoaf survoy. @j tdo <78

prodhst`rho jhif a`ckthìs, 8< (66%) joha hit` tdo jhrst

ckton`ry kif ;;> (?:%) hit` tdo socìf.

Vdo kikayshs `j tdo roc`vory prkcthcos sd`wof tdkt tdo phc

turo `j tdo kroka fhstrhluthì `j jhif a`ckthìs wks strìnay

hijauoicof ly tdo càaocthì strktony oepa`yof. Hi `rfor t`

oahehikto tdo ekiy p`toithkaay fhst`rthin jkct`rs ìay tdo

akrno jhif a`ckthìs hi tdo c`ro krok woro usof. Hi sue-

ekry, jurtdor kikayshs cìcoris ìay tdo jhoaf survoy jhifs

hi :?% `j tdo survoyklao pkrt `j tdo c`ro krok.

<. 3 IKV_\KA W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA W\@COSSOS

Vdo ìay noà`nhcka pr`cossos tdkt eky dkvo fhst`rtof ùr

phcturo `j tdo `rhnhika jhif a`ckthì fhstrhluthì hi tdo

\òrstroob kro oxtoishvo or`shì kif sofheoitkthì. Shico

tdo rosokrcd hs kffrossof t` tdo porh`f lotwooi ??77 LC

kif ;>77 LC, ìay Dà`coio noà`nhcka cdkinos ioofof t`

lo tkboi hit` kccùit . Vdoro kro tdroo ekm r Dà`coiofovoa`peoits hi tdhs krok=

;. pokt j`rekthì. Wokt nr`wtd `ccurrof furhin tdo akto

Eosàhtdhc kif tdo Ioàhtdhc hi tdo sùtdori pkrt `j tdo

\òrstroob (Wut- oi Ocdtorlròb). I` trkcos `j `ccupkthì

dkvo looi jùif hi tdhs krok.

<. or`shì ly kif sofheoitkthì `j rhvors kif strokes. Vdo

Dà`coio sofheoits `j tdo Eouso kif tdo \òr woro

fop`shtof furhin tdo L`roka porh`f. Vdo krcdkoà`nhcka

roekhis stoeehin jrè tdo yùinor p`rthì `j tdo theo

porh`f uifor hivosthnkthì hi tdoso rhvor kif stroke vkaaoys

wùaf dkvo looi cìthiuùsay row`rbof kif trkisp`rtof

ly ja`whin wktor. Stroke fop`shts `ccur hi ìay k jow

pakcos hi tdo \òrstroob.

3. or`shì kif sofheoitkthì cìioctof whtd stoop sa`pos.

Stoop sa`pos kro a`ckaay prosoit hi tdo okstori pkrt `j tdo

\òrstroob.

Kaa hi kaa, ikturka p`st-fop`shthìka pr`cossos f` i`t

kppokr t` dkvo sorhùsay fhst`rtof tdo `rhnhika fhstrhluthì

`j akto Eosàhtdhc kif Ioàhtdhc jhif a`ckthìs.



;6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

< .6 C_AV_\KA W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA W\@COSSOS

Cu_urka p`st-fop`shthìka pr`cossos hicaufo kaa td`so

cdkinos rosuaahin jrè dueki kcthvhthos jàa`whin tdo

porh`f uifor hivosthnkthì. Ihioty-sovoi `j tdo ;;> akrno

jhif a`ckthìs cùaf lo ksshniof t` cuaturka pdksos.

Krtojkcts hi 34 `j tdoso a`ckthìs (38">`) fkto t` ìo

cuaturka pdkso (shinao-pdkso jhif a`ckthìs), kif tdo rost `j

tdo a`ckthìs (?8, `r :;%) dkvo krtojkcts fkthin t` e`rotdki ìo pdkso (euath-pdkso jhif a`ckthìs) furhin tdo theo

porh`f cìcoriof. Zhrtukaay kaa jhif a`ckthìs kro 'cì-

tkehiktof' whtd Hrì Kno, \èki, kif pr`t`dhst`rhc

corkehc krtojkcts. Vdo krtojkct cèp`shthìs `j tdoso

prodhst`rho jhif a`ckthìs, tdoroj`ro, dkvo looi cì-

shforklay katorof ly `ccupkthìs sulsoquoit t` tdo porh`f

uifor hivosthnkthì.

3. Ksshnieoit `j shtos t` cuaturka pdksos kif shtotypà`ny

3.; N_HFO J@SSHAS

@ico k phcturo `j tdo fhst`rthìs kjjocthin tdo cèp`shthì

kif fhstrhluthì `j tdo jhif a`ckthìs dkf looi `ltkhiof,

wo cùaf lonhi whtd tdo 'roka' krcdkoà`nhcka kikayshs. Vdo

ksshnieoit `j tdo krtojkct kssoelaknos t` cuaturka pdksos

wks tdo jhrst stop.Katdùnd tdo kssoelaknos hi tdo \òrstroob cìshst ekhiay

`j jahit krtojkcts, sèo corkehcs kif htoes `j `tdor typos

`j stìo kro prosoit ks woaa. @rnkihc `lmocts, sucd ks td`so

`j w``f, lìo, kif kitaor, dkvo i`t looi prosorvof hi tdo

fry kif fockachjhof s`has. Cìsoquoitay, tdo kssoelaknos

dkvo looi ksshniof t` cuaturka porh`fs ì tdo lkshs `j tdo

jahit kif corkehc krtojkcts.

H

Jhn. 3 Vypà`n hcka tklao `jp`hit typos. Vdo `ccurroico `j

p`hit typos j`r succosshvo

cuaturka pdksos hs sd`wi. Vdo

cdrìà`nhcka 'coitor `j

nrkvhty', h.o., tdo pdkso hi

wdhcd tdo typo hs e`st

iueorùs, hs hifhcktof ly k

lakcb f`t.

ehcr` trhkinuakr p`hits

L p`hits

C p`hits

F p`hits

croscoit

Jouhaao fo Nuh

trkpozos

ksyeeotrhcka cìckvo-lkso p`hits

trhkinuakr p`hits whtd ofno rotùcd

cìckvo lkso p`hits whtd hivkshvo rotùcd

tokr-sdkpof p`hits

trhkinuakr p`hits whtd hivkshvo rotùcd

aokj-sdkpof p`hits

rdèlhc p`hits

trkivorskh p`hits

p`hitof-lkso trkisvorskh p`hits

foiiol`è p`hits

stoeeof p`hits whtd strkhndt lkrls

stoeeof p`hits whtd curvof lkrls

trhkinuakr p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rotùcd

cìckvo-lkso p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rotùcd

cCF H

s

c

73 ‖

? 9

`



HS E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\J KCO @J SCKVVO\S

Shx cuaturka pdksos kro fhsthinuhsdof hi Ahelurn j`r tdo

porh`f uifor hivosthnkthì= tdo Akto Eosàhtdhc (Noifoa

;84<), tdo Ahiokr Lkifborkehc (ALB), \`ssoi,

Ehcdoaslorn, ^krtlorn-Stohi-Zakkrfhinoi (^SZ) (Aùwo

B``hmekis ;843), kif tdo Lokbor cuaturos. Ki hivoit`ry

`j tdo cèp`shthì `j jahit kssoelaknos j`r tdoso pdksos

wks ekfo jrè tdo ahtorkturo, kif tdo typà`nhcka fovoa`p-

eoit `j okcd t``h typo wks ùtahiof. Jhnuros 3 kif 6

prosoit tdhs fovoa`peoit hi typà`nhcka tklaos whtd tdo

cuaturka pdksos hi tdo càueis kif tdo typos hi tdo r`ws.

Shehakr tklaos dkvo looi ekfo ly Jhofaor (;8>8) kif Aúdr

(;8>6) j`r tdo iohndlùrhin \dhioakif. Vdo typà`nhcka

tklaos pr`vhfo tdo lkshs j`r tdo ksshnieoit `j tdo

kssoelaknos t` cuaturka pdksos. Vdo cdrìà`nhcka 'coitor

`j nrkvhty' `j okcd typo, h.o., tdo pdkso hi wdhcd tdo typo

hs e`st iueorùs, hs hifhcktof whtd k lakcb f`t ì tdo

tklao. Vdo typo, hi turi, wks foshniktof ks cdkrkctorhsthc

j`r tdkt porh`f. Hi tdhs wky, e`st `j tdo hifhvhfuka

krtojkct typos woro usof ks k nuhfo j`ssha j`r k shinao

porh`f, kif woro usof t` fkto tdo krtojkcts e`ro prochsoay

tdki hs, hi jkct, p`sshlao. Vdo cìshforklao 'i`hso' pr`-fucof ly tdhs pr`coss wks kccoptof hi `rfor t` dkvo k she-

pao pr`cofuro j`r ekbhin cuaturka ksshnieoits.

Hi kffhthì t` ushin typà`nhcka fhjjoroicos, ìo cki sèo-

theos uso fhjjoroicos hi fonroos `j pkthikthì kif hi rkw

ektorhkas t` fhsthinuhsd Eosàhtdhc jrè Ioàhtdhc krtojkcts.

Vdo kaa`ckthì `j tdo \òrstroob t`às t` tdo vkrhùs

cuaturka pdksos wks ks j`_`ws=

- Akto Eosàhtdhc= trkpozos. Jouhaao fo Nuh, aokj-sdkpof,

trhkinuakr, kif LCF p`hits cùaf sthaa lo prosoit (Iowoaa

;8>3). Scrkpors, l`rors/rokeors, kif lurhis ì ehcr`-

jakbos]-lakfos, ehcr`-c`ros, lakfoaots, lkcbof bihvos, kif

phcb-kxos, wdhcd kro prosoit tdrùndùt tdo Eosàhtdhc,

woro fktof t` tdo Akto Eosàhtdhc ì tdo lkshs `j tdohr

kss`chkthì whtd tdo trkpozos. Ehcr`-lakfos woro fojhiof ks

dkvhin k ekxheue fheoishì `j aoss tdki 3 ce kif

ehcr`-jakbos ks dkvhin ìo aoss tdki < ce.

- ALB= ksyeeotrhcka cìckvo-lkso p`hits, kfzos, kif oif-

scrkpors.

- \`ssoi= cìckvo-lkso p`hits whtd hivkshvo rotùcd,

Lrohtbohao, kif porj`rktof kfzos.

- Ehcdoaslorn= trhkinuakr p`hits whtd hivkshvo rotùcd, aokj-

sdkpof p`hits, tokr-sdkpof p`hits, uirotùcdof kif

rotùcdof ekcr`-lakfos, scrkpors ì ekcr`-jakbos]-lakfos,

p`hitof lakfos, kif rokeors ì ekcr`-lakfos. Ekcr`-

lakfos woro fojhiof ks dkvhin k ekxheue fheoishì

nroktor tdki 4 ce kif ekcr`-jakbos ks dkvhin ìo nroktor

tdki ? ce.

- ^SZ= tkinof p`hits (tdo foiiol`è), trkisvorska p`hits,scrkpors ì ehcr`-jakbos (kas` ì Ekksohamos, `r 'Ekks

onns', (wdhcd kro sekaa, fhsthicthvo, onn-sdkpof pollaos

jùif hi tdo Eouso Zkaaoy), kif chrcuakr scrkpors.

- Lokbor cuaturos= stoeeof p`hits whtd strkhndt lkrls,

trhkinuakr p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rotùcd, cìckvo-

lkso p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rotùcd, paki`cìvox

bihvos, Nrkif Wrosshniy lakfos, kif lkttao-kxos.

Jhn. 6 Vypà `nhcka tklao `j

ekcr`-krtojkcts. Vdo `ccurroico`j ekcr`- krtojkcts j`r suc-

cosshvo cuaturka pdksos hs

sd`wi. Vdo cdrìà`nhcka

'coitor `j nrkvhty', h.o., tdo

pdkso hi wdhcd tdo typo hs e`st

iueorùs, hs hifhcktof ly k

lakcb f`t.

dokvy futy t`às

scrkpors ì ekcr`-jakbos

oifscrkpors ì ekcr`-lakfos

uirotùcdof ekcr`-lakfos

scrkpors ì ekcr`-lakfos whtd rotùcdof shfos

rotùcdof ekcr`-lakfos

p`hitof lakfos

l`rors/rokeors ì ekcr`-lakfos

Nrkif Wrosshniy lakfos

c

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9



;: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Noiorka nuhfo j`sshas j`r tdo Ioàhtdhc woro nrùif jahit

kif nrùif stìo kxos kif corkehcs. Vdo kxo typà`ny hs

i`t sujjhchoitay fotkhaof j`r roahklao ksshnieoit t` cuaturka

pdksos. Vdo corkehc typà`ny, ì tdo `tdor dkif, hs vory

fotkhaof, kif k cuaturka ksshnieoit `j k jhif a`ckthì ushin

ht hs jroquoitay p`sshlao. Corkehcs woro kas` usof ks nuhfo

j`sshas. Sèo jhif a`ckthìs woro fktof sàoay ì tdo lkshs

`j tdo corkehcs wdoi tdo jahit krtojkcts oxpoctof j`r tdo

pdkso cìcoriof woro klsoit.

@io jhif a`ckthì eky lo kttrhlutof t` e`ro tdki ìo

cuaturka pdkso. Vdo ektorhka fop`sht `j ìo cuaturka pdkso

wks foi`tof whtd tdo tore 'shto', kif, tdoroj`ro, k jhif

a`ckthì cùaf dkvo e`ro tdki ìo shto.

J`r okcd cuaturka pdkso tdo nuhfo j`sshas woro cr`ss-

tkluaktof whtd tdo shtos. Cortkhi shtos cìshstof `j ìay ìo

`r k jow nuhfo j`sshas. Sdùaf sucd k shto lo cìshforof t`

loaìn t` tdo shto fhstrhluthì tdo cuaturka pdkso hifhcktof

ly tdo nuhfo j`ssha, `r sdùaf tdo nuhfo j`ssha lo cì

shforof t` lo k strky `r 'a`st' krtojkct0 V` rosàvo tdhs

pr`laoe k ehiheue roquhroeoit j`r k shto t` lo hicaufof

hi tdo kikayshs wks ostklahsdof= ohtdor tdroo `r e`ro nuhfoj`sshas eust lo prosoit `r tdo iuelor `j nuhfo j`ssha typos

prosoit eust lo kt aokst ìo-tdhrf `j tdo iuelor `j

foshniktof nuhfo j`ssha typos j`r tdo cuaturka pdkso. K

Ehcdoaslorn pdkso shto, j`r oxkepao, eust pr`fuco kt aokst

tdroo nuhfo j`sshas shico ihio jahit nuhfo j`ssha typos kif

corkehcs woro usof t` cdkrkctorhzo tdkt pdkso. Vdus, tdo

iuelor `j nuhfo j`ssha typos roquhrof j`r shtos kttrhlutof t`

cuaturka pdksos dkvhin jowor nuhfo j`ssha typos wks aoss

tdki tdkt roquhrof j`r shtos kttrhlutof t` pdksos dkvhin

e`ro typos. Vdhs sàuthì sorvof ks k c`rrocthì, s` t`

spokb, j`r tdo fhjjoroicos hi tdo klhahty t` roc`nihzo tdo

vkrhùs cuaturka pdksos. Vdo jhrst pkrt `j tdo ehiheue

roquhroeoit eokit tdkt shtos dkvhin k akrno iuelor `jkrtojkcts `j ìay ìo typo woro kas` hicaufof hi tdo

kikayshs.

Hi sueekry, uso wks ekfo `j td`so shtos tdkt woro k pkrt

`j k akrno jhif a`ckthì (ìo dkvhin jhvo `r e`ro

fhkni`sthc krtojkcts) kif tdkt dkf ohtdor ìo-tdhrf `r e`ro

`j tdo nuhfo j`ssha typos `r tdroo `r e`ro nuhfo j`sshas.

Kjtor tdo kl`vo soaocthì pr`cofuros woro cèpaotof, tdo

iuelor `j shtos j`r okcd cuaturka pdkso wks= Akto

Eosàhtdhc - ;42 ALB - ;82 \`ssoi - 42 Ehcdoaslorn - ??2

^SZ - 3;2 kif Lokbor cuaturos - ;>. Vdus, ht kppokrs tdkt

k cìshforklao iuelor `j ALB kif \`ssoi shtos kppokr hi

tdo stufy krok. S`, tdo krok wks, hi cìtrkst t` tdo e`foa,usof oxtoishvoay ly tdo po`paos `j tdoso cuaturos. Jurtdor

kikayshs hs roquhrof hi `rfor t` spochjy tdo ocìèho juic-

thìs tdkt tdoso shtos eky dkvo dkf.

3.< SHVO VXW@A@NX

Loj`ro hivosthnkthin tdo sottaoeoit pkttoris `j tdo

hifhvhfuka cuaturka pdksos, ki kttoept wks ekfo t`

fhsthinuhsd fhjjoroit typos `j shtos. Sucd prodhst`rho

roekhis ks jokturos, eìueoits, kif/`r tèls woro i`t

jùif furhin jhoaf survoy kif tdus cùaf i`t lo usof j`r

tdhs purp`so. Lut, ahsts `j krtojkct typos prosoit, tdo

iuelor `j krtojkcts, kif tdo shto krok cùaf lo cìshforof.

Vdo iuelor `j krtojkcts wks i`t fooeof k n``f stkrthin

p`hit lockuso ht hs fopoifoit ì (cdkico) toep`rkry cìfh-

thìs furhin survoy, sucd ks tdo woktdor kif tdo pa`whin

cìfhthìs, kif tdo iuelor `j theos tdo jhif a`ckthì wks

c`_octof. Vdo shto krok wks kas` i`t k n``f lkshs lockuso

tdo jhvo kektour krcdkoà`nhsts hitorvhowof cùaf hifhckto

tdo kroka oxtoit `j tdo fhjjoroit cuaturka pdksos prosoit hi

ìay k jow cksos. _sukaay ht cùaf i`t lo fotorehiof, j`r

oxkepao, wdoro Eosàhtdhc krtojkcts woro jùif kif wdoro

Ehcdoaslorn krtojkcts woro jùif wdoi tdoy woro càaoctof

jrè tdo skeo jhoaf pa`t. Ks k cìsoquoico, k sekaa

Eosàhtdhc `ccupkthì sp`t wks nhvoi tdo skeo krok ks tdo

Ehcdoaslorn shto ly wdhcd ht wks `vorakppof.

Vdoroj`ro, tdo ahst `j krtojkct typos roekhiof tdo ìay

p`sshlhahty j`r fhjjoroithkthin shto typos. Vdo cr`ss tkluak-

thìs `j nuhfo j`sshas kif shtos woro sorhktof j`r tdhs purp`so. Vdo tklaos woro rokrrkinof ly ckacuhkthin tdo eokis

`j tdo r`ws kif càueis hi wdhcd nuhfo j`sshas kro prosoit

kif tdoi ro`rforhin tdo r`ws kif càueis kcc`rfhin t`

focrokshin vkauos `j tdo eokis (Nrkdke/Nkaa`wky/Scàakr

;8>?). Vdhs eotd`f wks usof, hi sphto `j hts ahehtkthìs,

lockuso ht hs oksy kif jkst. Vdo`rothckaay, hj fhjjoroit shto

typos kro prosoit, ìo sdùaf lo klao t` fhsthinuhsd nrùps

`j shtos hi tdo sorhktof tklao2 ìo nrùp sdùaf akcb typos

tdkt kro cdkrkctorhsthc j`r ki`tdor nrùp.

Vdo cìstructhì `j shto typos jrè tdo sorhktof tklao wks

p`sshlao ìay j`r tdo Ehcdoaslorn pdkso (aklao ;). Vwoity-

jhvo kssoelaknos whtd dhnday vkrhklao cèp`shthìs kppokr

hi tdo ehffao pkrt `j tdo sorhktof tklao (shto iuelors ;?-6:). Vdoso kssoelaknos kro kas` roakthvoay akrno (ck. ;7

nuhfo j`sshas) kif dkvo e`ro corkehcs. @i tdo aojt shfo `j

tdo tklao kro kssoelaknos whtdùt aokj- kif tokr-sdkpof

p`hits, kif ì tdo rhndt shfo tdo ekcr`-krtojkcts kro akcb-

hin. Iovortdoaoss, tdo tklao prosoits k muelaof kif

kelhnuùs phcturo. Vdo sorhktof tklaos j`r tdo `tdor

cuaturka pdksos sd`wof ovoi aoss fhsthict nrùphins, ohtdor

lockuso `j a`wor iuelors `j nuhfo j`ssha typos kif/`r

lockuso `j nroktor shehakrhty keìn tdo shto kssoelakno

cèp`shthìs.

Vdo pkrththìhin `j tdo Ehcdoaslorn shtos hit` p`sshlay

tdroo shto typos ehndt lo musthjhof hj tdoso typos woro t`c`rrospìf t` fhjjoroit typos `j a`cka oivhrìeoits. Vdo

jàa`whin oivhrìeoitka kttrhlutos woro càaoctof j`r okcd

shto= oaovkthì (IKW 5 Futcd `rfikico fktue)2 vonotkthì2

noà`ny2 fhstkico t` `poi wktor2 roahoj2 vonotkthìka

dè`noiohty2 kif noà`nhcka dè`noiohty. Vdo vkauos j`r

tdo akst tdroo kttrhlutos woro eoksurof ì tdo kppr`prhkto

ekps ly tdo iuelor `j cìtùr ahios, tdo iuelor `j



;> E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S

Vklao ; Sorhktof cr`ss tkluak-

taì `j nuhfo j`sshas kif

Ehcdoaslorn shtos. Kssoelaknoswhtd fhjjoroit cèp`shthìs kro

sopkrktof. K pkrththìhin `j tdo

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HM KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

vonotkthìka uihts, kif tdo iuelor `j noà`nhcka uihts,

aospocthvoay, hishfo k chrcao wd`so rkfhus wks ìo be jrè

tdo shto.

Vdoro kppokrof t` lo i` c`rrospìfoico lotwooi tdo tdroo

typos `j Ehcdoaslorn shtos kif tdohr a`cka oivhrìeoitka

kttrhlutos. Vdoroj`ro, ht wks cìcaufof tdkt pkrththìhin `j

tdo shtos hit` shto typos wks i`t p`sshlao j`r kiy `j tdo

cuaturka pdksos. Cìsoquoitay, tdo cdkino hi shto typosp`stuaktof hi tdo e`foa cùaf i`t lo tostof, kif ht wks

iocosskry t` kssueo tdkt kaa shtos whtdhi k cuaturka pdkso

woro juicthìkaay oquhvkaoit.

6. Spkthka kikayshs6. ; C@IVOTV @J VDO KIKAXSHS

K fhshrhluthì ekp sd`whin tdo a`ckthìs `j tdo shtos wks

ekfo j`r okcd `j tdo cuaturka pdksos2 whtdhi okcd pdkso kaa

shtos woro nhvoi oquhvkaoit wohndt lockuso `j tdo rosuats `j

tdo kikayshs hi tdo procofhin socthì.

Spkthka kikaysos roquhro cìtrà `vor tdo roprosoitkthvoioss

kif syicdrìohty `j tdo skepao. Hi tdhs ckso, tdo vkrhklhahtyhi roc`vory prkcthcos ekfo ht dhnday pr`lklao tdkt tdo ske

pao wks i`t roprosoitkthvo, ovoi tdùnd tdoro wks fotkhaof

Hij`rekthì klùt tdo roc`vory pr`cofuros kif k akrno

pkrt `j tdo krok hi tdo c`ro krok dkf looi c`vorof. Jur-

tdore`ro, okcd `j tdo cuaturka pdksos uifcr cìshforkthì

akstof j`r sovorka duifrof yokrs, kif ht wks tdùndt pr`

lklao tdkt tdo fhstrhluthì ekps nhvo k phcturo `j ki

kccueuakthì `j shtos `vor ki oxtoifof porh`f. Shico wo

fhf i`t dkvo sujjhchâit cìtrà t` fotorehio tdo fhstrhlu

thì pkttori kt ìo p`hit hi theo hi k cuaturka pdkso, wo

kssueof tdkt tdo sottaoeoit pkttori tdrùndùt okcd pdkso

roekhiof uicdkinof kif tdkt tdo fhstrhluthì ekps e`ro

`r aoss kccurktoay rojaoct tdhs pkttori. Hi sphto `j tdoso

ahehtkthìs, ht sooeof tdkt spkthka kikaysos `j tdoso fktk,

ushin p`hit-pkttori kikayshs kif p`hit-krok kss`chkthì,

cùaf aokf t` sèo hishndts kif hitorprotkthìs klùt tdo

fhstrhluthì ekps.

6. < W@HIV-WKVVO\I KIKAXSHS

Vw` bhifs `j p`hit-pkttori kikayshs woro kppahof t` tdo

hifhvhfuka fhstrhluthì ekps= b-eokis caustor kikayshs

(F`r ki/D `fs` i ;8>?) kif fheoishìka kikayshs j vkrhkico

(FHEKI@ZK) (^dkaaì ;8>3). L`td eotd`fs kro hicaufof

hi tdo Stkthsthcka Kikayshs Systoe pkcbkno, wdhcd hs

hepaceoitof ì tdo HLE ekhijrkeo cèputor hi Aohfoi.Vdo cèpùifof fhstrhluthì `j kaa tdo shtos tdkt dkf

rocohvof k cuaturka ksshnieoit sd`wof tw` akrno nrùps

wdhcd c`rrospìfof t` tdo kektour hivosthnkthì kroks H

kif <, wdhcd kro sopkrktof ly w``fs {jhn. <). Vdo `vorkaa

sottaoeoit pkttori hs strìnay hijauoicof ly tdo kcthvhthos `j

tdo kektours kif curroit akifuso. Hj tdo sottaoeoit pkttori

j`r k cuaturka porh`f fhf i`t fovhkto jrè tdhs `vorkaa pkt

tori, i`tdhin cùaf lo skhf klùt tdo `rhnhika shto fhstrhlu

thì. @iay k fovhkthin sottaoeoit pkttori wks cìshforof t`

dkvo hitorprotkthvo cìsoquoicos.

B-eokis caustor kikayshs wks usof t` caustor tdo x kif y

c``rfhiktos `j tdo shtos. Vdoso vkrhklaos woro i`t stkifkr-

fhzof lockuso tdoy woro eoksurof hi tdo skeo uihts (be).

Vdo `ptheka iuelor `j caustors wks fotorehiof ly tdo

Culhc Caustorhin Crhtorhì (SKS Histhtuto Hic. ;84?). Vdo`ptheka iuelor `j caustors hs hifhcktof ly k pokb hi tdo

nrkpd tdkt cèpkros tdo iuelor `j caustors whtd tdo

crhtorhì {jhn. ?). Vdo spkthka a`ckthìs `j tdo fhjjoroithktof

caustors (jhn. :) woro oxkehiof.

Vdo sottaoeoit pkttoris `j tdo ALB kif Lobor pdksos

fovhkto jrè tdo `vorkaa pkttori hi tdkt sovorka sekaa

nrùps `j shtos kro prosoit hi tdo c`ro krok. Vdoso nrùps

cìshst `j 3-> shtos kif kro klùt jhvo be kpkrt. Kaa tdo

`tdor cuaturka pdksos oxdhlhtof k caustorhin pkttori c`rro-

spìfhin t` tdo survoy hivosthnkthì kroks `j tdo kektours.

V` kppay FHEKI@ZK tdo krok hs pkrththìof hit` coaas

wd`so shzo, p`shthì, kif `rhoitkthì kro krlhtrkry. Hi tdhs

ck.so wo hep`sof tdo nrhf whtd ; x ; be nrhf squkros `jtdo ;=<?777 t`p`nrkpdhc ekp `j tdo Iotdorakifs `vor tdo

krok. Coaas woro tdoi kffof t` tdo ekrnhis hi `rfor t`

ekbo k squkro krok `j ;: x ;: be. Jhn. ? sd`ws k nrkpd

`j tdo la`cbshzo vorsus tdo 'eoki squkro lotwooi la`cb'

(Em). K pokb hi tdhs nrkpd sd`ws tdo rkino whtdhi wdhcd

tdo `ptheka caustor shzo `ccurs. Vdo oxkct j`re, `rhoitk

thì, kif cìtoits `j tdo caustors wdhcd pr`fuco tdoso

rosuats ckii`t lo fotorehiof jrè tdhs kikayshs.

Kaa pdksos sd`w tdo lost caustorhin `j shtos kt tdo 3< be<,

6 x 4 be, la`cbshzo. Vdo Ehcdoaslorn kif ^SZ pdkso shtos

dkvo tdo e`st fhsthict caustorhin, kif tdo ALB kif \`ssoi

shto caustors kro aoss fhsthict. Zhrtukaay kaa tdo shtos jkaa hit`

tw` `j tdo la`cbs, whtd tdo roekhihin shx la`cbs lohin

e`stay oepty. Vdo tw` la`cbs whtd e`st `j tdo shtos ìco

knkhi c`rrospìf t` kektour survoy kroks H kif <. Kt tdo

skeo theo tdo shtos `j tdo ALB kif tdo Lokbor cuaturos

caustor kt tdo la`cbshzo 6 beY < x < be, aovoa, kif tdoro hs

k toifoicy j`r tdo \`ssoi kif ^SZ pdkso shtos t` f` tdo

skeo. Vdoroj`ro, tdo FHEKI@ZK kikayshs kas` hifhcktos

tdo oxhstoico `j sekaaor caustors.

Hi sphto `j tdo fhskfvkitknos/ahehtkthìs `j tdo caustor

kikayshs kif FHEKI@ZK (Whoaù ;8:8, ^dkaaì ;8>3,

@rtì ;847), ht sooes tdkt ht hs p`sshlao t` `ltkhi hitor-

protklao rosuats whtd l`td kikaythc tocdihquos. Vdo fhstrhlu-

thìs `j tdo ALB kif Lokbor cuaturo shtos, kif t` k aossor

oxtoit tdo \`ssoi shtos, fhvorno jrè tdo `vorkaa pkttori ly

oxdhlhthin sekaa nrùp caustors. Vdhs, kcc`rfhin t` tdo

e`foa, cùaf lo hitorprotof ks uthahzkthì `j k ahehtof

iuelor `j akifsckpo uihts. Vdo tw` akrnor nrùps `j tdo

`tdor pdksos c`rrospìf t` tdo survoy krok roc`vory pkt

tori, lut k e`ro fhsporsof sottaoeoit pkttori eky lo pros

oit, hifhckthin uthahzkthì `j e`ro akifsckpo uihts.



;8 E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S

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FHEKI@ZK (Em) kro sd`wi j`r tdo ALB, Ehcdoaslorn kif Lokbor cuaturo pdksos. Krr`ws hifhckto tdo `ptheka iuelor `j caustors.



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Jhn. : Spkthka fhstr hluth ì `j tdo fhjjo roith ktof caustor s

`ltkhiof ly b-eokis caustor kikayshs. Okcd shto hs hifhcktof ly

tdo iuelor `j tdo caustor t` wdhcd ht loaìns.

6 . 3 W@HIV-K\OK KSS@CHKVH@I

W`hit-krok kss`chkthì kaa`ws hivosthnkthì `j tdo roakthì

lotwooi tdo fhstrhluthì `j p`hits hi k akifsckpo kif tdo

fhstrhluthì `j oivhrìeoitka `r 'lkcbnrùif' vkrhklaos.

Lockuso kaa shto typos hi okcd cuaturka porh`f woro wohndtof

oqukaay, ht wks p`sshlao t` ostklahsd ki 'kvorkno' akifsckpo

a`ckthì j`r okcd pdkso.

Vdo kvorknos kif Stkifkrf fovhkthìs `j tdo hitorvka-sckaooivhrìeoitka vkrhklaos woro ckacuaktof por pdkso (jhn. >),

kif tw` tdhins woro i`tof=

- tdo fhjjoroicos keìn tdo pdksos kro sekaa kif i`t

stkthsthckaay shnihjhckit.

- tdo a`ckthìs `j tdo ALB kif \`ssoi pdkso shtos kro

noiorkaay kt dhndor oaovkthìs kif hi kroks whtd e`ro pr`-

iùicof roahoj. Jurtdore`ro, tdo \`ssoi shtos kro a`cktof

wdoro tdoro hs sèowdkt e`ro noà`nhcka kif vonotkthìka

dotor`noiohty, kif tdo ALB shtos aho sèowdkt jurtdor

kwky jrè wktor sùrcos.

Dhst`nrkes `j tdo fhjjoroit oivhrìeoitka vkrhklaos woro

ekfo j`r okcd pdkso {jhn. > kif 4), jrè wdhcd tdo

jàa`whin cìcaushìs woro frkwi=

- tdo fhjjoroicos keìn tdo pdksos hi shto a`ckthìs hi tdo

akifsckpo kro sekaa, wdhcd wùaf eoki tdkt uso wks ekfo

`j k iuelor `j akifsckpo uihts furhin okcd pdkso.

- tdo ALB kif pkrthcuakray tdo \`ssoi shtos fhjjor e`st

jrè tdo shtos `j tdo `tdor pdksos hi tdohr akifsckpo

a`ckthìs.

- tdoro hs k nrkfuka sdhjt jrè tdo Akto Eosàhtdhc t` tdo

\`ssoi pdkso hi tdo oivhrìeoitka vkrhklaos wdhcd tdoi

rovorsos jrè tdo \`ssoi t` tdo Lokbor cuaturos.

Shico ht hsi't oksy t` cèpkro k akrno iuelor `j

dhst`nrkes, tdo cdh-squkro stkthsthc wks usof t` tost tdo

shnihjhckico `j tdo fhjjoroico lotwooi tdo `lsorvoffhstrhluthì `j tdo shtos `vor ki oivhrìeoitka vkrhklao kif

tdo oxpoctof fhstrhluthì. Hi tdo oxpoctof fhstrhluthì shtos

woro kaa`cktof t` tdo oivhrìeoitka vkrhklao kcc`rfhin t`

tdo pr`p`rt hì `j tdo surjkcos `j tdo fhjjoroit ekpphin

uihts `j tdo vkrhklao hi tdo oithro DZ\ krok. Ht wks

roksìof tdkt tdo e`ro tdo fhstrhluthì `j k cuaturka pdkso

oivhrìeoitka vkrhklao fhvornof jrè tdo oxpoctof

fhstrhluthì, tdo e`ro soaocthvo woro tdo a`ckthìs j`r shtos.

Vdhs kikayshs wks kppahof t` kaa cuaturka pdksos hifhvhfukaay

ushin tdo oaovkthì, noà`ny, vonotkthì, kif fhstkico t`

wktor sùrco vkrhklaos (jhnuro 8). Ht kppokrs tdkt e`ro

ALB kif \`ssoi pdkso shtos kro jùif kt dhndor oaovkthìs

kif hi tdo Vhahk-_aeus-[uorcus w``fs tdki oxpoctof. Kttdo skeo theo tdo surrùifhins `j tdoso shtos kro e`ro

dotor`noioùs hi dkvhin e`ro cìtùr ahios kif e`ro

noà`nhcka kif vonotkthìka uihts. K e`ro soaocthvo cd`hco

`j shto a`ckthìs toifs t` lo prosoit kas` hi tdo Lokbor

cuaturos pdkso wdoi tdo shtos woro kt a`wor oaovkthìs,

e`ro ì fry c`vorskifs kif rhvor frhjtof skifs (rhvhorstuhj-

zkifoi), kif e`ro hi [uorcus-Vh ahk w``fs tdki oxpoctof.



<; E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S

Fhstkico t` `poi wktor

Jhn. > Fhstr hluth ì `j tdo

hitorvka-sckao oivhrìeoitka

vkrhklaos j`r tdo succosshvo

cuaturka pdksos. Vdo aojt pkrt `j

tdo frkwhin sd`ws tdo cdkinos

hi 'kvorkno' akifsckpo a`ck-

thìs. Vdo rhndt pkrt cìshsts `j

tdo dhst`nrkes. J`r sèo

vkrhkloaos k lkr ì tdo jkr rhndt

shfo sd`ws tdo oxpoctof

fhstrhluthì, `ltkhiof ly `lsorv-hin tdo pr`p`rthì `j tdo ekp

phin uiht surjkcos hi tdo DZ\

krok.

Aonoif= AE 5 Akto Eosàh tdhc,

ALB 5 Ahiokr Lkif bork ehc,

\ú 5 \`ssoi, EC 5 Ehcdoaslorn,

^SZ 5 ^krtlorn-Stohi

Zakkrfhinoi kif LC 5 Lokbor

cuaturos

<,7

;.: -

;.<

74

76

> -

: -

? -

6 -

3 -

?7% -

7%

H H ka?bihH H 7>-;.6be

O 3 1 7.: be

< <

I.K.W

;77T

H H 93?e

Y L 37-3? e

Y D 137e

Ph to s ? e

Iuelor`j cìtùr ahios

;77%

-

Y

H H 3:

C3 ' - ?

H H S3

< e

Iuelor`j vonotkthìka uihts

;77%

H H S:

H H •;Y?

H H S3

< ? CF

Iuelor`j noà`nhcka uihts

H H 3:

H H ?

H H «6

< ?



<< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Zonotkthì Vdo surrùifhins `j tdoso shtos kro e`ro dè`noioùs

tdki tdo surrùfhins `j shtos hi `tdor pdksos.

;77%

?7 % -

7%

•@

CC

@9 CA

w ` 9Y e T

[uorcus Vhahk

H H _aeu s [uo rcus

Skahx Kaius

Noà`ny

;77%

? 7 % -

7%-

CF @or

`9c?

`CF

CC

9H

iu

C_

c`vorskifs kif rhvor frhjtof skifs

a`w rhvor torrkco kif Dà`coio vkaaoy

dhnd kif ehffho rhvor torrkco

pokt

a`ss

Jhn. 4 Fhstr hluth ì `j tdo ièhika-scka o oivhrì eoitka

vkrhklaos j`r tdo succosshvo cuaturka pdksos. Vdo dhst`nrkes

j`r tdo vonotkthì kif noà`ny, kif tdo oxpoctof fhstrhluthì,

`ltkhiof ly `lsorvhin tdo pr`p`rthì `j tdo ekpphin uiht sur

jkcos hi tdo DZ\ krok, kro sd`wi.

Aonoif= A E 5 Akto Eo sà htd hc, ALB 5 Ahiokr Lkif bork ehc,

\ú 5 \`ssoi, EC 5 Ehcdoaslorn, ZQ/SZ 5 ^krtlorn-Stohi-

Zakk rfh inoi kif LC 5 Lokbor cuat uros

?. Cìcaushìs

?. ; KIKAXVHC EOVD@FS

Vdo uso `j stkthsthcka tocdihquos hi krcdkoà`ny dks locè

e`ro kif e`ro p`puakr. Jroquoitay, tdo akrno fktklksos `j

k ronhìka stufy cki lo ojjhchoitay kikaysof ìay whtd

stkthsthcka tocdihquos. Vocdihquos j`r caksshjhckthì kif

spkthka kikayshs sooe t` lo tdo e`st hep`rtkit kppahck-

thìs. Vdo akrno suppay `j tocdihquos, d`wovor, hicroksos

`lmocthvhty ìay sahndtay, shico ìo cki usukaay jhif k

tocdihquo tdkt whaa pr`fuco tdo rosuats foshrof. V` hicrokso

`lmocthvhty ìo cki ropokt tdo kikayshs whtd k fhjjoroit

tocdihquo `r uso sovorka tocdihquos hi tkifoe.

?. < K\CDKO@A@NHCKA HIZOSVHNKVH@I

Vdo rosuats `j tdo shto typà`ny, p`hit-pkttori kikayshs, kif

p`hit-krok kss`chkthì `j tdo DZ\ c`_octhì kro i`t

uikelhnuùs. Vdo cdkinos kscortkhiof kro sekaa kif

nrkfuka.Vdo porh`fs jrè tdo Akto Eosàhtdhc t` tdo Lokbor

cuaturos cki lo fhvhfof hit` jùr pdksos=

- Wdkso ; - Akto Eosàhtdhc, whtd akrno nrùps `j shtos,

e`st `j wdhcd kro jùif kt a`w oaovkthìs whtd ahttao roahoj

kif hi vonotkthìkaay e`ro dè`noioùs oivhrìeoits,

cìshsthin `j [uorcus-Vhahk w``fs.

- Wdkso < - ALB kif \`ssoi, whtd sekaa nrùps `j shtos

jùif kt dhndor oaovkthìs whtd e`ro roahoj kif hi vonotk

thìkaay e`ro dotor`noioùs oivhrìeoits, cìshsthin `j

[uorcus-Vhahk `r Vhahk-_aeus-[uorcus w``fs.

- Wdkso 3 - Ehcdoaslorn kif ^SZ, whtd akrno nrùps `j

shtos, e`st `j wdhcd kro jùif kt a`w oaovkthìs whtd ahttao

roahoj kif hi vonotkthìkaay e`ro dè`noioùs

oivhrìeoits, cìshsthin `j [uorcus-Vhahk w``fs.

- Wdkso 6 - Lokbor cuaturos, whtd sekaa nrùps `j shtos,

jùif kt a`w oaovkthìs whtd ahttao roahoj kif hi vonotk

thìkaay e`ro dè`noioùs oivhrìeoits, cìshsthin `j

[uorcus-Vhahk w``fs.

Furhin pdkso ; e`st `j tdo a`cka oivhrìeoits woro usof,

kif tdoro sooes t` dkvo looi aoss projoroithkh soaocthì `j

shto a`ckt hìs. Vdhs hs hi knrooeoit whtd k prosueof lr`kf-

spoctrue duitor-nktdoror ocìèy.

Cdkinos kppokrof hi tdo trkishthì jrè tdo Akto

Eosàhtdhc t` tdo ALB. Ly pdkso < tdoro kppokrs t` lo

projoroithkh soaocthì `j shto a`ckthìs. Vdhs cùaf p`sshlaylo oxpakhiof uifor tdo kssuepthì tdkt i`t kaa ocìèho

kcthvhthos t``b pakco hi tdo \òrstroob. Vdo \òrstroob eky

dkvo looi usof j`r pksturkno, hi kffhthì t` duithin kif

nktdorhin, kif e`st `j tdo shtos eky dkvo looi trki-

sduekico ckeps (L`nucbh ;84<) wdhao tdohr kss`chktof

knrhcuaturka sottaoeoits woro prhekrhay a`cktof hi tdo aòss

kroks (Lkboas ;8>4, ;84<). Shico tdoro wks i`t sujjhchâit



<3 E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\J KCO SCKVVO\S

<77 -

;77

Noà`ny Zonotktaì

<77

e •`(O

`<

9H

e9e?

`CF

IKW Fhstkico t`` poi wktor

<77 -

;77 ;77

•`cc

` 9 ñe `

?

9 ñe

Jhn. 8 Cdh-squkro stkthsthcs j`r sèo oivhr` ieoit ka vkrhklaos j`r tdo succosshvo cuaturka pdksos. Aonoif = AE 5 Akto Eosàh tdhc,

ALB 5 Ahiokr Lkifborkehc, \ú 5 \`ssoi, EC 5 Ehcdo aslorn , ^S Z 5 ^krtlorn-Stohi -Zakkrfhinoi kif LC 5 Lokbor cuatu ros

spkco ì tdo aòss t` supp`rt tdo prosueof shzo `j tdo

dorfs (Lkboas ;8>4), k sàuthì cùaf dkvo looi t` nrkzotdo st`cb soksìkaay hi tdo skify kroks hyhin t` tdo i`rtd.

Ly pdkso 3 tdo shtukthì dkf caokrhy cdkinof knkhi, kif

tdhs pdkso hs roekrbklhy shehakr t` pdkso ;, i`t ìhy hi

shto kss`chkthìs whtd akifsckpo uihts, lut kas` hi tdo sottao-

eoit pkttori. Lut wo cki lo rktdor cortkhi, hi vhow `j tdo

fktk jrè tdo foatk krok, tdkt knrhcuaturo wks lohin prkc-

thcof hi tdo \òrstroob ly tdhs theo. Vdo sulshstoico

ocìèy hi tdhs pdkso, loshfos lohin lksof ì knrhcuaturo

kif rkhshin `j st`cb, cùaf, tdoroj`ro, sthaa lo lksof pkrtay

ì duithin kif nktdorhin.

Wdkso 6 shtos kro a`cktof hi aoss spochjhc oivhrìeoits tdki

td`so `j pdkso <, lut hi e`ro spochjhc ìos tdki td`so `j

pdkso 3. Vdo kppkroit projoroico j`r e`ro dè`noioùs

a`cka oivhrìeoits cùaf lo hitorprotof ks k rosuat `j tdo

hicroksof hep`rtkico `j knrhcuaturka pr`fucthì.

Vdo fovoa`peoit jrè tdo Akto Eosàhtdhc t` tdo Lokbor

cuaturos sooes t` knroo rktdor woaa whtd tdo e`foa pr`-

p`sof. Vdo hitr`fucthì `j knrhcuaturo fhf `ccur hi tdo

\òrstroob lotwooi 3677 kif <;77 LC (Aùwo B``hmekis

;8>:k, ;8>:l). Katdùnd pakyhin k rào sul`rfhikto t`

knrhcuaturo hi tdo sulshstoico ocìèy, duithin kif

nktdorhin kppokrs t` dkvo cìthiuof uitha tdo Lokborcuaturo porh`f. Vdo prosueof klsoico `j ALB kif \`ssoi

shtos hs i`t c`rroct. Vdoso shtos, lockuso tdoy roprosoit k

ahehtof iuelor `j ocìèho kcthvhthos, ovoi `ccupy k

spochka p`shthì.

:. Fhscusshì

Vdo hfoks prosoitof kl`vo kro ìay k jhrst cìcopt. Vdo

e`foas `j tdo hifhvhfuka cuaturka porh`fs sdùaf lo e`ro

fotkhaof. Hi tdo hivosthnkthì prosoitof doro tdo iocosskry

fktk t` f` tdhs, oxcopt j`r tdo Ehcdoaslorn pdkso, woro

ohtdor i`t kvkhaklao `r fhf i`t oeorno jrè tdo kikaysos.

Vdhs shtukthì eokis tdkt tdo sahndt fhjjoroicos/sdhjts tdkt

woro jùif hi tdo fktk f` i`t pr`vhfo k musthjhklao lkshs

ohtdor. Vdo oxckvkthì `j sovorka jhif a`ckthìs, ospochkaay

ìos dkvhin prosorvof `rnkihc ektorhkas (lìos) tdkt eky

doap kiswor quorhos klùt tdo sulshstoico ocìèy, wùaf

lo ki hep`rtkit cìtrhluthì t` tdo cìstructhì `j e`ro

fotkhaof e`foas.

Vdo Ehcdoaslorn cuaturka porh`f hs tdo ìay porh`f j`r

wdhcd k e`ro fotkhaof e`foa cùaf lo ekfo. Vdrùndùt



<6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

I`rtdwostori Our`po ckusowkyof oica`suros kro jùif

fkthin t` tdhs porh`f2 tdoso eìueoits prosueklay

t'uajhaaof k s`chka/ocìèhc juicthì j`r akrnor knnronkthìs

`j tdo p`puakthì (Ekfsoi ;84<). Ht hs `j hitorost t` trkcè

;7 wdkt oxtoit cèpkrklao shtos kppokr hi tdhs cuhturka

porh`f hi tdo Iotdorakifs.

Cèpkrof t` tdo otdor pdksos, ùr hci`waofno `j tdo

Ehcdoaslorn pdkso hs aoss ahboay t` lo cdkinof ly kffhthìkacàaocthì `j krtojkcts, wd`so iuelor hs karokfy roakthvoay

akrno. Vdo iuelor `j krtojkcts cùaf lo usof ks k stkrthin

p`hit j`r caksshjyhin tdo Ehcdoaslorn shtos. Hj tdoro hs k shto

tdkt cùaf lo cìshforof t` dkvo dkf k 'coitrka' juicthì

hi tdo \òrstroob, ht wùaf lo tdo akrnost kif rhcdost shto,

jhif a`ckthì ;: kt Ahiio-E`rtoasd`j. Hi ;846 tdo Hist htuut

v``r Wrodhst`rho porj`reof k tost oxckvkthì `j tdhs shto.

I` jokturos woro a`cktof kif _ttao krcdkoà`nhcka ektorhka

wks oicùitorof. Vdo Ehcdoaslorn kssoelakno hicaufof

ìay <? nuhfo j`sshas, kif e`ro`vor, tdo krok `j tdo shto

wks roakthvoay sekaa, i`t e`ro tdki >777 eY Ekfsoi

(;84;) osthektos tdo shzo `j k ckusowkyof oica`suro t` lo

kt aokst sovorka tois `j tdùskifs `j squkro eotors. Ht hs

pr`lklao tdkt tdoro kro i` ckusowkyof oica`suros hi tdo

\òrstroob kif tdkt jhif a`ckthì ;: wks ìay k vory hitoi-

shvoay survoyof sp`t.

Worekioit roshfoithka shtos kro cdkrkctorhzof ly roakthvoay

e`ro ektorhka kif nroktor vkrhklhahty hi typos `j ektorhkas

(sucd ks ehaahin stìos kif corkehcs). Vdo pr`p`rthì `j

tdo Ehcdoaslorn shtos tdkt eky lo hitorprotof ks roshfoithka

shtos hs fhjjhcuat t` fotorehio. Hi tdo ehffao pkrt `j tdo

sorhktof tklao kro k iuelor `j shtos whtd e`ro vkrhklao

ektorhkas kif whtd kppr`xhektoay ;7 nuhfo j`ssha krtojkcts.

Vdoro kro <; shtos tdkt cùaf, ì tdo lkshs `j tdo prosoico

`j ehaahin stìos kif corkehcs kif e`ro tdki 4 nuhfoj`sshas, lo cìshforof ks roshfoithka shtos. Vdo sekaa iuelor

`j krtojkcts ekbos shinao dùso shtos e`ro pr`lklao tdki

dkeaots `r vhaaknos. Hj ht woro kccoptof tdkt okcd shto

roprosoitof ìo dùso kif tdkt tdo kvorkno furkthì `j

`ccupkthì `j k dùso wks 3? yokrs (Añihin, ;84<), tdoi,

shico ht hs bi`wi tdkt tdo Ehcdoaslorn porh`f akstof klùt

477 yokrs, kppr`xhektoay ìo dùso wks `ccuphof kt kiy

ìo theo hi tdo c`ro krok. Vdhs osthekto sooes k ahttao a`w

j`r ki krok `j ?; be'. Hi kffhthì t` tdo <; 'dùso shtos'

tdoro kro 36 sekaaor shtos. Vdoso cùaf dkvo looi j`reofks k rosuat `j kcthvhthos ùtshfo `j tdo 'dùso shtos' (dui-

thin, càaocthin, cuathvkthì), lut kas` tdoy cùaf lo tdo

rosuat `j aoss cèpaoto roc`vory `j ektorhkas.

Vdhs e`foa tdkt pr`p`sos tdkt kt aokst ìo dùso shto kif

kttoifhin sekaaor shtos j`r kfmuict kcthvhthos woro

`ccuphof/usof tdrùndùt tdo Ehcdoaslorn pdkso hs ìay ki

oxkepao. Sucd k fotkhaof e`foa sdùaf lo ekfo j`r okcd

cuhturka pdkso hi `rfor t` lo klao t` jàa`w ca`soay tdo

cdkinos hi tdo sottaoeoit pkttori kif tdoroly cdkinos hi

tdo sulshstoico ocìèy. Iovortdoaoss, ht sooes roksìklao

tdkt ronhìka hivosthnkthì hi tdo Eouso Zkaaoy lo cì-

thiuof. Vdo bi`waofno klùt tdo ioàhtdhchzkthì pr`coss

hi tdo Iotdorakifs cki cortkhiay lo oxpkifof ly crhthcka

kikaysos `j tdo krcdkoà`nhcka skepao kif ly ushin

stkthsthcka tocdihquos.

Kcbi`waofnoeoitsH tdkib D. J`bbois, D. Bkeorekis, kif A.W. Aùwo

B``hmekis j`r rokfhin kif hepr`vhin okrahor frkjts `j tdhs

pkpor. H ke kas` eucd `lahnof t` H. Stòpbor j`r ekbhin

tdo frkwhins kif t` S. A`vhin j`r trkisakthin tdo toxt hit`

Oinahsd. ^htdùt tdo whaahinioss `j tdo eoelors `j tdo

Dooebuifo Zoroihnhin \òrstroob, kif M. Seoots, V.

Fzhurkwsbh, D. Scdehtz, W. N``tzoi kif \. Vdouihssoi hipkrthcuakr, t` pakco tdohr bi`waofno kif jhifs kt ùr

fhsp`ska, tdo rosokrcd cùaf i`t dkvo tkboi pakco.



<? E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S

rojoroicos

Lkboas, C.C. ;8>4 Jùr Ahiokrlkifborkehb Soataoeoihs kif Hdohr Oivhrìeoit= k Wkaoòcà`nhcka Stufy `j

Shtakrf, Saohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Aohfoi ( 5 Kika. W rkod . Aohfoishk TH).

;84< Vdo Sottaoeoit Systoe `j tdo Futcd Ahiok rlkifborkehb , Kika. Wrkod. Aohfoishk TZ,

3;-63.

L`nucbh, W.H. ;84< Okray Ioàhtdhc Sulshstoico kif Sottaoeoit hi hdo Wàhsd A`wakifs, @xj`rf ( 5 LK\-

hitorikthìka sorhos ;?7).

Lrkfaoy, \.

M. Nkrfhior (of.)

;846 Ioàhtdhc Stufhos= K \ovhow `j sèo Curroit \osokrcd, @xj`rf (5 LK\- Lrhthsd sorhos

;33).

Focbors, W.D. ot ka. ;847 Mknor s, vhssors oi lòroi hi ooi prodhst`rhscd nothmfoinolhof lhm Swhjtorlkit, ].^.@. Mkkr

lòb ;847, ;;;-;6?.

F`rki, M.O.

J.\.D`fsì

Jhofaor, A.

;8>? Ektdoekthcs kif Cèputors hi Krcdkoà`ny, Ofhilurnd.

;8>8 J`reoi uif Vocdihboi ioàhtdhscdor Stohinorkto kus foe \dohiakif, hi= Lohtrkno zur

_rnoscdhcdto fos \dohiakifos // /, Lkif ;8, ?3-;87.

Noifoa, W. ;84< Vdo Fhstrhluthì kif _thahzkthì `j ^èeorsè [ukrtzhto furhin tdo Eosàhtdhc, hi= K.

N`l ot J. Sphor, Ao Eosàhthquo oitro \dhi ot Eouso, Auxoelùrn, <;-?7.

Nrkdke, H.

W. Nkaa`wkyH. Scàakr

Dkeùf, J.^.

;8>? E`foa Stufhos hi Sorhkthì Vocdihquos, Cèputor Kppahckthìs hi Krcdkoà`ny ;8>?,

;4-<6.

;8>4 Vdo Sheuakahì `j Okray Ioàhtdhc Sottaoeoit Fovoa`peoit hi tdo A`wor \dhio Lkshi,

Ckelrhfno.

;847 Vdo Hitorprotkthì `j Krcdkoà`nhcka Fhstrhluthì Ekps= Lhksos Hidoroit hi

Krcdkoà`nhcka Jhoafw`rb, Krcdko`-Wdyshbk >, ;83-<;:.

D`ffor, H.

C. @rtì

D`woaa, M.E.

;8>: Spkthka Kikayshs hi Krcdkoà`ny, Ckelrhfno.

;843 Sottaoeoit kif Ocìèy hi Ioàhtdhc I`rtdori Jrkico, @xj`rf (5 LK\- hitorikthìka

sorhos ;?>).

Haott, E.

C. Cìstkithi

K. CùfkrtM.-W. Foeùao

;84< Vdo Akto Lkifborkehb `j tdo Khsio Zkaaoy= Oivhrìeoit kif Spkthka @rnki hskthì, Kika.

Wrkod. Aohfoishk TZ, 6?-:;.

Brub, M.

Aúdr, D.

;847 Vdo Ioàhtdhc Sottaoeoit `j Sùtdori Wàkif, @xj`rf ( 5 LK\- hitorikt hìka sorhos 83).

;8>6 hi= Bupor, \. ot ka (;8>6), _itorsucduinoi zur ioàhtdhscdor Loshofauin for Kafoid`voior

Waktto HZ, Lìior Mkdrlñcdor, lkif ;>6, 6<6-?74.



<: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Aùwo

B``hmekis, A.W.

Añihin, M.

Ekfsoi, V.

E`fforeki, W.M.\.

Iowoaa, \.\.

@rtì, C.

Whoaù, O.C.

SKS Histhtuto Hic.

^dkaaì, \.

;8>:Y Vdo Ioàhtdhc kt tdo A`wor \dhio, Fhssorakahìos Krcdkoà`nhcko Nkifoisos, Zà. TZH,

;?7-;>3.

;8>:*' A`cka Fovoa`peoits hi k L`rforakif , @ufdohfb. eofof. uht dot \hmbseusoue vki

@ufdofoi to Aohfoi AZHH, <<>-<8>.

;843 Vussoi S@E oi V\L, oihno nofkcdtoi `vor dot akkt- Ioàhtdhcue hi Ioforakif oi Loanhâ

Luaaothi vki fo Bìhibahmbo Eusok v``r buist oi noscdhofoihs ?6.; , ??-:>.

;84? Sp`roi hi dot akif, Kestorfke.

;84< \osokrcd hit` tdo Lkifborkehb Sottaoeoit `j tdo Kafoid`voior Waktt o hi tdo \dhioakif,

Kika. Wrkod. Aohfoishk TZ, ;-<8.

;84; Vdo Sottaoeoit Systoe `j tdo Okray Knrhcuaturka S chothos hi Okst Mut akif . K \onhìka

Stufy. proprhit _ihvorshty `j Kkrdus, Foiekrb.

;84< Sottaoeoit Systoes `j Okray Knrhcuaturka S`chothos hi Okst Mut akif, Foiekrb . K \onhìka

Stufy `j Cdkino, Mùrika `j Kitdr`pà`nhcka Krcdkoà`ny H, ;8>-<3:.

;8>7 Ahiokrlkifborkrihb kus Oasa`` uif Stohi, Aohfoi ( 5 Kika. Wrkod. Aohfoishk ah a).

;8>3 Vdo W`st-nakchka Kfkptkthìs `j tdo Hifhnoiùs W`puakthì `j tdo I`rtdwost Our`poki

Wakhi, hi= S.B. B`za`wsbh, Vdo Eosàhadhc hi Our`po, ^krskw, 388-66;.

;847 Ektdoekthcs hi Krcdkoà`ny, Ckelrhfno.

;8:8 Ki Hitr`fucthì t` Ektdoekthcka Ocà`ny, Aìfì.

;84? SKS _sor's Nuhfo= Stkthsthcs, Zorshì ? Ofhthì, Ckry.

;8>3 Spkthka Kikayshs `j @ccupk thì Ja``rs H= tdo Kppahck thì `j Fheoishìka Kikayshs `j

Zkrhkico, Keor. Kithquhty 34, <::->4.

E. ^kisaooloi


W`stlus 8?;?

IA-<377 \K Aohfoi



E. O. Vd. fo Nr``td Vdo @rnkihskthì `j Jahit V`à Ekiujkcturo hi tdoFutcd Lkifborkehb

Hi tdo jhrsa pkrt `j tdhs stufy k e`foa j`r tdo pr`coss `j

Lkifborkehb jahit t``h ekiujkcturo what lo prosoitof. Vdo

s`ch`-ocìèhc structuro `j jahit bikpphin hi tdo Futcd

Lkifborkehb Cuaturo whaa lo fhscussof hi tdo socìf

pkrt.

Hi Oasa`` kif Loob tdo fèosthc e`fo `j pr`fucthì

provkhaof. E`ro`vor, k Wrhichpka Cèpìoits Kikayshs

pr`vhfof ovhfoico j`r tdo oxhstoico `j spochkahsof jahit

bikppors, w`rbhin hi k a``so e`fo `j pr`fucthì. Jhikaay,

tdo `ccurroico `j k suprka`cka e`fo `j pr`fucthì cùaf

lo hijorrof.

V` W.M.\.E`fforeki

;. Hitr`fucthìVdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits j`re tdo i`rtd-wostorie`st pkrt `j tdo cuduro's t`tka sottaoeoit krok.Vdoy kro profèhikitay shtuktof ì tdo aòss-c`vorof rhvortorrkcos hi tdo pr`vhico `j Ahelurn, tdo sùtdorie`st pkrt`j tdo cùitry. Hidklhtkthì stkraof doro kt klùt 6677 lchi rkfh`ckrlì yokrs, h.o. kt klùt ?377 L.C. kjtor ckhhlrk-thì (E`fforeki ;84<). Hi `tdor w`rfs = tdo @afost ALBp`ttory (tdo s`-ckaaof [uhttk Stujo ; ektorhka) dks i`t looijùif. Vdo ronhì wks sottaof ly po`pao whtd tdo sulso-quoia Jaèl`ri wkro (E`fforeki ;8>7, ;84?). Vdoso sottaoeoits woro tdoroj`ro stkraof kt klùt tdo skeo theo kstd`so ì tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto (Añihin ;84<), kif cì-shforklay okrahor tdki td`so hi tdo Loanhki Doslkyo (Ckdoi,Ckspkr, @tto ;84:). Dklhtkthì akstof j`r kppr`xhektoay3?7 yokrs kif oifof rktdor klruptay. Oxtroeoay ahttao hsbi`wi `j tdo succoofhin cuaturos (Aùwo B``hmekis ;847,Lrùioi ;84?).

Ka tdo eèoit tdhrty-jhvo ALB shtos kro bi`wi, twoity-

ohnda `j wdhcd kro caustorof ì tdo s`-ckaaof Nrkotdohfo, kaòss paktoku shtuktof lotwooi tdo Noaooi lr``b kif tdorhvor Eouso. Vdo tw` shtos ì tdo wost lkib `j tdo rhvorEouso loaìn t` ki`tdor sottaoeoit nrùp, wdhcd dks htscoitro hi Loanhue. Vdo iokrost iohndlùrs t` tdo oksa kroa`ckaof kt k fhstkico `j sèo 37 be, ì tdo Kafoid`voiorWaktto (Lkboas ;8>4, Añihin ;84<). Vdo jhvo shtos hi tdoi`rtd aho ì k fhjjoroit suls trkto, h.o. skify kif a`key

s`has, hi k rhvor vkaaoy akifsckpo. Vdoso eky p`sshlay roprosoit sd`rt-tore kcthvhthos ùtshfo tdo i`reka shto torrht`rhos(Lkboas ;84<).

Jùr `j tdo sottaoeoits ì tdo Nrkotdohfo woro oxtoishvoayoxckvktof= Shttkrf, Noaooi, Oasa``, kif Stohi (E`fforeki;8?4-;8?8, ^ktorlàb ;4?4-;8?8, E`fforeki ;8>7). Vdo`tdors kro bi`wi ìay jrè survoys kif sekaa-sckao roscuooxckvkthìs. E`st `j tdo shtos kro a`cktof kaìn tdo ofnos`j tdo paktoku. Hi tdo sùtdori pkrt k caokr pkttori `j shtotorrht`rhos hs vhshlao. Vdoy vkry hi shzo jrè :7 t` ;>7 doc

tkros kif kro surrùifof ly ikturka lùifkrhos sucd kswktor cùrsos kif fry vkaaoys (Lkboas ;84<,//n. 6).

Vdo vhaaknos kif tdo jhoafs loaìnhin t` tdoe woro shtuktofhi k prheovka j`rost, wdoro aheo wks tdo e`st cèeìspochos (Lkboas ;8>4). Hi Shttkrf, Noaooi, kif Stohilotwooi tdroo kif shx dùsos woro hidklhtof kt tdo skeotheo. Hi Oasa``, tdo akrnost kif lost-kikaysof vhaakno, k fhj

joroit shtukthì provkhaof, hi wdhcd oaovoi t` sovoitooidùsos st``f t`notdor cìtoep`rkioùsay (E`fforeki;8>7, Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8, E`fforeki ;84?).E`st rkw ektorhkas woro kvkhaklao whtdhi tdo shtos' torrht`rhos. I`tklao oxcopthìs woro tdo r`cbs usof j`r kfzos(wdhcd cùaf i`t lo jùif whtdhi k shx dùrs' wkabhinfhstkico) kif jahit (wdhcd `ccurrof must t` tdo sùtd `j tdoNrkotdohfo paktoku (Lkboas ;8>4, ;843). \ojor t` E`fforeki (;84?) kif Fo Nr``td kif Zorwors (;846) j`r k e`rofotkhaof sueekry.

<. Vdo fktkJ`r tdo prosoit stufy jahit ektorhka jrè tw` Futcd Lkifborkehb shtos wks kikaysof= Loob-Borbovoaf kif Oasa``.Hi Loob jhjtooi rullhsd phts kif sovorka p`stdàos worojùif hi tdo sprhin `j ;8>: furhin sekaa-sckao roscuooxckvkthìs kt k iow luhafhin ostkto ly eoelors `j tdo'Dooebuifo Zoroihnhin Loob'. Vdoy cki kaa lo fktof hi

E`fforeki's (;8>7) Wdkso ahc, h.o. hi k akto pdkso `j tdoXùinor ALB.

Vw` `j tdo rullhsd phts cìtkhiof k shinuakray hkrnokeùit `j jahit wksto. Wht L-b > wks ki oaìnktof a`kepht sucd ks ronuakray jùif kaìnshfo Lkifborkehb dùsos.Vdo `tdor, pha L-b 4, shtuktof kt klùt <,? eotors t` tdoi`rtd-okst, dkf ki hrronuakr sdkpo. L`td woro c`vorof whtdklùt >? ce `j càauvhue. Furhin tdo roscuo oxckvkthì



<4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

tdo fhstrhluthì `j tdo jhifs whtdhi pht 4 cùaf uij`r-tuiktoay i`t lo `lsorvof. Hi pht > e`st `j tdo rullhsd wks

jùif hi tdo i`rtd-wostori pkrt, hi tdo t`pe`st <7 ce j

tdo pht jhaahin. S`ha skepaos jrè l`td phts cìtkhiof dui-

frofs `j cdhps (phocos sekaaor tdki ;? ee), hifhckthin tdktjahit wks w`rbof hi tdo heeofhkto surrùifhins `j tdo

phts, pr`lklay hi tdo `poi spkco lotwooi tdoe. I`t

hicaufhin tdo cdhps tdoro woro 6488 jahit krtojkcts jùif hi

l`td phts t`notdor, whtd k t`tka wohndt `j kae`st ?; bn.

V`às (dkeeorstìos kif dkeeorstìo jrkneoitshicaufof) j`reof klùt ;% `j tdo kssoelakno.Vdo ektorhka wks oehioitay suhtklao j`r rojhtthin. Noiorkafoscrhpthìs `j tdhs eotd`f kro pr`vhfof ly Ckdoi (;8>:)`r Czhosak (;84:), j`r oxkepao. Doro ht wks ekhiay usof t`

rocìstruct tdo `rhnhika rofucthì soquoicos `j tdo fhj

joroit i`fuaos w`rbof. Vdo eotd`f kas` pr`vhfof doapjuaHij`rekthì ì tdo j`rekthì pr`coss kif tdo sulsoquoittrkisj`rekthìs `j tdo krcdkoà`nhcka roc`rf (Scdhjjor;8>:, ;84?). Jhrst, ht sd`wof tdkt tdo tw` phts woro `poikt tdo skeo theo, ks l`td cìtkhiof folrhs jrè tdo skeo

i`fuaos (k t`tka `j toi sucd rojhts woro jùif). Ht kasèkfo caokr tdkt l`td phts cìtkhiof ektorhka tdkt dkf

`rhnhikaay looi fhsckrfof hi tdo skeo wky= Hi noiorka,wksto jrè kaa stknos `j pr`fucthì wks fhsckrfof hi ohtdor`j tdo tw` phts. @cckshìkaay k shinao jakbo `r c`ro oifofup hi tdo kfmkcoit pht. Vdo qukithtkthvo fhstrhluthì `j

wksto `vor tdo tw` phts kt jhrst sooeof t` hifhckto k fhj

joroit pkttori= c`ro propkrkthì tkbhin pakco ekhiay ca`sot` pht > kif lakfo pr`fucthì kt pht 4 (tklao <).

Vklao 3, d`wovor, nhvhin tdo kvorkno wohndt `j tdo wkstockton`rhos, sd`ws tdkt wdhao ekhiay lhn propkrkt hì jakbos,`rhnhikthin jrè tdo jhrst bikpphin stknos, woro càaoctofjrè pht 4, pht > yhoafof i`t ìay tdoso lhn phocos, lut kas`

ekiy sekaa propkrkthì jakbos, stoeehin jrè sulsoquoitc`rrocthìs furhin lakfo pr`fucthì.Vdus, tdo fhjjoroico fòs i`t sooe t` lo tdo rosuat `j

j`reor fhjjoroithka fhsckrf pkttoris, lut `j ùr rocoitoxckvkthì eotd`f. Wht > cùaf lo oxckvktof hi k sèo-wdkt e`ro aohsuroay wky tdki wks pht 4, t` tdo fotrheoit`j tdo akttor's sekaa jhifs. S`, uij`rtuiktoay, tdo Loobektorhka hs `j ahehtof fhroct qukithtkthvo uso.

Knkhi, rojhtthin pr`vhfof ki oxcoaaoit roeofy, ks ht kaa`wofj`r osthektos `j tdo keùit `j i`fuaos w`rbof kif tdo

rkto `j prosorvkthì `j tdo jhif cèpaox. Vdo tw` Loobrullhsd phts cìtkhiof tdo wksto `j kt aokst twoity-jhvo fhj

joroit i`fuaos, whtd k t`tka `j shxtooi c`ros (hicaufhin

dkeeorstìos) sthaa prosoit.

Loob-borbovoaf wks tdo jhrst Futcd Lkifborkehb sottao-eoit bi`wi wdoro, loshfos tdo cèeì '\hm cbdàt ' jahit,tdo c`krso nrkhiof Zkaboilurn jahit wks w`rbof ks woaa(Lkboas o.k. ;8>>, soo loa`w j`r k juaaor foscrhpthì `j

tdoso tw` typos `j rkw ektorhka). Vdo tw` jahit typos worouiovoiay fhstrhlutof hi tdo phts= pht L-b 4 cìtkhiof 88''>`

Vklao H

typo pht L-b > pht L-b 4

\ Z @ \ Z @

c`rosdkeeorstìosdkeeorstìojrkneoits

propkrkthì jakbospropkrkthì lakfosromuvoikthì jakbosromuvoikthì lakfosla`cbsjakboslakfos, oithrolakfos, pr`xhekalakfos, eofhkalakfos, fhstkakrr`wdokfsl`rorsoif-scrkporsshcbao lakfosoif-rotùcdof lakfos

shfo-rotùcdof lakfosshfo-scrkporsspahitorof phocosrotùcdof jakbos

t`tka

6

3

>

:<8;;47;83?

48;;7:;;;6:4;

;

6 ;

3

<

<;7 3:66 ;>

<8 :8

;: ;?

;6 3>

67< 4:>

>; ;;>

;7? ;84

3? :?

:<<<8<;

:;

84

<73< ;> 4 847 ;4?> ?

;<73;>?4

<;:<86<;6<6

<

648

Vklao ; Loob-borbovo af, jahit kssoelakno jr` e phts > kif 42

\ 5 \hmcbdàt j a hit , Z 5 Zkaboilurn ja hit, @ 5 `tdor jah it t ypo s

(ekhiay \uaaoi kif 'ahndt nroy Loanhki', whtd sèo phocos `j

uihfoithjhof ja hit), I 5 r`w t`tkas.

Vklao <

typo Wht L-b > Wht L-b 4

\hmcbdàt \hmcbdàt Zkaboilurn

I % I % I %

c`ros/dkeeorstìos > 7.6 > 7.> ; 7.;

propkr kthì phocos :67 3<.3 <;6 <<.> 34; <<.7

romuvoikthì phocos 88 ?,7 6? 6.8 46 6.:

jakbos 48; 6?.7 67< 6<.> 4:> 6>.8

lakfos 366 ;>.6 <>3 <8.7 6>4 <:.6

t`tka ;84; ;77.; 86; ;77.7 ;4;; ;77.7

Vklao < Loob-borbovoaf= fhstrhluthì `j j a hit wksto

Vklao 3

typo Wht L-b > Wht L-b 4

\hmcbdàt \hmcbdàt

^ kv.^ ^ kv.^

Zkaboilurn

^ kv.^c`ros/dkeeorstìospropkrkthì phocosromuvoikthì phocosjakboslakfos

;>8? <?:.6 <;;: 37<.3 :7 :7.7

8>3< ;?.< ?>6? <:.8 ;744; <4.:

3>6; 3>.4 ;?:: 36.4 6?8< ?6.>

<;7: <.6 >4? <.7 <6:8 <.4

;7:4 3.; ;7:7 3.8 ;4:6 3.8

t`tka ;466< n ;;<>< n ;844: n

Vklao 3 Loob-borbovoaf= wohnd t `j j a hit wksto



<8 E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

`j tdo Zkaboilurn vkrhoty ks `pp`sof t` 3<"% `j tdo\hmcbdàt jahit. \ojhtthin sd`wof tdkt l`td typos `j jahitworo w`rbof whtd tdo skeo eotd`fs. Vdo ojj`rts hi rojhtthin woro cìcoitrktof ì tdo \hmcbd`d ektorhka, htsi`fuhos lohin e`ro okshhy hfoithjhklao tdki tdo voryuihj`re Zkaboilurn ìos. Vdus shx i`fuhos cùaf lorocìst htutof t` k nrokt oxtoit. Vdoy pr`fucof lotwooi @kif 47 lakfos. I`t hicaufhin tdo cdhps tdo osthektof t`tka

folhtkno `j tdoso c`ros vkrhof lotwooi ;7 kif <?7, whtd ke`fo `j ;?7-<77.

Fhroct oxtrkpàkthì `j tdoso jhnuros j`r tdo ehiheue `jtwoity-jhvo i`fuhos bikppof ca`so t` tdo tw` phts, wùafsunnost tdkt kaa tdo ektorhka `rhnhikaay prosoit wks pro-sorvof kif roc`vorof ì tdo sp`t, ks twoity-jhvo i`fuhoswùaf dkvo nhvoi k t`tka folhtkno `j 3>?7-?777 krtojkcts.Vdo kctuka rkto `j prosorvkthì ks forhvof jrè tdoiuelor `j wksto phocos loaìnhin t` tdo rocìsthtutofc`ros, d`wovor, hs klùt ?7%. Vdus, tdo ehiheueosthekto `j twoity-jhvo i`fuhos hs eucd t`` a`w. Ht sooespr`lklao tdkt tdo roekhis `j pordkps ks ekiy ks jhjty

i`fuhos, ca`soay rosoelahin okcd `tdor kif tdoroj`rouihfoithjhklao, kro prosoit hi tdo folrhs.Vdo n``f stkto `j prosorvkthì sooes t` lo fuo t` tdotdhcb càauvhka akyor tdkt provoitof or`shì. Vdo fkto `j htsj`rekthì hs uibi`wi, lut hi tdo a`wor pkrt `j ht k jrkneoit `j k Ehffao Ioàhtdhc pàhsdof kxo wks jùif.Sucd n``f prosorvkthì cìfhthìs fhf i`t provkha hiOasa``. Doro, `whin t` or`shì kif akrno-sckao eocdkihckaoxckvkthì eotd`fs, ?-;7% kt tdo e`st `j tdo ektorhka`rhnhikaay prosoit wks roc`vorof. Vdhs jhnuro sooes s` locìstkit kaa `vor tdo shto.

Hi tores `j tdo roakthvo hep`rtkico `j jahit w`rbhin, cè-pkrhsìs lotwooi Oasa`` kif Loob (`r e`ro noiorkaay

spokbhin lotwooi kaa Lkifborkehb shtos `r ovoi lotwooifhjjoroit phts whtdhi tdo skeo shto) kro ìay vkahf hj tdosofhjjoroicos hi roc`vory cìfhthìs kro tkboi hit` kccùit.Vdo t`tka krok `j tdo Oasa`` shto hs osthektof t` lo toi doctkros, `j wdhcd ìo-tdhrf dks looi oxckvktof, oxp`shin tdoroekhis `j 8? dùsos. Vwoity-shx `j tdoso cki lo fktof hi

tdo @afor ALB, ?: hi tdo Xùinor Worh`f. Oxtrkpàkthinj`r tdo wdào shto, sèo <77-<?7 dùsos eust dkvo looiluhat hi tdo cùrso `j theo. Hi tdo @afor ALB tdo vhaakno`ccuphof ki osthektof krok `j <-3 doctkros, kae`st cè-paotoay uic`vorof, whtd up t` oaovoi dùsos stkifhin kt tdoskeo theo. Hi tdo Xùinor ALB tdo sottaoeoit oxpkifof`vor k eucd akrnor krok, `j wdhcd ìay klùt ìo-tdhrfdks looi oxckvktof. Hi tdo yùinor pdksos ks ekiy kssovoitooi dùsos eust dkvo st``f cìtoep`rkioùsay(E`fforeki ;8>7, ;84?). Vdo hitorik! roakthvo cdrìà`ny,lksof ì strkthnrkpdhcka `lsorvkthìs, tdo fovoa`peoit `jdùso pakis, kif p`ttory foc`rkthì, wks jhrst ùtahiof lyE`fforeki (;8>7). Aktor, Zki fo Zoafo's (;8>8) kikayshsaof t` k sulfhvhshì hi toi ehcr`pdksos, okcd roprosoithinìo dùso noiorkthì. Ks tdo t`tka ahjospki `j tdo vhaakno

Vklao 6

typo corkehc pdkso t`tka

; < 3k 3l 6 ?

c`ros <> 8 4 4 ;? ;; >4dkeeorstìos 3: ;3 > 33 ;3 <7 ;<<dkeeorst .jrkneoits ?; <: 37 :< ;3 3; <;3propkrkthì phocos ?67 ;8: 46 6<3 >: ;78 ;6<4romuvoikt hì phocos ;37 68 6; ;37 36 :< 66:jakbos >8; 677 <?6 4>< <36 6?7 377;lakfos ;>> ;;? 8> 6;3 ;68 <?4 ;<78la`cbs 34 <6 4 3? ;> <3 ;6?krr`wdokfs 6 ; 3 ;7 < 6 <6l`rors 6 ; > 4 > : 33oif-scrkpors ?8 38 33 ;:: 34 >3 674shcbao lakfos ;: : 8 3? ;: <; ;73oif-rotùcdof lakfos ; < 3 : ? < ;8shfo-rotùcdof lakfos > < < ;: 3 > 3>spahitorof phocos 8 ; > ? < > 3;lurhis 7 7 7 ; 7 7 ;

rotùcdof jakbos 3 ; 7 7 7 7 6shfo scrkpors ;7 6 < 6 < 3 <?dokvy hepaoeoits ; 7 7 7 7 7 ;

t tka ;876 448 ?8? <<<> :<: ;74> >3<4

Vklao 6 Oasa``, jroquoich os `j krtoj kcts jr` e fktof phts

Vklao ?

aypo corkehc pdkso t`tka; < 3k 3l 6 ?

c`ros ;.6 ;.7 ;.3 7.6 <.6 ;.7 ;.;dkeeorstìos ;.8 ;.? ;.< ;.? <.; ;.4 ;.>dkeeorst.jrkneoits <.> <.8 ?.7 <.4 <.; <.8 <.8propkrkthì phocos <4.6 <<.; ;6.; ;8.7 ;<.; ;7.7 ;8.?romuvoikthì phocos :.4 ?.? :.8 ?.4 ?.6 ?.> :.;jakbos 6;.? 6?.7 6<.> 38.< 3>.6 6;.6 6;.7

Vklao ? Oasa` , por coi tkn os `j lakfos 8.3 ;<.8 ;:.3 ;4.: <3.4 <3.> ;:.?ekhi krtoj kct ckt on`r hos jrè la`cbs <.7 <.> ;.3 ;.: <,> <.; <.7fktof phts. t`às* :.7 :,6 ;;.; ;;.3 ;<.7 ;;.3 8.3*t`às `tdor tdki dkeeorstìoskif - jrkne oits t`tka ;77.7% a@@.@j/ 88.8% ;77.<% ;77.7% 88.8% ;77.;%



37 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

wks 377-3?7 yokrs, ovory dùso noiorkthì cùaf dkvoakstof <?-3? yokrs, k theo tdkt c`rrospìfs voy woaa whtdosthektos lksof ì tdo furklh_ty `j luhafhin ektorhkas(Lkbohs ;8>4, Añihin ;84<).

Hi dhs hihthka cdrìà`nhcka `rforhin Zki fo Zoafo fhvhfoftdo ektorhka hit` shx corkehc pdksos, lut hi dhs jurtdorrosokrcd do w`rbof whtd jhvo pdksos (iuelorof ; tdrùnd?),

wdoroly tdo tw` ehffao pdksos woro nrùpof t`notdor .Hi tdhs porh`fhskthì tdo trkfhthìka fhvhshì lotwooi @aforkif Xùinor ALB jkaas sèowdoro hi tdo ehffao `j Wdkso3. Ks tdhs fhvhshì eky lo eokihinjua hi tores `j jahitw`rbhin tocdihquos, H whaa uso tdo `rhnhika shx-jàf fhvhshìhi tdhs stufy, rofhvhfhin Wdkso 3 hit` 3k kif 3l kcc`rfhint` Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8, jhn. ;>, j`r tdo noiorka prosoitkthì`j tdo fktk, kif tdo ;7 ehcr`pdksos (iuelorof 7-8) hi tdoe`ro fotkhaof kikaysos.

Vdo dùsos kt Oasa`` kro caustorof hit` tdroo `r jùr dùsonrùps, `r wkrfs, sd`whin cìthiuhty `vor theo. Okcdwkrf cìshstof `j dùsos j fhjjoroit bhifs. Vdoro wkskawkys ìo trhpkrthto aìndùso prosoit (E`fforeki's

(;8>7) typo ;= Nr`sslkutoi), ks woaa ks sovorka lhpkrthto(typo <= Lkutoi) kif shinao-uiht (typo 3= Baohilkutoi)dùsos. Hi tdo cùrso `j theo tdo dùso nrùps e`vofnrkfukaay, sèo `j tdoe vkihsdhin jrè tdo oxckvktof pkrt`j tdo sottaoeoit, kif `tdors cèhin hi. Vd`so dùsonrùps ehndt roprosoit tdo fwoaahin kroks `j fhjjoroitahioknos whtdhi tdo s`chka j`rekthì. Vdus, Oasa`` sooes t`dkvo looi hidklhtof ly tdroo `r j ur fhjjoroit ahioknos,wdoroks tdo sekaaor shtos ì tdo Nrkotdohfo cki lo hitor-protof ks sottaoeoits `j k shinao ahiokno (Zki fo Zoafo;8>8, ;84:). Ovory dùso wks surrùifof ly hts `wikcthvhty krok. Ks tdo kvorkno fhstkico lotwooi dùsoswhtdhi tdo caustors wks <? e, tdo kvorkno jkrestokf cùaf

dkvo dkf k rkfhus `j ;< e krùif tdo dùso. Dklhtkthìhi Oasa`` wks ovoi foisor kif e`ro caustorof tdki hiAkinwohaor 4 ì tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto, wdoro kiosthektof rkfhus `j <? e wks jùif (Añihin ;84<). Hi`tdor Lkifborkehb sottaoeoits, d`wovor, eucd e`ro spkcowks kvkhaklao j`r ovory jkrestokf= hi Fkrhì ìay tw` `rtdroo dùsos `ccuphof cìtoep`rkioùsay k sottaof krok `jkppr`xhektoay ;.4 doctkros (Ckdoi ;84?). Supp`rthin tdhstdo`ry `j k vory foiso dklhtkthì hs tdo jkct tdkt hi Oasa``,uihhbo Fkrhì `r Akinwohaor 4 kif `tdor Kafoid`voiorWaktto shtos, e`st `j tdo rojuso wks jùif hi phts funkaìnshfo tdo dùsos.

Vdo fktk sot usof hi tdhs stufy cìshsts `j tdo jahitektorhka jùif hi <;4 rullhsd phts, loaìnhin t` >? dùsos,fktof kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo. @io duifrof tdhrty-jùruiksshniklao kif uifktof phts whtd jahit woro i`t kikaysof.Vdoy cìtkhiof aoss jhifs tdki fhf tdo dùso-phts (dùsophts= eofhki ;7, ekxheue ?;; 2 uifktof phts= eofhki :,ekxheue ;<<2 phts whtdùt jahits hi l`td cksos oxcaufof.Vdo eofhki wks cd`soi ks eoksuro `j coitrka toifoicy

lockuso `j tdo ekrbofay sbowof jroquoicy fhstrhluthìs).Hi tklaos 6 kif ? tdo fhstrhluthì `j tdo fhjjoroit krtojkctckton`rhos hs sueekrhzof ( t` lo fhscussof e`ro juaay hitdo sulsoquoit pkrknrkpds).

3. Vdo pr`coss `j Lkifborkehb jahit w`rbhinVdo ekiujkcturo `j jahit t`às hs k rofucthvo pr`coss tdkt

cki lo sueekrhzof hi k ja`w e`foa hi tdo jàa`whin wky(soo jhn. H, e`fhjhof kif kfkptof jrè Càahis ;8>?, jhn.;). Sovoi kcthvhty sots cki lo fhsthinuhsdof (ùtahiof whtdroctkinaos). Ovory kcthvhty pr`fucos hts `wi cdkrkctorhsthcpr`fuct nrùps. Vdoso kro ùtahiof whtd pkrkaaoa`nrkes.Lakibs hitoifof j`r jurtdor rofucthì kro ahstof ì tdo aojtwksto phocos ì tdo rhndt. Hi prkcthco, d`wovor, ekiystknos hi tdo pr`coss cki lo sbhppof. Foc`r thckthì jakbos,j`r oxkepao, woro sdkpof hit` t`às, ekiy lakfos worouthahsof whtdùt jurtdor trheehin kif c`ros `jtoi sorvof ksdkeeorstìos.

Vw` rktdor hep`rtkit jooflkcb a``ps oxhst hi tdhs e`foa=tdo c`rrocthì kif romuvoikthì `j c`ros, kif tdo rocycahin

`j w`ri hepaoeoits. Vdoso cki ohtdor lo ekhitkhiof hitdohr `rhnhika juicthì `r e`fhjhof hit` `tdor t`às.Vrkisp`rtkthì hs p`sshlao kjtor okcd stkno hi tdo pr`coss,o.n. tdo trkisp`rt `j i`fuaos jrè ki oxtrkcthì shto hit`tdo sottaoeoit, `r `j rotùcdof t`às t` tdo pakcos wdorotdoy woro usof.

Lockuso ovory stop hi tdo pr`coss pr`fucof hts `wicdkrkctorhsthc wksto, tdo stufy `j tdo folrhs jùif kt knhvoi shto kaa`ws us t` rocìstruct tdo ekiujkcturhin stopsporj`reof tdoro, pr`vhfof tdo roakthì lotwooi tdo j`reorkcthvhty krok kif tdo fhsckrf krok hs bi`wi, ks woaa kswdkt dkppoiof t` tdo ektorhka kjtor fhsp`skh (Scdhjjor;8>:, Scdhjjor ;84?).

Ly stufoits `j Lkifborkehb sottaoeoits ht hs noiorkaaykssueof tdkt e`st `j tdo ektorhka jùif hi tdo phts `j kjkrestokf wks socìfkry rullhsd, fhsckrfof ca`so t` tdopakcos `j `rhnhi furhin tdo theo tdo jkre wks hi uso.Kpkrt jrè tdhs fhroct fhsckrf tdo phts wùaf dkvo cìtkhiof hi tdo a`wor akyors sèo kcchfoitkaay wksdof-hi sur-jkco ektorhka jrè kaa stknos provhùs t` tdo fhnnhin kif,hi tdo t`p `j tdo jhaa, k ehxturo `j cìtoep`rkry, okrahorkif aktor prhekry kif fo jkct` rojuso, wdhcd wks fhsckrfofì tdo surrùifhin surjkco kif dkf sahppof f`wi furhintdo jhaahin-hi pr`coss (Scdhjjor ;8>:, Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8,Fo Nr``td hi pross k).

Vdo kikayshs `j tdo fktk jrè Loob kif Oasa`` ekfo htp`sshlao t` nhvo j`r Futcd Lkifborehb jahit w`rbhin tdojàa`whin stop-ly stop foscrhpthì `j tdo rofucthì pr`coss.;. Kcquhshthì `j rkw ektorhka.

Vdo iokrost sùrcos `j rkw ektorhka woro tdo nrkvoa lofs`j tdo rhvor Eouso. Vdo dokvhay-ràaof i`fuaos jùif tdoroworo juaa `j dhffoi crkcbs kif woro cìsoquoitay rkroayusof. E`st jahit wks kcquhrof hi tdo aheostìo krok sùtd



3; E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

kcquhshthì

`j rkw ektorhka

;'r kw ektor hka/ romoctof la`cbs

proc`ros

H

lakfos/

jakbos

Hrotùcdof

t`às .

jhrst soaocthì

3 k propkrkthì

l c`rrocthì/

romuvoikthì

rofucthì

sdkphin/rotùcdhinY

romoctof proc`ros

folrhs

foc`rthckthì jakbos

foc`rthckthì jakbos k,lpropkrkthì jakbos k,l a-

romuv oikth` i jakbos l /

romoctof jakbos

romoctof lakfos

rofucof c`ros

>-sdkphin jakbos

t``h romocts

'w` ri t`` a s / / usof t`` a s /

Y

H kcthv hty / pr`fu ct /

Jhn. ; Ja`w e`foa j`r lkifborke hb jahit ekiu jkct uro



3< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

YYL'

^

y2

Jhn. < Loob. Fhjjor oit rofuc-thì stknos jrè rocìsthtutof

i`fuao ;.732 t`p. jhrst propkrk-

t hì2 l`ttè. jhrst romuvoikthì,

socìf romuvoikthì, jhika c`ro.

;=<.

`j tdo rhvor Noua, kt k fhstkico `j ;7-;? be, h.o. lotwooitw` kif tdroo dùrs' wkabhin fhstkico jrè tdo vhaaknos.Ks tdohr sahndtay woktdorof c`rtox sd`ws, ekiy i`fuaosworo càaoctof jrè roshfuka sa`po fop`shts. @tdors,p`ssosshin k jrosdor c`rtox, eky dkvo looi lr`boi ùt `j

tdo cdkab hi sèo j`re `j `poi-ckst ehihin (Lkboas ;8>4).I` Lkifborkehb oxtrkcthì shtos kro bi`wi, d`wovor.Hi tdhs krok tw` typos `j jahit woro càaoctof= tdo woaa-bi`wi \hmcbdàt jahit jrè tdo Nuapoi J`rekthì kif tdoZkaboilurn jahit jrè tdo Ekkstrhcdt J`rekthì `vorayhintdo Nuapoi cdkabs. L`td loaìn t` tdo Xùinor Crotkcoùs'Ekkstrhcdthki' kif dkvo e`ro `r aoss tdo skeo fhstrhlu-thì (Joafor ;8>?k). \hmcbdàt jahit vkrhos hi càùr

lotwooi ahndt nroy kif nroyhsd lakcb, tdo càùr lohinsoafè uihj`re, ovoi hi tdo sekaaor phocos. ^htdhi tdorkino `j tdo nroys tdoro kro akrnor kif sekaaor la`ts kifseokrs. Hi kffhthì, tdo nroy cìtkhis ekiy wdhto f`ts. Kstdo woktdorhin `j tdo phocos hicroksos, tdo càùr locèos

ahndtor. Vdo kspoct `j tdo jrkcturos vkrhos jrè se``td t`sahndtay nrkiuakr (Lkboas ;8>4). Vdo Zkaboilurn jahit hsahndt nroy t` lauhsd nroy hi càùr kif cèpaotoay `pkquo,tdo nroy `jtoi cìtkhihin wdhto f`ts. Zkaboilurn jahit hsc`krsor nrkhiof tdki tdo \hmcbdàt ektorhka. Jrkcturosnoiorkaay dkvo k vory nrkiuakr a``b, tdùnd tdoy eky loroakthvoay se``td t` tdo tùcd (Joafor ;8>?l). Hi e`stFutcd Lkifborehb shtos \hmcbdàt jahit wks usof kae`st



33 E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

Jhn. 3 Loob. \ocìs thtut of i`fuao ;.7 <. ;=<.

oxcaushvoay. Ks stktof kl`vo, hi Loob-borbovoaf Zkaboilurnjahit wks w`rbof oxtoishvoay, whtd tdo skeo tocdihquos tdktworo usof ì tdo \hmcbdàt ektorhka. K sekaa pr`p`rthì `jZkaboilurn jahit wks jùif hi Oasa`` (7.>%, cj. tklao :) kswoaa ks kt `tdor Nrkotdohfo shtos. Vdo skeo kppahos t` tdoKafoid`voior Waktto (]heeorekii ;84; kif hi pross).<.Jhrst soaocthì.

Vdo soaocthì `j la`cbs suhtklao j`r jurtdor rofucthì t``bpakco kjtor tdoy dkf looi lrùndt lkcb t` tdo sottaoeoits,ks hs sd`wi ly tdo prosoico tdoro `j uiw`rbof la`cbs kifi`fuaos tdkt woro fhsckrfof kjtor ìo `r tw` jakbos dkflooi strucb `jj.3.k Wropkrkthì.

Vdo keùit `j propkrkthì wksto caokray sd`ws tdktpropkrkthì `j pro-c`ros wks cortkhiay fìo hi tdo sottaoeoits. Sèotheos k rùnd crost wks propkrof ì tdoc`ro jkco t` nuhfo tdo jhrst lakfo (jhn. 6= ;.7;). Strhbhin

paktj`res woro ekfo ly roe`vka `j ìo `r sovorka akrnofoc`rthckthì jakbos. Hi ìo ckso hi Loob, oaovoi propkrkthì jakbos woro ioofof loj`ro k suhtklao strhbhin paktj`reoeornof (jhn. := <.7;). Crost propkrkthì wks i`t kawkysiocosskry, propkrkthì `j tdo c`ro jkco `jtoi cìshsthinìay `j roe`vka `j luanos kif foc`rthckthì, whtd jakbosstrucb jrè sovorka fhrocthìs (jhn. <). Kt tdhs stkno k akrnokeùit `j ektorhka wks roe`vof, caokray hifhckthin tdkt

jahit wks iovor hi sd`rt suppay. Kaa propkrkthì wks fìohi tdo dkrf dkeeor e`fo.6. \ofucthì.

Vdo projorrof lakibs woro lakfos, whtd k aointd `j 4 - ;<ce. Jakbos woro pr`fucof rktdor `jtoi kt tdhs stkno, d`w-ovor (aklao 6, ?) . Jahit-w`rbhin tocdihquos hepr`vof whtdtheo, ks hs whtiossof ly tdo jkct tdkt lakfos j`reof klùt8-;:% `j tdo kssoelakno hi tdo @afor ALB, hicrokshin t``vor <3% hi tdo Xùinost ALB pdksos (tklao ?). Kt tdhsstkno `j tdo pr`coss tdo s`jt dkeeor e`fo wks usofoxcaushvoay.

Vdo tw` Loob rullhsd phts cìtkhiof wksto `j kt aoksttwoity-jhvo fhjjoroit i`fuaos, whtd k t`tka `j shxtooi c`ros(hicaufhin dkeeorstìos) sthaa prosoit. Vdo rocìstructofi`fuaos pr`fucof ki kvorkno `j 67 lakfos okcd, s` kehiheue `j ;777 lakfos cùaf dkvo looi prosoit. Sovoiduifrof sovoitooi `j tdoso lakfos (cèpaoto kif pr`xheka

jrkneoits) woro fhsckrfof, wdhcd aokvos kt aokst 377lakfos, `r twoavo lakfos t` ovory i`fuao, wdhcd worotrkisp`rtof kif usof oasowdoro. Hj bikpphin sucd k i`fuaot``b ki kvorkno `j 37 ehiutos (Ckdoi ;846), tdo tw`Loob-borbovoaf phts wùaf roprosoit ;7-<? dùrs `j w`rb.3.l \omuvoikthì.

Vdo jakbhin kinao `j tdo c`ros wks ronuakray hepr`vof lys`jt dkeeor roe`vka `j thiy jakbos jrè tdo strhbhin sur-



36 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Jhn. 6 Loob. \ocìst htutof

i`fuaos ;.7; kif ;.76. ;=<.

jkco (jhn. >= <.7?). Hj tdkt fhf i`t sujjhco, tdo wd`ho strhbhin paktj`re cùaf lo romuvoiktof ly dkrf dkeeorroe`vka `j k c`ro tklaot.Vdo skeo c`ro jkco roekhiof hi

uso, lut tdo lakfos pr`fucof woro ;-< ce sd`rtor (jhn. <).

Vdo roe`vka `j tklaots kas` t``b ckro `j fkeknos ì tdouppor pkrt `j tdo c`ro jkco wdoi, `whin t` k wrìn strhbhin kinao `r hrronuakrhthos hi tdo jahit, dhino jrkcturhin dkf`ccurrof (jhn. := <.7?). @tdor fkekno `j tdo c`ro jkco wksc`rroctof whtd kxhka `r aktorka jakibs (Ckdoi ;846) (jhn. 3).

^htd l`td typos `j c`ro romuvoikthì rktdor k a`t `j

ektorhka wks wksaof. Hi tdo cùrso `j oxtoishvo c`rrocthìsk socìf strhbhin paktj`re ì ki`tdor pkrt `j tdo c`ro wkssèotheos propkrof (jhn. 6= ;.76). @jtoi hi tdoso rofucthì

stknos k socìf c`ro jkco wks w`rbof ks woaa, kfmkcoit `r`pp`shto t` tdo `rhnhika ìo. Ckrojua propkrkthì `j tdofhstka pkrts `j tdo c`ros `ccurrof hi tdoso stknos ks woaa, s`ks t` hicrokso tdo ùtput `j n``f c`ros. @io `j tdo rojht-tof Loob c`ros sd`wof shx sulsoquoit romuvoikthì stknos.Vdo rofucthì `j toi c`ros wks oifof wdoi jurtdor c`rroc-thì wùaf ckuso tdo c`ro jkco t` locèo t`` sd`rt. @io



3? E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

²

Jhn. ? Loob. \ocìsthtutofi`fuaos ;.7? kif ;,7:. ;=<.

c`ro wks t`` tdhi t` kaa`w jurtdor rofucthì {jhn. 6= ;.76),

kif jùr c`ros woro w`rbof thaa tdoy pr`fucof ìay sd`rtjakbos.?. Sdkphin.E`st rotùcdof t`às sd`w k fhroct stoop rotùcd, ìaykrr`wdokfs sèotheos fhspakyhin lhjkchka `r hivorso jaktsurjkco rotùcd. \ocycahin `j w`ri t`às wks i`t k cè-eì prkcthco.

:._so.

Kt tdo eèoit vory ahttao hs bi`wi klùt tdo wky t`àsworo usof. Hi Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb rullhsd phts tdojàa`whin e`rpdà`nhcka t``h typos kro jùif= krr`wdokfs,l`rors, oif-scrkpors, shfo-scrkpors, truicktof lakfos,rotùcdof lakfos, shcbao lakfos, spahitorof phocos, kif dke-eorstìos. @tdor j`res, ahbo lurhis, foithcuaktos, 'qukr-thors f'`rkino' (Ckdoi, Ckspkr, @tto ;84:) kif 'phocos



3: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Jhn. : Loob. Cìm`hiofkrtojkcts jrè fhjjoroit stknos.;=<. V`p= <.73, <.7?2 ehffho=<.7:, <.78, <.7>2 l`ttè=<.7;, <.76

scuaptèos' (_arhx-Ca`ssot kif \ùssoaao ;84<) kro kaaoxtroeoay rkro hj i`t cèpaotoay klsoit (K juaa, tdùndrktdor `vor-fotkhaof typ`-e`rpdà`nhcka foscrhpthì `j tdoektorhka hs nhvoi ly Iowoaa ;8>7).Kt aokst pkrt `j tdo t`às woro usof ca`so t` tdo pakco `j

ekiujkcturo. Kae`st kaa tdo t`às jùif hi tdo tw` rul-lhsd phts hi Loob loaìnof t` i`fuaos rofucof ì tdo sp`t,ovoi tdùnd iìo cùaf kctukaay lo rojhttof. E`ro`vor,tdroo ùt `j shx rojhttof c`ros dkf looi usof ks dke-eorstìos loj`ro lohin fhsckrfof. Vdo socìfkry juicthì



3> E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

Jhn. > Loob. Cìm`hiofkrtojkcts jrè k shinao pr`fucthì stkno. ;=<. V`p= ;.7?2 l`t-tè= 3 .7 ;, 3.73, 3.<8

ks dkeeorstìos `j `tdor c`ros provoitof rojhtthin, tdùndtdo wksto loaìnhin t` tdoe wks prosoit. Vdo skeo dàfstruo j`r Akinwohaor 4 ì tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto,wdoro kioif-scrkpor kif k dkeeorstìo jùif t`notdor cùaf lorojhttof. (Hitorosthinay tdo c`ro dkf looi usof ks k dkeeorstìo loj`ro tdo jakbo tdkt sorvof ks lakib j`r tdo oif-scrkpor wks strucb `jj. Kjtor jurtdor rofucthì tdo c`rowks ìco e`ro turiof hit` k dkeeorstìo). Hi ki`tdorckso rojhtthin wks p`sshlao lotwooi k fhstka lakfo jrkneoitkif k c`ro sulsoquoitay usof ks k dkeeorstìo kif

fhsckrfof hi tdo skeo pht. Hi tdhs ckso klùt < ce `j jahitworo roe`vof furhin uso (Fo Nr``td ;84; kif hi pross k).K proahehikry ehcr`-wokr kikayshs `j pkrt `j tdo Oasa``jahit kssoelakno lohin porj`reof ly K.vki Nhmi kif dorstufoits kt tdo Aohfoi Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry whaa sd`rtaypr`vhfo k lottor hishndt hi tdo t`às ' juicthìs.>. Fhsckrf/A`ss.Vdo ekiujkcturhin wksto wks fhsckrfof hi rullhsd phts

ca`so t` tdo krok wdoro jahit bikpphin t``b pakco. Sèo `jtdo t`às pr`fucof akifof hi td`so skeo phts kjtor uso. Kswks eoithìof okrahor, ahttao cki lo skhf klùt t`às a`st `rfhsckrfof ks prhekry rojuso hi tdo j`reor cuaturka akyor.

6. Vdo `rhnhis `j tdo Futcd Lkifborkehb jahithifustry

Loj`ro turihin t` k fhscusshì `j tdo s`chka cìtoxt `jekiujkcturhin sèotdhin eust lo skhf ì tdo `rhnhis `jtdo hifustry. Cèpkrhsì `j tdo Futcd ektorhka whtd

rocoitay pulahsdof kssoelaknos jrè `tdor ronhìs,ospochkaay hi Coitrka Our`po, o.n. Lkvkrhk (Fkvhs ;8>?, FoNr``td ;8>>), Wàkif (Bkczki`wsbk kif Aocd ;8>>) kifDuinkry (Lhró hi pross) sd`ws tdkt kaa `j tdoso hifustrhoskro lkshckaay vory shehakr. Hi tdo ahndt `j tdhs jkct htlocèos caokr tdkt tdo oxcopthìka p`shthì `j tdo Futcd,`r e`ro noiorkaay spokbhin, tdo \dhio-Eouso hifustry kspr`pùifof ly Iowoaa (;8>7) eust lo rocìshforof. H soo




i` roksì t` kfdoro t` Iowoha's `phihì tdkt tdhs hifustryhs tdo rosuat `j tdo eoothin `j h`cka Akto Eosàhtdhc nrùps(i`w krcdkoà`nhckaay bi`wi ks tdo Fo Aohmoi-^krtoikcèpaox) kif ehnrkthin Lkifborkehb po`pao.

?. S`ch`-ocìèhc `rnkihskthìVdhs rosokrcd ì tdo s`ch`-ocìèhc structuro `j FutcdLkifborkehb jahit w`rbhin lonki whtd tdo stufy `j tdotw` rullhsd phts hi Loob-borbovoaf. Vdo akrno keùit `jwksto ektorhka, cèlhiof whtd tdo sekaa iuelor `j t`às(aoss tdki ;%) wùaf sooe t` hifhckto tdkt t`às kiflakfos cùaf dkvo looi ekfo doro tdkt juajhaaof tdo ioofs`j tdo wdào sottaoeoit (Fo Nr``td ;8>:, Lkboas o.k.;8>>). K jhrst tost `j tdhs dyp`tdoshs hi Loob, d`wovor,pr`vof t` lo ionkthvo= tdo t`às kif lakfos jùif hi tdoshto's `tdor rulhsd phts woro i`t roaktof t` tdo wksto hi tdo'rhcd' phts. @i tdo cìtrkry, e`st phts cìtkhiof propkrk-thì kif romuvoikthì wksto ks ovhfoico tdkt jahit dkf looibikppof hi tdohr surrùifhins ks woaa.Ks ìay k sekaa pkrt `j tdo Loob-borbovoaf shto wks

oxckvktof, tdhs jhrst rojutkthì wks i`t iocosskrhay cì-caushvo. Vdo Ahäno- Wakco St.Akelort shto, wdoro ìo pht,cìtkhihin sèo ?; bn `j oxtoishvoay rojhttof folrhs, wksfoscrhlof ks ki 'ktoahor fo tkhaao' `r w`rbsd`p sorvhin tdowdào sottaoeoit (Ckdoi ;846), sooeof t` `jjor supp`r thinovhfoico. Doro t``, d`wovor, ìay k sekaa pkrt `j tdo shto(ki krok `j ck <? x <? e, whtd ohndt Lkifborkehb rullhsdphts) wks oxckvktof, s` tdkt ahttao hs bi`wi klùt tdo roak-thìsdhp lotwooi tdo fhjjoroit kcthvhty kroks whtdhi tdo shto.Hi jkct, tdhs bhif `j pr`laoe sdùaf hfokaay lo stufhof hicèpaotoay uic`vorof, aìn-ahvof sottaoeoits, ks tdoy krotdo ìay ìos wdoro structurka pkttoris, h.o. pkttoris tdktrocur tdrùndùt theo, cki lo fhsthinuhsdof jrè hichfoi-

tka ìos. Sucd shtos, uij`rtuiktoay, kro i`t kvkhaklao ì tdoNrkotdohfo. Vdo oxckvktof pkrt `j Oasa``, d`wovor, sooest` lo oxtoishvo oiùnd t` sorvo ùr purp`so. Hi tdhs soc-thì, tdoroj`ro, ki kikayshs hi s`ch`-ocìèhc tores `j tdojahit jrè Oasa`` whaa lo nhvoi.

Vdo s`ch`-ocìèhc systoe `j k s`choty cki lo fojhiof lytdo fhjjoroit e`fos j pr`fucthì bi`wi t` ht. J`r cèeuihty s`chothos (Jrhof ;8>?), h.o. s`chothos whtd k ioàhtdhcaovoa `j tocdià`nhcka fovoa`peoit. Zki fo Zoafo dks foscrhlof jùr roaovkit e`fos `j pr`fucthì. Vdoy kro i`teutukaay oxcaushvo kif kaa jùr kro tdùndt t` dkvo oxhstofhi Lkifborkehb vhaaknos hi noiorka kif hi Oasa`` hi pkr-

thcuakr (Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8). Ahbo `tdor ocìèhokcthvhthos, tdo ekiujkcturo `j jahit t`às cùaf dkvo looi`rnkihsof kcc`rfhin t` kaa jùr e`fos `j pr`fucthì. Okcdìo wùaf rosuat hi k fhjjoroit spkthka fhstrhluthì `j jahitwksto kif t`às hi tdo sottaoeoit kif tdus cùaf loroc`nihsof hi tdo krcdkoà`nhcka roc`rf, hj tdo trkisj`rek-thìs hi tdo krcdkoà`nhcka roc`rf (Scdhjjor ;8>:) krokccùitof j`r.

;. Hi tdo fèosthc e`fo `j pr`fuct hì tdo jkehay, ahvhinhi k shinao dùsodàf, hs tdo uiht `j pr`fucthì kif cì-suepthì. Fhvhshì `j aklùr hs lksof ì kno kif soxkaìo. Hj tdo fèosthc e`fo `j pr`fucthì provkhaof hi ksottaoeoit, ovory dùsodàf (tdùnd i`t iocosskrhay ovorydùsodàf eoelor) ekfo hts `wi jahit t`às, kcc`rfhin t`hts ioofs. Vdhs wùaf dkvo rosuatof hi ki ovoi fhstrhluthì`j jahit wksto kif t`às `vor tdo t`tka sottaoeoit krok,tdùnd whtdhi ovory shinao jkrestokf rullhsd eky dkvolooi cìcoitrktof hi spochjhc kcthvhty kroks (cj. tdo pkttoriùtahiof j`r tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto sottaoeoits hi Añihin;84<).

<. Hi tdo ahiokno e`fo `j pr`fucthì tdo uiht `j pr`fucthì kif cìsuepthì hs j`reof ly k nrùp `j roaktofjkehahos loaìnhin t` tdo skeo ahiokno `r 'caki'. I`t ovoryporsì whtdhi k nhvoi kno `r sox nrùp dks tdo skeo rhndtskif `lahnkthìs. Hj jahit w`rbhin woro ekhiay `rnkihsof hitdhs wky, ìo wùaf oxpoct t` jhif j`r ovory sottaoeoitpdkso systoekthc fhjjoroicos hi tdo keùit `j jahit wkstopor jkrestokf whtdhi tdo dùsodàf caustors.

3. Vdo a``so e`fo `j pr`fucthì hs cdkrkctorhsof ly tdooxhstoico `j 'kf d`c' spochkahsts, juicthìhin lockuso `jkcchfoitka, iì-dorofhtkry sbhaas. Vdo prosoico `j tdhs bhif`j spochkahsof jahit bikppor hi k cèeuihty wùaf rosuat hik vory dhnd cìcoitrkthì `j jahit wksto loaìnhin t` kshinao jkrestokf hi ovory dklhtkthì pdkso.

6. Jhikaay, tdo suprka`cka e`fo `j pr`fucthì wks prkc-thsof wdoi sèo ioofs cùaf i`t lo eot a`ckaay kif ìodkf t` turi t` roakthvos hi `tdor sottaoeoits, iokrly `r fhs-tkit, j`r doap. Hi tdkt ckso, i` pr`fucthì wksto wùaf`ccur hi tdo rullhsd phts, lut ìay jhihsdof t`às kifsuhtklao lakibs.

Vdoro hs kepao ovhfoico j`r tdo fèosthc e`fo `j pr`fucthì hi Oasa``. @vor >377 jahit krtojkcts dkvo looi jùifhi tdo rullhsd phts ksshniof t` fktklao dùsos, 4:% `jwdhcd wks folrhs kif ;6% t`às. Hi ovory sottaoeoitpdkso, tdo phts `j e`st dùsos cìtkhiof jahit wksto jrèkaa pr`fucthì stknos. Ovoi wdoi ahttao jahit hs prosoit hi kdùso's rojuso phts wo jhif propkrkthì kif romuvoikthìphocos kif c`ros, tdo e`st cdkrkctorhsthc ekiujkcturhinwksto. Hi tdhs rospoct tdoro oxhst i` `lvhùs fhjjoroicoslotwooi sottaoeoit pdksos (tklao ?).

Vdo fhjjoroit e`fos `j pr`fucthì kro i`t eutukaayoxcaushvo. S`, tdo trkcos aojt hi tdo krcdkoà`nhcka roc`rfly tdo ahiokno kif tdo a``so e`fos `j pr`fucthì cùaf lo

c`vorof kif pkrtay `lscurof ly rojuso pr`fucof hi tdofèosthc e`fo . Vdo rosuat wùaf lo k euathvkrhkto pkttor-ihin wdhcd ckii`t lo rokfhay fhsthinuhsdof ly vhsukahispocthì `r shepao stkthsthcka khfs. Wrhichpka CèpìoitsKikayshs (WCK) wks cd`soi ks k suhtklao tocdihquo t` hfoi-thjy sucd p`sshlao uiforayhin pkttoris `j c`-vkrhkthì hi tdofktk-sot, ks WCK 'rokrrkinos tdo fktk t` k sekaaor sot `jJkct`rs `r Cèpìoits tdkt eky lo tkboi ks sùrco



38 E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\@KIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

vkrhklaos kccùithin j`r tdo `lsorvof hitorroakthìs hi tdofk tk ' (F`rki & D`fsì ;8>?2 soo Dkreki ;8:> j`r ktocdihcka foscrhpthì).Vdo WCK wks porj`reof ì tdo HLE ekhijrkeo kt tdoAohfoi _ihvorshty C\H whtd tdo W\HIC@EW kif JKCV@\ pr`cofuros kvkhaklao hi SKS.Lockuso wo kro hitorostof doro hi tdo vkrhklhahty lotwooidùsos kif lockuso i` hifhckthì `j fhjjoroithkthì hi tdohitoishty `j jahit bikpphin whtdhi tdo jkre-ykrfs cùaf lojùif, tdo cìtoits `j kaa rullhsd phts kss`chktof whtd kdut woro auepof t`notdor t` pr`vhfo lottor skepaos. K jro-quoicy fhknrke `j tdo iuelor `j jahit krtojkcts por phtsd`ws k W`hssì-Hhbo fhstrhluthì j`r phts whtd jowor tdki :phocos, sucd ks wùaf lo tdo rosuat jrè kcchfoitka wkstokccueuakthì. V` ehihehzo tdo hijauoico `j sucd 'i`hso',ìay phts whtd kt aokst ? jahit krtojkcts woro hicaufof. Vdus,sovoity-ìo dùsos cùaf lo usof ks tdo cksos hi tdokikayshs.

Spochkahskthì hi jahit w`rbhin ks ùtahiof kl`vo wùaf lovhshlao ohtdor hi k lhpàkr Wrhichpka Cèpìoit (WC), whtd

propkrkthì/romuvoikthì wksto kif t`às/lakfos sd`whin`pp`shto dhnd h`kfhins2 `r hi spochjhc WC's j`r tdo wkstoektorhka ì ìo dkif kif lakfos kif t`às ì tdo `tdor2`r hi k cèlhikthì `j l`td pkttoris. Hj sucd WC's (hitor-protklao hi tores `j pr`fucthì vs cìsuepthì `j jahitt`às) cùaf lo hfoithjhof, tdoi hi k sulsoquoit stop, tdo

cksos tdkt sd`w ekiy `j tdo cdkrkctorhsthcs cèpùifofly tdoso WC's cùaf lo jùif tdrùnd cèputhin tdohr s`-ckaaof 'jkct`r-sc`ros'. Vdo jhika stop hs t` try kif hitorprottdo rosuats hi tores `j dklhtkthì pdksos kif dùso-nrùpskif soo d`w tdoy jht hi whtd tdo dyp`tdosos.Hihthkaay tdo WCK wks porj`reof whtd kaa vkrhklaos. VdoSKS fojkuat ehiohnoi crhtorhì soaoctof 4 WC's, whtd óóY/``j tdo vkrhkthì kccùitof j`r. Vdo scroo pa`t hifhcktof kekm`r muep lotwooi tdo 6td kif ?td WC (6< % `j tdovkrhkthì). Ht wks fochfof t` rotkhi tdo jhrst 6 WC's, ks tdorost dkf ìay shinao vkrhklaos a`kfhin ì tdoe. Vdkt nkvotdo jàa`whin sueekry `j tdo jkct`r pkttori=

WC ; WC < WC 3 WC 6

c`ros -7.7? -7.<6 7.34 -7.7;dkeeorstìos 7.>< 7.?< -7.7: 7.;:dkeeorst. jrkneoits 7.<; 7.;: -7.36 7.<<la`cbs -7.3? 7.;? -7.6< -7.78krr`wdokfs -7.7> -7.76 7.6< 7.7>l`rors -7.<< 7.3: 7.;8 -7.?4

oif-scrkpors -7.?3 7.;4 7.<; 7.<<shcbao lakfos -7.<? -7.78 7.7? 7.6>oif-rotùcdof lakfos -7.<4 7.6> 7.;? -7.?3shfo-rotùcdof lakfos 7.?: 7.:3 7.73 7.7>spahitorof phocos -7.<3 7.<< -7.3< 7.78lurhis -7.;; 7.74 7.<6 7.74

H HH H H H

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H HH

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jkct`r sc`ros ì WC ; jkct`r sc`ros ì WC < jkct` r sc`ros ì WC 3

Jhn. 4 Oasa``. Fhstrh luth` i `j jkct `r sc`ros ì tdo jhrst tdroo Wrhichpka Cè pìo its , por dùso nrùp kif ehcr`pdkso. Soaoctof sot

`j vkrhklaos2 dùso nrùps kif ehcr`pdksos kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8 kif hi pross.




w H

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jkct`r sc`ros ì WC ;

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jkct`r sc`ros ì WC < jkct`r sc`ros ì WC

Jhn. 8 Oasa``. Fhstr hluth` i `j jkct `r sc`ros ì tdo jhrst tdroo Wrhichpka Cèp ìo its, por iihcr` hidkl htkth ì pdkso. Soaoctof sot `j

vkrhklaos2 ehcr` pdksos kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8 kif hi pross.

rotùcdof jakbos 7.67 7.7< -7.7: 7.7:shfo-scrkpors -7.;< 7.73 -7.7> 7.68

dokvy hepaoeoits 7.78 -7.<< 7.;6 -7.;;

propkrkthì phocos 7.<8 -7.?? 7.:? -7.7<

romuvoikthì phocos 7.?> 7.<: 7.;? -7.;8

jakbos 7.7< -7.?> -7.:7 -7.3:

lakfos -7.?6 7.:< 7.<< 7.;6

Vdo jhrst tdroo W C's kaa sooe t` hifhckto tdo oxpoctof fhj-joroithkthì lotwooi krtojkct cakssos cìioctof whtd t``hpr`fucthì (romuvoikthì phocos, propkrkthì phocos kifp`sshlay dkeeorstìos) kif t``h uso ( shfo-rotùcdoflakfos, oif-scrkpors, p`sshlay dkeeorstìos kif lakfos).Ks sèo vkrhklaos a`kf ì e`ro tdki ìo cèpìoit kZK\HEKT r`tkthì wks porj`reof, nhvhin tdo jàa`whinks tdo dhndost a`kfhins=

\@VKVOF JKCV@\ ;= shfo-rotùcdof lakfos 7.8dkeeorstìos 7.4

\@VKVOF JKCV@\ <= lakfos 7.4jakbos -7.:

\@VKVOF JKCV@\ 6= propkrk thì phocos 7.4(Vdo shinao vkrhklao a`kfhin ì jkct`r 3 wks rotùcdofjakbos2 ks tdoy kro vory lkfay roprosoitof hi tdo fktk sot,tdhs jkct`r hs aojt ùt `j cìshforkthì).

Vdo hitorprotkthì `j tdo socìf r`tktof jkct`r hs pordkpstdo okshost. Ht sooes t` rojaoct tdo tocdià`nhcka cdkinoaokfhin t` ki hicrokso hi tdo pr`p`rthì `j lakfosekiujkcturof hi tdo Xùinor ALB.Vdo jhrst r`tktof jkct`r dks t` f` whtd fhjjoroicos hi tdofhstrhluthì `j t`às. Shfo-rotùcdof lakfos kif dkeeorstìos kccùit j`r kae`st kaa vkrhklhahty2 oif-scrkporsf` i`t a`kf ì kiy `j tdo jhrst r`tktof jkct`rs. Vdo jùrtd



6; E. O. V D. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

H H kaa dùsos

H H pdksos ; - <

Y D pdksos 3k -3 l

D pdksos 6 - ?

«-<.7-''Y,7 -·3Y,` ·D`jkct`r sc`ros ì WC ;

;?

;7

jcrYhihh CAS-<,7 ;.7 / 8<,7 * <,;

jkct`r sc`ros ì WC <

Jhn. ; 7 Oasa``. Fhst rhlut hì `j jkct` r sc`ros ì tdo jhrst tw ` Wrhichpka Cèp ìo its , por corkehc pdkso. Soaoctof sot `j vkrhklaos2

corkehc pdksos kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo ; 8>8 .

r`tktof jkct`r, whtd propkrkthì phocos ks tdo ìhy h`kfhinvkrhklho, sooes t` roprosoit tdo sùndt-j`r fhjjoroicos hitdo `ccurroico `j ekiujkcturhin wksto lotwooi dùsos.

V` not k caokror phcturo `j tdo vkrhkthì hi pr`fucthì, kiow WCK wks rui whtd k Dehtof sot `j vkrhklaos, cìtkhi-hin td`so krtojkct cakssos tdkt a`kfof dhnd hi tdo `rhnhikakikayshs kif woro woaa-roprosoitof hi tdo fktk sot. @jtdoso, propkrkthì kif romuvoikthì phocos j`re typhckapr`fucthì wksto. Dkeeorstìos, oif-scrkpors, lakfoskif, t` k aossor oxtoit, jakbos kro krtojkct ckton`rhos tdktcùaf lo trkisp`rtof kwky jrè pr`fucthì shtos t` louthahsof oasowdoro.

Vdhs socìf kikayshs rosuatof hi tdo jàa`whin jkct`rpkttori=

WC ; WC < WC 3 WC 6 WC ? WC :

dkeeorstìosoif-scrkporspropkrkthì phocosromuvoikthì phocosjakboslakfos

-7.;4 7.>>7.:4 -7.;7

-7.6: 7.;7-7.34 7.:3-7.68 -7.>77.4: 7.;>

-7.6< -7.;47.;: 7.:<7.4: -7.;;-7.74 7.?6-7.66 7.;<-7.7? -7.<4

7.38 7.;<7.3< 7.747.7: 7.;>

-7.73 7.<;-7.73 7.<;-7.33 7.;8

Vdo SKS fojkuat ehiohnoi crhtorhì rotkhiof 3 WC's,kccùithin j`r >:% `j tdo vkrhkthì (WC ; 3;%, WC <<:%, WC 3 ;8% rospocthvoay).

Vdoso jhrst tdroo Wrhichpka Cèpìoits knkhi sooe t` locìioctof whtd spochkahskthì. @i tdo jhrst WC wo jhif dhndp`shthvo a`kfhins j`r vkrhklaos cìioctof whtd t``h uso(lakfos kif oif-scrkpors) kif e`forkto ionkthvo a`kfhinsj`r tdo ckton`rhos cìioctof whtd pr`fucthì (propkrkthìphocos, romuvoikthì phocos). Jakbos kro ahibof whtd tdoekiujkcturhin wksto. Vdus, tdhs WC hifhcktos ki hivorsoroakthìsdhp lotwooi 'pr`fucthì' kif 'cìsuepthì' `jt`às.

@i tdo socìf WC dkeeorstìos kif romuvoikthì phocossd`w `pp`shto a`kfhins t` jakbos. ^doro romuvoikthì `jc`ros pakyof ki hep`rtkit rào, jowor jakbos (romoct lakfos)

`ccurrof. Hi td`so cksos, e`ro`vor, oxdkustof c`ros woroe`ro `jtoi ro-usof ks dkeeorstìos, hifhckthin nroktorocìèy, `r ovoi pkrsheìy hi tdo uso `j rkw ektorhka.Vdo tdhrf WC sd`ws k dhnd p`shthvo H`kfhin j`r propkrkthì phocos kif tdus, ahbo tdo jhrst WC, dks sèotdhin t`f` whtd t``h pr`fucthì.

Ks k ioxt stop tdo jkct`r sc`ros woro cèputof, nhvhin tdovkauos `j tdo dùsos ì tdo WC's (Vdhs pr`cofuro dks ks k



6< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

frkw-lkcb tdkt, hi tdo ckso `j ehsshin vkauos, tdo eokij`r tdkt vkrhklho hs usukaay oitorof hi tdo cèputkthì,tdoroly hitr`fuchin oxtrk i`hso. Ks hi tdhs WCK tdovkrhklaos `ccur rktdor jroquoitay, H fì't tdhib ht k rokapr`laoe doro).

Vdo vkrhkthì hi jkct`r sc`ros j`r kaa `j tdo tdroo WC's wksuiroaktof t` tdo fhjjoroit dùso typos.^htdhi sovorka dùso nrùps kif ehcr`pdksos k cì-shforklao fhjjoroithkthì hi jkct`r sc`ros j`r WC ; kif WC< cki lo sooi. Vdoro hs, d`wovor, i` rocurrhin ksyeeotrhofhcd`tèy ohtdor whtdhi tdo shinao wkrfs, ks wks oxpoctofuifor tdo ahiokno e`fo `j pr`fucthì (jhn. 4= k,l), `rwhtdhi tdo ehcr`pdksos, hi kcc`rfkico whtd tdo a``so e`fo`j pr`fucthì {Mhn. 8= k,l). \ktdor uioxpoctofay, tdo ìaywky t` ekbo soiso `j tdo jhrst tw` WC's wks t` hitorprottdoe hi cdrìà`nhcka kif tocdià`nhcka tores (jhn. ;7). Kstheo woit ì, jowor propkrkthì phocos woro ioofof t`propkro c`ros tdkt yhoafof k dhndor pr`p`rthì `j lakfos.Ahibof t` tdhs wks ki hicrokshin ioof j`r oif-scrkpors (WC;). @i tdo `tdor dkif, tdo Xùinor ALB pdksos skw k

roakthvo hicrokso hi pkrsheìy hi tdo uso `j rkw ektorhka,ks romuvoikthì kif tdo hitoishvo socìfkry uso `joxdkustof c`ros ks dkeeorstìos lockeo e`ro hep`rtkit(WC <).

WC 3, d`wovor, rokaay sooes t` rojaoct spochkahskt hì.^htdhi tdo wkrfs i` rocurrhin pkttori (p`hithin t` kahiokno e`fo `j pr`fucthì) hs jùif (jhn. 4= c), lut hiihio ùt `j toi ehcr`pdksos tdo jkct`r sc`ros sd`w kiksyeeotrho fhstrhluthì, ìo `r tw` dùsos kt tdo e`stdkvhin ekrbofay dhnd vkauos (jhn. 8= c). Vdhs pkttori hscìshstoit whtd tdo a``so e`fo `j pr`fucthì. Oephrhckaaytdo dùsos `j tdoso 'kf d`c' spochkahsts cki lo foscrhlof ksdkvhin jkct`r sc`ros `j `vor ;.7. E`ro`vor, ihio ùt `jtwoavo cksos kas` sc`ro dhnd ì WC < (jhvo `j tdoe kroovoi hi tdo uppor qukrthao `j tdo fhstrhluthì). Vdus, tdoycki lo hitorprotof ks dùsodàfs, wdoro k a`t `j jahit wksw`rbof hi ki ojjhchâit wky. Wkrt `j tdo lakibs kif t`àsekiujkcturof doro woro trkisp`rtof kwky, t` lo usof kiffhsckrfof ly tdo `tdor dùsodàfs `j tdo sottaoeoit. Vdhsa``so e`fo `j pr`fucthì wks, d`wovor, `j ehi`r hep`r-tkico cèpkrof t` tdo fèosthc ìo, ks tdo keùits `jt`às kif wksto por dùsodàf kro dhnday c`rroaktof (FoNr``td hi pross l).

Vdo caokrost hifhckthì `j tdo oxhstoico `j k suprka`cka

e`fo `j pr`fucthì hi tdo Futcd Lkifborkehb hs pr`vhfof

ly tdo kfzos, wdhcd woro `ltkhiof ks jhihsdof t`às jrèNorekiy ks woaa ks Loanhue (Lkboas ;8>4, ;84>). Vdoprosoico hi tdo aktor pdksos `j tdo Xùinor ALB `j vorya`w iuelors `j jhihsdof t`às kif lakibs ekfo jrè iì-a`cka jahits, ikeoay tdo \uaaoi kif s`-ckaaof 'ahndt-nroyLoanhki' ektorhka (Aúdr o.k ;8>>), eky p`hit t` tdhs e`fo`j pr`fucthì ks woaa (cj tklao :). E`st `j tdo Zkaboilurnjahit jùif hi Oasa`` loaìns t` tdo skeo pdksos. _p t`

tdo ?td ehcr`pdkso tdoso hijroquoitay-usof, 'ox`thc ' jahittypos `ccur hi porcoitknos `j <"% kt e`st, hicrokshin t`?.3% hi pdkso ?, 4.>% hi pdkso :, tdoi focrokshin t`3.;% kif 3.>% kif oifhin kt 4.4% hi ehcr`pdkso 8.Vw` `lsorvkthìs ehndt lo `j hitorost doro= e`st Zkaboilurn jahit `ccurrof hi phts cìtoep`rkioùs t` tdo Loob-borbovoaf sottaoeoit kif tdo dhndost keùit `j 'ox`thc'jahit hs t` lo jùif hi td`so ehcr`pdksos wdoro dùsoswhtd dhnd sc`ros ì WC <, (tdo 'pkrsheìy' cèpìoit)provkha. Ht tdoroj`ro sooes ahboay tdkt furhin tdo XùinostALB pdksos tdo pr`curoeoit `j jahit rkw ektorhka hiOasa`` lockeo sèowdkt strkhiof. (K shehakr cìcaushìwks rokcdof ly ]heeorekii (;84; kif hi pross) j`r tdoKafoid`voior Waktto).

@i tdo `tdor dkif, ht hs vory ahboay tdkt Oasa`` ks k wdào,ahbo tdo `tdor Nrkotdohfo sottaoeoits, pr`fucof k surpaus`j lakibs kif t`às j`r tdo loiojht `j bhi nrùps hironhìs wdoro jahit wks hi sd`rt suppay. Vdo propìforkic`j lakfos kif t`às hi tdoso ronhìs' rullhsd phts wùaftosthjy t` tdo suprka`cka e`fo `j pr`fucthì (Nklrhoa ;8>6

Aúdr o.k. ;8>>).

Vklao :

pdkso tr wr td wd HZ wv t` ^@

; ; 7 < 6 7 ;7 7 7 ;< 7 ; ; ;; 7 6 7 7 ;3k 7 7 7 ; 7 ; 7 7 3l > 6 <7 <> 7 : 7 7 :6 < 3 ? ;; < ;: ; ? 6? ; : 8 ;4 3 : ; 6 6

t`tka HH ;6 3> >< 63 ;8

Vklao : Oasa `, fhstrhluthì `j "o x` th c" ja hit typos.

t= t`às2 w= wksto2 r= \uaaoi jahit2 d= ahndt nroy Loanhki jahit2v= Zkaboilurn jahit2 `= `tdor jahit typos

Kcbi`waofnoeoitsH sdùaf ahbo t` tdkib tdo jàa`whin po`pao j`r tdohr doaphi propkrhin tdhs krthcao= tdo eoelors `j tdo DooebuifoZoroihnhin Loob j`r ekbhin tdo Loob ektorhka kvkhaklaoj`r oxtoishvo stufy ly nhvhin ht ì a`ki t` tdo Lì-iojkitoieusoue Ekkstrhcdt2 tdo stkjj `j tdo \hmbseusouevki @ufdofoi Aohfoi j`r oiklahin eo t` stufy tdo Oasa``jahits2 N. Dubboad`voi (Lìiojkitoieusoue) j`r ekbhintdo pd`t`nrkpds2 \. Aùslorn (Lìiojkitoieusoue) kifH.S. Stòpbor (HWA) j`r frkwhin tdo jhnuros2 D.Bkeorekis

kif E. ^kisaooloi (HWA) j`r porj`rehin tdo WrhichpkaCèpìoits Kikayshs kif doaphin whtd hts hitorprotkthì2M.Aocd (^krskw), A.W.Aùwo B``hmekis kif W.vki foZoafo (Aohfoi) kif K.]heeorekii (Jrkibjurt) j`r tdohrstheuakthin fhscusshìs kif doapjua cèeoits2 kif F.ôll (Ekkstrhcdt) j`r hepr`vhin tdo Oinahsd toxt. @jcùrso tdoy ckii`t lo doaf rospìshlao j`r kiy rullhsd sthaaaojt.




paktj`re j`reof whtd ; lhn jakbo (rojh ttof).

Wr`fucthì=

Kt jhrst jakbos kif sd`rt lakfos whtd c`rtox ìtdo f`rska jkco (: rojhttof, kt aokst > ehsshin),tdoi ck. 3 akyors `j lakfos, ekxheue aointd ;7ce, tdo c`ro jkco oxtoifhin `vor 3/6 `j tdoc`ro's surjkco.

\omuvoikthì=

_isuccosjua kttoept t` c`rroct strhbhin kinaowhtd doap `j cdhps strucb `jj jrè tdo paktj`re, jàh`wof ly roe`vka `j tw` tklaots (;rojhttof) kif c`rrocthì `j tdo c`ro jkco (<propkrkt hì jakbos rojhttof). Jhikaay ; lhn tklaot(rojhttof) sorvof t` j`re k iow strhbhinpaktj`re.

Wr`fucthì=3 akyors `j lakfos, :-> ce aìn. ; pr`xheka

lakfo jrkneoit cùaf lo rojhttof. K socìf c`rojkco ì tdo lkcb `j tdo i`fuao nkvo ìay <

jakbos.

\omuvoikthì=Hi tdhs tdhrf pr`fucthì stkno tdo c`ro's l`ttèwks c`rroctof.

Wr`fucthì=

@i tdo skeo c`ro jkco. < jakbos (rojhttof) tor-ehiktof hi dhino jrkcturos dkajwky f`wi tdoc`ro jkco. I` succosjua lakfo pr`fucthì wksp`sshlao.

\omuvoikthì/Wropkrkthì=Vdo c`ro wks turiof upshfo f`wi, < propkrk

thì jakbos j`reof k iow strhbhin paktj`re(rojhttof).

Wr`fucthì=Wkrtay ì tdo àf c`ro jkco, lut jrè k fhj

joroit fhrocthì. Ekhi pr`fucthì ì iow c`rojkco kt tdo j`reor lkcb shfo `j tdo c`ro. 3/6td`j tdo c`ro's surjkco usof j`r lakfo pr`fucthì

\omuvoikthì=

C`rrocthì `j strhbhin kinao ly roe`vhin cdhpsjrè tdo strhbhin paktj`re.

Wr`fucthì=Cìthiuof ì tdo skeo c`ro jkco, ck ? akyors `lakfos, ;7 ce aìn.

\omuvoikthì=\oe`vka `j tklaot (rojhttof).

Jhika c`ro=> x : x : ce.Vdo c`ro eky dkvo pr`fucof 3?-67 lakfos.

;.76 @iay tdo aointd `j tdo `rhnhika i`fuao hs

bi`wi= ;: ce.Shzo `j rocìsthtutof c`ro= ;? x ;7 x 4 ce,wohndt >77 n.8 krtojkcts rojhttof (jhn. 6).

C`ro hi pht 4, folhtkno hi pht >.

Wropkrkthì=Vdo jhrst strhbhin paktj`re wks croktof lyroe`vka `j H foc`rthckthì jakbo (rojhttof). I`spochka propkrkthì `j tdo c`ro jkco t``b pakco.

Wr`fucthì=

3 lakfos, ; jakbo, kaa pkrtay c`vorof whtd c`rtox.

\omuvoikthì=Kjtor kttoepts kt hepr`vhin tdo strhbhin kinaowhtd cdhps strucb `jj tdo strhbhin paktj`re,roe`vka `j lhn tklaot (rojhttof).

Wr`fucthì=Ks loj`ro.

\omuvoikthì=

Vrheehin `j tdo c`ro's l`ttè whtd sekaa

jakbos (; rojhttof).

Wr`fucthì=

Ks loj`ro. Knkhi 3-? akyors `j lakfos, aointd c4,? ce. Wr`fucthì st`ppof kjtor sèo dhinojrkcturos `ccurrof wdoi tdo c`ro wks t` tdhij`r jurtdor c`rrocthì.

Jhika c`ro=4,? T 6 T 3,? ce.Vdhs c`ro eky dkvo pr`fucof :7 - 47 lakfos.

;.7? Shzo `j `rhnhika i`fuao uibi`wi.Shzo `j rocìsthtutof c`ro= ;8 x ;: x ;: ce,wohndt ;7?7 + ??7 n.;6-;-33 krtojkcts rojhttof (jhn. ?).

ìo lakfo hi pht 4, tdo rost `j tdo folhtkno kiftdo c`ro hi pht >.



6? E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

Wropkrkthì= <.; vory lhn (;< x ;6 x 6 ce) propkrkt hì jakbo <.7;

kif sèo sekaaor ìos (< rojhttof) wororoe`vof t` j`re tdo jhrst strhbhin paktj`re.

<.7<Wr`fucthì=Sooes t` dkvo stkrtof whtdùt spochka propkrk- <.73thì `j tdo c`ro jkco. < cìm`hiof foc`rthckthìjakbos jrè tdo jhrst akyor, < lakfos jrè tdoehffao kif < lakfos jrè tdo oif `j tdo sorhos <.76

cùaf lo rojhttof whtd tdohr strhbhin paktj`res <.7?uifor tdo jhrst propkrkthì jakbo.

\omuvoikthì= <.7:^ks iocosskry lockuso tdo c`ro dkf locèo t``curvof. Jhrst < romuvoikthì jakbos strucb jrè <.7>tdo l`ttè `j tdo c`ro kif tdoi ki kxhka c`ro <.74jakib sorvof t` hepr`vo tdo c`ro jkco. Sekaa- <.78sckao c`rrocthì `j tdo strhbhin paktj`re por-

j`reof ks woaa. <.;7

Cìm`hiof krtojkcts jrè fhjjoroit stknosK sorhos `j > foc`rthckthì kif propkrkthìjakbos jrè tdo propkrkthì `j ìo strhbhinpaktj`re kif ; tklaot (jhn. :)

K sorhos `j 4 foc`rthckthì kif propkrkthìjakbos kif < pr`fucthì jakbos3 propkrkt hì jakbos, < lakfos, ; c`ro jakib kif< lakfos jrè tdo ioxt pr`fucthì stkno (jrètdo skeo i`fuao ks <.7<) {jhn. :)

K propkrkthì jakbo kif k tklaot (jhn. :)

< pr`xheka lakfo jrkneoits kif tdo romuvoikthì tklaot usof t` roe`vo tdo rùnd sp`t wdhcdckusof tdo lakfos t` jrkcturo (jhn. :)

< propkrkthì jakbos kif < romuvoikthì tklaots(jhn- :)

K crostof lakfo ì k c`ro (jhn. :)

< propkrkthì jakbos kif 3 tklaots< jakbos kif < crostof lakfo jrkneoits ì ktklaot (jhn. :)

< jakbos strucb jrè fhjjoroit strhbhin paktj`res

Wr`fucthì= 3.Lakfo pr`fucthì cìthiuof (; rojhttof).Vdo rost `j tdo soquoico hs uibi`wi. 3.7;Vdo jàa`whin sorhos `j cìm`hiof krtojkcts 3.7<loaìn t` tdhs i`fuao= 3.73< pkhrs `j foc`rt hckthì jakbos 3.76; pkhr kif k sorhos `j 3 propkrkt hì jakbos 3.7?-7:< propkrkthì jakbos kif k c`ro jakib3 jakbos, < `j wdhcd whtd propkrkt hì crost 3.7>-74; lakfo kif ; pr`fucthì jakbo 3.78-;;3 pr`fucthì jakbos (jhn. >)

< sorhos `j 6 lakfos kif pr`fucthì jakbos (jhn. 3.;<-;?>) 3.;:-<<< lakfos 3.<3Vdo c`ro pr`lklay loaìnhin t` tdhs i`fuao hs 3.<6cèpaotoay oxdkustof, hi hts jhika stknos ht ìay 3.<?-<>pr`fucof jakbos. Shzo= :.? x ? x 3 ce. 3.<4Keùit `j lakfos uibi`wi. 3.<8

Cìm`hiof krtojkcts jrè k shinao pr`fucthìstkno

4 foc`rthckthì kif propkrkthì jakbos (jhn. >): foc`rthckthì kif propkrkthì jakbos? propkrkthì jakbos (jhn. >)

6 foc`rthckthì kif propkrkthì jakbos

< sorhos `j 3 foc`rthckthì kif propkrkthìjakbos

< sorhos `j 3 propkrkt hì jakbos3 pkhrs `j ; foc`rthckthì kif ; propkrkt hìjakbo

6 pkhrs `j < foc`rt hckthì jakbos

> pkhrs `j < propkrkt hì jakbos< tklaots3 pr`fucthì jakbos3 pkhrs `j < pr`fucthì jakbos3 pr`xheka lakfo jrkneoits< lakfos (jhn. >)

;.7: Shzo `j `rhnhika i`fuao= ;> x 8 x 8 ce. 6.Shzo `j rocìst htutof c`ro= ;> x 8 x 8 ce, ;;77 6.7;n. 6.7<4 krtojkcts rojhttof (jhn. ?).

; `j tdo foc`rt hckthì jakbos hi pht >, tdo rost `j 6.73

tdo folhtkno kif tdo c`ro hi pht 4. 6.76Vdhs i`fuao dks looi rocìsthtutof kae`st cè- 6.7?paotoay. ats seka! whftd ekfo ht rktdor 6.7:

uisuhtklao ks k c`ro. Vdo socìf propkrk thì 6.7>-74jakbo wks eucd t`` akrno, ht roe`vof klùt ;/3`j tdo i`fuao. Kttoepts t` propkro k strhbhinpaktj`re ì tdo `tdor shfo woro hi vkhi ks woaa.Jrè tdhs i`fuao i` suhtklao lakibs forhvof.

Cìm`hiof Zkaboilurn krtojkctsK propkrkthì jakbo kif k c`ro jakib< propkrkthì jakbos jrè fhjjoroit strhbhin

paktj`resK foc`rthckthì kif k propkrkthì jakbo

< foc`rthckthì jakbos< akrno propkrkthì jakbos< c`ro jakibs< pkhrs `j romuvoikthì tklaots



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‖ @ @ @ ‖ @ _ M @ I M t `

‖ B1 @v @ ‖ Y B9 ‖ @@ A/;

C I - A / 9 @ A / h - - M _ 9 d M @ Y -

‖ @ ‖ @ @ @ E @ @ I ²

@ I @ - B 9 I ) B 1 ‖ @ @ _ )

‖ @ @ @ B ) ‖ @ @ ‖ @

@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ‖

@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

7 7 ‖ 7 ( Y 7 7 7 7 ‖

@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

dùso ir

c`ros

dkeeorstìos

dkeeorstìojrkneoits

propkrkthìphocos

romuvoikthìphocos

jakbos

lakfos

la`cbs

krr`wdokfs

l`rors

oif-scrkpors

shcbao lakfosoif-rotùcdoflakfosshfo-rotùcdoflakfosspahitorofphocos

lurhisrotùcdofjakbos

shfo-scrkpors

dokvy hepaoeoits



6 4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

3

u [M

c c` `

t - a u. r.k9 (A9

t- !f J

O Ock77

ck \-u 3 y Y Y y W £; -ó Y - i Y ' u Y - O ` ' i ` Ys â s s« <,5 -?,4 « ? Y t ? s =?-|Y=:YY,à ? à «0 eh_hF.'F. ÀÀ'F. C T 9 TH k Ta 1u '>= ñ MF '=Y Th " ' F . MF ;= C

corkehc pdkso ?0

87 7 7 ; @ @ ? > 7 7 7 3 < 7 7 7 7 7

corkehc pdkso 3-?

3? ; 6 6 6 ? ;3 8 7 7 7 : ; 7 7 ; 7 7 7 7

38 7 ; ; < 7 ? 3 ; 7 7 ; < 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

?< 7 7 7 ? ; 6 ; 7 ; 7 ; 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

:8 7 7 ; > 6 <3 ;? 7 < 7 7 7 7 7 ; 7 7 7 7

>; 7 7 ; 3 7 ;; < 7 7 7 7 ; 7 7 7 7 7 7 7



68 E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

rojoroicos

Lkboas, C.C. ;8>4 Jùr Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits kif Hdohr oivhrìeoit , k pkakoòcà`nhcka stufy `j

Shttkrf, Stohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Kikaoctk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;;.

;84< Vdo sottaoeoit systoe `j tdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifbor kehb, Kikaoctk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk

;?, 3;-66.;84> @i tdo kfzos `j tdo i`rtdwostori Ahiokrlkifborkehb, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk

<7.

Lkboas, C.C.E.O.Vd, fo Nr``tdW.vki fo Zoafo

;8>> Loob, hi= M. D. J. Laòeors, Krcdoà`nhscdo brìhob vki Ahelurn `vor fo mkroi ;8>?-;8>:,Wulahckahìs fo ak S`chètè Dhst`rhquo ot Krcdèà`nhquo fkis Ho Ahelùrn ;;3 (>-33), >-;7.

Lhró, B.V. hi pross Cdhppof Stìo Hifustrhos `j tdo Ahiokrlkif W`t tory Cuaturo (ALC) hi Duinkry , hi=S.B.B`za`wsbh (of), Vdo cdhppof stìo hifustrhos `j tdo jhrsa jkrehin cèeuihthos hi

Our`po (Syep`shue E`nhakiy ;84?).

L`deors, K.

K.Lruhmi

;8?4/ Stkthsthscdo uif nrkpdhscdo Eotd`foi zur _itorsucduin vì Jahitbèpaoxoi HZ. Fks

;8?8 ahtdhscdo Ektorhka kus foi lkifborkehscdoi Shofauinoi hi foi Ihoforakifoi,

Wkako`dhst`rhk :->, ;43-<;3.

Lrkfaoy, L.K. ;8>? Ahtdhc \ofucthì Soquoicos= K Na`sskry kif Fhscusshì, hi= O.D.Swkisì (of), Ahadhc

Vocdià`ny, Ekb hin kif _shin Stìo V`às, Vdo Dknuo, ?-;6.

Lrùioi, J. ;84? DZ\-;43, vròn-, ehffoi- oi akktioàhtdhscdo vìfstoi to Ocdt-Kiioifkoa, Krcdoà`nho

hi Ahelurn <6, ::->;.

Ckdoi, F. ;8>: Fks ]uskeeoisotzoi noscdaknoior Stohikrto jkbto, Krcdkà`nhscdos B`rrospìfoizlaktt :,4;-83.

;846 Vocdià`nho fu fèlhtkno akehikhro, hi= E.@tto (of). Aos jùhaaos fo ak Wakco Skhit-

Akelort k Ahäno H, Ahäno, ;>;-;84.;84? @rnkihskthì fu vhaakno rulkiè fo Fkrhì (pr`vhico fo Ahäno, Loanhquo), Luha. S`c. r`y.

lohno Kitdr`p. Wrèdhst. 8?, 3?-6?.

Ckdoi, F.M.W. CkspkrE.@tto

;84: Aos Hifustrhos ahtdhquos fkiulhoiios fo Loanhquo, Ahäno.

Càahis, E.L. ;8>? Ahtdhc Vocdià`ny ks k Eokis `j Wr`cossuka Hijoroico, hi= O.D.Swkisì (of.), Ahtdhc

Vocdià`ny, Ekbhin kif _shin Stìo V`às, Vdo Dknuo, ;?-3?.

Czhosak, O. ;84: Ñlor fks ]uskeeoipkssoi noscdaknoior Stohikrtojkbto, Krcdkà`nhscdos B`rrospìfoiz

laktt ;:, <?;-<::.

Fkvhs, J.F. ;8>? Fho D`ristohinorkto fos katoroi uif ehttaoroi Ioàhtdhbues he Fìkurkue, Lìior

Doj to zur Z`rnoscdhcdto ;7.

F`rki, M.O.J.\.D`fsì

;8>? Ektdoihkahcs kif Cèputors hi Krcdkoà`ny, Ofhilurnd.



?7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Joafor, ^.E. ;8>?k Ahtd`strkthnrkjh o vki dot L`voi-Brhmt oi dot Fki`-Eìt hoi hi ]uhf-Ahelurn oi dot

kkinroizoifo nolhof, hi= ^.D.]k nwhmi/C .M.vki Stkkafuhioi, Vòahcdahin lhm fo

noà`nhscdo `vorzhcdtsbkkraoi vki Ioforakif, Dkkraoe, :3-><.

Joafor, ^.E. ;8>?l Fo Zkaboilurn vuurstooi hifustrho hi ]uhf-Ahelurn, hi= Socìf Hitorikthìka Syep`shue

ì Jahit, Stkrhinhk 3, 4;-4?.

Jrhof, E.D.

Nklrhoa, H.

;8>? Vdo I`thì `j Vrhlo, Eoih` Wkrb otc.

;8>6 ]ue \`dektorhka for Shaoxkrtojkbto he Ioàhtdhbue ôstjkaois uif I`rfdossois,Jostscdrhjt Burt Vkcboilorn zue >7. Nolurtstkn, Lìi, <?-6?.

Nr``td, E.O.Vd, fo ;8>: Fo pr`fubt ho vki vuurstoioi worbtuhnoi f``r fo Lkifborkehobors, fo Iuutslkobor ;8>:HH , ;7-;;.

;8>> Shaox for Lkifborkehb, hi= W.M .\. E`fforeki , fho ioàhtdhscdo Loshofauin loh Dhoidohe,Afbr. Boadohe H. Fho Kusnrkluinoi ke ôhilorn ;8:?-;8>7, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck

Aohfoishk ;7, ?8->;.

;84; Jhtthin t`notdor Lkifborkehb jahit, hi= Vdhrf Hitorik thìka Syep`shue ì Jahit, Stkrhinhk

:, ;;>-;;8.;84: Zuurstooiloworbhin oi vuurstooiloworbors hi fo Ahelurnso Lkifborkehob, hi= W. M. D.

_lkcds (of). Euistors hi fo Ekksnùw, joostluifoa v``r pktor K.M.Euistors,

Ekkstrhcdt, ;>-38.

hi pross k ]uskeeoisotzuinoi vì Shahcos, hi= _.Lòahcbo o.k.. For lkifborkehscdo ShofauinspaktzAkinwohaor 4, Noe. Kafoid`voi, Br. Furoi, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi.

hi pross l Vdo Jahit Hifustry `j tdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb, hi= S.B. B`za`wsbh (of), Vdo cdhp-

pof saìo hifustrhos `j tdo jhrst jkrehin cèeuihthos hi Our`po.

Nr``td, E.O.Vd, foN.M.Zorwors

;846 @p nòfo nrìfoi, fo oorsto lòroi hi I``rfwost-Our`pk, Aohfoi.

Dkreki, D.D.

Hde, W.

Bkczki`wsbk, EM.Aocd

;8:> E`fori Jkct`r Kikayshs, Cdhckn` kif Aìfì.

;8>4 Stkthsthb hi for Krcdkà`nho, Krcdko`-Wdyshbk 8.

;8>> Vdo jahit hifustrhos `j Fkiulhki Cèeuihthos I`rtd `j tdo Ckrpktdh kis, Kctk

Krcdkoà`nhck Ckrpktdhck ;>, ?-<4.

Bupor, \.D.AúdrM.AñihinK.]heeorekii

;8>> For lkifborkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor 8, Noe. Kafoid`voi, Br. Furoi,

\dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;4.

Aúdr, D..K. ]heeorekii,M. Dkdi

Aùwo B``hmekis, A.W.

;8>> Jouorstohikrtojkbto, hi= Bupor o.k. (;8>>), ;3;-<::.

;847 Dot ìforzòb vki ioàhtdhscdo ioforzotthinstorrohioi hi Ioforakif kii` ;8>8,ôstordooe <8, 83- ;3:.

Añihin, M. ;84< \osokrcd hit` tdo Lkifborkehb sottaoeoit `j tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto hi tdo \dhioakif, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;?, ;-37.

E`fforeki, W.M.\. ;8?4/;8?8 Fho lkifborkehscdo Shofauin vì Shttkrf, Wkako`dhst`rhk :->, 33-;<;.

;8>7 Ahiokrlkifborkehb kus Oasa`` uif Stohi, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk 3.Fho \kfh`bkrlìfkthoruinoi for Lkifborkehb hi= Shofauinoi for Buatur eht

Ahiokrborkehb hi Our`pk, Hitorikahìkaos Bàa`quhue I`vè Z`z`bkiy, ;>.-<7. I`v.

;84;, Ihtrk, ;>>-;43.Fho Lkifborkehb he Nrkotdohfonolhot, Ihoforakifhscd Ahelurn, Lorhcdt for \úehjcd-

Norekihscdoi B`tiehsshì ::, <?-;<<.

;84<

;84?



?; E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O

Iowoaa, \.\.

SKS

Scdhjjor, E.L.

;8>7 Vdo Jahit hifustry `j tdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb hi= E`ffor eki (;8>7), ;66-;46.

;84? _sor's nuhfo= Stkahsthcs, Zorshì ? (;84?), Ckry IC _SK.

;8>: Lodkvh`rka Krcdkoà`ny, Iow X`rb.

;84? Hs tdoro k 'Wèpohh proehso' hi Krcdoà`ny0, Mùrika `j Kitdr`pà`nhcka \osokrcd 6;,;4-6;.

_arhx-Ca`ssot, E.\.\ùssoaao

;84< rhifust rho ahtdhquo fu shto rulkiè fu Stklorn k \`seoor, Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck <68,Lruxoaaos.

Zoafo, W. vki fo ;8>8 @i Lkifborkehb S`chka Structuro, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;<.

;84: S`chka Hioqukahty hi tdo Our`poki Okray Ioàhtdhc= Lkifborkehb Aokforsdhp, hi = E.K.vki

Lkboa, \.\. Dknostohmi kif W.vki fo Zoafo (ofs). Wrhvkto Wàhthcs, k euathfhschpahikry

Kppr`kcd t` 'Lhn-Eki' systoes, Aohfoi, ;<>-;67.

hi pross Lkifborkehb S`chka Hioqukahty, k ckso stufy, Norekihk.

^ktorlàb, D.V.

]heeorekii, K.

;8?4/;8?8 Fho lkifborkehscdo Shofauin vì Noaooi, Wkako`dhst`rhk :->, ;<;-;:<.

;84; kif Fks Stohiektorhka fos lkifborkehscdoi Shofauinspaktzos Akinwohaor 4, Fhssortkthì Vñl-hi pross hinoi kif hi= _.Lòahcbo o.k.. For lkifborkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor 4, Noe.

Kafoid`voi, Br. Furoi, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi.

E. O. Vd. fo Nr``tdLìiojkitoieusoue

W`stlus ><4IA-:<77 KS Ekkstrhcdt



C. C. Lkboas @i tdo Kfzos `j tdo I`rtdwostori Ahiokrlkifborkehb

Vdo kfzo wks ki hep`rtkit eoelor `j tdo Ahiokrlkif

borkehb t`àbht. Ht wks k t``h j`r eoi, ht nkvo tdoe stktus

kif kccèpkihof tdoe hi tdohr nrkvos. Vdo ekm`rhty `j tdo

lakfos wks ekfo jrè j`rohni r`cbs kif eust dkvo looi

`ltkhiof tdrùnd oxcdkino.

;.

Hitr`fucthì

Vdo kfzo hs ìo `j tdo e`st cdkrkctorhsthc kttrhlutos `j tdo

okrahost jkrehin cèeuihthos `j Coitrka Our`po, i`tklay

td`so loaìnhin t` tdo s`-ckaaof Ahiokrlkifborkehb `r

Ahiokr W`ttory Cuaturo. Vdo t``h hs ekfo `j crystkaahior`cb. Ht hs pr`vhfof whtd k sdkrp cutthin ofno. @io shfo hs

fèof, tdo `tdor jakt. Ks k rosuat, tdo krthjkct dks ìay

ìo pakio `j syeeotry (jhn.a). Kfzos kro jùif hi sottao-

eoits kif hi coeotorhos.

Vdo stufy prosoitof doro cìcoris tdo kfzos jrè tdo

i`rtdwostori pkrt `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb w`raf. Ht

c`vors jhifs jrè tdo aòssloat `j tdo Noreki \dhioakif,

Vdo Iotdorakifs kif Loanhue. Vdo strotcd `j akif hi quos-

thì hs lùifof hi tdo okst ly tdo rhvor \dhio, hi tdo i`rtd

ly k loat `j skify s`has kif hi tdo sùtd ly tdo Ohjoa kif

tdo Krfoiios. Vdo wostori l`rfor hs no`nrkpdhckaay i`t

woaa fojhiof. J`r prkcthcka roksìs tdo ahio hs frkwi kt tdo

jrìthor lotwooi Loanhue kif Jrkico (jhn.<).

Vdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb `j tdo krok tdus foscrhlof hs cì-

shforof t` prosoit k shinao cuaturka uiht. @ccupkthì stkrtof

hi tdo okstori pkrt, hi tdo krok lotwooi Cà`nio kif

\`seoor. Sottaoeoits hi tdhs krok fkto jrè ?677 LC

(ckahlrktof) ìwkrfs. Vdo wostori pkrt wks `ccuphof sèo

noiorkthìs aktor. Vdo oif `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb hs sot

kt 6877 LC.

Vdo sottaoeoits kro i`t fhstrhlutof ovoiay `vor tdo loat `j

aòss, lut toif t` caustor. Vdo uidklhtof kroks lotwooi tdo

shtos eky lo quhto sekaa, lut whfor zìos kas` `ccur. Vdo

whfost hs tdo zìo lotwooi tdo rhvors Eèdkhnio kif Foifro

hi Loanhue. Vdo caustorhin dks k cèpaox s`chka, ocìèhokif ocà`nhcka lkcbnrùif.

Ht hs tdùndt tdkt tdo sottaoeoits `j k pkrthcuakr caustor

dkvo e`ro hi cèeì whtd okcd `tdor tdki whtd sot

taoeoits `j tdo `tdor caustors. Hi ìo ckso ht dks looi pr`

voi tdkt k caustor wks j`reof jrè k e`tdor sottaoeoit.

Vdhs hs tdo caustor ì tdo Kafoid`voi Waktoku hi Norekiy

(Añihin ;84<), wdhcd hs ckaaof tdo Eorzlkcd caustor hi tdhs

pkpor lockuso hts sottaoeoits kro shtuktof ì tdo lkibs `j

tdo rhvuaot Eorzlkcd. D`wovor, tdhs ioof i`t t` lo tdo

ckso ovorywdoro.

Lockuso tdo kvkhaklao fktk cìcorihin kfzos kro sckity ì

sottaoeoit aovoa, tdo hivosthnkthìs ckrrhof ùt j`r tdhs

pkpor `jtoi rojor t` tdo aovoa `j tdo caustor. Jùr caustors

kro eoithìof hi tdo toxt= tdo Eorzlkcd caustor, tdo

Nrkotdohfo caustor, tdo Dooswktor caustor kif tdo Foifro

caustor. Vdoso kro hifhcktof hi jhn.<. @j tdo Eorzlkcd

caustor jhvo sottaoeoits kif k coeotory dkvo looi kikaysof,

vhz.Akinwohaor < (A^<), Akinwohaor 4 (A^4), Akinwohaor 8(A^8), Akinwohaor ;: (A^;:), Akuroizlorn > (AL>) kif

Ihoforeorz. Vdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hs roprosoitof ly tdo

shtos Oasa``, Stohi, Shttkrf, Noaooi-_reìforlkki, Loob-

Eàoistoon kif tdo coeotory `j Oasa``. Vdo Dooswktor

caustor cèprhsos \`seoor, Zahmthinoi, Cklorn kif

Ekkstrhcdt-Ckiiorlorn. Ht hs k vory sckttorof caustor. Vdo

Foifro caustor cìshsts `j tdo rocoitay oxckvktof shtos `j

Kulocdhos-C`rì Ektì, Lahcquy-Wothto \`shäro kif

Lahcquy-W`rto @uvorto.

Fktk `ltkhiof jrè caustors hs i`t tdo ìay j`re `j Hij`r

ekthì cìshforof doro. Sèo oxckvkthìs `j shtos jrè

uihfoithjhof caustors `r jrè caustors wdhcd dkvo i`t looifoscrhlof hi sujjhchâit fotkha yhoafof oiùnd kfzos t` lo

vkauklao ì tdohr `wi kccùit. Vdoso kro Búai-Ahifoitdka,

Eñfforsdohe kif tdo coeotory `j Dà`nio-kux-Whorros.

Kikayshs dks looi rostrhctof t` akrnor-sckao oxckvkthìs.

Càaocthìs `j kfzos jùif kt tdo surjkco `j paùndof

sottaoeoit shtos dkvo i`t looi stufhof.

<. Fojhihthì `j typos

Hi das ùtahio 'For Fìkuakifhscdo uif for wosthscdo

Buaturbrohs for mñinoroi Stohizoht' ^.Luttaor caksshjhos tdo

kfzos hit` tw` ekhi typos. Do ckaas tdo krthjkct k jakt dò

(Jakcddkcbo) hj hts tdhcbioss hs eucd aoss tdki hts whftd. K

tdhcbor e`foa hs rojorrof t` ks sdò akst ooat(Scdudaohstoiboha), k tore karokfy hi uso loj`ro Luttao r's

theo (Luttaor ;834 p.36). ^htdhi tdhs nrùp `j krthjkcts do

fhsthinuhsdos tw` sultypos= k Jaèl`rior Boha, wdhcd hs

i`t oxcopthìkaay tdhcb, kif k eucd tdhcbor kif saoiforor

Dhiboastohi Boha. Vdo caksshjhckthì sd`ws tdkt tdo

tdhcbioss vorsus tdo whftd hs ki `lvhùs crhtorhì ì wdhcd

t` lkso ki kfzo typà`ny.



?6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Z . 9' ; j

Jhn. ; Ahiokrlkifbor kehb kfzos. 6= ?



?? C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

B.Scdhotzoa, tdo oxckvkt`r `j Eñfforsdohe, wks tdo jhrst

t` uso tdo oxkct eoksuroeoits `j tdo krthjkcts ks k stkrthin

p`hit j`r k typà`ny. Do fhvhfof tdo kfzos jrè dhs shto

hit` tw` nrùps, tdkt hs, hit` tdhcb kfzos

(Scdudhohstoibohao) kif jakt kfzos (Jakcddkcboi). Vdo ahio

wks frkwi kt k ;7 x ekxheue whftd/ekxheue tdhcbioss

hifox vkauo `j <7. Dhs tdhcb kfzos dkvo hifox vkauos

lotwooi 4 kif ;> kif dhs jakt kfzos vkauos lotwooi <3 kif34 (Scdhotzoa ;8:? pp.37-3;).

^doi W.M.\. E`fforeki trhof t` uso tdhs crhtorhì hi

nrùphin kfzos jrè tdo Oasa`` coeotory, do fhsc`vorof

tdkt ht jkhaof. Vdo roksì j`r tdhs, do tdùndt, aky hi tdo

jkct tdkt ht wks lksof ì ki hisujjhchâit iuelor `j kfzos

kif do tdoroj`ro stkrtof kjrosd whtd k akrnor nrùp kif

cèlhiof kaa eoksurklao kfzos jrè tdo Iotdorakifs

bi`wi kt tdo theo. Vdhs rosuatof hi shx fhjjoroit typos

lksof ì tdroo crhtorhk= tdo ;77 tdhcbioss/whftd hifox, tdo

klsàuto whftd, kif tdo ;77 whftd/aointd hifox (E`ffor

eki ;8>7 pp. ;4:-;4>). Vdo shx typos kro nhvoi hi tklao H.

Vklao ; Kfzo typà`ny kcc`rfhin t` E`fforeki.

V 5 Vdhcb ioss, ^ 5 h ft d, A 5 Aoindt.

typo a@@V/^ ^YmhY.ee a@@^/A foscrhpthì

H 9 ;77 9 <; - akrno, tdhcb

HH 9 >7 1 <7 - sekaa, tdhcb

HHH ??-8? 9 <> - whfo, tdhcb

HZ 1 ?7 1 ?7 1 >? aìn, jakt

Z 1 ?7 1 ?7 9 >? sd`rt, jakt

ZH 1 ?7 9 ?; - whfo, jakt

Vklao < Kfzo typ` a`n y kcc`r fhin t` Jkrrunnhk. V 5 Vdhc bioss ,

^ 5 ^hftd.

h'po ^/ V ^|Y3m,eti foscrhpthì

H 1 < .Y <7 sekaa, saoifor

HH 9 < 1 67 sekaa, jakt

HHH 9 < 9 67 akrno, jakt

HZ 1 < 9 <7 akrno, saoifor

M.W. Jkrrunnhk ropoktof tdo kikayshs whtd :3 kfzos jrè

tdo sottaoeoits Akinwohaor <, Akinwohaor 8 kif ìco knkhi

Eñfforsdohe (Jkrrunnhk ;8>> p.<><). Do cìcaufof tdkt

tdo hifox sunnostof ly Scdhotzoa hs hifoof kppahcklao,

Jhn. < Vdo krok `j tdo i`r tdw ost ori Ahiokrlkif borkehb.

Sdkfof= aòss2 lr`boi ahios= caustors eoithìof hi tdo toxt2

lakcb f`ts2 hifhvhfuka sottaoeoits. ;. Lahcquy <. Kulocdhos

3. Akifoi-^kino 6. Dàa`nio-kux Whorros ?. Zahmthinoi

:. \`seoor >. Ekkstrhcdt- Ckiiorlorn 4. Cklorn 8. Loob-

Eàois toon ; 7. Oasa`` ;; . Stohi ;<. Noao oi-_reìfor lkki

;3 . Shttkrf ;6. Akinwohaor < ;?. Akinwohaor ;: ;:.

Akinwohaor 8 ;>. Akinwohaor 4 ;4. Akuroizlorn > ;8.

Ihoforeorz <7. Eñfforsdohe < ; . Búai-Ahifoitdka.



?: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Jhn. 3 Vdo kfzos jr è

Ihoforeorz.

;77 V

^;?7

Ihoforeorz I 5 6

;77• •

•

•

•

•

•

•• •• •

; •

?7

H R ;

•

* • * •! •• • S

;

•

• ••

;

:7 ee ^

;77 V

^

;?7

•

•

••••

•

Oasa`` I-6:

;77

• ••

•

•

•

• •

•

• ••

• •

?7 • •

• • • .= •.=

; ; ;

• •

;

t

;

Jhq. 6 Vdo kfzos jr è Oasa``.

;77 V^

Jhn. ? Vdo kfzos jr è

Dàa`nio-kux-Waorros.

;?7

•

•

Dàa`nio kux Whorros I-;>

;77 • •

•

•

•

•

?7

; ;

•t •

•

•

;

•

;



?> C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

Jhn. : Vdo kfzos jr `e tdo

Eorzlkcd caustor.

;77 V

w;?7 -

;77

Akinwohaor < I 5 ;7 ,A ^4 I .4 , A^ 8 I.;?.A ^;: I 5 ? . Akuroizlorn > I . 4

Jhn. > Vdo kfzos jr` e tdo

Nrkotdohfo caustor.

;77 V

^

;:7

;77

Ohs h`` I.;: ,Sh t tkr f I.;3 .Sto hi I. >

:7 ee^

Jhn. 4 Vdo kfzos jr `e tdo

Dooswktor caustor.

;77 V

w;?7

;77

\`seoor I . ;3 , Ckiio rlor n I 5 6,Ck lorn I .;7 , Zahmthinoi I.;7

;7



?4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

;77 V

^

Jhn. 8 Vdo kfzos jrè Eñf-forsdohe.

;?7

;77 •

•

•

•

••

•

•

•• •

••

•• • •

•

Eufforsdohe I.

?7

;

•

;

•

;

• ••

;

•

tdùnd aoss cìvhichin hi tdo ckso `j Akinwohaor <. Do

tdoroj`ro kffof k socìf crhtorhì, tdo klsàuto whftd kas`

usof ly E`fforeki {tklao <).

hi ;843 E. F`dri-adehn oxprossof `phihìs ì tdo

typà`ny `j tdo kfzo, i`w lksof ì tdo ektorhka jrè tdo

coeotory kt Ihoforeorz wdhcd sdo dkf oxckvktof (F`dri-

adehn ;843). Sdo sd`wof tdkt tdoro hs i` soiso hi hivàv-

hin tdo aointd `j kfzos hi k typà`ny. Ks k sorvhcoklao

t``h, ki kfzo hs `jtoi rosdkrpoiof furhin hts ahjo, tdo rosuat

lohin tdkt ht lockeo sd`rtor kif sd`rtor. Vdhs sdo dks cì-

vhichinay foeìstrktof. Vdo ekxheue whftd kif tdhcbioss

kro i`t eucd kjjoctof ly tdo rosdkrpoihin kif tdoroj`ro

F`dri-adehn mufnos tdoso eoksuroeoits, kif ospochkaay ki

hifox lksof ì tdoe, t` lo `j uso j`r k typà`ny. Kcc`rf-

hin t` dor, k shepao fhvhshì hit` tdhcb kif jakt kfzos whaa

sujjhco wdoro tdo coeotory `j Ihoforeorz hs cìcoriof. K

nrkpdhcka roprosoitkthì `j tdhcbioss vorsus whftd sd`ws

tw` caustors. Vdo fhvhfhin ahio hs frkwi kt k tdhcbioss `j

<7 ee. @iay ìo jakt kfzo dks k tdhcbioss `j <; ee kif

ìo kfzo fojhiof ks tdhcb eoksuros ;3 ee. Vdo akttor hs

ki oxcopthì kiyd`w, lockuso ht hs kas` eucd saoiforor

tdki tdo `tdors.

Kfzo typà`ny tdoroj`ro stkrtof whtd tdroo typos, wks tdoi

hicroksof t` shx typos, t` fr`p lkcb t` tw` typos. Vdhs

lowhaforhin dhst`ry nhvos eo roksì t` a``b hit` tdo e`r-

pdà`ny ìco e`ro.

K nrkpdhcka roprosoitkthì `j kaa eoksuroeoits kvkhaklao

jrè tdo ronhì uifor hivosthnkthì rosuhts hi k p`hit sckt-

tor wdhcd cìtrhlutos i`tdhin t`wkrfs k lottor hishndt hit`

tdo uiforayhin typos. Vdo Hij`rekthì sooes rktdor laur-

rof, pordkps ly tdo ehxhin `j fktk jrè coeotorhos kif

sottaoeoits, `r ly tdo ehxhin `j fktk jrè fhjjoroit sottao-

eoit caustors. Vdoroj`ro, fktk whaa lo ronkrfof sopkrktoay

hi tdo jàa`whin.

S` jkr tdroo coeotorhos kro bi`wi jrè tdo krok uifor

rovhow, vhz.Ihoforeorz, Oasa`` kif Dàa`nio-kux-Whorros

(F`dri-adehn ;843, E`fforeki ;8>7, Vdhsso-

Forùotto/Vdhsso ;8?<). Kaa tdroo yhoafof kfzos wdhcd dkv

looi lurhof ks nhjts j`r tdo fokf. Jhnuros 3, 6 kif ? sd`w

tdo roakthì lotwooi tdohr klsàuto whftd kif ;77

tdhcbioss/whftd hifox (V^ hifox). Vdhs bhif `j nrkpd dkf

karokfy looi usof ly E`fforeki kif nhvos tdo lost

heprosshì `j tdo caustors. Ks dks karokfy looi roekrbof

kl`vo, tdo roakthì lotwooi tdo tdhcbioss kif tdo whftd

sooes t` lo k fhsthinuhsdhin jokturo `j kfzos. Vdo klsàuto

ekxheue whftd eust kas` lo cìshforof hi `rfor t`

fhsthinuhsd k cortkhi cakss `j sekaa kfzos. H kccopt tdo

krnueoits put j`rwkrf ly F`dri-adehn kif sdkaa i`t

ekbo uso `j tdo aointd `j kfzos.

Ihoforeorz (jhn.3) `j cùrso sd`ws tdo tw` caustors karokfyfoscrhlof ly F`dri-adehn. @io nrùp dks k V^ hifox

lotwooi <7 kif ?7 kif ki klsàuto whftd rkinhin jrè <>

t` :7 ee. Vdo socìf nrùp dks k V^ hifox kl`vo ?7

kif ki klsàuto whftd wdhcd locèos aoss ks tdo hifox

hicroksos. @iay ìo kfzo fòs i`t jht hit` tdhs pkttori= ht hs

k sekaa, saoifor yot tdhcb kfzo.

Vdo coeotory `j Oasa`` (jhn.6) cùits kt aokst tdroo p`hit

sckttors. @io yhoafof kfzos whtd k V^ hifox lotwooi <7

kif ?7 kif ki klsàuto whftd `j 37-:3 ee. Vdo socìf

sd`ws kfzos whtd ki hifox `j `vor ?7 kif whftds jrè <?

ìwkrfs. Doro t`` tdo whftds hicrokso ks tdo kfzos locèo

cèpkrkthvoay jakttor. Vdo tdhrf caustor cìshsts `j k nrùp

`j vory saoifor kfzos whtd k V^ hifox `j e`ro tdki :7.Vdo tdhrf coeotory, Dàa`nio-kux-Whorros, dks tw` caustors

ìo `j kfzos whtd V^ hifhcos lotwooi <7 kif ?7 kif ìo

whtd tdhcb spocheois whtd V^ hifhcos kl`vo ?7. Vdoro hs k

fhjjoroico hi klsàuto whftd ks woaa. Jakt kfzos sd`w

vkauos lotwooi 6; kif ?4 ee kif tdhcb kfzos vkauos

lotwooi <6 kif 3? ee.

^doi tdo fktk jrè tdo tdroo coeotorhos kro cèlhiof.



:7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Y• ' " - • ' ' • 'K rEZà h ‖-'"'

•ZS,

==2v.w

Jhn. ;7 Aojt= kfzo wh td F-sdkpof socthì (Ihoforeorz nrkvo 64)

tkinuakr socthì (Akinwohaor < I`. ; 74 ;) . ; =; .

rhndt = kfzo whtd roc-

thin ofno. Vdo jow phocos bi`wi jrè tdo ronhì uifor

cìshforkthì kro jakt porj`rktof kfzos.

3. Vypo kif tdo kspoct `j theo

Hi tdo j`ron`hin tdo kfzos dkvo looi fhvhfof hit` typos

whtdùt cìshforhin tdo p`sshlhahty tdkt tdohr sdkpo cdkinof

whtd theo. Vdo`rothckaay, tdo tdroo typos cùaf roprosoit

tdo fovoa`peoit `j ìay ìo bhif `j kfzo lakfo. Ca`sof

jhifs, d`wovor, sd`w tdkt tdhs hs ki uihhboay p`sshlhahty.

N``f oxkepaos cèo jrè hitoreoits. Nrkvo I`.38 jrè

Ihoforeorz, j`r histkico, cèlhiof k saoifor kif k tdhcb

kfzo kif nrkvo I`.:7 jrè tdo skeo coeotory k jakt kif k

tdhcb kfzo. Kaa tdroo typos woro jùif hi nrkvo 43 kt

Oasa``. Vdo fhjjoroit kfzo typos sooe t` j`re pkrt `j k

t``h bht. Iovortdoaoss wo eky wìfor wdotdor kaa tdroo

typos woro cìthiuùsay hi uso furhin tdo oithro porh`f `j

Ahiokrlkifborkehb `ccupkthì. K pkrthcuakr e`foa eky

dkvo vkihsdof jrè tdo t``h bht hi tdo cùrso `j theo, `r,

tdo `tdor wky rùif, eky dkvo looi kffof t` ht. Jurtdor-

e`ro, ht hs quhto p`sshlao tdkt tdo ekhi typos woro prosoit

kaa tdo theo, lut tdkt cdkinos hi e`rpdà`ny, j`r histkico

hi tdo V^ hifox, t``b pakco whtdhi tdoso typos.

Shico tdo pulahckthìs ly E`fforeki (E`fforeki ;8>7)

kif F`dri-Hdehn (F`dri-Hdehn ;8>6) tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb ork hs usukaay fhvhfof hit` tw` porh`fs, vhz. porh`f H -

tdo @afor Ahiokrlkifborkehb - kif porh`f HH -tdo Xùinor

Ahiokrlkifborkehb.

Vdoso porh`fs dkvo looi spaht up hit` pdksos= tdroo pdksos

j`r porh`f ;, ckaaof Hl, Ho kif af (Hk hs ehsshin hi tdhs

ronhì) kif jùr pdksos j`r porh`f HH, ikeoay Hak tdrùnd

ahf. J`rtuiktoay tdo pdksos pr`p`sof ly E`fforeki j`r

tdo Iotdorakifs kif td`so fovoa`pof ly F`dri-Hdehn j`r

tdo \dhioakif rui cìcurroitay. Vdo fhvhshì hs kas`

kppahcklao t` Loanhue (Cìstkithi ot ka. ;847 j`r histkico)

J`r tdo Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo caustors ovoi ikrr`wor

sulfhvhshìs dkvo looi pr`p`sof, lksof ì tdo fovoa`p

eoit `j p`ttory typos kif foc`rkthì, lut tdoso whaa i`t l

usof doro. Vdo kfzos dkvo looi kikaysof ì tdo ehffao

aovoa, i`tklay tdkt `j pdkso.

V` lo ksshniof t` k pdkso, ki kfzo eust loaìn t` k

ca`sof jhif kssoelakno, wdhcd, e`ro`vor, eust lo fktklao

ì tdo lkshs `j tdo prosoico `j k sujjhchâit keùit `j p`ttory. @j kaa eoksurof kfzos ìay td`so jrè tdo Eorzlkcd

kif Nrkotdohfo caustors eoot tdhs roquhroeoit. Ks j`r tdo

rost `j tdo kfzos, tdo woaa-fktof spocheois cùaf i` aìnor

lo eoksurof kif tdo eoksurklao kfzos cùaf i`t lo woaa

fktof.

Vdo Eorzlkcd caustor cùitof ?> suhtklao kfzos kif tdo

Nrkotdohfo caustor ?6. Vdo coeotorhos `j Ihoforeorz kif

Oasa`` yhoafof k sulstkithka porcoitkno `j tdhs iuelor.

Vdohr hijauoico hs caokray vhshlao hi tklao 3, wdoro tdo kfzo

typos kif tdohr kno kro lrùndt t`notdor. Vdo Nrkotdohfo

fktk nhvo ki uilkakicof heprosshì ì kccùit `j tdo jkct

tdkt tdo Oasa`` coeotory cìtkhiof hitoreoits jrè pdksos

ahc kif ahf ìay. Vdo coeotory `j Ihoforeorz, ì tdo cìtrkry, wks hi uso jrè pdkso Hc up t` kif hicaufhin pdkso

ahc.

Ht hs caokr jrè tdo tklao tdkt tdo tdroo kfzo typos `ccurrof

hi kaa `j tdo sovoi pdksos. I` iow typo wks kffof t` tdo

t``h bht i`r fhf kiy `j tdo ekhi typos jkaa hit` fhsuso.

Aot us i`w roturi t` typà`ny. E`fforeki stktos tdkt ìo

`j dhs typos pr`vhfos fkthin vkauo. Vdhs hs dhs typo H, tdo



:; C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

vory tdhcb kfzo whtd k V^ hifox `vor ;77. Hi dhs `phihì,

ht fktos oxcaushvoay jrè pdkso ahf. Do foscrhlos tdo pr`-

coss hi wdhcd dhs typo H ropakcos dhs typo HHH (E`fforeki

;8>7 p.;48). Ks ; wr`to kl`vo, ; ckii`t jhif oiùnd

ovhfoico j`r frkwhin k ahio kt V^5 ;77. Iovortdoaoss, ht

eky lo truo tdkt ki ovàuthì t``b pakco whtdhi tdo cakss

`j tdhcb kfzos rosuathin hi hicrokshinay tdhcbor kfzos. Hi

t`tka, 3? woaa fktof tdhcb kfzos kro kvkhaklao jrè tdo

Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo caustors whtd wdhcd tdhs

dyp`tdoshs cki lo tostof (tklao 6). K iìpkrkeotrhc tost

j`r troif hi tdo V^ hifhcos `j tdo Eorzlkcd kfzos, hi

wdhcd tdo pdksos Ho + af, Ha k kif ahc woro cèpkrof,

sd`wof i` shnihjhckit hicrokso `j tdo V^ hifox whtd theo

(V() 5 7.?). Vdo dhndost V^ vkauo wks jùif hi pdkso Hak

(Ihoforeorz nrkvo >, hifox ;;4) kif tdo socìf dhndost

loaìnof t` pdkso Ho (Ihoforeorz nrkvo 8;, hifox ;7:).

Vdo skeo tost kppahof t` kfzos jrè pdkso ahc kif ahf `j

tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor, ì tdo cìtrkry, sd`wof k shnihjh

ckit hicrokso `j tdo hifox (V`5 ;.88). @j tdo ektorhka jrè

tdo àfor pdksos t`` ahttao roekhiof tdkt cùaf lo tostof.

Vdo rosuats kro hijauoicof ly tdo prosoico `j jùr vorytdhcb spocheois jùif hi pdkso ahf nrkvos.

Vdo cìtrkfhcthì lotwooi tdo fktk jrè tdo tw` caustors

ekbos ht fhjjhcuat t` frkw cìcaushìs klùt tdo stktus `j

tdo vory tdhcb kfzo. Vdo iuelor `j eoksurklao kif

fktklao kfzos eky sthaa lo t`` a`w. Hi tdhs rospoct ht hs k

phty tdkt tdo kfzos jrè D`Ha`nio-kux-Whorros ckii`t lo

fktof ì kccùit `j tdo p``r chrcuestkicos hi wdhcd tdoy

woro roo`vorof.

Kcc`rfhin t` E`fforeki, tdo saoifor kfzos whtd dhnd V^

hifhcos kro akto t``. @j tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hivosthnktof

ly dhe tdhs hs hifoof truo (tklao ?), lut knkhi tdo skeo

fòs i`t kppay t` tdo Eorzlkcd caustor. K spocheoi whtd k

Vklao 3 Vdo roakthì lotwooi kfzo typo kif pdkso.

Vklao 6 V^ Hifox `j woaa-fktof tdhcb kfzos

Eorzlkcd caustor=

coeotory I 5 <?

saoifor

jakt

tdhcb

sottaoeoits I 5 3<

saoifor

jakt

tdhcbNrkotdohfo caustor=

coeotory I 5 3<

saoifor

ikt

tdhcb

sottaoeoits I 5 <6

saoifor

jaka

tdhcb

Hl Hc af Hak Hal ahc ahf

;

< ; < ; 6

3 < : - 3

Eorzlkcd caustor=

Hc :<,8;,;7:

af >8, 47

Hak ?>, :;, :;, :3, :>, :>, >:, 8>,;;

Hal ::

ahc >3, >?, 83

Nrkotdohfo caustor=

Hl >:

Hc 43

af 43

ahc :6, :8, ><, >3 , >3, >?, 47

ahf ?6, >6, 46, ;78, ;;:, ;<?, ;<?

Vklao ? V^ hifox `j vQ/oaa-fktof saoifor kfzos.

Eorzlkcd caustor2

Hc >?, 48, ;7:

Hak >3, 4>, 83, ;;<

Hb :8, 86

Nrkotdohfo caustor=Hl 44

Hl-c ::

H >:

ahc 4<, 4:

ahf :4, 4>, ;7:, ;<?

Vklao : ^hftd hi ee `j woaa-fktof jakt kfzos.

Eorzlkcd caustor=

Hl <:

Hc <8, 33, 6?, ?7, ?7

af 67

Hak <6, <>, <>, 33, 34, 67, 6>, 6>, ??

Hal <8 ,6; ,6< ,6? , 68, ?<

ahc 37, 3<, 3?, 6<, 63, :7

ahf <4, 6;

Nrkotdohfo caustor=Hl <>, 3>, 3>Hak 36ahc <8, 33, 36, 3:, 3:, 6<, 63, 6>, 68, ?;, ?3, ?:ahf 37, 36, 3?, 3>, 67, 6;, 6<, ?;, ?3, ?>, :3, :4

V^ hifox `j `vor ;77 dks looi jùif tdoro whtd k fkto ks

okray ks pdkso Hc.

Jakt kfzos cki lo tostof j`r ovàuthì `j whftd. Hi t`tka,

<: phocos loaìnhin t` tdo Eorzlkcd caustor kif fktof t`

pdksos Hc, Hak, Hal kif HHc dkvo looi kikaysof hi tdhs wky(tklao :). I` cdkinos cùaf lo ostklahsdof (V` 5 7.7:). Vdo

rosuat wks tdo skeo wdoi tdo Nrkotdohfo kfzos woro

oxkehiof (V` 5 7.<>? j`r <6 kfzos jrè pdksos ahc kif

Haf).

Jhikaay, tdo fkthin `j tdo kxo-kfzo kif tdo porj`rktof kfzo

fosorvos sèo kttoithì. Ks eoithìof kl`vo, l`td typos

kro sckrco. Hi jkct, ìay ìo kxo-kfzo wks jùif, I`.?<6-



:< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

4-?? jrè Akinwohaor 8 fkthin jrè pdkso ahf. @j tdo por-

j`rktof kfzo ìay jhvo `r shx oxkepaos woro roc`vorof. K

seka! jrkneoit wks jùif kt Akinwohaor 4, I`.?733. Vdhs

phoco loaìnof ohtdor t` k porj`rktof kfzo `r t` k ekco-

dokf. Ht hs jrè pdkso Hl. K socìf Akinwohaor 4

spocheoi, I`.<:7>-;8, hs t` lo pakcof okray hi porh`f HH.

@iay ìo `j tdo tw` Nrkotdohfo caustor kfzos dks looi

fktof. Ht wks jùif kt Stohi kif fktos jrè pdkso ahf.Vdo `tdor hs kas` jrè Stohi. K tdhrf jrkneoit , jrè

Oasa`` kif foscrhlof ly E`fforeki, hs hi ey `phihì pkrt

`j k \`ssoi t``h. Vdo Dooswktor caustor yhoafof k por

j`rktof kfzo, i`tklay I`.3< jrè Cklorn. Vdhs t`` akcbs k

fkto. Vdo jhjtd n``f oxkepao hs k strky jhif jrè Dkoaoi,

k vhaakno hi tdo Iotdorakifs ayhin kt k cìshforklao fhstkico

t` tdo i`rtd `j tdo aòss-loat.

Vdo fkto `j tdo Akinwohaor 4 kfzos sd`w tdkt tdo por

j`rktof t``h oxhstof karokfy hi rktdor okray pdksos `j tdo

Ahiokrlkifborkehb. Ht fhf cèo hit` v`nuo kjtor tdo

Ahiokrlkifborkehb ork.

6. Vypos kif pdksos hi roakthì t` tdo rkw

ektorhkas

Kfzos kro i`t ekfo jrè tdo jahits kif cdorts s` cè-

eìay usof j`r tdo ekiujkcturo `j t`às whtd cutthin

ofnos. J`r tdo kfzo, ektorhka wks cd`soi ùt `j k rktdor

ikrr`w, lut woaa-fojhiof rkino `j crystkaahio r`cbs.

Vdo jhrst systoekthc ehiorka`nhcka-potr`nrkpdhcka hivosthnk-

thìs n` lkcb t` ;83:, wdoi A.B`cd pulahsdof dhs kikaysos

`j tdo kfzos jrè Búai-Ahifoitdka (B`cd ;83:). M.Jrocdoi

jàh`wof hi ;8:? whtd tdo ektorhka jrè Eñfforsdohe kif

C.O.S.Krps hi ;8>4 whtd tdo kfzos jrè Oasa``, Stohi kif

Shttkrf (Jrocdoi ;8:?, Krps ;8>4). Ks ronkrfs tdo Loanhki

shtos, tdo w`rb `j E. kif N.Vùsskhit fosorvos eoithì(Vùsskhit/Vùssk hit ;84<). C.O.S.Krps kif C.C.Lkboas

kikaysof tdo kfzos jrè \`seoor, Zahmthinoi, Lahcquy,

Kulocdhos kif td`so `j tdo Eorzlkcd caustor (Krps/Lkboas

;847, Krps/Lkboas ;84<, Lkboas ;8>3 kif uipul_sdof

ektorhka).

Vdo e`st hep`rtkit r`cb hs kepdhlàhto, k tore usof doro

hi hts lr`kfost soiso. Ht hs k jhio-nrkhiof, tùnd r`cb

noiorkaay fhspakyhin k jàhktof `r lkifof structuro. Vdo

r`cb hs noiorkaay cèp`sof `j k ahndt-càùrof lauhsd-nrooi

kcthiàhthc d`rilaoifo hi kss`chkthì whtd ki `pkquo

ehiorka (haeoihto), paknh`cakso kif/`r qukrtz, lh`thto,

cda`rhto, ophf`to kif thtkihto ks ehi`r cìsthtuoits `r

kccoss`rhos (jhn.;<). Vdo eotke`rpdhc nrkfo noiorkaay

rkinos jrè uppor nrooiscdhst jkchos t` a`wor kepdhlào

jkchos.

Vdo ioxt nrùp `j r`cbs hs k sorhos `j foiso lkskats. Vdoso

kro jhio-nrkhiof p`rpdyrhthc cèpkct r`cbs hi wdhcd

àhvhio, thtkikunhto, fkrb-lr`wi d`rilaoifo, ekniothto

kif, t` k aossor oxtoit, lh`thto kif paknh`cakso `ccur ks

pdoi`crysts. Vdo nrùifekss hs cèp`sof `j tdo skeo

ehiorkas. Vdo r`cb fhspakys k wokb jauhfka structuro

(j'n-;3).

Vdo tdhrf nrùp hs k nrùp `j jhio-nrkhiof shahchcaksthc

r`cbs wdhcd cèprhsos sovorka fkrb-càùrof qukrtzhthc

r`cbs kif ayfhto (jhn.;6).

Jhikaay, tdoro hs tdo usuka nrùp `j '`tdor ektorhkas'. E`st

`j tdoso kro oicùitorof ìay ìco. Foscrhpthìs `j

hifhvhfuka kfzos cki lo jùif hi tdo kl`vo-eoithìofahtorkturo.

Vdo jhrst quosthì wdhcd dks t` lo kisworof hs wdotdor

tdoro hs kiy roakthì lotwooi kfzo typà`ny kif rkw

ektorhkas. Vdo kiswor cki lo jùif hi tklao > wdhcd sd`w

kaa `j tdo kfzos rojorrof t` hi pkrknrkpd <. Ht hs caokr tdkt

okcd typo cùaf lo sdkpof jrè ovory bhif `j r`cb eoi-

thìof. Jakt kfzos kro i`t ekfo `j ìo pkrthcuakr bhif kif

tdhcb kfzos jrè ki`tdor. Vdhs hs kaa tdkt cki lo cìcaufof

jrè tdo jhnuros nhvoi hi tdo tklao, lockuso tdo fktk usof

kro i`t rokaay qukithtkthvo. @iay eoksurklao kfzos cki lo

ahstof. Okshay jrkneoitof r`cbs cki lo uiforroprosoitof,

wdhast r`cbs whtd dhnd stktus vkauo eky lo `vorroprosoitof

lockuso `j tdo akrno sdkro `j nrkvo-nhjts.Ovoi hj tdoro hs i` truo roakthìsdhp lotwooi rkw ektorhka

kif typo, ht hs k bi`wi jkct tdkt r`cb kif e`rpdà`ny kro

roaktof. Vdo structuro `j tdo r`cb fhctktos tdo `rhoitkthì

`j tdo krthjkct. Hi kepdhlàhthc t`às tdo aìnhtufhika kxhs

kawkys ruis pkrkaaoa t` tdo jàhkthì `r lkifhin `j tdo

`rhnhika stìo, wdhcd hs quhto a`nhcka, lockuso tdhs nhvos tdo

aokst rhsb `j lrokbkno. Vdo nroktost rhsb tdroktoihin ki

kfzo hs `j ht sikpphin kcr`ss.

Vdo ekiujkcturors `j kfzos jrè lkskats t``b fuo kccùit

`j tdo jauhfka structuro, hj prosoit. Vdo wky hi wdhcd tdo

sdkpo `j tdo krthjkct hs kawkys fotorehiof ly tdo structuro

`j tdo r`cb hs lost `lsorvof hi tdo ckso `j kfzos ekfojrè shahchcaksts. Vdo cutthin ofnos `j jakt lakfos aho hi tdo

skeo pakio ks tdo `rhnhika r`cb akyors. Hi tdhcb kfzos tdo

lkifhin ruis porpoifhcuakr t` tdo cutthin ofno.

Wrosueklao tdhs cdkrkctorhsthc hs k rosuat `j tdo sdkpoihin

`j tdo rùnd-ùt. Vdo akrnost surjkco `j tdo kfzo hs j`reof

kaìn k ikturka pakio `j caokvkno. Kfzos hi wdhcd tdo lki

fhin `j tdo r`cb ruis kcr`ss tdo lakfo kro, `j cùrso,

iovor oicùitorof. Jurtdor fotkhas ì kfzo ekiujkcturo

kro nhvoi hi pkrknrkpd :.

K socìf quosthì hs wdotdor tdo cd`hco `j rkw ektorhka

cdkinof hi tdo cùrso `j theo. V` kiswor tdhs quosthì,

woaa-fktof jrkneoits eky i`w lo kffof t` tdo fktk-lkso.

Hi sphto `j tdhs suppaoeoit, ht hs sthaa ìay tdo Eorzlkcd

caustor kif tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor wdhcd kt tdo eèoit

pr`vhfo sujjhchâit fktk. Vdo Eñfforsdohe kfzos sdùaf

pr`vo suhtklao t`` ìco tdo ca`sof jhifs dkvo looi c`r-

roctay ksshniof t` tdo rocoitay ostklahsdof pdksos. Vdhs dks

i`t yot looi fìo j`r wkit `j theo.

Vklao 4 kif jhnuro HH sd`w tdo roakthì lotwooi r`cbs kif

pdksos. Vdo Nrkotdohfo ektorhka dks looi suppaoeoitof ly



:3 C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO _IOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

Vklao > Kfzo typo kif rkw ektorhka (eoksurklao kfzos ìay).

kepd. lkskat shahc. `tdors

Vklao 4 \kw ektorhkas kif pdksos (hi tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor

tdo pdksos Dk kif aal dkvo looi cèlhiof).

Eñfforsdohe I5 <3saoifor

ikt

tdhcb

Eorzlkcd caustor I 5 4?

saoifor

ikttdhcb

Nrkotdohfo caustor I 55 4<

saoifor

ikttdhcb

Dooswktor caustor I 5 <8

saoifor

ikt

tdhcb

Dàa`nio-kux-Whorros I 5 ;>

saoifor

ikttdhcb

83;;>

4<?;<

?;7

<;;;7

;68

tdo kfzos jrè tdo shikaa oxckvkthìs kt Loob-Eàoistoon

kif Noaooi-_reìforlkki. Iovortdoaoss, tdo fktk ronkrf-

hin porh`f H kro s` sckrco tdkt tdoy dkf t` lo cèlhiof.

Vdo skeo dkf t` lo fìo j`r pdksos Hak kif Hal. J`r tdo

skeo roksì, tdo Eorzlkcd caustor porh`f H dks looi

ronkrfof ks ìo uiht. Shahchcaksthc kif '`tdor' r`cbs dkvo

looi cèlhiof ks woaa. K jow troifs kro `lsorvklao. ô

soo tdkt kt jhrst kepdhlàhto fèhiktos hi l`td caustors.

Kjtor porh`f H tdo rúao pakyof ly tdhs r`cb hs tkboi `vor ly

lkskat, hi s` jkr ks tdhs cìcaushì eky lo frkwi ì tdo

lkshs `j tdo rktdor eoknro fktk (pkrthcuakray ì tdo

Nrkotdohfo). Hi tdo oif ht hs tdo nrùp `j `tdor r`cb typos

wdhcd provkhas, ekhiay lockuso `j tdo hicroksof uso `j

shahchcaksthc r`cbs.

Vdo profèhikico `j tdo shahchcaksts hi pdkso ahf hs cì-

jhreof ly tdo jhifs jrè Ekkstrhcdt-Ckiiorlorn. Hi kaa

pr`lklhahty tdoso fkto jrè pdkso ahf kif cèprhso ìay

ìo kfzo ekfo `j kepdhlàhto, tw` kfzos `j ayfhto kif

ìo `j k qukrtzhthc skifstìo. Vdo profèhikico `j

kepdhlàhto hi pdkso ; hs oepdkshzof ly tdo kfzos jrè

Noaooi h.o. tdo caksshc shto, i`t tdo shto Noaooi-_reìforlkki, wdhcd woro sthaa kvkhaklao j`r hivosthnkthì.

Vdo ohndt spocheois woro `j kepdhlàhto.

Ht wùaf sooe tdkt ; eky cìcaufo, whtd sèo ckuthì,

tdkt tdo soaoctof r`cb typos cdkinof whtd theo. Vdhs ckii`t

lo k ekttor `j tdo fhsc`vory `j lottor ektorhkas. Hifoof, ht

hs rktdor tdo rovorso, shico kepdhlàhto hs tdo lottor r`cb.

Ht hs tùndor kif toifs t` spahitor aoss tdki kiy `j tdo

aak aal ahc Ef

Eorzlkcd caustor=coeotory kepd.

lkskat

`tdorssottaoeoits kepd.lkskat`tdors

Nrkotdohfo caustor=coeotory kepd.

lkskat`tdors

sottaoeoits kepd.lkskat`tdors

3 8 ; ? -6 - - < -

< - - - -<7 ;; ? > <

;7 4 ;; ? <

< < 3 < :

4 4

- - - : 6

- - - - >

;8 < ;; 6

3 > : ;

< - < >

Eorzlkcd

a ak l ahc ahf

Jhn. ; ; Vdo roaktaì lot wooi ròb- typo kif pdkso.

shahchcaksthc r`cbs j`r histkico, ks hs quhto kppkroit hi sottao-

eoit wksto. E`ro`vor, tdo kepdhlàhtos woro row`rbof

kif rousof ekiy theos, wdhcd sd`ws tdkt tdoy woro dhnday

vkauof. Ht hs e`ro ahboay tdkt tdo fovoa`peoits kro tdo

rosuat `j cdkinos hi tdo ahios `j suppay, wdhcd lrhins us t`

tdo quosthì `j tdo `rhnhi `j tdo r`cbs tdoesoavos.



:6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

c=?ShY-rY10?'2 =v*v=Y*Y• Y . . v , * Y

P ' • , , M , "²

=

= 5 t * Y '••-.

e

. ’ -hs.',P-m=£hsj àS*tms#0= B1A', . . Y , . m h ,

²

hm* ... . . ,. ,,. P

¥e

Jhn. ;< Oxkepaos `j kepdh làht o, tdhi socthìs, sckao uiht a@@ pe . ;. Akinwohaor 8, ; 6: -3 38 , lkifof kepdh làht o rhcd hi `pkquo

ehiorkas2 tdo kcthi` ahthc d` rilaoifo crystk as kro pkrtay krrkinof hi sdokvos <. ks ;. cr`ssof ihcàs 3. Akinwohaor 8 , ; 7; 7- 4, d`r i

laoifo hi sdokj-ahbo caustors 6. ks 3, cr`ssof ihcàs ?. Zah mt hinoi B68.;:->4, kepdhlàhto whtd woaa-crystkaa hzof lauhsd-nrooi d`ri

laoifo :. Akinwohaor 4, 37>4-?, kepdhlàhto whtd typhcka sdokvos `j kcthiàht hc d`rilaoifo crystkas.



:? C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

Jhn. ;3 Oxkepaos `j lkskats , tdhi socth` is, sckao uiht a@ @pe . ;. Akinwohaor 8, ; ;: 7- :, lkskat `j Ayinslorn typo w ht d

pdoi`crysts `j pyr`xoio, àhvhio kif kae`st cèpaotoay katorof d`rilaoifo <. Zahmthinoi B<:-;7 lkskat `j Ayinslorn typo, lkskathc

d`rilaoifo pkrtay katorof 3. \`seoor ;<4? 6. Akinwohaor 4, 38:;-: ?. \`seoor <<;3, lkskat whtd pdoi`crysts `j àhvhio, pyr`x

oio kif aktds `j paknh`cakso :. Akinwohaor 8, 4 ;< -3 , lkskat wh td akrno àhvhio pdoi`c ryst s kif k caustor `j pyr` xoio .



:: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Jhn. ;6 Oxkepaos `j shahchcaksthc r`cbs, tdhi socth ìs, sckao uiht ;77YMe. ;. Kulocd hos C`rì -Ekt ì J 6, ayfhto <. ^kin o, ayfht o,

rhcdor hi crypt`-crystkaahio qukrtz 3. Lahcquy Wothto \`shäro ; >-3 4: nros fo D`rhì-D`zèeìt 6. Akinwohaor 4, ; >7< -: wokbay

foj`reof qukrtzhto.

?. Vdo pr`voikico `j rkw ektorhkas

Ks k ruao, kfzos woro i`t ekfo hi tdo sottaoeoits. Cì-

trkry t` shnis `j tdo w`rbhin `j jahit, roeikits `j tdo

worbhin `j r`cb kro sckrco. Wrkcthckaay iìo `j tdo

jrkneoits jùif kro `j uiw`rbof prhekry r`cb. Vdo

krthjkcts eust dkvo krrhvof hi tdo sottaoeoits hi jhihsdof `r

kae`st jhihsdof stkto.

Vdo `rhnhi `j tdo kepdhl`Dthc kfzos hs i`t yot bi`wi. Vdo

ùtcr`ps ch`sost t` tdo sottaoeoits uifor cìshforkthì kro

sekha lkifs `r hoisos `ccurrhin hi tdo h`w-nrkfo eotke`r-

pdhc r`cbs `j sùtdokstori Lohnhue. Vdoy woro skepaof ly

Krps wd` ckeo t` tdo ionkthvo cìcaushì tdkt tdoy ckii`tdkvo looi ìo `j tdo kepdhl`hhthc sùrcos. Ki`tdor

`lvhùs p`sshlhdty hs k pr`voikico jrè a`ckh nrkvoa

fop`shts, lut tdo \dhio kif Eouso nrkvoa lofs kro bi`wi

t` cìtkhi kepdhlàhto ìay vory rkroay kif tdo

kepdhlàh to hi quosthì hs fhjjoroit jrè tdo typos sùndt

j`r.

Iovortdoaoss, B`cd dks oxkehiof \dhio nrkvoas hi `rfor t`

jhif tdo `rhnhi `j tdo Búai-Ahifoitdka ektorhka. Do ckeo

t` tdo cìcaushì tdkt tdo kepdhl`Dthc kfzos ckii`t lo

trkcof t` a`cka pollaos. Kepdhlàhto fòs `ccur hi tdo

frkhikno-lkshi `j tdo \dhio, lut tdo pollaos wdhcd dkvo

rokcdof tdo \dhioakif kro jkr t`` sekaa t` kaa`w tdo sdkp-

hin `j kfzo lakfos. Aktor F`dri-Hdehn fhsc`vorof k phoco

`j tdo rhndt shzo hi k nrkvoa pht iokr Ihoforeorz. D`wovor,

tdhs hs ki oxcopthìka jhif. E`ro`vor, tdo kepdhlàhto hi

quosthì hs rhcd hi qukrtz kif lokrs i` rosoelakico t` tdo

typo `j r`cb usof j`r kfzos (F`dri-Hdehn ;843). Vdo cì

caushì eust lo tdkt tdo sùrco `r sùrcos `j kepdhlàhto

kro ì i` kccùit a`cka.^doro tdo r`cb kctukaay ckeo jrè hs sthaa k sulmoct wdhcd

oinknos tdo kttoithì `j sovorka schoithsts. Vdo pr`laoe

kttrkcts eucd hitorost lockuso kepdhlàhto wks tdo ekhi

r`cb usof j`r kfzos tdrùndùt tdo oithro krok `ccuphof ly

tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaors kif wks hifoof i`t cì-

jhiof t` tdo i`rtdwostori pkrt ìay.

E`st kttoithì dks looi pkhf t` tdo eùitkhis `j tdo



:> C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

Zkrhscki Lksoeoit `j Coitrka Our`po (Sposskrt, @foi-

wkaf, Dkrz, tdo L`doehki Eksshj, j`r histkico) kif tdo

Ckrpkthkis (Krps ;8>4, Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi/Scdiohfor

;843) ks p`sshlao noà`nhcka sùrco. Vdo uiforayhin roksì

hs tdkt tdoso ronhìs aky whtdhi rokcd `j tdo usors `j tdo

r`cb. Vdo [uktorikry ti`rkhios `j I`rtdori Our`po kif

tdo Kaps sooe t` lo aoss pr`lklao sùrcos.

Jrocdoi cìioctof tdo Eñfforsdohe kfzos whtd k r`cb

sùrco iokr S`lótbk hi Wàhsd Shaozhk (Jrocdoi ;8:? p.38),

lut tdhs p`sshlhahty dks looi rojutof ly Krps ks woaa ks

Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi kif Scdiohfor. Krps sunnostof tdoro

eky lo sùrcos hi tdo Dkrz, Sposskrt kif @afoiwkaf.

Vdoso kro 'iokr' tdo ronhì uifor rovhow, lut do jkhaof t`

jhif tdo rhndt bhif `j r`cb. Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi kif

Scdiohfor kas` pr`vof tdo Dkrz t` lo ki uiahboay sùrco.

Vdo fhscusshì ì tdo `rhnhi `j tdo kepdhlàhthc kfzos hs

sthaa lohin cìthiuof. @io `j tdo ekhi pr`laoes dkeporhin

tdo pr`nross hs tdo jkct tdkt kaa p`sshlao ùtcr`ps dkvo t`

lo spochkaay skepaof j`r tdo purp`so. Eusoue càaocthìs

toif t` hicaufo ekhiay tdo kepdhlàhtos `j typhcka

eotke`rpdhc hep`rtkico. Vdo jhio-nrkhiof vkrhothos usofly tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb po`pao kro noiorkaay i`t

roprosoitof. @io jkct, d`wovor, hs cortkhi kif tdkt hs tdkt

tdo kepdhlàhthc kfzos hivosthnktof doro ckeo jrè tdo

`tdor shfo `j tdo \dhio kif jrè k ronhì jkr kwky, sèo-

wdoro hi tdo kkst `r sùtdokst. Vdo kfzos eust dkvo looi

trkisp`rtof hi sèo systoe `j aìn-fhstkico oxcdkino.

Vdo `rhnhi `j tdo lkskat hs aoss pr`laoekthc. L`td Jrocdoi

kif Krps p`hit t` tdo vàcki`s `j tdo Sholoinolhrno kif

tdo Ohjoa (@lorbkssoa, Wkpoaslorn, Ayinslorn t` eoithì k

jow). Vdo Vorthkry kif [uktorikry vàcki`s kro tdo

prhekry sùrco, lut ioof i`t iocosskrhay lo tdo heeofhkto

sùrco `j tdo kfzo ektorhka. B`cd stktos tdkt lkskathc pol-

laos kro jùif quhto jroquoitay hi tdo nrkvoas `j tdo \dhiokif ovoi e`ro s` hi tdo nrkvoas `j tdo rhvors cèhin

fhroctay jrè tdo eùitkhis, tdo rhvor Kdr j`r oxkepao.

Cìsoquoitay, tdo rkw ektorhka ioof i`t dkvo tdo hfoka

`rhnhi hi tdo j`re `j k shinao no`nrkpdhcka sùrco. Jollaos

eky dkvo looi càaoctof jrè kaa bhifs `j nrkvoa fop`shts,

ovoi hi sooehinay uiahboay pakcos. Ki oxkepao hs tdo

fhsc`vory `j k akrno jrkneoit `j k lkskat càuei `j

Ayinslorn typo hi k \dhio nrkvoa fop`sht cut ly tdo rhvor

Eouso, ;< be i`rtd `j Shttkrf. Vdo jrkneoit hs akrno

oiùnd t` lo cut up hit` f`zois `j kfzos.

Iovortdoaoss, tdo jkct tdkt dkrfay kiy lkskathc pollaos `r

`tdor shnis `j lkskat w`rbhin dkvo looi jùif hi tdo sot-

taoeoits p`hits t` tdo oxhstoico `j spochka pakcos `r sot-

taoeoits wdoro kfzos woro ekfo. Vdo ìay la`cb `j rkw

ektorhka bi`wi hs k spocheoi jrè Búai-Ahifoitdka . Vdo

ìay rùnd-ùts tdkt dkvo s` jkr looi foscrhlof kro jrè

Akinwohaor < (I`. ;?;6-46, k phoco sdkpof jrè k pollao)

kif \`seoor (I`. ;<4>). Vdo kctuka w`rbsd`ps, d`wovor,

kro yot t` lo fhsc`vorof.

Ks stktof kl`vo, tdo roekhihin r`cbs j`re ki ovoi e`ro

dotor`noioùs nrùp tdkt tdo kepdhlàhtos kif lkskats.

^dkt tdoy dkvo hi cèeì hs tdkt tdoy kro jhio-nrkhiof,

cèpkct, tùnd, fkrb-càùrof sofheoitkry r`cbs. @tdor

bhifs `j ektorhka kro oxcopthìka, j`r histkico tdo fàorhto

jrè Stohi, I`.<;4, wdhcd hs fhjjoroit kiyd`w lockuso ht

hs k porj`rktof kfzo.

Búai-Ahifoitdka, Eñfforsdohe kif tdo Eorzlkcd caustor

yhoafof k rkino `j kfzos `j fkrb-nrky qukrtzhthc r`cbs. Vdo

vkrhoty hs sucd tdkt ht hs hep`sshlao t` sulfhvhfo tdo nrùp,

oxcopt hi td`so spochka cksos wdoro tw` kfzos woro caokray

ekfo jrè ìo kif tdo skeo phoco `j r`cb. Oxkepaos kro

Búai-Ahifoitdka I`s Daa kif D>> kif Akinwohaor 4, I`s

34;<->7 kif 34;<-<<4. Vdo ektorhkas kppokr t` dkvo looi

phcbof up sèowdoro. Iovortdoaoss, l`td B`cd kif

Jrocdoi stkto tdkt sèo r`cbs woro hep`rtof.

B`cd dks a``bof j`r k p`sshlao `rhnhi `j jùr Búai-

Ahifoitdka kfzos ekfo jrè fkrb shahchjhof sdkao hi tdo

a`cka nrkvoas fop`shtof ly tdo \dhio. Vdhs 'Bhosoascdhojor'

cìsthtutos ;.<% `j tdo A`wor Vorrkco iokr Búai-

Lhcboif`rj. Kcc`rfhin t` ;. Eusk, K. Scdiñtnoi kif D.Kateoyor, tdhs eky lo ovoi e`ro, p`sshlay ovoi ?% (Eusk

;8>6, Scdiñtnoi ;8>6, Kateoyor ;8>?). B`cd, d`wovor,

strossos tdkt tdo kfzos kro i`t ekfo ùt `j tdo i`reka

shahchjhof sdkaos, lut ùt `j k ckrojuaay soaoctof

dè`noioùs lakcb vkrhoty. Vdo kppr`prhkto pollaos do

fhf jhif, soafè dkf tdo rhndt shzo2 e`st woro t`` sekaa.

Do tdoroj`ro sunnosts hep`rt, p`sshlay jrè tdo _ppor

Akdi `r tdo Krfoiios (B`cd ;83: p.;3:). Vdoso hep`rts

cìcori ìay tdroo phocos `j r`cb kiyd`w, shico tw` `j tdo

kfzos kro tdo tw` eoithìof kl`vo. Vdo tw` roekhihin

Búai-Ahifoitdka kfzos `j sofheoitkry `rhnhi kro

nrkywkcbos, wdhcd eky vory woaa dkvo cèo jrè tdo a`cka

\dhio nrkvoa.

Jrocdoi ckeo t` tdo cìcaushì tdkt tdo tw` kfzos ekfo

jrè shahchcaksthc r`cb jùif kt Eñfforsdohe cùaf i`t lo

a`cka. L`td kro ekfo `j k shahchjhof sdkao wdhcd, kcc`rfhin

t` hts foscrhpthì, hs fhjjoroit jrè tdo Búai-Ahifoitdka

r`cb. J`r hts typo a`ckahty Jrocdoi sunnosts Zhoaskae hi tdo

Krfoiios.

Vdo ekm`rhty `j tdo ;> hivosthnktof kfzos jrè tdo Eorz

lkcd caustor kro `j foiso qukrtzhtos. Kaa sottaoeoits

cùitof pollaos `j pyrhto-lokrhin qukrtzhto keìn tdohr

rullhsd, sovorka `j wdhcd sd`w trkcos `j dkvhin looi

sdkpof hit` sèotdhin rosoelahin ki kfzo rùnd-ùt.

Iovortdoaoss, i` jhihsdof kfzos ekfo jrè tdhs ektorhkadkvo looi jùif. Vdo ìay rùnd-ùt, Akinwohaor 4

I`. ;>7<-:, wks ekfo jrè k fhjjoroit bhif `j pollao. Vdo

pr`voikico `j tdo Eorzlkcd kfzos hs sthaa uicaokr. Ki

`rhnhi hi tdo a`cka kccosshlao nrkvoas hs i`t uiahboay. @ut

cr`ps jrè l`td \dhio kif Eouso fop`shts kro t` lo cì-

shforof. Hep`rt, d`wovor, hs i`t oithroay oxcaufof, lockuso

c`krso nrkvoas whtd kccoptklao cìcoitrkthìs `j tdo rhndt



:4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

FHFHH

Jhn. ; ? Sùrcos `j rkw ektorhk a. Ekp lksof ì Vdo Ktaks `j

Vdo Iotdorakifs 2 Wakto ;;-;, Foajt, ;8 >< .

bhif `j qukrtzhtos kro sckrco. Vdo nrùp `j r`cbs hs hi kiy

ckso dotor`noioùs. Hj tdoy woro hep`rtof, tdoy eust dkvo

looi phcbof up hifhvhfukaay ly po`pao wkiforhin loyìf

tdohr fkhay rkino.

Vdo nrùp `j sofheoitkry r`cbs `j tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor

hs kas` dotor`noioùs (Krps ;8>4). Sovorka roakthvoay ahndt-

càùrof qukrtzhthc hepaoeoits eky dkvo `rhnhiktof hi tdo

nrkvoa lofs `j tdo rhvor Eouso. Ovhfoico `j tdhs tdo`ry `j

k a`cka sùrco hs kas` pr`vhfof ly tdo prosoico `j k rùnd-

ùt, Oasa`` I`.:46, loaìnhin t` tdhs nrùp. D`wovor, i`

wksto hifhckthin tdo w`rbhin `j tdoso r`cbs dkf looi

jùif hi tdo sottaoeoits. Loshfos, tdo prosoico `j k rùnd-ùt fòs i`t iocosskrhay pr`vo tdkt stìo wks w`rbof

iokrly2 ks whaa lo p`hitof ùt loa`w, `tdor rùnd-ùts

woro caokray hep`rtof.

Kpkrt jrè prosueklao a`cka r`cbs, tdo caustor yhoafof

phocos wdhcd ckii`t lo `j a`cka `rhnhi. Vdkibs t` Loanhki

hivosthnkthìs, tdo `rhnhis `j tw` typos dkvo i`w looi

trkcof. @io hs tdo r`cb foscrhlof ks 'nros k ehcks fo

D`rhì-D`zèeìt' kif tdo `tdor hs tdo ayfhto `r 'pdtkihto'

`j Cèrùx-Eùsty.

Vdo jhrst-eoithìof hs k fkrb-nroy t` fkrb-lr`wi qukrtzhthc

'pdyaahto' cìtkhihin k vkryhin lut cìsphcuùs keùit `j

`rnkihc ekttor. Vdo r`cb sd`ws k fhsthict lkifhin.

C`krsor lkifs whtd kinuakr qukrtz nrkhis katorikto whtd

jhior-nrkhiof lkifs cìtkhihin e`ro fkrb ekttor. Vdo

ikeo 'nros k ehcks' hs forhvof jrè tdo eusc`vhto prosoit.

Vdo r`cb loaìns t` tdo Ckrlìhjorùs kif dks sovorka

ùtcr`ps kaìn tdo Eouso kif hts trhlutkrhos. Iovortdoaoss,

hts pollaos kro ìay rkroay jùif hi Eouso nrkvoas. Hi ;8:>

E.N. Frkfì fhsc`vorof k shto quhto iokr ìo `j tdo ùt

cr`ps wdoro tdo r`cb dkf kctukaay looi sdkpof hit` kfzos.

Shto kif ùtcr`p kro ikeof kjtor tdo iokrost vhaakno,

D`rhì-D`zèeìt, hi Loanhue (Frkfì ;8:>). _itha k

shehakr shto hs fhsc`vorof, tdhs shto hs cìshforof t` lo tdo

sùrco `j kaa 'D`rhì-D`zèeìt' kfzos.

Vdo socìf r`cb hs k lakcb t` fkrb-nroy rkfhàkrhki cdort,k truo ayfhto (hi jroicd pdtkihto). Ht cìtkhis aoisos `j

crypt`crystkaahio qukrtz oica`shin ruthao crystkas. Vdhs ayfhto

hs bi`wi jrè tdo vkaaoy `j tdo rhvuaot \y-Kinì hi tdo

euihchpkahty `j Cèrùx-Eùsty hi Loanhue. Ht hs jùif ks

i`fuaos kif lkibs hi k woktdorof ektrhx loaìnhin t` tdo

\ovhihki (Ckelrhki) (Cueìt H48>-H484). Wkrt `j tdo

i`fuaos dkvo looi hic`rp`rktof hi [uktorikry sofheoits



:8 C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

ì tdo sa`pos `j tdo vkaaoy. Vdo r`cb hs foscrhlof hi tdo

ahtorkturo uifor tdo ikeo j ayfhto (`r 'pdtkihto' ) jrè

Cèrùx-Eùsty `r ayfhto jrè Jrkiquoihos `r @tthnihos,

kjtor tw` a`cka vhaaknos. I` shtos dkvo looi jùif hi `r

iokr tdo vkaaoy wdoro Ahiokrlkifborkehb kfzos eky dkvo

looi ekfo. Ht hs bi`wi i`w tdkt tdoy woro ekiujkcturof

ì k e`ro tdki a`cka sckao hi tw` shtos ayhin 3? be jrè

tdo vkaaoy, tdo shtos Akifoi-^kino kif Ahitoa-@vordospoi(A`fowhmcbx ;846). Vdo hivosthnkthìs `j M.W. Ckspkr sun-

nost tdkt tdoro eky hifoof lo `tdor shtos loshfos tdoso tw`

(Ckspkr ;846).

Kfzos `j Cèrùx-Eùsty ayfhto dkvo iot yot looi

oicùitorof hi tdo Eorzlkcd caustor kif tdo sottaoeoits t`

tdo okst `j tdhs. @io kfzo tdkt eky dkvo `rhnhiktof hi

D`rhì-D`zèeìt wks jùif kt Akinwohaor 8, i`tklay

I`.?<6-4.

Hi pkrknrkpd 6 ht dks looi foeìstrktof tdkt tdo porcoi

tknos `j tdo fhjjoroit r`cb typos hi tdo t`tka càaocthì `j

kfzos katorof whtd theo. Hi porh`f ; kepdhlàhto

profèhiktof, kt aokst hi tdo Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo

caustors. Kt tdo lonhiihin `j porh`f HH lkskathc r`cbs t``b`vor. Vdhs fovoa`peoit oifof whtd ki hicroksof uso `j

shahchcaksthc r`cb. Hi vhow `j tdo `rhnhi `j tdo r`cb typos,

tdhs wùaf eoki tdkt hihthkaay kfzos, h.o. tdo jhihsdof pr`-

fucts, ckeo jrè tdo okst `r sùtdokst. Vdhs eust lo cì-

ioctof whtd tdo 'r``ts' `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb p`puak-

thì. Aktor ì tdo hidklhtkits `j tdo \dhioakif stkrtof t`

oxpa`ht k a`cka sùrco, tdo lkskats. Lkskat ckeo hit` uso

doro furhin porh`f H, ks hs `lsorvof i`t ìay hi tdo Eorz

lkcd caustor, lut kas` hi Eñfforsdohe'. Hi tdhs rospoct ht hs

ronrottklao tdkt tdo ektorhka jrè Búai-Ahifoitdka hs i`

aìnor kccosshlao j`r stufy. Vdo lkskathc kfzos ekiujkc

turof sèowdoro iokr `r ì tdo lùifkry `j tdo

\dhioakif jùif tdohr wky t` tdo ronhìs hi tdo wost. Hi

porh`f HH tdoy jhrst lockeo cèeì hi tdo Nrkotdohfo

krok. Ovoitukaay tdoy ovoi rokcdof tdo Foifro caustor.

Hi tdo wostori pkrt `j tdo ronhì stufhof doro, kepdhlàhto

kif lkskat kro quhto cèeì, lut i`t ks cèeì ks hi

tdo krok okst `j \`seoor. Vdhs wostori pkrt wks ìay

`ccuphof furhin porh`f HH. Wo`pao sooe t` dkvo looi

rktdor quhcb hi fhsc`vorhin suhtklao a`cka r`cbs kif hi

oxpa`hthin tdoe. E kif N. Vùsskhit foscrhlof tdo kfzos

jùif lotwooi tdo rhvors Noor kif Eouso. Vdoy ckeo t`

tdo cìcaushì tdkt tdo kfzos jrè shtos hi tdo surrùi-

fhins `j D`rhì-D`zèeìt hicaufo k akrno porcoitkno `j

tdo nros ä ehcks typos. V` tdo wost, hi tdo fhrocthì `jCèrùx-Eùsty, ayfhto profèhiktos (Vùsskhit/Vùsskhit

;84<). _ij`rtuiktoay, e`st `j tdoso kfzos woro càaoctof

jrè tdo surjkco `r ckeo jrè àfor oxckvkthìs. Vdoro-

j`ro, ht ckii`t yot lo fotorehiof wdoi tdo sùrcos D`rhì-

D`zèeìt kif Cèrùx-Eùsty woro oxpa`htof j`r tdo jhrst

theo. Vdo rosuats `j tdo hivosthnkthìs ly tdo tw` Vùs-

skhits, j`r tdkt ekttor, sooe t` portkhi t` sottaoeoit shtos

ìay. Vdo ìay coeotory bi`wi jrè tdhs krok, Dàa`nio-

kux-Whorros, yhoafof ìay jow kfzos `j a`cka ektorhka. @j

tdo ;> spocheois jùif, ohndt kro `j kepdhlàhto, sovoi `j

lkskat, ìo `j ayfhto kif ìo `j ki`tdor bhif `j `rhnhikaay

sofheoitkry r`cb. Vdhs uiusuka cèp`shthì eky lo k

quosthì `j stktus.

Jurtdor t` tdo wost ahos tdo karokfy-eoithìof Foifro

caustor. Ht hs quhto hsàktof, lohin sopkrktof jrè tdo `tdorsly k whfo zìo fov`hf `j sottaoeoit trkcos. Fosphto `j tdhs,

ht wks i`t cut `jj jrè tdo ekhi iotw`rbs `j oxcdkino.

Vdo r`cbs wdhcd dkvo k fhstkit sùrco, tdo kepdhlàhtos

kif lkskats, kro sckrco, lut prosoit. E`st ektorhka, d`w-

ovor, hs shahchcaksthc r`cb (akl/o 8). Surprhshinay oiùnd, tdo

sottaoeoits Kulocdhos-C`rì Ektì kif Lahcquy-Wothto

\`shäro sooe t` fhjjor hi tdohr projoroicos. Kfzos woro

ekiujkcturof ì l`td shtos, whtioss tdo prosoico `j wksto

kif jkhaof rùnd-ùts, lut kt Kulocdhos tdoy woro ekfo

e`stay jrè ayfhto jrè Cèrùx-Eùsty wdoroks Lahcquy

sd`ws k projoroico j r r`cb jr e D`rhì-D`zèeìt,

loshfos tdroo `tdor typos. D`wovor, tdo fhjjoroico eky lo

focopthvo. Vdo ektorhka hs t`` sckrco t` poreht kiy cìcau-shìs. E`ro`vor, tdo jrkneoits `j D`rhì-D`zèeìt r`cb

jùif kt Lahcquy eky kaa dkvo cèo jrè tdo skeo phoco.

Vdhs dks looi pr`voi ly tdhi socthìhin hi tdo ckso `j tw`

`j tdo jrkneoits, Lahcquy-W\ 3.3>; kif >.38<.

Hi tdo jhrst soitoico `j tdhs pkrknrkpd ht wks stktof tdkt,

ks k ruao, kfzos krrhvof hi tdo sottaoeoits ks jhihsdof `r

kae`st jhihsdof pr`fucts. Vdoro eust dkvo looi ki

oxcdkino `j jhihsdof kfzo lakfos, e`stay `j kepdhlàhto

kif lkskat. Aoss jhihsdof woro pordkps tdo kfzos ekfo

jrè shahchcaksthc r`cbs. Vdo Cèrùx-Eùsty kif D`rhì-

D`zèeìt r`cbs, j`r histkico, woro kas` fhstrhlutof ks

uijhihsdof pr`fucts, whtioss tdo prosoico `j rùnd-ùts kt

shtos ks jkr roe`vof ks Noaooi (Cèrùx-Eùsty rùnd-ùt)

kif Oasa`` (Oasa`` I`.>;, k D`rhì-D`zèeìt rùnd-ùt)

(jhn.;:). Vdo r`cbs eky ovoi dkvo looi trkisp`rtof ks

la`cbs `j uiw`rbof ektorhka, ks hs sunnostof ly tdo jhifs

jrè Kulocdhos, sèo :? be kwky jrè tdo sùrco

Cèrùx-Eùsty. Ht wùaf sooe tdkt kfzos jrè fhstkit

r`cb sùrcos kro oicùitorof ks jhihsdof lakfos kif tdkt

kfzos ekfo jrè iokrly sùrcos ioof i`t dkvo looi

trkisp`rtof `r oxcdkinof ks jhihsdof pr`fucts. Vdhs cì

caushì hs hi kcc`rfkico whtd wdkt hs `jtoi `lsorvof hi tdo

fhstrhluthì pkttori `j eucd sùndt-kjtor bhifs `j jahits

kif cdorts.

Vklao 8 Kfzos kif rkw ektorhka jrè tdo Foifro caustor.

kepd. lkskat ayfhto D`r.D`z. `tdors

Kulocdhos C`rì EktìLahcquy W`rto @uvortoLahcquy Wothto \`shäro

;8;



>7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Jhn. ;: \ùnd-ùts jr` e

D`rhì-D`zèeìt (aojt) kif

Cèrùx-Eùsty (rhndt) ektorhka.

;=<.

:. Vdo kfzo kif hts ahjo

Vdo ahjo `j ki kfzo lonhis whtd k suhtklao phoco `j r`cb. Hi

pkrknrkpd ? wo aokriof wdkt hs t` lo uiforst``f ly 'k

suhtklao typo `j r`cb', lut wo sthaa f` i`t bi`w wdkt

oxkctay hs t` lo uiforst``f ly 'k suhtklao phoco `j r`cb'.

Vdo roksì j`r tdhs hs tdkt wo f` i`t bi`w eucd klùt

w`rbsd`ps.

Vdo phoco eky dkvo looi k jrkneoit qukrrhof jrè ki

ùtcr`p. K socìf p`sshlhahty hs k la`cb a``soiof hi k

ikturka wky, ly woktdorhin. Sucd ektorhka ahos kt tdo j``t

`j ùtcr`ps. Ht eky kas` dkvo looi hic`rp`rktof hi k

yùinor j`rekthì, ks hs tdo ckso whtd tdo Cèrùx-Eùsty

ayfhto. Vdo tdhrf p`sshlhahty hs k pollao `r lùafor jrè k

nrkvoa lof. J`r wkit `j bi`waofno j Ahiokrlkifborkehb

qukrryhin (oxcopt wdoro jahit hs cìcoriofY) tdo `rhnhika

phoco eust lo trkcof ly tdo kikayshs `j tdo wksto pr`fucof

hi sdkphin kfzo rùnd-ù ts. Ht hs `jtoi fhjjhcuat t`

fhsthinuhsd lotwooi qukrrhof `r ikturkaay a``soiof

ektorhka. Vdo akttor eky sd`w caokror shnis `j woktdorhin

ì hts surjkco, i`t ìay lockuso ht lr`bo kaìn kichoit

crkcbs, lut kas` lockuso ht eky dkvo akhi oxp`sof j`r sèo

theo. ^ksto jrè tdo w`rbhin `j kepdhlàhto hifoof

sd`ws tdhs bhif `j woktdorhin ([uhttk ;8??, Lkboas ;84:),

lut shico kepdhlàhto wks i`t w`rbof hi tdo ronhì fos-

crhlof doro, tdhs Hij`rekthì hs kt prosoit i`t roaovkit.Lkskat hs i`t suhtklao j`r sucd kikayshs lockuso ht woktdors

t`` okshay. Ovoi jhihsdof kfzos kif tdohr jrkneoits sd`w k

rkt dor tdhcb crust wdoi tdoy kro jùif.

E`ro roaovkit t` ùr stufy kro tdo r`cbs `j D`rhì-

D`zèeìt kif Cèrùx-Eùsty. Kcc`rfhin t` tdo `lsorvk-

thìs ly Frkfì, tdo `rhnhi `j ki kfzo ekfo kt D`rhì-

D`zèeìt hs k sakl `j r`cb kif i`t k pollao (Frkfì

;8:>). \ùnd-ùts jùif oasowdoro, Oasa`` I`.>; j`r

histkico, cìjhre tdhs. Sakls p`hit t`wkrfs k prhekry

sùrco tdkt hs ohtdor tdo ùtcr`p htsoaj `r k càaocthì `j

folrhs hi hts heeofhkto surrùifhins. Shnis `j woktdorhin

kro i`t rop`rtof kif ht hs i`t caokr wdotdor tdoy kro pros

oit `r i`t. Vdhs r`cb typo fòs i`t woktdor rokfhay, s` ht

eky lo fhjjhcuat t` fochfo wdotdor tdo r`cb wks qukrrhof

`r i`t.

Kcc`rfhin t` Ckspkr, tdo `rhnhi `j ki kfzo `j Cèrùx-

Eùsty ektorhka hs k i`fuao `r pkrt `j k lkib fun ùt

jrè ohtdor tdo woktdorof ektrhx `r tdo [uktorikry

fop`shts ì tdo sa`pos `j tdo \y-Kinì vkaaoy (Ckspkr

;846).

Wollaos woro usof t`` hi kfzo ekiujkcturhin.

Vdo`rothckaay, wksto rosuathin jrè tdo sdkphin `j pollaos

sdùaf lo oksy t` roc`nihzo. D`wovor, hi ìay ìo ckso

cùaf k pollao lo hifhcktof ks tdo sùrco `j ki kfzo= tdo

jkhaof rùnd-ùt jrè Akinwohaor < wks ekfo jrè k

lkskathc pollao. Vdo Búai-Ahifoitdka ektorhka hicaufos k

pollao `j lkskat wdhcd eky dkvo looi fosthiof t` locèo

ki kfzo. Vdo skeo kppahos t` tdroo phocos `j shahchcaksthc

r`cb jrè Akinwohaor 4 kif Akuroizlorn >. Hi ey `phi-

hì, d`wovor, tdoso jow oxkepaos f` i`t prosoit ki

kccurkto heprosshì `j tdo kctuka shtukthì. Lkskathc kif

qukrtzhthc kfzos eky hifoof dkvo quhto cèeìay looiekfo jrè pollaos. Vdhs hs fhjjhcuat t` pr`vo, d`wovor, j`

akcb `j tdo rhndt bhif `j wksto.

Vdo phoco `j r`cb dkf t` lo sdkpof hit` k rùnd-ùt. Hi

tdo ckso `j jhsshao r`cbs tdhs wks fìo ly spahtthin `jj k

sakl `j tdo roquhrof tdhcbioss, hj sucd k sakl wks i`t

karokfy kvkhaklao. Vdhs hs, kt aokst, tdo wky hi wdhcd tdo

r`cb `j D`rhì-D`zèeìt wks w`rbof. Vdo skeo eotd`f



>; C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO _IOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

dks looi sunnostof j`r kepdhlàhto. Vdo tdhcbioss `j tdo

sakl tdoi e`ro `r aoss oqukaof tdo hitoifof tdhcbioss `j

tdo kfzo hj k jakt typo wks roquhrof, kif tdo hitoifof

whftd hj k tdhcb typo wks t` lo ekfo. Vdo `tdor shfos woro

`ltkhiof ly bikpphin `r, hj tdo r`cb spahitorof t`` rokfhay,

ly skwhin (Frkfì ;8:>, Lkboas ;84:). Vdo lutt kif cut-

thin ofno woro sdkpof hi sovorka la`ws, uihoss skwhin wks

knkhi iocosskry.

Lkskats kif ayfhto woro sdkpof ly tocdihquos roaktof t`

td`so kppahof hi jahit w`rbhin. Ospochkaay ayfhto dks jahit-

ahbo pr`porthos. Ckspkr dks stufhof hts wksto kif rùnd-

ùts. Do foscrhlos d`w sekaa i`fuaos, `r jakbos `j akrnor

i`fuaos woro sdkpof hit` kfzo lakfos. \hfnos, tdo rosu_ `j

bikpphin kif rotùcdhin, woro se``tdoiof ly pocbhin

(Ckspkr ;846). Vdo rùnd-ùt tdus jksdhìof wks jhihsdof

ly nrhifhin. Vdo oithro krthjkct wks nrùif, i`t ìay tdo

cutthin ofno, e`saay rosuathin hi k se``td surjkco kaa

rùif. @iay tdo lutt fhf i`t kawkys rocohvo tdo skeo

keùit `j kttoithì ks tdo rost kif foop trkcos `j jakbhin

woro i`t kawkys cèpaotoay ojjkcof. Hi ey `phihì e`st

`j tdo jkcottos eoithìof hi pkrknrkpd < kro tdo rosuat `jnrhifhin. Sèo jkcottos woro karokfy prosoit hi tdo lkshc

sdkpo d`wovor. Jakt shfos kro tdo rosuat `j tdo sdkphin

eotd`fs, wdoi tdo krthjkct hs skwi j`r histkico. Jakt shfos

kro ekhiay `lsorvof ì kfzos sdkpof jrè sakls.

Nrhifhin kawkys aojt scrktcdos. Vdoso kro okshay `lsorvof

ì tdo kfzos ekfo `j D`rhì-D`zèeìt kif Cèrùx-

Eùsty r`cb. Vdo surjkco `j tdoso krthjkcts hs tdo aokst

woktdorof wdhcd eky kccùit j`r tdo scrktcdos sthaa lohin

vhshlao.

Vdo rosuat `j sdkphin kif nrhifhin hs ki `laìn lakfo whtd

k fèof uppor shfo, k jakt a`wor shfo, k lutt kif k cutthin

ofno. Vdo shfos tkpor sahndtay t`wkrfs tdo lutt. F`dri-

Hdehn dks sd`wi tdkt tdo ekxheue V^ hifox hs t` lo

jùif hi tdo coitro `j tdo krthjkct (F`dri-adehn ;843

p.>6). Vdo cutthin ofno ahos oxkctay hi tdo kxhs `j tdo lakfo

{jhn. ;>). Vdo trkishthì jrè tdo fèof shfo t` tdo cutthin

ofno hs sdkpof ahbo k se``td curvo. Vdo trkishthì jrè

tdo a`wor shfo t` tdo cutthin ofno hs aoss nrkfuka2 sèo-

theos ht hs k rhfno. Vdo a`wor pkrt dokrhin tdo cutthin ofno

eky dkvo looi nrùif dàa`w, k cdkrkctorhsthc ekhiay

`lsorvof ì dhnd kfzos.

Vdo cutthin kinao `j jakt kfzos ahos krùif ??·. K càaoc-

thì `j 67 eoksurof spocheois dks k eoki kinao `j ?6·

kif k Stkifkrf fovhkthì `j 8·. Vdo sekaaost kinao

eoksurof hs 37·, tdo whfost >?·.

Vdo cutthin kinao `j tdhcb spocheois ahos krùif :7·-:?·2

tdo eoki kinao hs :3· (I 5 37) kif tdo Stkifkrf fovhkthì

6·. Vdo sekaaost kinao `lsorvof hs ??· kif tdo whfost >7·.

Vdo ioxt stop wks tdo dkjthin `j tdo lakfo. Vdo hivosthnk-

thì `j tdo trkcos `j dkjthin dkvo looi tdo sulmoct `j

fotkhaof stufhos ly F`dri-adehn. Vdo prosoico `j k dkjt hs

roc`nihzof ly ki kffhthìka austro `r k fhjjoroico hi càùr

ì tdo lutt dkaj `j tdo lakfo. Ht cki lo sooi lost ì lakfosjrè hitoreoits. F`dri-adehn kscrhlos tdo austro t` tdo

cdkjhin kif pàhsdhin ojjoct `j k dkjt `r s`cbot tdkt fhf

i`t jht t`` thndtay `r tdohr s`jt (aoktdor 0)ahihin. Sdo

loahovos tdkt tdo lakfo wks sot hi w``f kif i`t hi k s`cbot

`j lìo `r kitaor, shico trkcos `j tdo akttor dkvo iovor

looi jùif hi sottaoeoits, i`t ovoi hi td`so wdoro klui

fkit lìo ektorhka dks looi oxckvktof'. K fhjjoroico hi

càùr hs kscrhlof t` tdo kcthì `j cortkhi sulstkicos hi tdo

ektorhka usof j`r tdo dkjt (F`dri-adehn ;8>4-;8>8, ;8>8-

;847 kif ;843). Sèotheos tdo dkjt wks cut t` tdo rhndt

shzo wdoi tdo lakfo wks karokfy hisortof. Vdhs rosuatof hi

trkisvorso scrktcdos ì tdo kfzo lakfo (jhn. ;4). Vdo dkjt `r

Jhn. ; > K 'io w' kfzo (Ihoforeorz nrkvo :7) kif ki kfzo ekiy theos rosdkrpoiof (Ihoforeorz nrkvo 86). Fr kwhi n kjtor F`dri-

adehn ;843, p. >> . ;=<.



>< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

s`cbot c`vorof dkaj `j tdo lakfo, kt aokst hi iow

hepaoeoits.

Kjtor dkjthin, tdo kfzo wks rokfy j`r uso. Vdo quosthì hs

wdhcd uso. Vdo sdkpo kif aoindt `j tdo dkjt kro uibi`wi

ks hs tdo purp`so `j tdo t``h. Vdo dyp`tdoshs kfdorof t`

e`st hs tdkt ht hs k t``h whtd k cutthin ofno kt rhndt-kinaos

t` k dkifao, hitoifof j`r cutthin kif w`rbhin w``f,

wdhcd hs wdy ht hs rojorrof t` ks ki kfzo. Hi tdo pkst, tdo

lakfos dkvo looi hitorprotof ks tdo lakfos `j dòs `r tdo

thps `r krfs, lut tdhs tdo`ry dkf t` lo klkifìof, lockuso

tdo lakfos iovor sd`w tdo trkcos `j dokvy wokr wdhcd

wùaf lo tdo rosuat `j w`rbhin tdo okrtd. Vdo hitorprotk-

thì `j tdo t``h ks k w``f-w`rbhin hepaoeoit hs sunnostof

ly iueorùs otdià`nhcka pkrkaaoas, j`r histkico

hepaoeoits jrè I`rtdori Keorhck `r Iow-Nuhiok. E`ro-

`vor, tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb t``h bht fòs i`t cìtkhi kiy

`tdor t``h suhtklao j`r tdo purp`so. Vyphcka kxos kro

klsoit. Vdo oxkct ikturo `j tdo t`à's uso hs i`t yot

uiforst``f. Vdo kfzos eky dkvo looi usof j`r cutthin

f`wi troos, sdkphin thelor kif ekiujkcturhin w``foi

`lmocts. Fhjjoroit typos eky dkvo looi usof j r fhjjoroit

purp`sos. F`dri-adehn hitorprots sd`rt lakfos ks phkios.

Akrno tdhcb kfzos wùaf dkvo looi usof j`r dokvhor w`rb.

Ki kikayshs `j trkcos `j wokr sdùaf pr`vhfo e`ro Hij`r

ekthì. K pr`laoe hs tdkt e`st kfzos kro lkfay woktdorof,

lut sèo kepdhlàhtos kif kaa shahchjhof sdkaos sthaa sd`w

tdo strhkthìs kt rhndt-kinaos t` tdo cutthin ofno wdhcd kro

typhcka `j kfzos, kcc`rfhin t` Soeoi`v (Soeoi`v ;8:6).

Vdoro kro kas` fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo a`wor kif uppor

pkrts `j tdo cutthin ofno. K systoekthc stufy `j sucd kif

`tdor trkcos `j wokr whaa lo ckrrhof ùt hi tdo iokr juturo.

Ovoi hj tdo oxkct uso `j tdo t`às hs ks yot uibi`wi, ìo

`j tdo ojjocts `j hts uso hs caokr, ikeoay tdkt tdo cutthin

ofno lockeo lauit kif dkf t` lo rosdkrpoiof. Vdhsrosdkrpoihin kjjoctof tdo a`wor shfo e`ro tdki tdo uppor,

fèof, shfo. Vdo rosuat hs tdkt tdo rhfno ekrbhin tdo trki-

shthì jrè tdo pkrt dokrhin tdo cutthin ofno t` tdo jakt,

a`wor shfo, lockeo e`ro kif e`ro prìùicof kif tdkt,

cìsoquoitay, tdo kinao lotwooi tdo tw` phkios lockeo

ikrr`wor. Vdo cutthin ofno htsoaj sdhjtof jrè tdo ekhi

kxhs t` k p`shthì kl`vo tdo ekhi kxhs (jhn.;>). Vdo cdkino

hi sdkpo dks looi kepay haaustrktof ly F`dri-adehn

(F`dri-adehn ;843 p.>>). Vdo lakfos woro rosdkrpoiof

e`ro tdki ìco, tdus locèhin sd`rtor kif sd`rtor. Vdo

s`cbot `r dkjt dkf t` lo cut lkcb `r lo ropakcof. Vdo

sd`rtoihin `j kfzo lakfos furhin tdohr sorvhcoklao ahjo eust

lo ìo `j tdo roksìs wdy kfzos jrè sottaoeoits kroshnihjhckitay sd`rtor tdki kfzos jrè coeotorhos, tdkt hs, kt

aokst tdo jakt typo (tklao ;7). Ks j`r tdhcb kfzos, tdhs kspoct

cùaf i`t lo hivosthnktof lockuso hisujjhchâit spocheois

dkvo looi jùif hi sottaoeoits. Vdo saoifor typo hs t``

sckrco kiywky.

K p`sshlao socìf ojjoct `j uso hs tdo j`rekthì `j a`p-

Jhn. ;4 Oasa`` ?7 6 , k lakfo wh td k scrkt cd (krr`w), ekfo

wdo i tdo dkjt wks jhtt of. ;=;

shfof kfzos. Vdhs pdoièoiì hs i`t rkro. Ovory shzklao

oxckvkthì dks yhoafof tdoe kif tdoy `ccur ovoi hi

coeotorhos. Cutthin ofnos cki lo sbow t` ohtdor tdo aojt `r

t` tdo rhndt (jhn.;8). @j tdo ;> kfzos ; eoksurof, ihio

hicahiof t` tdo aojt kif ohndt t` tdo rhndt. A`p-shfofioss hs

`lsorvof lost hi tdo ckso `j jakt kfzos kif e`stay ì

kepdhlàhthc kfzos. @j tdo ;> eoithìof spocheois, ;<

woro `j kepdhlàhto, ìo `j lkskat, tw` `j Cèrùx-Eùsty

ayfhto kif tw` `j qukrtzhthc r`cbs. Ht dks looi sunnostof

tdkt tdo pdoièoiì hs cìioctof whtd tdo dkifofioss `j

tdo usor (fo Nr``td ;8>> p.>3). D`wovor, shico ks ekiy

kfzos kppokr t` lo a`pshfof t` tdo aojt ks t` tdo rhndt wo

eky wìfor wdotdor tdhs hs truo.

Hi tdo oif, tdo kfzo woit ùt `j uso. Sèo sooe t` dkvo

shepay looi a`st, lut e`st `j tdo lakfos must lockeo t``

sd`rt `r lr`bo. Vdoy sooe t` dkvo lr`boi kcr`ss e`stay

(jhn.<7). @cckshìkaay, kfzos spaht aoindtwhso. K lr`boi

kfzo lakfo wks, d`wovor, jkr jrè w`rtdaoss. Lakfos

lr`boi kcr`ss woro shepay rodkjtof wdoro p`sshlao (jhn.<;)Vdo jrkcturo wks sèotheos rotùcdof lut i`t ronrùif,

ks cki lo cìcaufof jrè sèo lakfos jùif hi nrkvos,

j`r histkico Oasa`` nrkvo ;;;. K iow cutthin ofno cùaf lo

sdkpof ì tdo jrkneoits dokrhin tdo lutt. Vdhs jkhaof

sèotheos, ks hs kppkroit jrè fhsckrfof phocos (jhn.<<).

\ow`rbhin lr`boi lakfos `jtoi rosuatof hi kfzos `j strkino

sdkpo (jhn.<3).



>3 C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

Jhn. ;8 A`p-shfof kfzos. V`p, aojt t` rhndt= Akinwohaor 4 I` .34 ; <-K-; ; 3, Akinwohaor 8

I`. 6; -: kif Oasa`` ;<8 . L`tt è, aojt t` rhndt = Akinwohaor 8 I` .6 68 -: , Oasa ` ;? 3 kif Oasa``

<;7. ;=;.

\ocycaof ektorhka hs ly i` eokis sckrco. @j tdo 3< lkskathc

kfzos jùif kt \`seoor, jùr woro socìf-dkif2 hi tdo

ckso `j tdo kepdhlàhthc ìos tdhs wks tdroo ùt `j <3. Vdo

càaocthì `j :; kfzos jrè Akinwohaor 4 cìtkhiof kt aokstshx kif prosueklay e`ro socìf-dkif kfzos. @cckshìkaay

ki kfzo jrkneoit wks i`t row`rbof lut rousof ks k dke-

eorstìo.

_athektoay, tdo kfzo `r hts roekhis oifof up keìn tdo

wksto jhaahin tdo phts jùif kluifkitay ì okcd sottaoeoit

shto. Strhctay spokbhin, ht hs roekrbklao tdkt s` ekiy

eoksurklao kif ovoi cèpaoto t`às kro roc`vorof jrè

tdhs wksto. Ovoi tdo cutthin ofno eky sthaa lo rktdor sdkrp.

Sèo scdàkrs kro `j tdo `phihì tdkt sucd uifkeknof

lakfos hi jkct cèo jrè nrkvos tdkt dkvo i`t looi roc`n-

ihzof ks sucd. Strky nrkvos kro bi`wi jrè sovorka Ahiokr-lkifborkehb sottaoeoit shtos kif tdoy eky kccùit j`r k

jow `j tdo jhifs. Iovortdoaoss, ht hs ki ostklahsdof jkct tdkt

cèpaoto kfzos hifoof `ccur keìn cèeì fèosthc

wksto. Shico e`st `j tdoso kro sd`rt jakt kfzos, tdoy eky

dkvo locèo t`` sd`rt j`r rodkjthin kif looi fhsckrfof

lockuso `j tdhs.



>6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Vklao ;7 Aoindt `j jakt kfzos jrè sottaoeoits cèpkrof whtd td`so jrè coeotorhos2 aointd

hi ee.

Eorzlkcd caustor2 sottaoeoits I 5 ;7 3< 3? 6? 6? 6? 68

coeotor y I 5 << 38 6; 6; 6: ?; ?<

:7 :; :? >7 >? 47

?? ?4 :7 :3

?< ?4 ?4 :7 :

4< 46 4? ;7? ;

Nrkotd ohfo caustor= sottaoeoits I 5 ;4 6< 66 6? 6> 64 68 ?; ?6 ?: ?: ?

?4 :< :6 >3 46 8< ;7?coeotory I 5 ;> 6< 66 6> 68 ?< :: >7 >? >? >4 4

46 4? 88 ;7; ;7: ;6;

Jhn. <7 Vw` kfzos lr`boi kcr`ss, Oasa` >< 6 kif S h ttk rf ;88 /36 ?, kif ìo spa ht aoindtwhso, Shttkrf 37? /3 7> . Vdo uppor pkrt

`j td o spaht spocheoi dks looi rosdkpof hit` k jakt kfzo. ; =; .



>? C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

Jhn. <; Kfzos `lvh` usay rodkjtof kjtor dkvhin looi lr`bo i. Aojt= Oasa`` 6 : 6 , jùif hi k

nrkvo. \hndt= Oasa`` ; 8 whtd k austro ì tdo jrkc turo , tdùn dt t` dkvo rosuatof jrè rodkj thin.

;=;.

Jhn. << Fhsckrfof lutt oifs whtd trkcos `j hitoit hìka jakbhin . Jrè aojt t` rhndt

3; >, Akinwohaor 4 I` .< ;> :- ;7 kif \`seoor ? > ; . ;=;

\`seoor



>: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

mWj*9YY%"9YYj

Jhn. <3 Kfzo lakfos ekfo

jrè lr`boi spocheois. Aojt=

Akinwohaor 8 I`. ;3 <7 -4 . \hndt=Shttkrf ;7?. ;=;.

>. Vdo kfzo kif hts pakco hi s`choty

Vdo kfzo eust dkvo looi k vkauof t``h. Hj ht wks hifoof

tdo ìay w``fcutthin kif w``fw`rbhin eoelor `j tdo

Ahiokrlkifborkehb t``h bht, ht eust dkvo looi k prhcoaoss

htoe j`r po`pao ahvhin hi foisoay j`rostof ronhìs. Ht hs

bi`wi t` dkvo pakyof k rúao hi oxcdkino kif ovoi hi truo

aìn-fhstkico oxcdkino. Hi tdo jàa`whin ; whaa try t` cè-

phao kaa tdkt hs bi`wi klùt tdhs hep`rtkit hepaoeoit hi

cìiocthì whtd hts pakco hi s`choty.

Hi tdo procofhin pkrknrkpds tdo jkct tdkt kfzos woro

lurhof whtd tdo fokf dks `jtoi looi eoithìof. Lockuso

nrkvo-nhjts pr`vhfo eucd Hij`rekthì ì tdo s`chka p`sh-

thì `j tdo focoksof, lut, tdo `tdor wky rùif, kas` ì

tdo stktus `j tdo lurhof krthjkcts, H whaa stkrt whtd k survoy

`j wdkt dks looi wrhttoi klùt tdo kfzos jrè tdo

coeotorhos jùif whtdhi tdo ronhì uifor rovhow. I`t

ovoryl`fy wks lurhof whtd ki kfzo. @j tdo ;;3 nrkvos

fhsc`vorof kt Oasa``, 33 cìtkhiof kfzos. Hi Ihoforeorz 33

nrkvos ùt `j k t`tka `j ;;? cùitof kfzos. L`td

coeotorhos dkvo lurhkas whtd hitorrof l`fhos kif whtd

croekthì roekhis. Vdo nhjt `j ki kfzo hs i`t cìioctof

whtd ìo `j tdoso rhtukas. Vdo tdhrf coeotory eoithìof

kl`vo, Dàa`nio-kux-Whorros, hs i`t suhtklao j`r ki kikayshs

`j kfzos jrè nrkvos lockuso hts nrkvos woro fhsc`vorof

ìay tdkibs t` tdo prosoico `j tdo kfzos.

Iìo `j tdo coeotorhos yhoafof prosorvof sboaotìs, i`r

dks ht s` jkr looi p`sshlao t` hfoithjy tdo croekthì

roekhis. Ks k rosuat, vhrtukaay i`tdhin hs bi`wi klùt tdo

sox `r kno `j tdo focoksof". W. vki fo Zoafo dks trhof t`

fotorehio tdo sox ly sulmocthin tdo nrkvo-nhjts t` k prhi-

chpka cèpìoits kikayshs (vki fo Zoafo ;8>8). Do ckeo t

tdo cìcaushì tdkt tdo kfzos `j E`fforeki's typo HHH, h.o

tdhcb kfzos, eust dkvo loaìnof t` ekaos, lockuso tdoy

a`kf dhnd ì tdo prhichpka cèpìoit wdhcd c`rroaaktos

lost whtd krr`wdokfs. Krr`wdokfs kro hitorprotof ks

typhckaay ekao kttrhlutos (vki fo Zoafo ;8>8 p.48). E`f

foreki's typos HZ, Z kif ZH, tdo jakt kfzos, woro i`t

rokaay kss`chklao whtd ohtdor ekaos `r joekaos. Shx `j tdoso

turiof up hi nrkvos wdhcd do kttrhlutof t` ekaos kif sovoi

hi nrkvos wdhcd kro tdùndt t` lo joekao (vki fo Zoafo

;8>8 p.;4? tklao ;?)-. @j typos H (tdo vory tdhcb kfzos) kif

HH (tdo saoifor kfzos) t`` jow roekhiof j`r dhs kikayshs. Hi

dor stufy `j tdo coeotory kt Ihoforeorz, E. F`dri-Hdehn

cìcaufos tdkt k nrkvo whtd ki kfzo, tdkt hs kiy kfzo,

e`st pr`lklay loaìns t` k ekao (F`dri-Hdehn ;843 p.><)

@j tdo <6 nrkvos cìtkhihin krr`wdokfs, ;8 kas` yhoafof

kfzos. Ihio cìtkhiof tdhcb kfzos, ohndt jakt kfzos kif tw`

yhoafof l`td typos. Vdus, hi Ihoforeorz eoi woro hitorrof

i`t ìay whtd tdhcb kfzos, lut kas` whtd jakt kfzos. Hi tdo

nrkvos whtdùt krr`wdokfs jakt kfzos kif tdhcb kfzos `ccu

hi prkcthckaay tdo skeo iuelors.

Ht cki lo cìcaufof jrè tdo procofhin tdkt l`td kutd`rs

kro hi knrooeoit wdoro tdo stktus `j tdo tdhcb kfzo hs cì-coriof= hs k ekao kttrhluto. Zki fo Zoafo kaa`ws j`r tdo

p`sshlhahty tdkt tdo jakt kfzo wks usof ly eoi kif wèoi

kahbo.

Loyìf tdo i`rtdwostori rkino, Ahiokrlkifborkehb

coeotorhos kro bi`wi whtd prosorvof sboaotìs wd`so sox

dks looi hfoithjhof. A`cka lurhka custès eky dkvo looi

fhjjoroit tdoro, lut wo cki dkvo k sd`rt a``b, must ùt `j



>> C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

curh`shty, kt tdo pakco `j tdo kfzo. Kfzos, l`td tdo tdhcb

kif jakt typos, kif krr`wdokfs kro rop`rtof t` dkvo looi

jùif lurhof whtd eoi hi tdo woaa-bi`wi coeotory `j

Jaèl`ri, ôst Norekiy. @ut `j k t`tka `j 4?, ;> nrkvos

cìtkhiof kfzos. Jhvo `j tdoso loaìnof t` ekaos, tw` t`

kssueof ekaos, ìo t` k p`sshlao joekao, wdhast tdo `tdors

pr`vhfof uihfoithjhklao sboaotka ektorhka ìay. Vdo kutd`r

loahovos tdkt tdo p`sshlao joekao hs k ehshitorprotkthì. Ht

eky lo kffof tdkt tdo kfzo jrè tdhs nrkvo hs k tdhcb ìo

(\hcdtor ;8:4-;8:8). B. \ohiocbo wrhtos tdkt tdo kfzo

j`res pkrt `j tdo hivoit`ry `j ovory 'n``f' ekao hitoreoit

hi tdo akrno coeotory `j Khtord`joi, Lkvkrhk, ôst Nor

ekiy (\ohiocbo ;8>4 p.;<). Hi Sìforsdkusoi, Okst Nor

ekiy, nrkvos hi wdhcd l`td sboaotìs kif kfzos `ccurrof,

woro ekao (Bkdabo ;8?6). Hi tdo coeotory `j Ihtrk,

Vsmocd`sa`wkbhk, M. Wkvñb jùif tdkt tdo kfzo `ccurs ìay

sp`rkfhckaay hi tdo nrkvos `j joekaos (Wkvñb ;8><, ;3.??).

Vdo kfzo hs k nrkvo-nhjt j`r eoi kif l`ys. Vdus jùr

oxkepaos `j coeotorhos whtd prosorvof sboaotìs cìjhre

tdo cìcaushì tdkt tdo kfzo hs t` lo cìioctof whtd tdo

kcthvhthos `j eoi. K joekao hitorrof whtd ki kfzo eky dkvolooi ki oxtrk`rfhikry porsìkahty.

Sèo nrkvos cìtkhiof e`ro tdki ìo kfzo. Vklao ;; nhvos

k survoy. Oasa`` sd`ws sots wdhcd kro cèp`sof `j fhj-

joroit typos, sunnosthin tdo oxhstoico `j t``h bhts whtd okcd

typo hitoifof j`r fhjjoroit tksbs. _ij`rtuiktoay, tdo

ovhfoico jrè Ihoforeorz fòs i`t c`rr`l`rkto tdhs. Vdroo

nrkvos dkvo sots wdhcd kro cèp`sof `j ìay ìo typo.

Vdo e`st oxtroeo ckso hs nrkvo 64 whtd tdroo kfzos `j

oquka kppokrkico kif ovoi ekfo jrè tdo skeo bhif `j

r`cb (kepdhlàhto).

Vdo quosthì krhsos wdotdor tdo `ccurroico `j e`ro tdki

ìo kfzo hs k ekttor `j spochkahzkthì `r rktdor `j stktus.

Zki fo Zoafo hs cìvhicof tdkt ht hs k ekttor `j stktus.

Stktus hs hifhcktof ly tdo iuelor `j kcthvhthos roprosoitof

ly tdo nrkvo-nhjts. Vdo nrkvos Oasa`` ;, 43 kif 4> kro tdus

foscrhlof ks nrkvos `j 'supor stktus', tdohr nrkvo-nhjts

roprosoithin shx `r sovoi fhjjoroit kcthvhthos. Vdoso kro tdo

ìay ìos `j 'supor stktus'. Nrkvo ;77 dks dhnd stktus kif

nrkvo >< eofhue stktus. Vdo focoksof wd` rocohvof e`ro

tdki ìo kfzo kro hi Zki fo Zoafo's `phihì cortkhiay i`t

po`pao hitorrof whtd tdo t``h bht loaìnhin t` tdohr trkfo.

F`dri-Hdehn foscrhlos Ihoforeorz nrkvo 83 ks tdo nrkvo

`j p`sshlay k 'cèpotoit crkjtseki', hj sucd k eki hifoof

oxhstof. Hi kffhthì t` jùr kfzos, tdo nrkvo cìtkhis tw`

krr`wdokfs kif k akrno iuelor `j jahit krthjkcts. Vdohivoit`ry `j nrkvo 64, d`wovor, roprosoits i` ekrbof

spochka kcthvhty. Loshfos hts tdroo kfzos, ht cìtkhiof k auep

`j rof `cdro, k thiy jrkneoit `j k jahit lakfo kif k jahit

jakbo. Kcc`rfhin t` eo, F`dri-adehn ehndt lo rhndt hi

cìcaufhin hi tdo oif tdkt tdo tdo`ry `j tdo crkjtseki hs

i`t c`rroct kif tdkt sucd k porsì fhf i`t j`re pkrt `j k

i`reka Ahiokrlkifborkehb s`choty.

Vklao ; ; Nrkvos wht d e`ro tdk i ìo kfzo.

Ihoforeorz=nrkvo 38=

nrkvo 6;=

nrkvo 64=

nrkvo :7=

nrkvo 87=

nrkvo 83=

Oasa``=

nrkvo ;=

nrkvo ><=

nrkvo 43=

nrkvo 4>=

nrkvo ;77=

tdhcb, kepdhlàhtosaoifor, kepdhlàhtojakt, kepdhlàhtoikt, lkskatjakt, kepdhlàhto

jakt, kepdhlàhtojakt, kepdhlàhtotdhcb, kepdhlàhtojakt, kepdhlàhtojakt, kepdhlàhtojakt, lkskattdhcb, lkskattdhcb, kepdhlàhtojakt, lkskatjakt, kepdhlàhto

tdhcb, kepdhlàhtosaoifor, kepdhlàhtotdhcb, lkskatjakt, kepdhlàhtotdhcb, ayfhtosaoifor, kepdhlàhtojakt, kepdhlàhtotdhcb, ayfhtojakt, kepdhlàhtosaoifor, ayfhtojakt, ayfhto

Vdo tdo`ry `j tdo kfzo lohin ki hifhckt`r `j stktus hs

strointdoiof ly tdo `lsorvkthì tdkt tdo coeotory `j

Oasa`` dks ks ekiy nrkvos whtd kfzos ks tdo ìo kt

Ihoforeorz, ovoi tdùnd tdo oxckvkthìs `j tdo Nrkotdohfo

sottaoeoits dkvo pr`vhfof jowor kfzos tdki td`so `j tdo

Eorzlkcd caustor. Vdo Nrkotdohfo sottaoeoits kro

shnihjhckitay p``ror hi kfzos, lut tdo kfzo wks caokray ki

ossoithka nrkvo nhjt `j hep`rtkit po`pao (soo pkno 4;

d`wovor).

Vdo roekrb ì tdo iuelor `j kfzos hi sottaoeoit wksto

lrhins us t` tdo hij`rekthì pr`vhfof ly sottaoeoits. Jhrst

`j kaa ht sdùaf lo i`tof tdkt tdo sottaoeoits sd`w nrokt

vkrhkthì hi tdo cèp`shthì `j tdohr kfzo kssoelaknos

(tklao ;<). Vdo tklao kas` sd`ws tdkt tdhcb kfzos kro aoss

iueorùs hi sottaoeoits, kt aokst hi e`st sottaoeoits, tdki

tdoy kro hi coeotorhos. Eñfforsdohe, Akinwohaor 8 kif

\`seoor kro tdo oxcopthìs. Ht wùaf sooe tdkt tdo tdhcb

kfzo hs uifor-roprosoitof hi sottaoeoit wksto. Sovorkackusos kro cìcohvklao. Vdo jhrst hs tdkt tdo hivoit`ry `j

coeotorhos nhvos k jkaso heprosshì ks jkr ks tdo tdhcb kfzos

kro cìcoriof lockuso tdo akttor doaf oxtrk stktus `r rhtuka

shnihjhckico. Vdo socìf p`sshlhahty hs tdkt tdhcb kfzos,

wdoi lr`boi, woro rosdkpof hit` jakt typos. _ij`rtuiktoay,

hisujjhchâit fktk ì rocycahin kro ks yot kvkhaklao t` tost

tdhs vhow. K tdhrf ckuso eky lo tdkt tdo tdhcb kfzo wks



>4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Vklao ; < Kfzo typos hi porcoitkn os.

saoifor jakt tdhcb

otorhos=

Ihoforeorz 3 ?? 6<

Oasa`` ;; 63 6:

D`_`nio-kux-Whorros 7 6> ?3

oeoits=

Eñfforsdohe 8 <: :?

Akinwohaor < ;7 >7 <7

Akinwoaaor 4 <? :< ;3

Akinwohaor 8 <7 33 6>

Akinwohaor ;: 67 67 <7

Akuroizlorn > <? ?7 <?

Oasa`` ;3 4; :

Shttkrf ;? ?6 3;

Stohi 7 4: ;6

Cklorn ;; :> <<

\`seoor 7 ?6 6:

Vklao ; 3 Kfzos jrè shtos woh! i`rtd `j tdo Ahiokrlkif-

borkehb sottaoeoit krok2 strky jhifs jrè Vdo Iotdorakifs.

Vdhcb kfzos= Dortoi, frofnof jrè tdo Eouso hi ;8><DoyadhhysoiIhmeonoi, DktortIhmeonoi, B`pso D`jW`stordàt

Jakt kfzos= NkssoaDkoaoi, Càa.Ful`hsDkcaoi-Dùtord`jDùt, LonhmioilornA`ssorIuoioiStkpd`rst

VonoaoiZoia`Zoia`, ôst-]wkrto ^ktor

i`t usof hi tdo sottaoeoits kif, cìsoquoitay, i`t

fhsckrfof tdoro ohtdor. Vdo akttor dyp`tdoshs cki lo tostof

ly ki hivosthnkthì `j kfzos wdhcd kro jùif, ks strky

jhifs, jkr kwky jrè sottaoeoit shtos. J`r k jhrst, pr`vh-

shìka kikhyshs H dkvo stufhof tdo kfzos jùif woaa i`rtd

`j tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hi ki krok akcbhin porekioit

sottaoeoit shtos. Vdo rosuats kro nhvoi hi tklao ;3. Ht hs

caokr tdkt tdo tdhcb kfzo fòs i`t profèhikto2 ht hs i`t

tdo ìay `jj-shto typo, tdo ìay t``h tkboi hit` iokr `r fhs-tkit j`rosts. Vdo jakt typo wks usof tdoro t``. Vdo tdhrf

dyp`tdoshs cki tdoroj`ro lo romoctof. @iay tdo saoifor kfzo

hs ehsshin. Vdo roksì eky lo tdkt tdhs wks k truo

'fèosthc' typo, lut ht eky kas` dkvo looi t`` rkro t` turi

up hit` k rktdor sekaa c`_octhì `j strky jhifs.

Vdo ioxt quosthì hs wdotdor tdo fhstrhluthì pkttori `j

fhsckrfof kfzos hi sottaoeoits pr`vhfos kiy hifhckthì `j

tdo stktus kif uso `j kfzos hi tdoso sottaoeoits. Vdo jhrst

kiswor hs tdkt tdo pa`tthin `j jhifs ì k shto paki fòs i`t

rovoka kiy caustorhin. Vdhs wks ìay t` lo oxpoctof,

lockuso sottaoeoit shtos kro bi`wi t` cìshst `j tdo ehxof

roekhis `j sovorka `ccupkthìka pdksos. Iovortdoaoss, ovoi

hj tdoso pdksos kro uirkvoaaof, k fhsthict pkttori jkhas t`

kppokr. Ht hs ovhfoit tdkt sottaoeoits fhf i`t dkvo kroks

rosorvof j`r spochka kcthvhthos roquhrhin tdo uso `j kfzoswdoro tdo krthjkcts eky cìsoquoitay dkvo looi fhsckrfof.

Vdhs cìcaushì tkaahos whtd tdo fhstrhluthì pkttori `j

`tdor bhifs `j wksto.

Vksbs woro porj`reof ì tdo lkshs `j 'dùsodàf hifustry

whtd tdo uiforstkifhin tdkt tdoso tksbs eky i`t dkvo looi

tdo skeo j`r kaa dùsodàfs. Dùso pakis kt aokst kro i`t

hfoithcka. Kcc`rfhin t` E`fforeki, tdroo ekhi typos

oxhstof= k akrno dùso cèp`sof `j tdroo structurka uihts `

fhjjoroit cdkrkctor (typo ;), k ehffao-shzof dùso cè

p`sof `j tw` uihts (typo <) kif k sekaa dùso dkvhin ìay

ìo uiht (typo 3). Vypo ; cki lo sulfhvhfof hit` ak , k

dùso luhat `j w``f, kif Hl, k dùso whtd tdo nroktor pkrt

`j hts wkaas luhat `j wkttao-kif-fkul (E`fforeki ;8>7).Vdo tdroo luhafhin uihts kro tdùndt t` dkvo sorvof fhj-

joroit ocìèho juicthìs. Dùso typo 3, j`r histkico, hs

kssueof t` dkvo ìay k ahvhin r`è, wdhast typo < dks k

ahvhin r`è kif k pkrt tdkt hs cèeìay hitorprotof ks k

lkri.

Vdo oxhstoico j fhjjoroit dùso typos hs ki hifhckthì `j

sèo bhif `j hioqukahty lotwooi tdo dùsodàfs `j ìo

kif tdo skeo sottaoeoit. ô eky ksb ùrsoavos wdotdor

tdhs hioqukahty hs rojaoctof hi tdo fhstrhluthì `j fhsckrfof

kfzos. Vklao ;6 nhvos tdo dùso typos whtdhi jhvo sottao

eoits kif tdo kfzos kttrhlutof t` tdoe'. Vdoso jhvo dkvo

looi cd`soi lockuso tdoy dkvo k sujjhchâit iuelor `jdùso pakis tdkt cki lo kss`chktof whtd k pkrthcuakr typo.

J`r tdo Akinwohaor sottaoeoits tdo systoe ly _. Lòahcbo

kif F. vì Lrkift dks looi jàh`wof (Lòahcbo

uipulahsdof ekiuscrhpt, vì Lrkift ;847). Vdoy kheof kt

k ekxheka p`sshlao typo kttrhluthì'. J`r tdo fktk cìcori-

hin Oasa`` kif Stohi, E`fforeki (;8>7) wks jàh`wof.

K typhcka Ahiokrlkifborkehb dùso wks surrùifof ly

phts, wdhcd kro tdùndt t` dkvo looi nrkfukaay jhaaof ly

tdo wksto fhsckrfof ly tdo hidklhtkits. Ht hs tdo kfzos

jùif hi td`so phts tdkt dkvo looi cìioctof whtd tdo

dùso. Lockuso tdo kss`chkthì dùsos - phts dks i`t looi

pulahsdof j`r Shttkrf, tdhs sottaoeoit, tdùnd dkvhin ekiy

n``f dùso pakis, dkf t` lo aojt ùt `j cìshforkthì hitdhs rop`rt.

Vklao ;6 nhvos tw` vkauos j`r tdo Eorzlkcd caustor. Vdo

oxckvkt`rs `j tdoso sottaoeoits fhsc`vorof ykrfs krùif tdo

dùsos kif kss`chktof tdo phts (kif kfzos) tdoy jùif tdoro

whtd tdo dùsos hi quosthì (Lòahcbo ;84<). Hi tdo ckso `j

Oasa`` kif Stohi, ìay tdo phts jùif ca`so t` tdo wkaas

dkvo looi kss`chktof whtd tdo dùsos. S` ks t` lo klao t`



>8 C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

Vklao ;6 Vdo kttrhluthì `j kfzos t` dùso typo. C`rr.eokis kfzos hi phts kaìn wkaas ìay.

i d 5 iuel or `j d ùso s, ik 5 iuel or `j kfz os, k/d 5 iuel or `j kfzos por dù so.

ak Hl < 3

id ik k/d id ik k/d id ik k/d id ik k/d

Akinwohaor < 3 6 ;.3 > < 7.3 3 6 ;.3 ; 7 7

c`rr. ; 7.3 < 7.3 6 ;.3 7 7

Akinwohaor 4 4 : 7.>? 33 ;6 7.6 < < ;.7 3 ; 7.3

c`rr. < 7.<? > 7.< ; 7.? ; 7.3

Akinwohaor 8 < 7 7 ;< ? 7.6 ; 7 7 7 7 7

c`rr. 7 7 3 7.<? 7 7 7 7

Oasa`` : 7 7 ;6 3 7.< << 3 7.; ;; 3 7.3

Stohi > ; 7.; : < 7.3 ? 7 7 ? 7 7

cèpkro tdo .sottaoeoits, k socìf sot `j fktk dkf t` lo

pr`vhfof whtd k c`rrocthì j`r ykrfs. Vdo okshost wky wks

t` cùit ìay tdo phts kaìn tdo wkaas (Akinsnruloi) `j tdo

Akinwohaor sottaoeoits.

Vdo tklao sd`ws i` hep`rtkit fhjjoroico lotwooi tdo

iuelor `j kfzos fhsckrfof ly tdo `ccupkits `j dùso

typos ak tdrùnd 3. Loj`ro wo kccopt tdhs rosuat, d`wovor,

ìo e`ro `lsorvkthì sdùaf lo ekfo. Vdo jkct tdkt

dùsos `j typo ; kro aìnor tdki td`so `j typo < kif eucd

aìnor tdki td`so `j typo 3 (tdo structurka uihts kro m`hiof

hi k r`w) eky cìsthtuto k pr`laoe. Vdhs cùaf hepay tdkt

tdo akrnor dùsos kro kccèpkihof ly e`ro phts, wdhcd

wùaf hicrokso tdo cdkico `j kfzos lohin jùif. Vdo

iuelor `j phts oicùitorof loshfo tdo dùsos `j okcd

ckton`ry hs nhvoi hi tklao ;?. Vdo iuelor `j kfzos jùif

tdoro hs kas` sd`wi. Vdhs hs ìay ìo, lut ly jkr tdo

okshost, wky `j a``bhin hit` tdo ekttor. Ht wùaf lo ovoi

lottor t` ckacuakto tdo ckpkchty `j tdo phts `r c`rroakto tdo

iuelor `j kfzos whtd tdo `tdor bhifs `j wksto.

Vdo cìcaushì hs tdkt tdo sekaaor dùsos, ospochkaay typo

3, toif t` lo kss`chktof whtd jowor phts. ^doi wo ckacuakto

tdo iuelor `j kfzos por pht, ht kppokrs tdkt tdoro hs i`

cìiocthì wdktsòvor lotwooi tdo foishty `j jhifs kif

dù.so typo (tklao ;?). H ke tdoroj`ro `j tdo `phihì tdkt

kaa dùsodàfs p`ssossof kfzos kif usof kfzos hi tdo skeo

fonroo. Vdhs cìcaushì fhjjors jrè tdo jhifhins `j S.

Ehahskusbks cìcorihin dhs shto @aszkihck LH hi Wàkif,

wdoro tdo kfzos woro jùif ekhiay iokr tdo dùsos `j typo

ak (Ehahskusbks ;8>:). D`wovor, tdhs eky lo eoro cdkico.

Ht eky kas` p`hit t`wkrfs k fhjjoroico hi s`ch`-ocìèhc

custès. Vdo hidklhtkits `j @aszkihck ioof i`t dkvolodkvof hi oxkctay tdo skeo wky ks tdohr fhstkit roakthìs

wost `j tdo \dhio, lut tdhs pktd `j tdùndt whaa i`t lo jà

h`wof jurtdor doro.

Vdo prosoit cìcaushì kas` fhjjors jrè tdo cìcaushì

frkwi ly Zki fo Zoafo ì tdo lkshs `j kae`st tdo skeo

fktk. Do soos ki 'oxcoss' `j kfzos iokr tdo Hl dùsos `j

tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor, dùsos wdhcd do hitorprotos ks tdo

fwoaahins `j tdo ahiokno dokfs. 'Hi tdo Sùtdori Futcd Alb

tdo ahiokno dokfs doaf k eì`pày `vor tdo uso `j kfzos,

wdhcd, lohin ekfo `j ox`thc ektorhka woro kppkroitay cì-

shforof vkauklaos' (vki fo Zoafo ;84: p.;34). Vdo vhaakno

cdhoj hs tdùndt t` dkvo roshfof hi tdo dùso `j typo ak '.

'Do joha ùtshfo tdhs eì`pày'.Dhs rosuats kro fhjjoroit hi tdo ckso `j tdo Eorzlkcd

caustor. Doro do jùif tdkt tdo ak dùsos woro kccè

pkihof ly e`ro kfzos tdki kccùitklao j`r ly k pr`p`r-

thìka fhstrhluthì.

Vdo fhvornoico lotwooi Zki fo Zoafo's cìcaushìs kif

ehio krhsos jrè tdo dkifahin `j tdo fktk. Do kffof tdo

fktk jrè Shttkrf kif Noaooi t` td`so jrè Oasa`` kif

Stohi. ; doshtkto t` f` tdhs lockuso tdoro hs sthaa sahndt cì-

jushì cìcorihin tdo kttrhluthì `j tdo kfzos jrè Shttkrf

t` tdo dùsodàfs kif cìcorihin tdo iuelor `j kfzos

jùif kt Noaooi. ^htdhi tdo sekaa kfzo kssoelaknos ovoi

sahndt fhjjoroicos hi kttrhluthìs kif iuelors eky rosuat hifhjjoroit hitorprotkthìs. Jurtdore`ro, Zki fo Zoafo lksof

dhs ckacuakthìs ì tdo caustor. Ks whaa lo sd`wi loa`w.

Vklao ; ? Vdo kttrh luth ì `j phts t` dùso ty po kif tdo k eùi t

`j kfzos jùif hi tdoso phts (phts kaìn wkaas ìay).

ak Hl < 3iuelor `j phts

por dùso=

Akinwohaor < <.: <.< ;.7 ;.7

Akinwohaor 4 ;.>? 3,; 3.? ;.7Akinwohaor 8 6.7 3.; ;.7 -Oasa`` <.4 6.? <.: <.<Saohi ;.: ;.4 7.4 ;.<

iuelor `j kfzos

por pht=

Akinwohaor < 7.;<? 7.;<? ;.33 7

Akinwohaor 4 7.;6 7.7> 7.;6 7.33

Akinwohaor 8 7 7.74 7 -Oasa`` 7 7.7? 7.7? 7.;<?Saohi 7.78 7.;4 7 7




sèo sottaoeoits kro rhcdor hi kfzos tdki `tdors2 cìso-

quoi tay, ht hs fkinorùs t` shepay kff up tdo fktk jrè

fhjjoroit shtos.

Vdo akst, lut p`sshlay e`st uij`rtuikto jkct H whaa eoithì

hs tdkt tdoro kro hisujjhchâit kfzos t` stufy tdo hioqukahty

`j dùsodàfs hi cìiocthì whtd theo. Custès eky dkvo

cdkinof, ks woa! ks kccoss t` tdo kfzos.

Ki`tdor kppr`kcd hi stufyhin sottaoeoit ektorhka hs t`

a``b j`r fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo sottaoeoits `j ìo caustor.

Sèo sottaoeoits eky dkvo looi wokatdhor tdki `tdors.

K. ]heeorekii j`r histkico, dks sd`wi tdkt Akinwohaor 4

lks k dhndor pr`p`rthì `j uiw`rbof, hep`rtof jahit tdki

tdo `tdor Eorzlkcd shtos. Akinwohaor 4 hs ronkrfof ks k

bhif `j fhstrhluthì coitro j`r tdhs cèe`fhty (]heeor

ekii ;84<).

Vklao ;: nhvos tw` wkys `j sd`whin tdo wokhtd `j tdo

hifhvhfuka sottaoeoits. Vdo iuelor `j kfzos por sottaoeoit

cki lo hifhcktof l`td hi jhnuros kif hi wohndt. Vdo akttor

eotd`f hs kppahof doro t`` lockuso tdo Eorzlkcd caustor

oxckvkthìs pr`fucof e`ro sekaa jrkneoits tdki tdo

okrahor Nrkotdohfo oxckvkthìs. J`r tdo purp`so `j cè-pkrhsì, ht eky tdoroj`ro lo lottor t` cèpkro tdo wohndts

`j tdo kfzos. ^htdhi caustors, sottaoeoits kro rkinof

kcc`rfhin t` shzo. Shzo hs oxprossof ks tdo iuelor `j

dùsos jùif. Vdhs hs k fkinorùs pr`cofuro, lockuso sot

taoeoits wdhcd sujjorof eucd jrè or`shì kro uiforrktof

hi tdhs wky. Ki`tdor kppr`kcd hs t` oxpross tdo shzo `j tdo

sottaoeoit ks tdo t`tka krok c`vorof ly `ccupkthìka folrhs,

lut tdhs kas` prosoits fhjjhcuathos. Hi sèo sottaoeoits tdo

dùsos woro luhat ca`sor t`notdor tdki hi `tdors (Añihin

;84< j`r histkico). Doro H dkvo cd`soi tdo eotd`f `j

cùithin tdo dùsos lockuso tdo or`shì `j tdo shtos cd`soi

hs i`t tdkt sorhùs ks t` kccùit j`r fhjjoroicos hi

kppkroit shzo. @iay \`seoor eky j`re ki oxcopthì, shico

tdo dhaa upì wdhcd ht wks luhat hs bi`wi t` dkvo sujjorof

jrè foiufkthì hi vkrhklao fonroos.

Knkhi, tdo kspoct `j theo p`sos k pr`laoe. Shtos eky sooe

akrno lockuso tdoy dkf k aìn ahjo. J`rtuiktoay, tdo shtoswdhcd kppokr akrno hi tdo tw` caustors prosoitof doro woro

hifoof akrno= ht dks, j`r histkico, looi pr`voi, tdkt

Akinwohaor 4 wks kt kaa theos tdo akrnost sottaoeoit hi hts

caustor. Akinwohaor ;: wks tdo e`st sd`rt-ahvof `j tdhs

caustor kif furhin hts sd`rt ahjo cùitof ìay ìo dùso kt

k theo. Vdo rosuhts hi tklao ;: f` i`t kator wdoi spaht up

hit` pdksos.

Vklao ;: sd`ws tdkt sottaoeoits locèo rhcdor ks tdoy

focrokso hi shzo. Vdhs hs rojaoctof hi l`td tdo iuelors kif

tdo wohndts `j tdo kfzos. Vdo ckuso `j tdhs hs i`t yot caokr

t` eo. Fhjjoroicos hi tdo hijaux `j kfzos hi fhjjoroit

pdksos, ki`tdor kspoct `j tdo theo jkct`r, ckii`t lo tdo

ckuso `j tdhs. Akinwohaor < kif Akuroizlorn >, j`r oxke-pao, woro `ccuphof kae`st sheuatkioùsay (A^< jrè a`cka

pdkso "Y t` ;6 kif AL> jrè a`cka pdkso : t` ;3, kcc`rfhin

t` W. Stodah, qu`tof hi Añihin ;84<). @io oxpakikthì eky

lo tdkt sekaa sottaoeoits dkf rhcdor dùsodàfs `r, tdo

`tdor wky rùif, tdkt tdo hidklhtkits `j tdo sekaaor shtos

dkf t` cìtoit tdoesoavos whtd usof, karokfy w`ri

ektorhka cèhin jrè tdohr bhi hi tdo akrnor shtos, kif,

cìsoquoitay, dkf e`ro ektorhka t` fhsckrf.

K cèpkrhsì lotwooi tdo Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo

Vklao ; : Vdo wokht d `j hifhvhfuka so tta oeoi ts, ks oxprossof hi kfzos por dùso .

K 5 kepdh làh to, L 5 lkskat, @ 5 `tdor r`cbs, V 5 t`tka, I 5 iuelor `j d ùsos 2 wohn dt hinrkeeos.

Akinwohaor 4I 5 84

Akinwohaor <I 5 <7

Akinwohaor 8I5;>

Akuroizlorn >I5 8

Akinwohaor ;:I5 3

Oasa`Ì 5 8?

StohiI 5 68

ShttkrfI 5 64

\`seoorI5;6

K

7.3?

7.6

7.4

;.3

;.7

7.<

7.<

7.3?

A:

iuelor / dùso

L @ V

7.;7.;?

7.:

7.:

Q.<

;.3

7.;?

7.;

7.;

<.3

7.;

7.6

@

7.>

7.7?

7.;

7.7?

7.6

7.:

;.;

;.4

<.?

3.7

7.6

7.6

7.?

6.3

wohndt / dùso

K L @ V

8.3 :.8 6.3 <7.?

;<.: 68.7 :.> :4.3

<<.6 6<.> ;7.8 >:.7

6?.? 36.: 7 47.;

6:.? 6.< 3:.8 4>.:

4.< 4.; :.: <<.8

;;.> ;;.4 :.? 37.7

<7.: ;<.> . <.8 3:.<



4; C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

caustors aokris tdkt tdohr akrnost sottaoeoits, Akinwohaor 4

kif Oasa`` whtd 84 kif 8? dùsos, rospocthvoay, yhoafof tdo

skeo keùit `j kfzo ektorhka. Stohi kif Shttkrf cèo

ioxt whtd 68 kif 64 dùsos, jàh`wof ly tdo `tdor (Eorz-

lkcd) sottaoeoits. Vdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hs foscrhlof ks

dkvhin dkf aoss kfzos tdki tdo Eorzlkcd caustor. Vdo quos-

thì krhsos wdotdor tdhs hs i`t lksof oithroay ì tdo shzo `j

tdo oxckvktof sottaoeoits. Hj tdhs hs truo, tdo hitorprotkthì

tdkt tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor wks p``ror, hifoof tdroo theos

ks p``r ks tdo Eorzlkcd caustor kcc`rfhin t` vki fo

Zoafo, eky dkvo t` lo rocìshforof (Zki fo Zoafo ;84:).

Vdo rhcdost shto H dkvo s` jkr oicùitorof hs \`seoor hi

tdo Dooswktor caustor, lut, ks dks looi stktof kl`vo, tdhs

shto wks pkrtay fostr`yof ly or`shì. Vdhs eky kccùit j`r

ki oxcoss `j kfzos por dùso, shico sèo dùsos eky dkvo

fhskppokrof loyìf roc`nihthì (_arhx-Ca`ssot/\ùssoaao

;84<).

4. Cìcaushì

Vdo kfzo sooes t` dkvo looi tdo ìay t``h usof ly tdo

po`pao `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb Cuaturo t` cut f`wi

troos kif fross thelor. E`st kfzo lakfos kro ekfo ùt `j

j`rohni r`cbs kif eust dkvo looi `ltkhiof tdrùnd

oxcdkino. Vdo oxcdkino pkttori cdkinof whtd theo.

Hihthkaay ht wks k truo f`wi-tdo-ahio aìn-fhstkico oxcdkino,

cìcorihin kepdhlàhto hi hts whfost soiso. Vdo fhrocthì

`j tdo oxcdkino wks jrè tdo okst `r sùtdokst t` tdo

wost. ^dkt wks nhvoi hi roturi hs i`t bi`wi, tdùnd jahit

hs k p`sshlhahty. Aktor ì, tdo oxcdkino pkttori n`t k

ehffao-rkino fhstkico cèpìoit suporhep`sof, lut tdo

hijaux `j kepdhlàhto iovor fhof cèpaotoay. Vdo e`ro

ronhìka r`cb-sùrcos sorvof po`paos ahvhin whtdhi k rkfhus

`j :7-;77 be. Sèo `j tdhs oxcdkino jàh`wof k f`wi-tdo-

ahio systoe, lut tdo p`sshlhahty tdkt po`pao trkvoaaof t` tdo

qukrrhos tdoesoavos ckii`t lo oxcaufof. Vdhs hs hifoof k

ahboay p`sshlhahty hi tdo shtukthìs hi wdhcd ùtcr`ps aky

whtdhi rokcd `j tdo usors hi quosthì. Ht hs w`rtd cèpkr-

hin tdo kccoss t` jahit sùrcos hi tdhs rospoct. Vdo

hidklhtkits `j Akifoi-^kino `r ovoi Kulocdhos eky dkvo

trkvoaaof t` Cèrùx-Eùsty hi `rfor t` `ltkhi ayfhto hi tdo

skeo wky ks tdo hidklhtkits `j tdo Nrkotdohfo sooe t`

dkvo trkvoaaof t` tdo \hmcbdàt jahit krok iokr Ekkstrhcdt

(Lkboas ;8>4 p.;73). Vdo fovoa`peoit `j tdo oxcdkino pkt

tori `j kfzos rojaocts tdo noiorka troif `j tdo Ahiokrlki

fborkehb Cuaturo locèhin e`ro kif e`ro `rnkihzof ì

k ronhìka sckao. Hi tdo lonhiihin tdo cuaturo dkfc`se`pàhtki kspocts, kt tdo oif ht wks vory eucd

ronhìkahzof.

Vdo kfzo wks k t``h j`r eoi2 ht nkvo tdoe stktus kif

kccèpkihof tdoe hi tdohr nrkvos. ^èoi kro ìay rkroay

jùif lurhof whtd kfzos. Sucd joekaos eky dkvo doaf k

spochka p`shthì hi s`choty. Vdo nrkvo-nhjts woro kfzos tdkt

woro sthaa jht j`r uso, i`t lrkif-iow, lut i`t t`` w`ri

ohtdor. Vdhs fòs i`t sooe t` dkvo looi tdo ckso ovory-

wdoro hi tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb w`raf. \. Nkisaeohor

jrè Euihcd tàf eo tdkt hi Lkvkrhk kt aokst po`pao woro

hitorrof whtd lkfay w`ri spocheois.

K cìiocthì lotwooi stktus kif kfzos cùaf i`t lo ostkl-

ahsdof hi tdo sottaoeoits, tdùnd tdo prosoico `j fhjjoroit

typos `j dùsos fòs sunnost tdo oxhstoico `j s`chka hio-

qukahty. Vdo fhstrhluthì pkttori `j fhsckrfof kfzos, d`w-ovor, fòs i`t sd`w kiy caokr fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo

dùsodàfs. Vdo ìay fhjjoroico hs `lsorvof lotwooi sot

taoeoits `j fhjjoroit shzos. Vdo sekaaor tdo sottaoeoit, tdo

e`ro kfzos woro fhsckrfof. @io oxpakikthì j`r tdhs cùaf

lo tdo klsoico `j hitorik! `rnkihzkthì hi k sekaa sottao

eoit, lut ht hs kas` p`sshlao tdkt tdo hidklhtkits dkf t`

ekbo f` whtd kfzos `j p``ror qukahty.

Jurtdor ovhfoico `j tdo juicthì `j tdo kfzo ks k stktus

syelà hs pr`vhfof ly tdo fhsc`vory `j kfzos wdhcd kro i`t

suhtklao j`r i`reka uso lockuso tdoy kro ekfo `j s`jt

r`cb. Vdoso eky dkvo dkf syelàhc vkauo ìay. Hi tdo

ronhì foscrhlof doro sucd kfzos dkvo s` jkr i`t looi roc-

`nihzof, lut n``f oxkepaos dkvo looi jùif hi tdo Khsiovkaaoy sottaoeoits `j Jrkico, j`r histkico. D`wovor, sèo

`j tdo kfzos jùif hi `r iokr tdo i`rtdwostori caustors

eky dkvo dkf k shehakr juicthì. H ke rojorrhin t` tdo

porj`rktof t`às. Kt aokst tw` `j tdoso kro ekfo `j k cì-

sphcuùs kif kttrkcthvoay càùrof r`cb, i`tklay tdo

fàorhthc kfzo Stohi I`.<;4 kif tdo sorpoithihthc kfzo

Akinwohaor 4 I`.?733.

Kfzos kas` kccèpkihof eki ì dhs trhps ùtshfo tdo

vhaakno. Vdhs hs ìo `j tdo oxpakikthìs j`r tdo prosoico `j

kfzo lakfos hi `jj-shto shtukthìs. Shico trkisduekico hs

tdùndt t` dkvo pakyof k róao hi tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb

ocìèy, tdhs eky kccùit j`r pkrt `j tdo kfzo lakfosjùif jkr jrè sottaoeoits shtos. Oxcdkino whtd Eosàhtdhc

po`pao eky lo ki`tdor p`sshlhahty, lut n``f ovhfoico `j

sucd cìtkcts hs yot t` lo jùif.

Kcbi`waofneoits

Ks hs tdo ckso whtd kaa pkpors `j tdhs bhif, dkrfay kiytdhin

cùaf dkvo looi wrhttoi whtdùt tdo ektorhka ekfo

kvkhaklao ly `tdors. Jhrst tdoro kro kaa td`so wd` pr`vhfof

eo whtd kfzos. H wùaf ahbo t` tdkib Wr`j. Fr M. Añihin

hi pkrthcuakr j`r oitrusthin tdo Eorzlkcd kfzos t` eo. @j

i` aoss vkauo woro tdo kfzos oxckvktof ly Fr C. Cìstki-

thi kif A. Foekroz kt Kulocdhos kif Lahcquy. Ers Fr

_arhx-Ca`ssot kif Ehss \. \ùssoaao aoit eo tdo kfzosjrè \`seoor. Ehss E.O.Vd, fo Nr``td kif Ehss D.

Ekrhcdka pr`vhfof eo whtd tdo fktk jrè Cklorn kif Zahm-

thinoi, rospocthvoay. D. Wdhahppoi, D. Zrèoi kif ^.

Doifrhx fhsc`vorof tdo kfzos kt Ekkstr hcdt-Ckiiorlorn

kif Noaooi-_reìforlkki. O.K. vki Nooa jùif tdo

Cèrùx-Eùsty rùnd-ùt kt Noaooi.

Vdo foscrhpthì `j tdo ròb-typos hs ly Fr C.O.S. Krps.




^htdùt dhs doap hi tdo hivosthnkthìs, tdhs krthcao cùaf

iovor dkvo looi wrhttoi. K e`ro fotkhaof rop`rt `j dhs

w`rb hs lohin propk rof j`r pula hckth` i.

H forhv of eucd loiojht jr è fhscu sshìs whtd Fr K. ]he -

eoreki, kif W. Stodah kt tdo ovor d`sphtklao Soehikr jñr

Z`r- uif Jrñdnoscdhcdto `j tdo _ihvorshty kt Jrkibjurt. H

wùaf kas` ahbo t` tdkib Fr W. vki fo Zoafo j`r sèo

n``f folktos.Vdo frkwhins kccèpkiyhin tdhs pkpor woro ekfo ly H.

Stòpbor kif tdo pd`t`nrkpds kro ly M. Wkuptht, l`td

jrè tdo Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry kt Aohfoi.

Akst lut i`t aokst, tdo Oinahsd `j tdhs pkpor wks c`rroctof

ly Ers S. Eoaa`r.

i`tos

; Dùso ; kt Eñfforsdohe fktos jrè ki okray pdkso whtdhi

porh`f H. Wkrt `j ats wksto wks jùif hi pht 6, wdhcd cìtkhis tw`

kfzos `j kepdhlàhto. Ki`tdor pkrt `j tdo wksto wks p`sshlay

roc`vorof jrè pht ??, lut tdhs cùaf kas` loaìn t` dùso <. Vdo

paki `j dùso < sunnosts tdkt ht wks cìstructof hi k aktor pdkso

`j porh`f H. Wht ?? cìtkhis ìo kfzo ekfo `j kepdhlàhto kif

hdroo kfzos ekfo `j lkskat (Scdhotzoa ;8:? Waki H, Waki ?).

< Vdo qukrryhin kif ovoi tdo ehihin `j jahit hs bi`wi jrè

Wàkif (Aocd ;84;).

3 Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits ayhin ì wot nrùif kro dkrfay

bi`wi. Doico tdo hni`rkito ì tdo sulmoct `j w``foi dkjts.

6 Czkriotzbh trhof t` hfoithjy t``td oikeoa jrè Ihoforeorz.

Loshfos tdo shadùottos `j l`fhos kif croektof lìo ekaorhka,

a``td oikeoa wks tdo ìay j`re `j dueki roekhis jùif. Vdo

rosuaa hs rktdor kelhvkaoit. (Hi= F`dri-adehn ;843, ;7?-;;6)

? Kcc`rfhin t` vki fo Zoafo, kttrhlutos `j joekaos kro nrhifhin

stìos kif rof `cdro. F`dri-adehn fòs i`t knroo wdoro rof

òdro hs cìcoriof, shico sdo loahovos tdhs hs k ekao kttrhluto.

: Ki kttoept wks ovoi ekfo t` c`rroakto tdo tdroo kfzo typos

whtd tdo jùr dùso typos, lut i` c`rroakthì wks jùif. D`w-

ovor, knkhi hisujjhchâit fktk woro kvkh aklao, shico vory jow

eoksurklao kfzos cùaf lo kttrhlutof t` dùso pakis.

> Lksof i ìay tdo e`st cortkhi kttr hlut hìs , tdo rosuats j`r

A^< kif A^8 kro=

A^< = dùsos a k i 5 <, kfzos 6, c`rroctof kfzos ;

dùsos Hl i 5 ?, kfzos @

dùsos < i 5 <, kfzos 6, c`rroctof kfzos 6

dùsos 3 i 5 7

A^8 = dùsos ak i 5 7

dùsos Hl i 5 8, kfzos <, c`rroctof kfzos @

dùsos < i 5 H, kfzos @

dùsos 3 i 5 @

4 I` e`ro tdki ìo `j tdo w``foi ak dùsos wks luhat hi okcd

pdkso.



43 C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

lhlah`nrkpdy

Kaaeoyor, D.

Krps, C.O.S.

;8>? \dohinorúaao fos Búaior \kueos, For Kujscdauss <:, ;7-;?.

;8>4 Wotr`nrkpdy kif p`sshlao `rhnhi `j kfzos kif `tdor krtojkcts jr e prodhst`rho shtos iokr

Dhoidohe (Lkvkrhk, Norekiy) kif Oasa``, Shttkrf kif Stohi (Sùtdori Ahelurn, Vdo

Iotdorakifs). Hi = C.C. Lkboas, Jùr Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits kif Hdohr oivhrì

eoit= k pkaoòcà`nhcka stufy `j Shttkrf, Stohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Kikaocak

Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;;, <7<-<<4.

Krps, C.O.S.

C.C.Lkboas

;847 Hfoithjhckthì pètr`nrkpdhquo fo foux r`cdos pr`voikit fo ak j`sso ? f'Kulocdhos (Loanh-

quo). Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè Wrèdhst`rhquo Jrkickhso >>, 343.

Krps, C.O.S.C.C.Lkboas

;84< Fo fhssoas vki \`seoor. Hi = E. _arhx-Ca`ssot/\. \ùssoaao, A'hifust rhc ahtdhquo fu shtorulkiè fu Stklorn k \`seoor, Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck <68, 36-67.

Lkboas, C.C. ;8>3 Z`rakujhno Ektorhkauitorsucduin for Focdsoa. Hi= M. W. Jkrrunnhk/\ . Bupo r/M. Añih in/W .

Stodhh, For Lkifborkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor <, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;3,

;3:-;38.

Lkboas, C.C. ;8>4 Jùr Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits kif tdohr oivhrìeoit= k pkaoòcà`nhcka stufy `j

Shttkrf, Stohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Kikaocak Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk HH.

Lkboas, C.C. ;84: Focdsoai, Lohao, furcd l`drto Norkto, Ekaorhkadojho zur Lkyorhscdoi Z`rnoscdhcdto K ?>,

?<-:7.

L`cahcbo, _. ;84< Nruloi uif Dkusor = _itorsucduinoi zur Strubt ur lkifborkehscdor D`jpaktzo. Hi =

Shofauinoi for Buatur eht Ahiokrborkehb hi Our`pk, Ihtrk, ;>-<4.

Lòahcbo, _. uipula. Akinwohaor <, Akinwohaor 4, Akinwohaor 8, Akinwohaor ;:, Akuroizlorn >, ]uwohsuin for

Nruloi zu Dkusori.

Lrkift, F. vì ;847 Fho ahiokrlkifborkehscdoi Dkusor fos Shofauinspaktzos Akinwohaor 4, Fhssortkthì for

\dohihscd-ôstjkahscdoi Vocdihscdoi D`cdscduao Kkcdoi.

Luttaor, ^. ;834 For Fìkuakifhscdo uif for wosthscdo Buaturbrohs for mñinoroi Stohizoht, Dkiflucd for

_rnoscdhcdto Fouascdakifs <, Lcrahi kif Aohpzhn.

Ckspkr, M.-W. ;846 Jklrhckthì ot rèkeèiknoeoit f'dorehiottos rulkièos oi pdtki hto. Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè

r`ykao lohno f'Kiadr`pà`nho ot fo Wrèdhsa`hro 6>-?4.

Cìstkithi, C.

M.W. Jkrrunnhk

A. Foekroz

;847 Kulocdhos= shto fo ak Cèrkehquo Ahiokhro oi Dkhikut `cffoitkQ,Luaaoahi fo ak S`chètè

Wrèdhst`rhquo Jrkickhso >>, 3:>-346

Cueìt, E. ;48>/;484 _thahskthì fu pdtkihto ckelrhoi fos oivhrìs f'@tthnihos pkr a'dèeo prèdhst`rhquo.

Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè f'Kiadr`pà`nho fo Lruxoaaos ;:, <:?-<>;.

F`dri-Hdehn, E. ;8>6 _itorsucduinoi zur Lkifborkehb he \dohiakif, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;?, ?;-;6<.



46

F`dri-Hdehn, E.

F`dri-adehn, E

F`dri-Hdehn, E.

Frkfì, E.N.


;8>4/;8>8 Wàhor- uif Scdihttspuroi ke Ikcboitoha vì Scdudaohstoibohaoi ioàhtdhscdor

Nrklorjoafor, Krcdkà nhscdo Nosoaascdkjt Búai Mkdrosnklo ;8>4-;8>8, 8-;:.

;8>8/;847 _loraonuinoi zur Zorwoifuin lkifborkehscdor Focdsoa kujnruif for Nolrkucdsspuroi,

Juiflorhcdho kus Dossoi ;8/<7. :8->4.

;843 Fks lkifborkehscdo Nrklorjo af vì Kafoid`voi-Ihoforeorz, Brohs Furoi , Krcdkà`nho

hi foi \dohihscdoi Aússlúrfoi, Búai, 6>-;87.

;8:> Fècùvorto f'ktoah ors fo tkhaao ot fo jhihthì f'do rehio ttos èkahoiios, Do_ihue >,

<?3-<?8.

Jkrrunnhk, M.-W.

Jrocdoi, M.

Nr``td, E.O.Vd, fo

Bkdabo, F.

B`cd, A.

Aocd, M.

A`fowhmcbx, E.

Añihin, M.

Ehahskusbks, S.

E`fforeki, W.M.\.

Eusk, H.

Wkvñb, M.

[uhttk, D.

\ohiocbo, B.

\hcdtor, H.

;8>> Fho Focdsoa. Hi = \. Bup or/ D. Aúdr /M. Añi hin /W. Stodah/K. ]heeore kii, For lkifbo

rkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor 8, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;4, <::-<>4.

;8:? Eñfforsdohe= Wotr`nrkpd hscdo _itorsucduin vì Stohinorkt lzw. fossoi \`dek torhk a. Hi

B. Scdhotzoa, Eñfforsdohe, Juifkeoitk Ka , 38-6<.

;8>> Noscdahjjoio Stohinorkto. Hi = W. M.\ . E`fforeki, Fho ioàhtdhscdo Loshofauin loh

Dhoidohe, Afbr. Boadohe H, Ektorhkadojto zur Lkyorhscdoi Z`rnoscdhcdto 33, ><->?.

;8?6 Fho Lostktauinsshatoi fos fìkuakifhscdoi Buaaurbrohsos for mñinoroi Saohizoha, Lorahi.

;83: Wotr`nrkpdhscdo Lostheeuin for Stohinorkto. Hi= ^. Luttaor /^. Dkloroy, Fho lkif

borkehscdo Kishofauin loh Búai-Ahifoitdka, \úehscd-Norekihscdo J`rscduinoi ;;,

;36-;6:.

;84; Jahit ehihin keìn tdo okray jkrehin cèeuihthos `j Coitrka Our `po , Wkrt H, Wrzonakf

Krcdoà`nhcziy <4, ?-??.

;846 Aos foux shtos rulkiès fo Akifoi-^kino ot fo Ahitor-@vordospoi kpräs ak ckepknio fo

jùhaaos fo ;843, I ako Wrkodhsa`rhcko 6, 8>-;7>.

;84< \osokrcd hit` tdo Lkifborkehb Sottaoeoit `j tdo Kafoid`voior Waktt o hi tdo \dhioakif,

Kikaochk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;?, ;-<8.

;8>: Ki okray jkrehin vhaakno hi Wàkif , Krcdkoà`ny <8, 37-6;.

;8>7 Ahiokrlkifborkehb kus Oasa`` uif Stohi, Kikaochk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk 3.

;8>6 \dohi- uif Ohjoascdñttuinoi he Sñfoi for Ihoforrdohihscdoi Lucdt, Sìforvorúj-

joiaahcduin fos Noà`nhscdoi Hisahauts for _ihvorshtka Búai <3.

;8>< Ioàhtdhscdos Nrklorjoaf vì Ihtrk, Sa`voisbf Krcdoà`nhk <7, ?-;7?.

;8?? Ohi Zorwkdrjuif kus for lkifborkehscdoi Shofauin hi for Dkrtd loh ]woibku, Aohpzhnor

Lohtrkno zur Z`r- uif Jrñdnoscdhcdto ;, <7-?8.

;8>4 Fho Ahiokrlkifborkehb hi Ihoforlkyori , Lohtrkno zur Noscdhcdho Ihoforlkyoris wkdroif

for Muinstohizoha /, Lohakno zue Ketahcdoi Scdua-Kizohnor jñr foi \onhoruinslozhrb

Ihoforlkyori Ir ;., 6-<7.

;8:4/;8:8 Fho lkifborkehscdo Nrklor vì Jaèl`ri, Brohs Kazoy, uif vè Kfaorlorn loh ^`res,

Ekhizor ]ohascdrhjt :3-:6, ;?4-;>8.

Scdhotzoa, B. ;8:? Eñfforsdohe, Juifkeoiak Ka.



4?

Scdiñtnoi, K.

Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi, N.

^. Scdiohfor

Sotthoi`v, S.K. ;8:6

Vdhsso-Forùotto, \.o.M. ;8?<M.Vdhsso

Vùsskhit, E. ;84<

N. Vùsskhit

_arhx-Ca ssot, E. ;84<

\.\ùssoaao

Zoafo, W. vki fo ;8>8

Zoafo, W. vki fo

]heeorekii, K.

C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO _IOK\LKIFBO\KEHB

;8>6 Fho Dkupttorrkssoijàno ke ahiboi Ihoforrdohi kuj nruif for Scd`t torpot r`nrkpd ho,

J`rscduinslorhcdto fos Akifos I`rfrdohi-ôstjkaoi Ir. <388.

;843 ^` ahonoi fho Dkuptdojornolhoto jñr fks \`dtiktorhka Fìkuakifhscdor Stohilohao uif

Kxto hi Ehtaoaour`pk 0, Krcdk`t`nhscdos B`rrospìfoizlakaa ;3, 37?-3;6.

Wrodhst`rho Vocdià`ny, trkisa.E.^. Vdèpsì. Aìfì

Fècùvorto f'ui cheothäro èkahoi, k rhto juiorkhro oi foux toeps (crèekthì otoijùhssoeoit fo coifros oi Doslkyo ahèn`hso k Dàa`nio-kux-Whorros, Luaaothi fo ak

S`chètè Wrèdhst`rhquo Jrkickhso 68, ;>?-;87.

Wètr`nrkpdho ot pkao`no`nrkpdho fos dorehiottos èkahoiios fo Doslkyo, Luaaothi fo ak

S`chètè \`ykao Lohno f'Otufos Nèà`nhquos ot Krcdèà`nhquos Aos Cdorcdours fo ak

^kaaìhâ <?, ?73-?>7.

A'hifustrho ahtdhquo fu shto rulkiè fu Stklorn k \`seoor, Krcdko`t`nhk Loanhck <68.

@i Lkifborkehb S`chka Shructuro, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;<.

;84: S`chka Hioqukahty hi tdo Our`poki Okray Ioàhtdhc= Lkifborkehb Aokforsdhp. Hi = E.K.

vki Lkboa/\.\. Dknostohmi/W. vki fo Zoafo ofs. Wrhvkto Wàhthcs, Aohfoi, ;<>-;38.

;84< K. J ]ur @rnkihskt hì for Dorstoaauin vì Jouorstohikraojkbtoi hi lkifborkehscdoi

Shofauinoi. Hi = Shofauinoi for Buatur hiht Ahiokrborkehb hi Our`pk, Ihtrk, 3;8-3<<.

C. C. Lkboas


W`stlus 8?;?

IA-<377 \K Aohfoi



W. M. \. E`fforeki Ahelurnor kkrfoworb uht Swohbduhzoi Noe. ScdhiioiWr`v. Ahelurn

Fhcda lhmooi zhmi scdorvoi vki ooi twootka Ahelurnor p`ttoi novìfoi, fho hi fo akktsto jkso vki fo ahiokhro lkif-corkehob `j woaahcdt hots aktor nofktoorf buiioi w`rfoi.Zki fozoajfo vhifpakkts zhmi kjbèsthn oiboao vrònehffoi-ioàhtdhscdo scdorvoi, wkkrìfor ooi eorbwkkrfhnorkifscdorj eot `pnoaonfo rhcdoa.

Hi dot v``rmkkr vki ;847 ìtvhinoi fo pr`vhichkka

krcdoà``n oi scdrhmvor fozos lorhcdt vki fo door O.K. vki

Nooa uht Noaooi, fkt f``r doe `p ooi nopaònf wohakif

vìfstoi wkroi nofkki, wkkrìfor scdorvoi vki Ahe

lurnor kkrfoworb. Fo vhifpakkts ahnt `p fo Doh ìfor

Swohbduhzoi kki fo rkif vki dot d``ntorrks, wkkr`p fo

noeooito Scdhiioi zhcd uhtstrobt. Fo ohnoikkr vki dot

porcooa, fo door H. W`vsè uht Noaooi, wks z` vrhoifoahmb

tòstoeehin to voraoioi t`t dot ekboi vki ooi pròj-

saoujmo hi kprha ;847 oi t`t dot fòi vki ooi pròjìfor-

zòb f``r dot Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho to Aohfoi, wkkr

v``r doe dhorlhm nkkrio fkib nozonf w`rft. Vussoi ;4

kunustus oi ;7 soptoelor hs nofuroifo forthoi worbfknoi

nonrkvoi. Fkkrlhm voraooifoi fo doroi O.K. vki Nooa, E.

Vheeorekis oi D. Zrèoi dui fkkfworboahmbo oi zoor

nowkkrfoorfo duap. Fo aohfhin lorustto lhm fo vorsaknnovor

noksshstoorf f``r fo door M.W. L``norf (H.W.A.) oi

kjwhssoaoif frho `j vhor stufoitoi.

Hi l`foebuifhn-noà`nhscd `pzhcdt ahnt fo vhifpakkts `p

nrhifdùfoifo zkifoi, fho hi dot Ehffoi Waohst`cooi f``r

fo Ekks zhmi kjnozot (tòahcdthin L`foebkkrt p.3>). Fht hs

ooi uhtzìforahmbo shtuktho, wkit fozo zkifoi zhmi kas ronoa

eot aòss `vorfobt. @p fo porcoaoi fho nroizoi kki fo

``stzhmfo vki fo `pnrkvhin, hs ka sprkbo vki aòss. ]kif

kki dot `pporvakb trojjoi wo hi dot Ahelurnso aòssnolhof

kaaooi kki akins fo fkaoi `j hi torrksrkifoi. Hi ìs novka

lovhift fo Noaooiloob zhcd `p :77 e kjstkif, ekkr eoi

eòt woa 67 e èakkn è dot wktor to lorohboi.Fo akifscdkppoahmbo shtuktho wkkrlhm fo iklhmdohf vki fo

Noaooiloob oi zoor wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b fo zkifìfornrìf

ooi loakinrhmbo rà vorvuaaoi, hs `p zoor uhtooia`poifo

thmfsthppoi kkitrobboahmb nowoost v``r fo eois. Lodkavo

dot Ahelurnor kkrfoworb zhmi f``r M.D. ^haaoes (;8>;) oi

O.K. vki Nooa fuhzoifoi vuurstoioi krtojkctoi vorzkeoaf

fho whmzoi `p eoisoahmbo kcthvhtohtoi, to lonhiioi hi dot

ehffoi-pkaoàhtdhcue (vki Dkkroi ;8:4) oi v``rts uht

mìn-pkaoàhtdhcue, eosàhtdhcue oi ehffoi- oi akkt-

ioàhtdhcue. Dot hs `peorboahmb, fkt fo lkifcorkehob hi

fozo roobs ahmbt to ìtlroboi, torwhma fo ioforzotthinoi vki

fozo cuatuur zhcd `p saocdts ;<77 e kjstkif lovhifoi.

Z``r fo `pnrkvhinsrosuatktoi vki vooa loakin hs fkt hi dot

ehiorka`nhscd lotrobboahmb rhmbo zkif ooi e`for-

pàzànrìf hs ìtwhbboaf. ^hm stoafoi vkst fkt zhm t`t ??

ce ìfor dot ekkhvoaf bki rohboi. Hi ooi ;<6 eY nr`to

put K, fho worf kkinoaonf è ooi <,? e nr`to cìcoi

trktho vki Ahelurnor scdorvoi oi dkkr ikksto ènovhin toìforzòboi, bìfoi whm nooi oiboao prodhst`rhscdo hinrk

vhin cìstktoroi, torwhma fkkrkki uhtorkkrf fo i`fhno kki

fkcdt worf lostoof. Z``r dot ìtlroboi vki nrìfsp`roi

buiioi vorscdhaaoifo rofoioi kkinovòrf w`rfoi. @j woa

zo zhmi or i``ht nowoost, fki woa zhm wkroi z` ìfhop fkt

zo hi fo 37 ce fhbbo lùwv``r vorpaònf zhmi. ^hm tr`jjoi

ocdtor scdorvoi oi vuurstooi kki t`t ìfor hi fo L-akkn,

z`fkt eoi zhcd eòt kjvrknoi `j fo nrìfsp`roi woaahcdt

f``r lhà`nhscdo kcthvhtohtoi zhmi uhtnowhst. F``r

dè`noihsktho vki fo l`foe buiioi zoor woa kaao sp`roi

vki eoisoahmbo vorst`rhinoi vorfwoioi zhmi.

_ht ìs pròjìforzòb bki nocìcaufoorf w`rfoi, fkt

eot fo dofoi tor loscdhbbhin stkkifo ehffoaoi nooi

eoisoahmbo nrìfsp`roi zhmi vkst to stoaaoi. Zorfor nrkvoi

lotoboit fki kaaooi i`n dot vorzkeoaoi vki v``rworpoi,

wkt nozhoi fo nr`to eoinoahin vki cuaturoi ihot orn zhivà

ahmbt. Fkkr bèt i`n lhm fkt fo ohnoikkr dot porcooa kas

wohakif whafo nolruhboi, wkkrf``r fo vìfstoi rofoahmb

vorzoborf lowkkrf w`rfoi. Dot ahmbt ocdtor woa nowoist

dot torrohi v``r tòbèsthn ìforzòb to loscdoreoi.

Lodkavo put K worfoi i`n twoo baohio puttoi nonrkvoi.

Vor pakktso wkkr ooi Ahelurnor scdorj wks `pnorkkpt worf

ooi 6 e" nr``t putmo L noekkbt, wkkruht oiboao aksthn to

fktoroi v``rworpoi to v``rscdhmi bwkeoi, z`fkt vki uht

lrohfhin worf kjnozhoi. Oafors wks f``r fo door vki Nooaooi zoor eorbwkkrfhno rkifscdorj eot ooi rhcdoa kki fo

lhiioizhmfo (jhn. ;=;7) novìfoi. _ht fo fkkr noekkbto ;;

e- nr`to put C bwkeoi wkifscdorvoi to v``rscdhmi, fho

quk ekkbsoa zoor nòf to vornoahmboi zhmi eot fo rkif

scdorj. @p dui lourt vortìoi fozo scdorvoi woor ooi zoor

nr`to `vorooibèst eot vìfstoi uht put K, fho f``r

uhtsauhthin vki kiforo e`noahmbdofoi dot lost nopakktst




VT r 2 ‖. . ?.

Y;P' ? ,,-YYY " >

>

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>

Jhn. ;. Swohbduhzoi. Oiboao vròn ehffoi-ioàhtdhscdo scdorvoi. Sèo okray ehffao-ioàhtdhc sdorfs. <=3.



48 W. M. \. E@FFO\EKI - AHEL_\NO\ KK\FOÔ\B

buiioi w`rfoi hi fo porh`fo wkkrhi fo Ehcdoaslornor

cuatuur ja`roorfo. Dot lotrojt ìfor eoor oiboao rkif-

scdorvoi, wkkrlhm or èèi hs eot ìfhopo hifrubboi `p fo

rkif (jhn. ;=?). ]hm dorhiioroi kki wkt vki Dkzoifìb ;-<

oi Lornscdoidòb loboif hs (Aùwo B``hmekis ;8>:).

Frho bahinbrklloramos pkssoi woaahcdt ``b hi fozo cuaturoao

cìtoxt. Vwoo bi`lloa``rtmos eot ooi nkktmo whmzoi `p

Ehcdoaslornor roakthos (jhn. ;=4,8). Fozo scdorvoi skeoieot ooi baohio dòvooadohf wkifscdorvoi zhmi quk p`ttors

tocdihob nodooa hfoithob eot wkt uht put C to v``rscdhmi

bwke. Or hs fus kkiaohfhin v``r fo vorìforstoaahin, fkt

fo rkifscdorj eot fo rhcdoa ovoioois hi ooi Ehcdoaslornor

ehahou hs ìtstkki. Fo scdorj hs noekkbt vki storb eot

bwkrtsnruhs (7.?-? ee nr``t2 <7 b`rroas por ceY oi

scdorjnruhs (< ee nr``t2 <7 b`rroas por ceY) vorscdrkkafo

baoh. Fo `poi scdkka hs uht lkifoi `pnolùwf, wkkrvki

twoo kkizottoi to zhoi zhmi. Luhtoi- oi lhiioi`pporvakb

zhmi nakf kjnoworbt. @p lroub hs fo scdorj ahcdt nose``rf

(>.? X\ >/;), fo luhtoibkit hs hots eoor `xyforoif nolkbboi (>.? X\ >/:) fki fo lhiioibkit (>.? X\ >/6).

Dot fòa vki fozo pulahcktho hs è loboifdohf to novoi

kki fo vìfst vki Ahelurnor scdorvoi uht put K, wkkr`p

YÈ

Jhn. <k . Swohbdu hzoi. HZHot l`t vorscdrkkaf o scdorvoi vki ooi Ahelurnor p`t. Lìo- toeporof sdorf s `j k Ahelurn p`t . ;=;




Jhn. <l . Swohb duhz oi. ]oajfo p`t kas hi jhn . <k. Skeo p`t ks hi jh n. <k. ;=;

dhorik w`rft hinonkki. Lhiioi fo f``r fo door vki Nooa

wkkrnoièoi cìcoitrktho zhmi f``r fo `pnrkvhin twoo

caustors to ìforscdohfoi, wkkrvki fo borioi ck < e

uhtooiahnnoi. F``r paònoi oi kiforo kcthvhtohtoi zhmi sè

ehno scdorvoi vorsprohf norkkbt t`t ekx. 6e vki dui

bori. Dot stkkt v``r ehm vkst fkt wo eot saocdts twoo p`t

toi to ekboi dolloi. ]hm zhmi noekbboahmb to

ìforscdohfoi, èfkt fo ooi eot l`tnruhs vorscdrkkaf hs

oi fo kifor ihot. L`voifhoi zhmi fo vorshorhinoi `p lohfo

p`ttoi storb vorscdhaaoif, aoforo caustor èvkt èèi p`t. Dot

zhmi lohfo nr`to p`ttoi, woaahcdt eòt eoi foiboi kki

bèeoi z`kas fho lhm Bossoaohb novìfoi (E`fforeki

;8>6). Nòfo rocìstructhos zhmi ihot e`noahmb, èfkt fo

dòvooadofoi scdorvoi to baohi zhmi. Dot eoost tkarhmb zhmi

fho vki fo eot l`tnruhs vorscdrkkafo p`t ia ?7 stubs (jhn.<). Fo l`tjrkneoitmos zhmi ekx. 6 ee nr``t, wkt ooi uht

zìforhin hs. Fo fhcdtdohf lofrkknt ck <? por ceY @ifor

fo scdorvoi lovhifoi zhcd frho rkifjrkneoitoi eot ooi

vorfhbbhin kki fo lhiioizhmfo. Fo t`tkao rkifaointo

lofrkknt saocdts ;<.? ce, wkt to wohihn hs è fo fhkeotor

vki fo p`t to lopkaoi. Vor vornoahmbhin fhoio fkt fo rkif

vki fo bè uht Bossoaoyb ;34 ce eoot. @p fo wkif hs ooi

pktr`ì kkinolrkcdt vki jakuwo rhcdoas. Dot `pporvakb hs

f``r vorthckao rhcdoas hi voafoi ìforvorfooaf, kjwhssoaoif

sekaao oi lrofo. Fo akktsto zhmi oorst `pnovuaf eotd`rhzìtkao rhcdoas, fho woaahcdt hi dot ehffoi ooi vorfhb

bhin vortìoi. Fo rhcdoas zhmi toi sa`tto nokccoituoorf f``r

rhmoi histoboi eot oiboavùfhno oi fulloao spktoapuitoi.

Z``r dot `vorhno zhm ikkr jhn. < vorwozoi. Dot luhtoi`p

porvakb hs `vorwonoif `xyforoif nolkbboi (>.? X\ :/6

ahndt lr`wi) ekkr or bèoi ``b wkt fìborfor scdorvoi

v``r (>.? X\ ?/< lr`wi)2 `p lroub hs fo scdorj nose``rf.

Zki fo twoofo Ahelurnor p`t rostoroi saocdts 36 scdorvoi,

wkkrìfor twoo baohio rkifscdorvoi eot vorfhbbhin kki fo

lhiioizhmfo (jhn. 3). Fo p`t hs nobioof vki eot zkif

vorscdrkkafo baoh. Fo zkifb`rroas zhmi zoafoi ekx. < ee

nr``t. ]oor spkkrzkke zhmi lr`bmos scdorjnruhs wkkriooe

lkkr. Dò dot vorshorhinspktr`ì hs nowoost, hs ìzobor.

Dot hs `pnolùwf uht zwkkrforo rhcdoas fki `p fo kiforo

p`t. ]hm zhmi hi Z-v`re kkinolrkcdt, wkkrik zhm nokccoi

tuoorf zhmi f``r rhmoi spktoahifrubboi tor woorszhmfoi.

L`voi fo rhcdoa hs eot ooi èèitkifhno spktoa noworbt, tor

whma orìfor twoo rhmoi hifrubboi kkinolrkcdt eot ooi

Hwootkifhno spktoa to zhoi zhmi. @`b dhor w`rft vorwozoi

ikkr jhn. 3. Fozo p`t hs hots eoor `xyforoif nolkbboi fki

fo kiforo. Dot luhtoi`pporvakb vkrhoort vki ahndt roffhsd

lr`wi (? X\ :/6) t`t lr`wi (>.? X\ ?/<). Dot lhiioi`p-

porvakb hs ``b wkt ahcdtor ia. ahndt lr`wi (>.? X\ :/6).

_ht dot v``rnkkifo lahmbt fuhfoahmb fkt fo vìfstèstki-

fhndofoi vki fo lohfo Ahelurnor p`ttoi nooi kkibi`

phinspuitoi lhofoi v``r ooi roakthovo fktorhin. Ooi

pakktslopkahin bki fus aùtor `p typà`nhscdo `vor

wonhinoi lorustoi. Kaaoroorst fhoit or`p nowozoi to

w`rfoi fkt fo lohfo p`ttoi ihot i``fzkboahmb thmfois èèi

nolruhbsporh`fo vki dot torrohi nolr`boi lodòvoi to zhmi.

Eoi bki ik b`rtor `j akinor thmf torunnoboorf zhmi. V`cd

bki fho vorìforstoafo tussoithmf ihot akinor fki ooi oouwnofuurf dolloi, èfkt fo vorshorhinswhmzo vki fo lohfo

p`ttoi ooi nr`to `vorooibèst vort`ìt. ]hm eòtoi

typà`nhscd cdrìà`nhscd t`t èèi jkso noroboif w`rfoi.

Dot kkrfoworb lod``rt ìnotwhmjoaf lhm fo Ahelurnor

nròp. Ooi jrkppkito noahmboihs vort`ìt fo vorshorhin `p

fo scdorvoi uht Swohbduhzoi eot wkt `p twoo p`t-

jrkneoitoi to zhoi hs, fho to v``rscdhmi zhmi nobèoi ìfo



8; W. M. \. E@FFO\EKI - AHEL_\NO\ KK\FO^O\B

•Ma."

•tY'Y '

Jhn. 3. Swohbd uhzo i. Eot zkif vorscdrkkafo scdorv oi vki ooi Ahelurnor p` t. Skif-toep orof sdorfs `j k Ahelur n p`t. ; =; .




ooi ckhri noikkef Ak D`nuotto lhm Jìtoiky-ao-Ekrehì

(Ckavkf`s, I`rekifhâ) (Ckhaakuf ;8><). Fo lohfo vhif

pakktsoi ahnnoi ck ?77 be uhtooi! Fo v`re vki fo p`ttoi

vorscdhat woa. Fo Ahelurnor zhmi wkkrscdhmiahmb `poi

scdkaoi nowoost, torwhma fo I`rekifhscdo eot zobordohf

nosa`toi p`ttoi zhmi. @`b uht fo Oazks oi fo Jrkicdo-

Cètè zhmi nòf vornoahmblkro scdorvoi loboif (Mouiosso

;84:). Fht nolhof hs ìnovoor 3>? be vki Swohbduhzoi vor

whmforf, torwhma fo Jrkiso vhifpakktsoi z`'i :77 be uhtooi

ahnnoi.

Z``r fo @`stjrkiso vìfstoi lostkki nòfo fktorhinoi.

Frho ekka hs sprkbo vki ooi kss`chktho eot vorshorfo

scdorvoi uht fo akktsto jkso vki fo lkifcorkehob oi èèi

ekka f``rfkt ooi scdorj kjbèsthn hs uht ooi ihvoku fkt

kjnofobt w`rft f``r ooi Nr`ssnkrtkcdor akkn. Or hs nooi

rofoi è v``r fo Swohbduhzor scdorvoi kki ooi kiforo

fktorhin to foiboi, `j dot eòst zhmi fkt dot ìtlroboi

vki lkifcorkehscdo sp`roi `p fo vhifpakkts ooi kkiwhm

zhin hs v``r eoisoahmbo kkiwozhndohf b`rt ik dot ohifo vki

fho cuatuur.

Eoi bki zìfor `vorfrhmvhin vorwkcdtoi, fkt hi fobèoifo mkroi eoor v``rlooafoi vki dot typo Ak

D`nuotto loboif zuaaoi w`rfoi. ]` t`ìfo Wr`j. Fr. M.

Añihin thmfois ooi v``rfrkcdt to Nrìhinoi `p < focoelor

;84: nodooa vornoahmblkro vìfstoi uht Kazoy oi Jrhoflorn-

Lrucdoilrñcboi (ôst-Fuhtsakif). Fo akktstnoiòefo zhmi

kkinotr`jjoi hi ooi vròn lkifcorkehscd ehahou, wkt fus

hi tonoistoaahin hs eot fo akkt lkifcorkehscdo fktorhin uht

@`st-Jrkibrhmb, fho eoi ``b `p zuhvor typà`nhscdo

nrìfoi vorwkcdtoi zù.

Kki fo lospr`boi vorshorhinswhmzo typà`nhscd ikuw vor

wkito v``rlooafoi zhmi uht Ihoforeorz oi Akinwohaor <

loboif (Hdehn ;8><). Or hs fkkrlhm sprkbo vki ooi rhcdoa,

fho tor woorszhmfoi hs v``rzhoi vki hifrubboi kkinolrkcdt

eot ooi twootkifhno spktoa. Fo oorstnoiòefo vìfst

stket uht ooi akto lkifcorkehscdo buha.

^kt fo cuaturoao lotoboihs hs vki fo vor uhtooinoaonoi

fhroct vornoahmblkro vorshorhinoi akkt zhcd saocdts nhssoi z`

akin ihot vooa eoor `vor dot vrònsto ioàhtdhcue tussoi

\hmi, Sohio oi dot Ikuw vki Ckakhs loboif hs. Lhm fo

duhfhno stkif vki dot ìforzòb hs dot wohihn zhivà è

vooa spocuakthos to ekboi `vor wkt zhcd hi fo twoofo doajt

vki dot zosfo ehaaoiihue hi I``rf-Jrkibrh mb oi dot zuhfoi

vki fo Loioaux doojt kjnospooaf.

Sueekry

Vdo Doh iokr Swohbduhzoi hs shtuktof ì tdo l`rfor `j tdo

dhnd torrkco `j tdo Eouso. Sèo 67 e a`wor ja`ws tdo

Noaooiloob. Vdo a`cka suls`ha `j skifs rhcd hi ehiorkas hs

rkro hi tdhs ronhì, wdoro aòss profèhiktos. Ekiy

tdùskifs `j jahit krthjkcts ùt `j iokray ovory porh`f

oxcopt tdo okray Ioàhtdhc Ahiokr W`ttory Cuaturo woro cà-

aoctof. Vdhs klsoico hs tdo e`ro roekrbklao shico, kt k

fhstkico `j ;<77 e, k sottaoeoit cèpaox wks jùif

loaìnhin t` tdhs cuaturo. Ht wks k surprhso wdoi Ahelurn

p`ttory sdorfs woro jùif. K sekaa oxckvkthì rovokaof

tw` caustors `j sdorfs, okcd loaìnhin t` ìo p`t, ayhin

whtdhi k rkfhus `j <.? e. Vdo caky `j tdo p`t hi jhn. < hs

toeporof whtd lìo jrkneoits, wdoroks tdo `tdor, hi jhn.

3, cìtkhis ekhiay skif kif sèo p`ttory nrht. Vdo foc`rk

thì cìshsts `j jakt rhfnos oidkicof whtd puictkthìs ekf

whtd shinao kif fùlaè p`hitof spktuako. Vdo fùlaè f`ts

paky k rào hi tdo fkthin, wdhcd hs oxcaushvoay typà`nhcka.

Lhj`rbof spktuako kro woaa bi`wi jrè tdo akst pdkso `jtdo AWC. Ht sooes e`st ahboay tdkt tdoso sdorfs fkto jrè

tdo skeo porh`f, lut ì tdo`rothcka nrùifs k p`st-AWC

pdkso ckii`t lo oxcaufof.

Vdo foc`rkthì ì tdo Swohbduhzoi p`ts lokrs ca`so

rosoelakico t` jhifs jrè tdo Jroicd fopkrtoeoihs Lks-

\dhi, Dkut-\dhi, Fùls kif I`rekifhâ. Sèo `j tdoso

kro woaa fktof hi akto Ahiokr W`ttory cìtoxts. Vdoso jhifs

woro roc`vorof jrè kroks ayhin 3>? kif ?77 be jrè

Swohbduhzoi. Ht sooes eucd rosokrcd eust sthaa lo fìo

loj`ro wo eky nkhi k lottor uiforstkifhin `j wdkt t``b

pakco hi tdo okray Ioàhtdhc lotwooi tdo \dhio, tdo Sohio

kif tdo Cdkiioa.

Keìnst tdo rkro p`tsdorfs jrè tdo shto kro k jow wdhcd

cki lo kttrhlutof t` kcthvhthos furhin tdo okray Ehcdoaslorn-

Dkzoifìb ;-<-Lornscdoi Dòb. Jhn.; sd`ws sèo rhe-

sdorfs kif bi`ls. K e`st roekrbklao rhesdorf `j ki `poi

l`wa whtd k prìùicof pr`trufhin rhfno ì tdo hishfo

cki, ì tocdià`nhcka nrùifs lo kttrhlutof, t` tdo skeo

typo `j p`ttory. H f` i`t bi`w `j kiy pkrkaaoas.



83 W. M. \. E@FFO\EKI - AHEL_\NO\ KK\FOÔ\B

ahtorktuur

L`foebkkrt

vki Ioforakif.

;8>7 Lakf ?8, :7 ^ oi :7 @. ;8>7 Sthl`bk, ^knoihinoi.

Ckhaakuf, W.

O. Aknioa

;8>< Ao ckhri ot ao croekt`hro ièàhtdhquos fo ak D`nuotto k Jìtoiky-ao -Ekrehì (Ckavkf`s),

Nkaahk Wrèdhsa`hro ;?, ;3>-;8>.

Dkkroi, D.E.O. vki ;8:4 Wkakoàhtdhc Krthjkcts jrè Ahelurn, Lorhcdtoi \hmbsfhoist @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìfor-

zòb ;4, >-6:.

Hdehn, E. ;8>< Ihoforeorz. Hi= M. Ocbort / E. Hdehn / \. Bupor/ D. Aúd r/ M. Añihin (\of. )= _itor-

sucduinoi zur io`dtdhscdoi Loshofauin for Kafoid`voior Waktto HH. Lìior Mkdrl. ;><,

34:- 344.

Mouiosso, C. ;84: \kpp`rts kvoc ao ièàhtdhquo kichoi f'Kaskco fo ak cèrkehquo 'Fkiulh oiio', \ovuo

Krcdèà. fo a'@uost.

H.ùwo B``hmekis, A.W. ;8>: A`cka Fovoa`peoits hi k L`rforakif. K Survoy `j tdo Ioàhtdhc kt tdo A`wor \dhio,

@ufdohfbuifhno Eofof. \.E.v.7. ?>, <<>-<8>.

E`fforeki, W.M.\.

^haaoes, M.D.

;8>6 Fho Ahelurnor Borkehb vì Bossoaoyb, Krcdñà`nhscdos B`rrospìfoizlaktt 6, ?-;;.

;8>; @peorbhinoi `vor fo dorbèst vki dot ahtdhscdo ektorhkka vki fo prodhst`rhscdo vhif

pakkts to Swohbduhzoi (Noeooito Scdhiioi A.), Nrìfl``r oi Dkeor 3, ;<7- ;37.

W. M. \. E`fforeki

Ke`rystrkkt ?

IA-:4;? NM Kridoe



^hmikif vki for Skifoi Vdo _ssoi pr`moct= akrno-sckao sottaoeoit krcdkoà`ny`j tdo porh`f >77 LC-KF <?7, k proahehikry rop`rt

Vdo akrno-sckao krcdkoà`nhcka oxckvkthìs hi tdo

euihchpkahay `j @ss‖wdoro hi tdo cùrso `j ohndt yokrs c.

;<7 dùso pakis, sèo duifrofs `j sulshfhkry structuros,

e`ro tdki 677 foop phts kif woaas kif tw` akrno

coeotorhos v/oro uiokrtdof ‖dkvo cìtrhlutof shnihjhckitay

t` ùr uiforstkifhin `j tdo pr`coss `j \èkihzkthì hi

tdo sùtdori pkrt `j tdo Iotdorakifs.

;. Hitr`fucthì

Hi tdo pkst <? yokrs oxtoishvo hivosthnkthìs `j Hrì Kno

kif \èki porh`f sottaoeoits dkvo looi ckrrhof ùt hi tdo

i`rtdokstori pkrt `j tdo skify ronhì hi tdo sùtdori

Iotdorakifs, h.o. tdo c`vorskif paktoku hi tdo i`rtdokst `j

tdo pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit kif tdo rhvor fuios hi tdo

kfmkcoit rhvor-krok. Vdoso hivosthnkthìs woro cìfuctof

ekhiay ly tdo Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry `j Aohfoi _ihvorshty

(HWA) kif, t` k aossor oxtoit, ly tdo Futcd Stkto Sorvhco

j`r Krcdkoà`nhcka Hivosthnkthìs (\@L). Shico ;8:<, tdo

yokr hi wdhcd tdo HWA wks sot up, tdo hivosthnkthì `j tdo

kl`vo-eoithìof porh`fs dks looi coitrof hi tdhs ronhì.

Vdkt tdo rosokrcd wks stkraof hi tdhs pkrthcuakr krok hs i`

c`hichfoico= wdoi Fr. W.M.\. E`fforeki wks kpp`hitof

dokf `j tdo histhtuto, do lrùndt tdo hivosthnkthìs ì tdoBkeps Zoaf iokr Dkps, wdhcd do dkf looi fhrocthin wdhao

hi Keorsj``rt, kaìn whtd dhe t` Aohfoi. Furhin tdo

jàa`whin <? yokrs, tdo hivosthnkthì wks j`r tdo nroktor

pkrt cìthiuof hi tdo skeo krok - ly N.M. Zorwors - kif

jhikaay cuaehiktof hi tdo 'Ekksbkit pr`moct' .

Jhnuro H sd`ws tdo krok fhscussof kl`vo kif tdo a`ckthìs

`j tdo sottaoeoits jrè tdo porh`f >77 LC - KF <?7 tdkt

woro oxckvktof hi tdo porh`f ;8:7-;84?. Vdo oxckvkthìs

cìcoriof kro tdo jàa`whin= ^hmcdoi-Fo Loroifìcb

{jhn.a.a), ^hmcdoi-Fo Wks (hf.= <Q Zki foi Lròbo ;846),

Dkroi (hf.=3), @ss-_ssoi (hf.=6), @ss-]katlèeoasowon

(hf.=?), @ss-aMssoastrkkt (hf.=:Q Zorwors ;8>4), Iuakif-

Bopboisfìb (hf.=>), Oscdkroi {,hf.=4), Loors-Brkkhoilorn(hf.=82 ^.M.D. Zorwors ;8>4), Dkps (hf.=H@2 Zorwors ;8><),

Noiiop-Dohmoi (hf.=aa2 Laòeors ;843), Foi Fuinoi

(hf.=a<), Shit-@ofoir`fo-Ovorso Kbbors (hf.=;32 Doostors

;8>>2 Zki for Skifoi ;84;) kif Sì kif Lrounoh-

D``hfìbscdo Kbbors (hf.=a6Q Zki foi Lròbo ;847). K

jow `j tdoso hivosthnkthìs (^hmcdoi-Fo Wks, Dkroi)

yhoafof i` structuros, lut ekhiay p`ttory kif jkuik!

roekhis. Vdo ekm`rhty, d`wovor, fhf lrhin t` ahndt struc

turos, hi tdo j`re `j pakis `j dùsos kif ùtdùsos kif

kas` woaas. Hi noiorka, tdo sckao `j tdo vkrhùs hivosthnk

thìs wks sekaa t` e`forktoay akrno kif hi i` ckso fhf ht

oxcoof ? doctkros.

Vdo hivosthnkthì kt @ss-_ssoi cìsthtutof k rhn`rùs lrokb

whtd tdhs sekaa-sckao trkfhthì. Furhin tdo cùrso `j ohndt

yokrs k t`tka krok `j c. 37 doctkros wks uiokrtdof kif sul-

ehttof t` krcdkoà`nhcka rosokrcd. Krùif tdhs akrno-sckao

hivosthnkthì k ronhìka pr`moct whaa lo coitorof, hi wdhcd

tdo, hi ekiy cksos uipulahsdof, oxckvkthìs fhscussof hi

tdhs hitr`fucthì whaa kas` paky k pkrt.

Hi tdo jàa`whin pknos k proahehikry rop`rt whaa lo nhvoi

`j tdo rosuats nkhiof furhin tdo _ssoi oxckvkthì. Ht hs i`t

hitoifof t` lo k lkakicof syitdoshs. Sèo kspocts kro

èhttof wdhao `tdors whaa lo strossof. Vdo jhika cdkptor

hifhcktos tdo tdo`rothc jrkeow`rb whtdhi wdhcd tdo fktk

whaa hi fuo theo lo ovkauktof'.

<. Shtukthì, noà`ny kif p`st-\èki cdkinos `j

tdo shto

Vdo shto hs shtuktof hi tdo (j`reor) dkeaot `j _ssoi, t` tdo

i`rtdwost `j tdo t`wi `j @ss (t`p`nrkpdhcka ekp 6?O2 jhn.<). _itha ;8>: tdo ìay luhafhins hi tdo krok, shtuktof t`

tdo i`rtd `j tdo rkhawky-ahio 's-Dort`noil`scd-Ihmeonoi

kif t` tdo wost `j tdo r`kf t` Ahtd, woro k jow jkres.

Vdoso jkres woro `jtoi luhat ì k torp t` pr`toct tdoe

knkhist tdo fhskstrùs cìsoquoicos `j tdo Loorso @vorakkt,

wdhcd ckusof tdo hiuifkthì `j k akrno krok kae`st

kiiukaay jrè ;6>< thaa ;86<.

Jrè k noà`nhcka p`hit `j vhow, tdo shto hs a`cktof ì tdo

i`rtdori ofno `j tdo Wooad`rst, fhroctay t` tdo okst `j tdo

Wooarkif Jkuat (jhn. 3). Vdo suls`ha cìshsts `j Waohst`coio

rhvorskifs (Brojtoidoyo/Zondoa j`rekthìs), ì t`p `j

wdhcd c`vorskif wks fop`shtof hi tdo akst pkrt `j tdo

ôhcdsoahoi porh`f (Vwoito j`rekthì). Vdo tdhcbioss `j

tdhs koàhki fop`sht focroksos ly klùt k eotro jrè tdo

sùtd - wdoro ht eoksuros c. ;.<7 e. - t` tdo i`rtd `j tdo

shto. I`rtd `j @ss tdo Waohst`coio skifs kro c`vorof ly

Dà`coio rhvor fop`shts, ekhiay j`reof jrè tdo Ktakithc

porh`f ìwkrfs (Lotuwo j`rekthì). Vdo j`rekthì `j

hovoos kif ja``f- lkshis hi tdhs krok hs fktof t` tdo Sul-

l`roka (Zki Fhopoi ;8?<) `r tdo lonhiihin `j tdo



8: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHF OIS_ < 7

Jhn. ;. I`rtd-ok st I`rtd Lrklkit= tdo a`ckth` is wdoro sott aoeo its `j tdo porh`f >7 7 LC -

KF <?7 woro hivosthnktof hi tdo porh`f ;8:7-;84?2 j`r tdo eokihin `j tdo iuelors soo tdo

toxt.

Sulktakithc porh`f (Wìs ;8?>). Skify s`has c`vorof ly k

tdhi akyor `j caky sopkrkto tdo shto jrè tdo lkshi fop`shts

pr`por. Vdo caky hi tdo t`p akyors `j tdhs trkishthìka zìocìtkhis frhjt skif tdkt wks pr`lklhy la`wi tdoro jrè

tdo sùtd hi dhst`rhcka theos.

Jrè tdo Eofhovka porh`f ìwkrfs tdo shto wks nrkfukhhy

kif cèphotohy c`vorof ly ki kichoit cuathvkthì s`ha `r

«-akyor, cìshsthin `j k ehxturo `j ekiuro kif ekhiay

nrkss s`fs. Vdhs akyor wks i`wdoro tdhcbor tdki 87 ce.

^doi tdhs krok wks lrùndt uifor cuathvkthì hi tdo cùrso

`j tdo Ehffao Knos, tdo `rhnhika s`ha pr`jhao wks nroktay

fhsturlof ly fhnnhin kcthvhthos. Hi sèo pakcos tdoro wks k

fkrb, duehc akyor loioktd tdo oY-akyor, wdhcd cki lo hitor-

protof ks ki haauvhkthì d`rhzì jrè ki àf p`fsà s`ha.

@jtoi d`wovor, tdo osKkyor aky fhroctay ì t`p `j tdo C-

d`rhzì. Kaa tdhs eokis tdkt kae`st i`wdoro tdo àf sur-jkco `j tdo Hrì Kno `r tdo \èki porh`f wks prosorvof.

Vdo jhrst aovoa kt wdhcd jokturos sd`wof up caokray aky

rùnday 37 ce. loa`w tdkt.

Eofhovka trkcos kro vory sckrco kt _ssoi. K paki `j k lkri

cùaf p`sshlay lo fktof hi tdo ;<td coitury {jhn. 6k2

Vdouws ;84?, :<-:3). K pht kif tw` woaas fkto lkcb t` tdo

H3td kif ;6td coiturhos (Fktoek ;846). Kas` `j Eofhovka

fkto kro hi kaa pr`lklhahty k jow roctkinuakr phts cìtkhihin

lutcdory rojuso. Kaa tdoso jokturos woro fhsc`vorof hi k

cìjhiof krok hi tdo wostori pkrt `j tdo shto. Vdo rost `j_ssoi yhoafof ìay k jow strky sdorfs, e`stay roc`vorof

jrè fhtcdos. Hi tdo p`st-Eofhovka porh`f iueorùs fht-

cdos woro fun t` fhvhfo tdo akif hit` a`ts. Vdoso fhtcdos,

pkrt `j wdhcd wks uitha jkhray rocoitay sthaa vhshlao hi tdo

akifsckpo, kif, t` k aossor oxtoit, tdo sulrocoit skif-

whiihin troicdos' dkvo `lahtorktof k cìshforklao pkrt `j

tdo pro- kif pr`t`dhst`rhcka jokturos kif dkvo ekfo k

fojhihto hitorprotkthì `j `tdors quhto hep`sshlao {jhn. 6d).

3. Dhst `ry , `rnkih zkth` i kif strktony `j tdo

hivosthnkthì

Hi Soptoelor ;8>: tdo euihchpkahty `j @ss stkrtof tdo

'paki _ssoi', kcc`rfhin t` wdhcd, `vor k porh`f `j toi

yokrs, k jkrehin krok `j ;.? x ;.? be wks t` lo turiof

hit` k dùshin-ostkto `j tdo t`wi `j @ss. ^doi tdo w`rb

wks stkrtof whtd tdo fhnnhin `j ki `rikeoitka pìf, ki

hep`rtkit pkrt `j tdo 'ikturka' cèpìoit `j tdo juturo

roshfoithka qukrtor, eoelors `j tdo krcdkoà`nhcka toke `j

tdo S`choty `j tdo \onhìka Dhst`ry `j Ekksakif

(Dooebuifobrhin Ekksakif) fhsc`vorof vkrhùs jokturos



•«•(••vYhYYhehhm!!

8> ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

Jhn. <. @ss= a`ckth` i `j tdo shto2 tdo Hivosthnk tof krok hs hifhcktof hi fkra1 nroy.

hifhckthin tdkt tdo krok dkf looi `ccuphof hi tdo \èkiporh`f= k woaa kif pkrt `j k dùso paki.

Fr. N.M. Zorwors, wd`, hi ;8>6-;8>?, dkf fhroctof tdo

oxckvkthì `j k \èki-porh`f sottaoeoit hi tdo HMssoastrkkt

hi @ss, wks wkriof kif do heeofhktoay stkrtof k tw`-woob

roscuo oxckvkthì. Vdkibs t` tdo doap `j ekiy po`pao,

pkrthcuakray tdo cìtrkct`rs, tdo jhre Aùwors jrè @ss,

pkrt `j k sottaoeoit fkthin jrè tdo \èki porh`f cùaf

lo uiokrtdof. Ht wks heeofhktoay rokahzof tdkt hi _ssoitdoro wks k cdkico `j nhvhin tdo sottaoeoit rosokrcd hi tdo

sùtdori Iotdorakifs ki kffhthìka spkthka fheoishì= k

t`tka krok `j e`ro tdki <77 doctkros wks n`hin t` lo

turiof cèpaotoay upshfo f`wi, wdhcd (tdo`rothckaay)

`jjorof tdo `pp`rtuihty `j stufyhin j`r tdo jhrst theo tdo

roakthìs lotwooi cìtoep`rkry sottaoeoits kif lotwooi

sottaoeoits kif coeotorhos. Vdhs `phihì wks sdkrof ly tdo




6<8 6

rhvor krok

j skif c`v oro f ly k akyor `j caky up t` 6 7 ce tdh cb

H H os-aky ors

skif

Jhn. 3. @ss= noà`nhcka kif pofà`nhcka shtuk thì 2 tdo hij`re kth` i wks `ltkhio f jr` e tdo s`ha

ekps 38 @ kif 6? @.



88 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

`tdor eoelors `j tdo Histhtuto, Wr`j. Fr. W.M.\. E`ffor

eki kif Fr. C.C. Lkboas.

Hi tdo kutuei tdo jhrst fhscusshìs t``b pakco lotwooi tdo

HWA, tdo Eky`r kif Kaforeoi `j @ss kif tdo cìtrkct`rs.

Vdo HWA wks nhvoi tdo `pp`rtuihty t` suleht tdo troicd

tdkt dkf looi fun j`r tdo ekhi sowkno-phpo t` ki

krcdkoà`nhcka hivosthnkthì loj`ro tdo phpo wùaf lo akhf

hi ht. Vdo hivosthnkthì `j tdhs troicd, wdhcd cuts kcr`ss

tdo oithro shto, wks tdoroupì cìfuctof hitorehttoitay

jrè Aohfoi. Vdo rosuats `j tdo survoy woro s` prèhshin

tdkt ht lockeo foshrklao t` cìthiuo tdo hivosthnkthì hi tdo

skeo ekiior, lut whtd k juaa-theo w`rbor, `porkthin jrè

k porekioit jhoaf lkso. Ki kppoka j`r jhikichka supp`rt

wks dkifof hi t` tdo Eky`r kif Kaforeoi `j @ss kif t`

tdo Cùity Cùicha `j I`rtd Lrklkit. Vdo tw` fopkrt-

eoits fochfof t` jurihsd dkaj okcd `j tdo skakry `j tdo

kpp`hitof 'schoithjhc pr`moct ksshstkit' j`r k porh`f `j tw`

yokrs. Ks jrè Soptoelor ;8>> Frs. M.M. Kssoif`rp jhaaof

tdhs p`st. Vdo strktony jàh`wof jrè tdoi ìwkrfs wks ks

jàa`ws= tdo pr`moct ksshstkit fhroctof tdo w`rb ì tdo r`kf

kif luhafhin troicdos - wdhcd wks p`sshlao lockuso tdoeuihchpkahty `j @ss dkf sthpuaktof tdkt tdo cìtrkct`rs

woro t` p`stpìo tdohr cìstructhì kcthvhthos t` ekbo theo

j`r krcdkoà`nhcka hivosthnkthìs - furhin wdhcd do wks

ksshstof ly aklùrors pr`vhfof ly tdo Fhroctho Kkivuaaoifo

Chvhoatocdihscdo ôrboi kif aktor ly w`rbors pr`vhfof ly

tdo ôrbv``rzhoihinscdkp [email protected]``rf-Lrklkit. ^doro k

cìcoitrkthì `j jokturos wks fhsc`vorof, tdo ksshstkico `j

k socìf toke, fhroctof ly k jhoaf tocdihchki, wks ckaaof hi

jrè Aohfoi t` oxtoif tdo oxckvkthì loyìf tdo luhafhin

Jhn. 6k. @ss-_ss oi= p`st- \èki fhsturlkicos `j tdo shto.

HZHofhovka `ccupkthì trkcos hi tdo j`re `j k lkri hitorsocthin k

Akto Hrì Kno dùso paki.

Jhn. 6l. @ss-_sso i= p`st-

\èki fhsturlkicos `j tdo shto.

Sulrocoit fhtcdos kif skif-

whiihin troicdos hitorsoct k

\èki porh`f dùso paki hi tdo

]èord`j qukrtor.




troicdos, tdoroly f`cueoithin tdo d`rhzìtka oxtoit `j cor-

tkhi jokturos. Vdo stufoits' kiiuka trkhihin oxckvkthì wks

kas` jhttof hit` tdhs jrkeow`rhc. Vdo ksshstkico `j tdo

socìf toke `j w`rbors cùhf lo ckhhof hi tdkibs ìhy t`

oxtrk crofhts jrè tdo uihvorshty `j Aohfoi, wdhcd woro

usof t` c`vor tdo dhnd ekcdhio c`sts.

Hi tdo cùrso `j tdkt porh`f ht lockeo caokr tdkt tdo

hivosthnkthì wùhf dkvo t` lo cìahiuof. Vdo pr`vhico,

tdo euihchpkahty kif tdo uihvorshty woro ìco e`ro

propkrof t` juif tdo hivosthnkthì uitha tdo oif `j ;84;.

Hi tdo eokitheo, hi ;8>8, tdo curroia hivosthnkthì hi tdo

ronhì `j @ss dkf looi hic`rp`rktof hi tdo Ekksbkit

pr`moct. Vdo ekhi `lmoct `j tdhs pr`moct, hi wdhcd tdo

oxckvkthì kt _ssoi wks t` `ccupy k boy p`shthì, wks tdo

rocìstructhì `j tdo `ccupkthì dhst`ry `j tdo Ekksbkit

ronhì, h.o. tdo krok t` tdo i`rtd `j tdo ahio

's-Dort`noil`scd - @ss - Dorpoi kif sùtd `j tdo Eouso.

@i Mkiukry Hst ;847 Frs. \.\. Fktoek succoofof Kssoi

f`rp ks tdo rospìshlao pr`moct ksshstoit. Vdo

krcdkoà`nhcka suporvhshì `j r`kf kif luhafhin troicdos

wks cìthiuof, kif s` wks tdo hitoishjhckthì `j tdohivosthnkthì hi kroks wdhcd kppokrof t` lo rhcd hi

jokturos. Wkrt `j tdo Mkttor rosokrcd wks ìco e`ro ckrrhof

ùt furhin stufoit trkhihin oxckvkthìs. @i kccùit `j tdo

uiusuka ikturo `j tdo fhsc`vorof jokturos, tdo qukrtors

A``voat kif A`cbkort woro oxckvktof prh`r t` tdo fhnnhin

`j r`kf kif luhafhin troicdos. ^htdhi tw` yokrs tdo

sùtdori pkrt `j k akrno \èki porh`f sottaoeoit sur-

rùifof ly k fùlaè fhtcd wks hivosthnktof. Hi Focoelor

;84; hdo oxckvkthì kt _ssoi wks ca`sof, ì tdo ìo dkif

lockuso tdoro ckeo ki oif t` tdo oxtorika juifs, ì tdo

`tdor lockuso Zorwors cìshforof ht e`st urnoit t` stkrt

kikayshin tdo ly tdkt theo oi`reùs kssoelakno `j fktk.

_itha i`w kaa kttoithì dkf looi j`cussof ì ìo ekhi`lmoct, ikeoay càaocthin ks ekiy prhekry fktk ks p`ssh-

lao. Vdo cìsoquoico `j tdhs wks tdkt dkrfay kiy stkrt dkf

ks yot looi ekfo ì tdo kikayshs `j tdo fktk. I`r dkf tdo

survoy pakis `j tdo oxckvkthì troicdos looi frkwi yot.

Vdhs w`rb wks stkrtof hi ;84<. Vdo Ioadorakifs @rnkihzk-

ahì a`r tdo Kfvkicoeoit `j Wuro \osokrcd (]^@) nkvo

Frs. W.^. vki foi Lròbo tdo `pp`rtuihty t` cèp`so k

typ`cdrìà`ny `j tdo ikthvo dkif-sdkpof p`t tory jrè

tdo sùtdori Iotdorakifs, j`cusshin ì tdo ektorhka jrè

_ssoi2 tdo HWA cìtrkctof tdo kutd`r j`r tdo kikayshs `j

tdo jokturos kif tdo `tdor jhif ckton`rhos ks woaa ks tdo

cèpaothì `j vkrhùs pakis.

Vdkt skeo yokr ht wks fochfof t` ckrry ùt ìo e`ro jhoaf

trkhihin oxckvkthì kt @ss, whtd tdo khe `j fotorehihin tdo

i`rtdori aheht `j tdo `ccupkthì hi noiorka, kif `j tdo

akrno oica`sof sottaoeoit hi pkrthcuakr. Vdhs t``b pakco hi

tdo porh`f Kprha - Eky. K jow eìtds aktor Wr`j. Zorwors

kccoptof k p`st hi tdo Ikthìka Eusoue `j Kithquhthos hi

Aohfoi (\E@) kif kjtor eucd foahlorkthì, fotorehiof t`

st`p pkrthchpkthin hi tdo pr`moct. Vdo HWA, cìsoquoitay,

bopt tdo schoithjhc rospìshlhahty. Hi tdo kutuei `j tdkt

yokr ht wks fochfof t` uic`vor tdo fhtcd-oica`sof sottao

eoit ks cèpaotoay ks p`sshlao. Hi Mki ukry ;843 tdo w`rb

cùaf lo stkrtof wdoi tdo rùto `j tdo r`kf ruiihin

i`rtdwost-sùtdokst kcr`ss tdo sottaoeoit, tdo

Nowkifowon, wks katorof. Hi tdo sueeor `j tdo skeo yokr

k akrno pkrt `j tdo i`rtdwostori c`rior `j tdo sottaoeoit

wks oxckvktof. Jhikichka kif tocdihcka supp`rt woro pr`-

vhfof ly tdo \E@. Ht wks oxpoctof tdkt tdo hivosthnkthì

`j tdkt pkrt `j tdo shto wùaf lo ca`sof hi ;846, lut tdkt

tdo i`rtdokstori c`rior, wdoro k jkre wks sthaa hi `pork-

thì, wùaf ks yot roekhi hikccosshlao. Hi tdo okray pkrt `j

;846, d`wovor, tdo luhafhin kcthvhthos woro kccoaorktof kif

ht sooeof p`sshlao t` oxtoif tdo hivosthnkthì t` tdkt c`r

ior kjtor kaa. Hi Ekrcd k toke `j kektour krcdkoà`nhsts

kif vàuitoors, fhroctof ly Frs. K.L. Fúlboi, stkrtof t`

hispoct tdo r`kf troicdos loj`ro tdo sowors kif cklaos woro

akhf. Vdhs `jtoi eokit k rkco knkhist theo. Oxckvkthì

troicdos woro fun kt ronuakr hitorvkas hi pakcos wdoro tdhs

wks tdùndt usojua, h.o. pkrts `j tdo hishfo `j tdo sottaoeoit wdhcd, furhin tdo pkst yokrs, dkf i`t looi fhsturlof

ly tdo jùifkthìs `j ùtdùsos kif tdo cìsoquoicos `j

i`reka jkrehin kcthvhthos (j`ffor st`rkno phts, rullhsd phts

otc). Hi pakcos wdoro tdo yhoaf `j iyaìs kif oepty skuco

l`ttaos lockeo t`` pràhjhc, tdo w`rb wks st`ppof. Hi Muay

tdhs hivosthnkthì, wdhcd cùaf lo ckrrhof ùt tdkibs pkrtay

t` k sulshfy jrè tdo 'oeornoicy juif' `j tdo Wr`vhico `j

I`rtd Lrklkit, wks ca`sof. Vdhs kas` eokit tdo `jjhchka

- kif tdhrf - oif `j tdo _ssoi oxckvkthì.

Hi tdo kutuei eoelors `j tdo krcdkoà`nhcka toke `j tdo

S`choty `j tdo \onhìka Dhst`ry `j Ekksakif ekfo sup-

paoeoitkry `lsorvkthìs hi tdo wostori pkrt `j tdo _ssoi

paki kif ekiknof t` roc`rf, keìn `tdor tdhins, ìocèpaoto dùso paki kif vkrhùs jrkneoits `j `tdor pakis.

Vdhs toke's cìtrhluthì t` tdo hivosthnkthì dks, jrè tdo

jhrst fky ìwkrfs, looi `j hickacuaklao vkauo. ^doiovor

p`sshlao tdoy ksshstof tdo oxckvkthì toke jrè Aohfoi,

lut e`ro `jtoi tdoy w`rbof hi tdo ovoihins kif wooboifs.

Vdoy ekiknof t` oxckvkto kif f`cueoit wdkt wùaf

`tdorwhso dkvo looi a`st ì kccùit `j tdo nrokt rkto kt

wdhcd tdo hivosthnkthì dkf t` tkbo pakco. Vdoy wkabof tdo

jhoafs kif càaoctof surjkco jhifs, hispoctof luhafhin troi

cdos kif frow tdo Histhtuto's kttoithì t` hep`rtkit ekt-

tors wdhcd wùaf `tdorwhso dkvo looi fostr`yof uii`t hcof.

Ovoi i`w, kjtor hdo `jjhchka oif `j tdo oxckvkthì, tdoy

boop k ca`so wktcd ì tdo fhnnhin kcthvhthos hi _ssoi kifsohzo ovory `pp`rtuihty `j sotthin up ki krcdkoà`nhcka hi

vosthnkthì. ^htdùt tdo cìtrhluthì `j tdoso oitdushksthc

kif oxport a`cka kektour krcdkoà`nhsts tdo rosuat `j tdo

_ssoi pr`moct wùaf i`t dkvo looi wdkt ht hs t`fky.

V` cìcaufo tdhs pkrknrkpd, k jow eotd`fhcka kspocts. Vdo

shzo `j tdo oxckvkthì troicdos wks, j`r k akrno pkrt `j tdo



;7; ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

shto, fotorehiof ly tdo aointd kif tdo whftd `j tdo r`kf

kif luhafhin troicdos. \`kf troicdos j`r oxkepao, woro

ìhy soafè e`ro tdki shx eotros whfo (jhn. ?). Vdo

oxckvkthì troicdos tdkt woro fun hi kffhthì t` tdo

karokfy oxhsthin r`kf kif luhafhin troicdos woro nhvoi k

Stkifkrf whftd `j ;7 e kif k vkrhklao aointd (sèotheos

up t` 377 eotros). Hi e`st cksos tdoso troicdos woro fun

katoriktoay, kjtor wdhcd, ìco tdo jhihsdof troicdos dkf

looi lkcb-jhaaof, tdo hitoreofhkto ìos woro fun ùt. K

fhskfvkitkno `j tdhs systoe wks tdkt ekiy aìn dùso

pakis, wdhcd kae`sh kawkys aky kt rhndt kinaos t` tdo

aìnhtufhika kxhs `j tdo troicd, cùaf iovor lo `lsorvof

kif roc`rfof ks k wdào.

Kae`st kaa foop phts kif woaas woro skepaof, `jtoi sovorka

theos, j`r tdo purp`so `j soof kikayshs (< ahtros), lut ìay

`cckshìkaay j`r pàaoi kikayshs. W`st-dàos kif jùifkthì

troicdos woro ì tdo `tdor dkif i`t systoekthckaay

skepaof. E`st `j tdo woaas woro skepaof j`r w``f

kikayshs. Skepaos woro tkboi `j tdo roekhis `j tdo hitorika

r``j-p`sts `j tdo \èki porh`f dùsos t` fotorehio tdo

typo `j w``f kif, ìay rocoitay, j`r tdo purp`so `j foi-fr`cdrìà`nhcka kikayshs kif roc`rfhin t`à-ekrbs. Hi

;843 k jow dùso pakis woro skepaof j`r tdo purp`so `j

pd`spdkto kikayshs t` oiklao cìcaushìs (hj kiy) t` lo

frkwi ronkrfhin tdo juicthìka fhvhshì `j tdo jkres. Kaa

jokturos woro oxckvktof whtd k spkfo2 hi i` ckso woro tdo

cìtoits `j tdo phts `r woaas shovof. @iay furhin tdo akst

yokrs `j tdo hivosthnkthì wks k eotka fotoct`r usof.

Vdo oxckvkthì wks ckrrhof ùt kt k theo wdoi tdo HWA fhf

i`t yot dkvo hts `wi cèputor. Hi tdo jhoaf tdo fktk woro

tdoroj`ro i`t suhtof t` kutèkthc pr`cosshin. ^doi tdo

systoekthc stufy `j tdo fktk wks stkrtof (;84<), tdo

jokturos kif tdo jhifs roc`vorof jrè tdoe dkf locèo s`

iueorùs kif tdo kvkhaklao theo kif ekip`wor wks s`

hhehtof, tdkt ht wks fochfof i`t t` kfkpt tdo fktk kjtor kaa.

Vdo fktk woro tdoroj`ro kikaysof cèpaotoay hi tdo trkfh

thìka wky.

6. Vdo krcdkoà`nhcka ovhfoico

6.; W\ODHSV@\X

6.;.;. Sottaoeoits.

Jrkneoits `j tw` jahit kxos kif k tkinof kif lkrlof jahit

krr`wdokf kro tdo àfost krtojkcts roc`vorof jrè tdo iow

t`wi fhstrhct. @j tdoso Ioàhtdhc `lmocts tw` cki lo okshay

fktof typà`nhckaay, rospocthvoay hi tdo Zakkrfhinoi kif

Loaa Lokbor porh`f. Kaa tdroo krtojkcts woro jùif hi tdo

i`rtdori pkrt `j tdo shto. Vw` woro roc`vorof jrè

jokturos fkthin lkcb t` tdo Hrì Kno, tdo tdhrf krtojkct hs

k strky jhif. Vdoso `lmocts woro ohtdor a`st hi tdo Ioàhtdhc

furhin cortkhi kcthvhthos ì tdo sp`t - duithin, johahin troos

- `r woro jùif oasowdoro ly Hrì Kno po`pao wd` t``btdoe kaìn whtd tdoe ks k curh`shty.

Vdo jhrst trkcos hifhckthin `ccupkthì jùif whtdhi tdo

ahehts `j tdo iow dùshin ostkto fkto jrè tdo Okray/Ehf-

fao Lrìzo Kno. Vdoso kro tw` nrùps `j jokturos hi tdo

i`rtd `j _ssoi. Hi tdo jhrst pakco tdoro hs k sorhos `j jhvo

woaas, ìo `j wdhcd yhoafof tdhcb-wkaaof p`ttory, toeporof

whtd qukrtz-nrht. Kaa woaas woro thelor-ahiof structuros - k

dàa`wof-ùt troo-truib whtd k sekaa fhkeotor - ks woro

kas` jùif hi `tdor, cìtoep`rkry shtos hi tdo krok (@ss-

Jhn. ?. @ss-_ssoi= tdo fhnnh in

`j k r`kf troicd whtd k whftd `j

c. : e.



;7< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

HMssoastrkkt kif Dorpoi2 Zorwors ;84;). Jrè ìo `j tdo

jhvo woaas k C;6-fkto `j <88? » 3? LW (NrI-884;) wks

`ltkhiof. Vdo socìf nrùp `j jokturos wks fhsc`vorof

ìay rocoitay, wdoi k troicd wks lohin fun j`r wktor-

phpos, kif cèprhsos k akrno pkrt `j, hi kaa pr`lklhahty, k

rùifof roctkinuakr fhtcd kif k jow phts, ayhin l`td whtdhi

kif ùtshfo tdo fhtcd. C`krsoay toeporof p`ttory kif

uiluriof jkuika roekhis woro roc`vorof jrè tdosojokturos. Vdkh tdhs nrùp `j jokturos kas` loaìns hi k

sottaoeoit cìtoxt sooes pakushlao2 k fojhihto hitorprotkthì

wha!, d`wovor, dkvo t` kwkht e`ro oxtoishvo rosokrcd. Vdo

qukahty `j tdo jokturos, wdhcd kro shtuktof loioktd k tdhi

akyor `j caky, kif ùr sckrco bi`waofno `j sottaoeoits

jrè tdhs porh`f cortkhiay sooe t` musthjy k pràìnof

hivosthnkthì.

Vdo ioxt porh`f, tdo Akto Lrìzo Kno, aojt i` sottaoeoit

trkcos hi _ssoi. I`t uitha tdo lonhiihin `j tdo Okray Hrì

Kno f` `ccupkthì cìcoitrkthìs stkrt t` kppokr `vor

akrno pkrts `j tdo torrkhi, kif ht hs doro tdkt tdo _ssoi pr`

moct stkrts t` cìtrhluto hep`rtkit hij`rekthì t` tdo

sottaoeoit krcdkoà`ny `j tdo sùtdori Iotdorakifs. Vdo

ekhi caoeoits wo kro cìcoriof whtd hi tdo jàa`whin

sovoi coiturhos kro tdo pakis `j jkres kif nrkikrhos, foop

phts kif (thelor-ahiof) woaas. Vrkcos `j paùndhin kif jhoaf

lùifkrhos woro i`t jùif hi _ssoi, s` tdkt ht cki iovor

lo kscortkhiof wdoro tdoso kcthvhthos woro ckrrhof ùt.

Vdo kikayshs `j tdhs kssoelakno `j fktk - kif `j tdkt `j

Hdo \èki porh`f - whaa lo klao t` j`cus ì jùr fhj

joroit, succosshvo aovoas=

k. tdo vkrhùs sopkrkto structuros

l. tdo ykrf

c. tdo sottaoeoit

f. tdo ehcr`-ronhì (h.o. _ssoi)J`r kaa aovoas tdo _ssoi pr`moct whaa lo klao t` pr`vhfo iow

hij`rekthì. Akto Hrì Kno dùso pakis woro j`r oxkepao

uic`vorof doro j`r tdo jhrst theo. Vdoso pakis fhjjor caokray

jrè tdo procofhin Dkps typo `j dùso paki, wdhcd, uitha

i`w, wks kssueof t` dkvo cìthiuof uikatorof uitha woaa

hi tdo \èki porh`f (Zorwors ;8><, ;<;). @i tdo aovoa `j

tdo ykrf wo whaa lo klao t` j`re k phcturo `j tdo ikturo

kif tdo fhvorshty `j tdo kiioxos, tdohr spochjhc a`ckthì (cj.

\`yekis ;84?), tdo `ccurroico `j ykrf-oica`suros kif tdo

a`ckthì `j woaas hi tdo ykrf.

J`r tdo tw` dhndost aovoas ht whaa lo p`sshlao t` frkw cì-

caushìs ronkrfhin tdo iuelor `j ykrfs cìsthtuthin k

sottaoeoit kif tdo spkthka fhstrhluthì `j tdoso cè-

euihthos= tdo sottaoeoit pkttori. Vdoso kspocts dkvo s` jkr

i`t `r dkrfay looi stufhof hi tdo sùtdori Iotdorakifs.

Ikturkaay sovorka 'sàuthìs' (e`foas) kro cìcohvklao j`r

tdo akst tdroo aovoas, lockuso ùr prosoit eotd`fs `j fkthin

luhafhin pakis f` oiklao us t` fotorehio 'krcdkoà`nhcka

cìtoep`rkiohty', lut i`t truo cìtoep`rkiohty. Sopkrkto

caustors `j jkres, wdhcd, ì tdo lkshs `j tdo jhifs

roc`vorof jrè tdo p`st-dàos, wo wùaf hitorprot ks cì-

toep`rkry sottaoeoits, eky kctukaay roprosoit tdo jhika

kccueuakthvo pkttori rosuathin jrè k fyikehc cycao `j k

shinao sottaoeoit. Vdo cìsoquoicos j`r tdo foe`nrkpdhc

hitorprotkthì kro `lvhùs. Hi tdo ioxt pkrknrkpd sèo

kttoithì whaa lo pkhf t` vkrhùs kspocts `j tdo sottaoeoits

hi _ssoi jrè tdo Okray Hrì Kno (>td coitury) ìwkrfs.

Hi tdo jhika rop`rt tdo structurka ks woaa ks tdo spkthkakspocts kif tdohr vkrhklhahty whaa lo fokat whtd hi e`ro

fotkha.

@io `j tdo e`st strhbhin kspocts `j tdo `ccupkthì `j

_ssoi hs tdkt tdo jurtdor wo pr`nross hi tdo Hrì Kno, tdo

rhcdor kif e`ro cèpaox tdo phcturo locèos. Ks `pp`sof

t` tdo tdroo `r jùr dùso pakis jrè tdo Okray Hrì Kno

tdoro kro f`zois fkthin jrè tdo Ehffao kif Akto Hrì

Kno, sckttorof `vor k eucd akrnor krok. @io `j tdo roksì

j`r tdhs fhscropkicy eky shepay lo tdkt tdo àfor k dùso

paki hs, tdo nroktor tdo cdkico `j ht lohin `lahtorktof,

pkrthcuakray hj - ks hi tdo ckso `j Okray Hrì Kno jkres -

i` oxcopthìkaay foop dàos woro fun j`r tdo pkhrs `j r``j-

p`sts. Hi sèo pakcos woaas `j k cortkhi porh`f ks woaa ks

trkcos `j aktor `ccupkthì woro fhsc`vorof, lut i` dùso

pakis cìtoep`rkry whtd td`so woaas. Vdoso woaas kppokrof

t` cìtkhi tdo usuka sottaoeoit folrhs, s` tdkt tdo cìcau-

shì tdkt o.n. aktor `ccupkthì kif/`r cuathvkthì cki ckuso

pakis `j jkres t` fhskppokr sooes musthjhklao. Vdhs hs ly i`

eokis k s``tdhin tdùndt.

Hi tdo porh`f >77-?77 LC tdo `ccupkthì wks cìjhiof t`

tdo wost, i`rtdwost kif i`rtd `j _ssoi. Vdo rost `j tdo

shto hs fov`hf `j `ccupkthì trkcos `j tdkt porh`f. Hi tdo

okrahost pdkso tdroo cìcoitrkthìs `j jokturos cki lo hfoi-

thjhof2 hi tw` cksos k dùso paki wks fhsc`vorof. Kjtor k

sdhjt, wo ìco knkhi soo tdroo coitros, ayhin kt e`st ?77eotros kpkrt, kppokrhin hi tdo cùrso `j tdo :td coitury. K

dùso paki wks ìay jùif hi ìo `j tdo coitros2 tdo `tdor

tw` cìtkhiof ìay woaas, phts kif nrkikrhos. ^dkt ki

Okray Hrì Kno jkre a``bof ahbo hs sd`wi hi jhn. :=k. Ht hs

ìo `j tdo àfost pakis `j _ssoi, fkthin jrè tdo >td coi

tury LC. Vdo fheoishìs kro ;>.? x 4 e. Vdo a`ckthì `j

tdo oica`shin wkaa hs ekrbof ly k sdkaa`w fhtcd. Hi tdo

aìn wkaas tdo fhtcd hs hitorruptof ly tdo tw` `pp`shin

oitrkicos. @utshfo tdo wkaa wíro iueorùs dàos wdhcd kt

ìo theo cìtkhiof tdo p`sts supp`rthin tdo dhppof r``j.

Hishfo tdo dùso wo f` i`t soo tdo roakthvoay foop dàos `j

coitrka r``j-p`sts, ks wo usukaay jhif hi tdo dùsos hi tdoso

sùtdori skify ronhìs, lut sdkaa`w dàos j`r sovorka r`ws

`j r``j-p`sts. Vdo jùr-khsaof akyùt pr`vhfos k ahib whtd

tdo shehakr paki jùif hi Ihmisoa, wdhcd Loox kif Duast

cìioctof whtd tdo Frkboistohi pdkso `j tdo Dhavorsue

cuaturo (tdhs fkto hs d`wovor lksof ì jhifs roc`vorof jrè

k jow st`rkno phts hi tdo surrùifhins `j tdhs paki2 cj.

Loox kif Duast ;8:4, ;<>). Hj tdhs kss`chkthì hs c`rroct,

tdhs eokis tdkt tdo jùr-khsaof dùso jrè _ssoi hs tdo



;73 ^HMIKI F ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

nj`ka [ Q8>7' /;7>68M ah`rs ` H '@ "" a'·*Y3 | .7>7« |1`rk QhìY

Jhn. :. @ss _ssoi= dùso

pakis `j k. tdo Okray Hrì Kno,

>td coitury LC2 l. tdo Ehffho

Hrì Kno, 6td coitury LC2 c.

tdo Akto Hrì Kno, 3rf-;st coi

tury LC2 sckao ; =< 77.

"n ·7 e . ² •

`.Yt

7·

`« k`'

2 . t r. · * ` -




jhika pdkso hi tdo fovoa`peoit `j k trkfhthì tdkt akstof

j`r `vor ?77 yokrs'.

hi tdo jhrst dkaj `j tdo Ehffao Hrì Kno tdo `ccupkthì

roekhiof cìcoitrktof hi tdo skeo krok wdoro ht dkf looi

cìcoitrktof hi tdo provhùs coiturhos. K strkino c`hi-

chfoico hs tdo jkct tdkt wo ckii`t kscrhlo k shinao paki `j k

jkre t` tdhs porh`f. Vdo shtukthì hs lottor hi tdo socìf

pkrt `j tdhs porh`f. Vdrùndùt kae`st tdo oithro iow

dùshin ostkto, h.o. j`r tdo jhrst theo kas` hi tdo sùtdori

kif okstori pkrt, wo jhif trkcos `j tdhs porh`f (akrno pkrt

`j tdo 6td coitury kif jhrst pkrt `j tdo 3rf coitury LC).

Kt fhjjoroit p`hits hi tdo torrkhi vkrhùs dùso pakis woro

uic`vorof, lut iovor e`ro tdki jùr `r jhvo t`notdor. @ur

jhrst heprosshì hs tdkt tdoso woro i`t kaa hi uso kt tdo

skeo theo. Ht hs kas` roekrbklao tdkt pkrthcuakray hi tdo

coitrka pkrt `j _ssoi eìueoits hitorprotof ks nrkvos kif

'cìtoep`rkry' dùso pakis `ccur hi okcd `tdor's

heeofhkto surrùifhins.

Vdoso dùsos fhjjor caokray hi shzo, cìstructhì kif `rhoi-

tkthì jrè td`so fkthin jrè tdo Okray Hrì Kno (jhn.

:=;}). @i tdo `tdor dkif wo i`to k strìn shehakrhty whtd

tdo jkres uiokrtdof ly N.M. Zorwors hi Dkps hi tdo H8:7s

(Zorwors ;8><). Vdoso jkres kro cdkrkctorhzof ly k tw`-

khsaof paki, k fùlaè r`w `j wkaa-p`sts, `j wdhcd tdo hiior

r`w dkf ki oica`shin juicthì, wdoroks tdo ùtor r`w sup-

p`rtof tdo r``j, kif oitrkicos oxcaushvoay hi tdo aìn

wkaas. Vdo aointd wks iovor e`ro tdki <7 eotros - k

rostrhcthì tdkt fhf i`t kppay t` tdo dùsos `j tdo Okray

Hrì Kno. Kt sèo p`hit furhin tdo ?td coitury LC tdo

cdkino t` tdo kl`vo-foscrhlof Dkps dùsos eust dkvo

tkboi pakco ì tdo sùtdori skify s`has. J`r tdo theo

lohin, d`wovor, wo dkvo i` oxkepaos jrè tdkt porh`f.

Vdo pkttori hi tdo Akto Hrì Kno sd`ws iow sdhjts whtd

rospoct t` tdo procofhin pdkso. Hi tdo sùtdokstori pkrt `j

_ssoi tdo `ccupkthì ckeo t` ki oif kt tdo lonhiihin `j

tdhs porh`f kif sd`ws k ekrbof oxpkishì hi tdo i`rtd-

okst, wdoroks hi tdo rost `j tdo krok tdo `ccupkthì sooes

t` dkvo cìthiuof i`rekaay. I`wdoro f` wo jhif e`ro

tdki tw` `r tdroo jkres hi okcd `tdors heeofhkto vhchihty

kif tdoi ht hs sthaa k ekttor `j fùlt wdotdor tdoso woro hi

uso kt tdo skeo theo. K roekrbklao pdoièoiì hs tdkt

jkres woro roluhat ì tdo skeo sp`t, `jtoi whtd k cdkino

hi `rhoitkthì. Furhin tdhs porh`f tdo dèostokf uifor-

woit k cdkino= tdo Dkps dùsos woro ropakcof ly tw`-

khsaof jkres whtd wkaa-p`sts sot hi pkhrs (Jhn. :=c). Vdoso

wkaa-p`sts woro pakcof ca`so t`notdor, sunnosthin k wkaa rkilotwooi tdo p`sts. L`td p`sts eky tdoi dkvo dkf k sup-

p`rthin juicthì. Vdo sd`rt wkaas sd`w sèo vkrhkthì=

hdoy kro `jtoi ehsshin, sèotheos fùlaè p`sts kro vhshlao

ì tdo aìnhtufhika kxhs `j tdo dùso, sèotheos tdoro hs k

soeh-chrcao `j fùlaè p`sts, hi wdhcd hi ìo histkico k

(stklao) oitrkico hs vhshlao. Vdo aointd `j tdo dùsos `jtoi

oxcoofs tdkt `j tdo Ehffao Hrì Kno dùsos2 pakis whtd k

aointd `j `vor 37 eotros `ccur. Hi ìo `j tdo pakis `j tdhs

typo sdorfs `j k c`rb uri woro jùif, wdhcd eky hifhckto

tdkt tdo yùinost roprosoitkthvos woro sthaa jùif hi tdo

jhrst coitury KF.

Kt k jkhray akto fkto hi tdo Akto Hrì Kno tdo s`-ckaaof

jùifkthì troicd dùsos suffoiay kppokr kaìnshfo tdo

typo fhscussof kl`vo. Vdoso kro pakis hi wdhcd tdo a`ckth`

`j tdo porheotor wkaa hs ekrbof ly k e`ro `r aoss foopfhtcd. @io `j tdo okrahost oxkepaos - jhrst dkaj `j jhrst coi

tury LC - hs sd`wi hi jhn. >. Vdo tw`-khsaof dùso

eoksuros ;6 x > e. kif dks tdroo oitrkicos hi tdo aìn

wkaas, tw` `j wdhcd jkco okcd `tdor. Vw` `j tdo jùr

foopay jùifof coitrka r``j p`sts kro hi ahio whtd tdo sd`r

wkaa. Kt tdo l`ttè `j ekiy `j tdo foop coitrka phts tdo

roekhis `j roctkinuakr `kb pàos, caokray sd`whin t``h

ekrbs, woro jùif. Ht sooes quhto roksìklao t` kssueo

tdkt tdhs typo `j dùso wks c`vorof ly k nklao-r``j. K

spochka jokturo `j tdhs dùso hs tdo pkrththì wkaa fhroctay t`

tdo okst `j tdo fùlaè oitrkico. Vdhs heeofhktoay rkhsos

tdo sthaa uikisworof quosthì `j hts shnihjhckico. Ht hs

dkrfay ahboay tdkt tdo ahvhin qukrtor `r tdo stklao wks cì-jhiof t` tdhs sekaa krok. ô eky ovoi wìfor wdotdor

fèosthc kihekas woro bopt hi tdhs typo `j dùso kt kaa.

Vdoro kro caokr fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo okray jùifkthì

troicd dùsos jrè tdo vkrhùs 'cìtoep`rkry' sottaoeoits

ayhin hi okcd `tdors heeofhkto surrùifhins - ki kspoct

klùt wdhcd, uitha jkhray rocoitay, wo dkf i` hij`rekthì.

Jhikaay k jow proahehikry roekrbs cìcorihin tdo

ùtdùsos hi tdo Hrì Kno sottaoeoits. Vdoso structuros,

`jtoi jùif hi tdo heeofhkto vhchihty `j tdo jkres, sooe

t` lo akrnoay ahehtof t` tdo luhafhins karokfy bi`wi t` us

jrè hivosthnkthìs oasowdoro= nrkikrhos whtd ohtdor jùr,

shx `r ihio p`sts. D`wovor, tdoro sooes t` lo k caokr

fovoa`peoit hi tdoso structuros hi tdo soiso tdkt tdo akstckton`ry hs tdo yùinost hi tdo r`w. Hi s` jkr ks tdoy kro

fktklao, ovory ìo `j tdoe fktos jrè tdo Akto Hrì Kno.

Vdo \èki porh`f st`rkno structuros pr`vhfo ahibs whtd

tdhs ikthvo fovoa`peoit `j wdhcd tdoy kro tdo a`nhcka cì-

thiukthì.

6.;.<. Vdo coeotory.

@io `j tdo jokturos t` wdhcd - hi rotr`spoct - t`` ahttao

kttoithì dks looi pkhf, hs tdo oxtoishvo prodhst`rho

coeotory. Vdhs coeotory, `j wdhcd klùt jhjty sopuacdrka

eìueoits dkvo looi oxckvktof, hs uiusuka j`r tdroo

roksìs2 hi tdo jhrst pakco tdoro hs tdo sckttorof fhstrhluthì

`j tdo nrkvos. _iahbo e`st urijhoafs, tdo coeotory rovokaof

kae`st i` caustors `j nrkvos. Katdùnd tdo coeotory eust

`rhnhikaay dkvo cìtkhiof e`ro nrkvos - hi quhto k jow

cksos ìay ihio `r toi coitheotros `j tdo nrkvo phts kif k

jow nrkeeos `j croekthì roekhis dkf survhvof -, tdhs

sckttorof fhstrhluthì fòs i`t sooe t` lo ìay heknhikry.

K socìf cdkrkctorhsthc hs tdo roakthvoay akrno iuelor `j



;7? ^_IKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

Jhn. >. @ss-_ssoi= Akto Hrì Kno dùso paki, Hst coitury LC2 tdo wdhto roctkinuakr kroks hi

tdo coitrka p`st-dàos hifhckto tdo roiikhis `j tdo r``j-lokrhin p`sts2 sckao ;=<77.

sopuacdrka eìueoits whtd akrno fheoishìs, `jtoi

oxcoofhin td`so `j eìueoits jrè tdo (àfor) urijhoafs.

K tdhrf kspoct hs tdo jkct tdkt tdo coeotory cìtkhis nrkvos

rkinhin `vor k aìn porh`f `j theo, p`sshlay jrè tdo

Okrhy/Ehffho Lrìzo Kno up t` kif hicaufhin tdo Akto

Hrì Kno (C;6-fkto NrI-;7>3;= <74? » 37 LW).

Vdo porhpdorkh structuros sd`w nrokt fhvorshty= k rhin `j

tdhi p`sts, ki oahhpso `j dokvy p`sts, rhin-fhtcdos kif

squkro fhtcdos whtd pkahskfos ohtdor whtdhi tdo fhtcdos `r

ùtshfo tdoe. Ekiy nrkvos dkvo i` porhpdorkh structuros kt

kaa2 tdoso kro tdo s`-ckaaof jakt nrkvos. @iay k sekaa pkrt `j

tdo nrkvo structuros cki lo fktof ly eokis `j p`ttory `r k

cdkrkctorhsthc porhpdorkh structuro2 tdo ekm`rhty, d`wovor,

ckii`t lo fktof kccurktoay. Ki oxkepao `j tdhs akst

ckton`ry kro k jow porhpdorkh structuros whtd k fhkeotor

rkinhin jrè ;< t` << eotros, cìshsthin `j ca`soay-sot

p`sts hi k sdkaa`w fhtcd. Hi ìay ìo ckso wks k sekaa

qukithty `j croekthì roekhis roc`vorof jrè tdo coitro

`j tdo eìueoit. Vdo porhpdorkh structuros `j tw`

eìueoits yhoafof k jow jrkneoits `j \èki p`ttory.

D`wovor, tdoro hs i` fùlt klùt ht tdkt tdoso sdorfs n`t

hit` tdo jokturos kt k aktor fkto, furhin tdo `ccupkthì `j

tdkt pkrt `j tdo shto hi tdo jhrst coitury KF. Shico tdosoeìueoits kro shtuktof ì tdo porhpdory `j tdo coeotory,

hi tdo heeofhkto vhchihty `j ki `vka rhin `j shinao p`sts

wdhcd cki lo fktof oxcaushvoay t` tdo Akto Lrìzo Kno `r

Okray Hrì Kno (Zorwors ;8><, <?), k fkto hi ohtdor tdo

Okray/Ehffao Lrìzo Kno `r tdo Okray Hrì Kno sooes

e`st pakushlao. Jrè l`td `j tdoso porh`fs rùif

sopuacdrka eìueoits whtd k shehakr fhkeotor kro bi`wi.

@j `tdor eìueoits wo ìay bi`w tdkt tdoy fhf i`t

`ccur loj`ro tdo Ehffao Hrì Kno. Vdhs kppahos j`r

histkico t` tdo nrkvos whtd k squkro fhtcd ks porhpdorkh

structuro, ohtdor whtd `r whtdùt k pkahskfo. Sèotheos,

d`wovor, k shehakr eìueoit cki lo fktof sèowdkt

e`ro kccurktoay ly eokis `j tdo rojuso jùif hi tdo fht

cdos (jhn. 4).

Zkrhùs jkct`rs roifor tdhs coeotory uisuhtklao j`r k

foe`nrkpdhc kikayshs=

k. d`w ekiy nrkvos dkvo i`t looi oxckvktof cki i`t `r

dkrfay lo kscortkhiof2

l. ekiy `j tdo nrkvos kro prkcthckaay uifktklao2

c. ekiy nrkvos kro oepty, h.o. i` lurhkas woro fhsc`vorof,

kif

f. tdo croekthì roekhis tdkt woro fhsc`vorof kae`st kaa

cìcorof ìay sekaa keùits.

Kaa tdhs hepahos tdkt kt Ahssoi ht hs hep`sshlao t` nkhi ki

hishndt hit` prodhst`rho s`chka structuro vhk pdyshcka-

kitdr`pà`nhcka rosokrcd, h.o. ly eokis j, j`r oxkepao,

c`rroakthìs lotwooi tdo vkrhklaos kno kif sox ì tdo ìo

dkif kif tdo sdkpo kif shzo `j tdo nrkvo ì tdo `tdor.

Hi tdo coeotory fhscussof doro tdoro hs k structuro klùt

wdhcd tdoro hs sèo fùlt ks t` wdotdor `r i`t ht hs t` lohitorprotof ks k nrkvo. Vdo structuro hi quosthì hs k cè

paox eìueoit, wd`so ekhi oaoeoit cìshsts `j k squkro

fhtcd whtd k ikrr`w oitrkico hi tdo sùtd-okst. Vdo fheoi

shìs `j tdo fhtcd kro 33.? x 3< e2 ì tdo ùtshfo tdoro hs

k pkahskfo `j whfoay-sot p`sts. Kfm`hihin tdo fhtcd ì tdo

wost shfo hs ki kiiox, cìshsthin `j k ikrr`w fhtcd whtd k

pkahskfo ì tdo ùtshfo. Vdo fheoishìs `j tdhs sekaaor



;7: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Jhn. 4. @ss-_ssoi= squkro nrkvo eìueo it jrè tdo oif `j tdo Ehkkho hrì Kno , wh td k

thelor sotthin ì tdo hishfo `j tdo fhtcd2 tdo fheoishìs `j tdhs eìueoit kro ;4 x ;4 e.

structuro eoksuro ;8 x ;> e. Croektof lìos woro

`lscrvof hi tdo coitro, s` tdkt wo bi`w j`r cortkhi tdkt

wo kro fokahin whtd k sopuacdrka eìueoit doro. K lr`kf,

foop p`st-Eofhovka fhtcd wks fun fhknìkaay kcr`ss tdo

akrno okstori pkrt, wdhcd dks cèpaotoay fhsturlof tdo

coitro= ht hs tdoroj`ro uicortkhi wdotdor croekthì roekhis

woro lurhof doro kif tdoroj`ro wdotdor tdhs hs hifoof k

juiorkry structuro. Vdo p`sshlhahty tdkt, ks jkr ks tdo

Iotdorakifs kro cìcoriof, wo kro fokahin whtd ki oxcop-

thìka eìueoit, eky cortkhiay i`t lo oxcaufof. Vdo

fheoishìs nroktay oxcoof tdoso `j kaa sopuacdrka

eìueoits `j tdkt porh`f, tdo Ehffao Hrì Kno. Vdo

structuro hs roehihscoit `j tdo sùtd Noreki

Zhorocbscdkizo kif i`rtd Jroicd skictukrhos, katdùnd wo

eust tdoi heeofhktoay i`to tdkt tdoro kro caokr fhjjoroicos

hi sckao kif cèpaoxhty. Hi tdo sekaaor Futcd vkrhkit

iohtdor k toepao i`r k skcrhjhchka sdkjt i`r akrno qukiththos

`j `jjorhins woro jùif (cj. Scdwkrtz ;8:72

Lruikux/Eoihoa ;8>3). Vdo roksì j`r tdhs eky aho pkrtay

hi tores `j cìsorvkthì - shico tdo s`ha hs fojhchâit hi

aheo, i` sboaotka roekhis dkvo looi prosorvof -, lut ht hs

e`ro ahboay tdkt cuaturka jkct`rs paky k pkrt doro.

6.;.3. Vdo ektodka cuaturo

Vdo jkct tdkt hi tdo tdùskif yokrs tdkt tdo _ssoi shto wks

`ccuphof k akrno iuelor `j foop phts wks fun, hs tdo

roksì wdy wo kro roakthvoay woaa hij`reof klùt tdo

ektorhka cuaturo kif hts fovoa`peoit= kjtor tdoy dkf a`st

tdohr prhekry juicthì, ekiy `j tdo woaas kif phts woro

hitoithìkaay usof ks rojuso phts. J`r k eucd aìnor porh`f

`j theo tdo iokr-jhaaof phts whaa dkvo kctof ks 'krtojkct-

trkps', hi wdhcd ektorhka oifof up ly cdkico. Hi t`tka

kppr`xhektoay ;?7,777 jhifs woro roc`vorof jrè tdoso

jokturos.

Vdo luab `j tdo ektorhka cìshsts j dkif-sdkpof p`ttory,

e`st `j wdhcd wks pr`fucof a`ckaay. Ks rovokaof ly tdo

fhktè kikayshs, ìay k roakthvoay sekaa porcoitkno wks

caokray pr`fucof oasowdoro, hi kaa pr`lklhahty hi tdo c`kstka

krok `j tdo Iotdorakifs. Vdo p`ttory whaa i`t lo fhscussof

hi kiy fotkha doro. Vypà`ny, vkrhklhahty, tocdià`ny kif

pr`voikico ks woaa ks tdo cdrìà`nhcka fovoa`peoits whaa

lo troktof kt aointd oasowdoro (Zki foi Lròbo hi propkrk-

thì2 j`r tdo c`kstka p`ttory soo Zki foi Lròbo ;84<).

Sujjhco ht t` eoithì tdkt tdo kikayshs `j tdo p`ttory pr`

fucof k fhvhshì hi ;< pdksos j`r tdo Hrì Kno okrtdoi-

wkro, k eucd e`ro rojhiof fhvhshì tdki tdo oxhsthin

systoe (Zorwors ;8><). J`r cortkhi ckton`rhos `j jhifs tdo

porh`f hi wdhcd tdoy `ccurrof cki i`w, j`r tdo jhrst theo,

lo nhvoi whtd sèo prochshì. Vdhs kppahos j`r oxkepao t`

tdo truicktof pokr-sdkpof kif trhkinuakr a`è wohndts,

sahin-stìos, nakss lrkcoaots kif tdo topdrhto skffho quoriskif ehaa-stìos. Sahin-stìos j`r oxkepao, f` i`t `ccur

loj`ro tdo Ehffao Hrì Kno, rokcd tdohr dhnd p`hit furhin

tdo Akto Hrì Kno kif fhskppokr cèpaotoay hi tdo cùrso

`j tdo jhrst coitury KF. Vdhs fovoa`peoit hs syicdrìùs

whtd tdo shtukthì fophctof hi tdo dhst`rhcka sùrcos=

hicrokshin uirost hi tdo akst coiturhos LC, jàh`wof ly tdo

\èki pkchjhckthì hi tdo okray pkrt `j tdo Wrhichpkao. Vd



;7> ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

fovoa`peoits hi tdo uso `j Ekyoi lkskat, usof j`r nrhi

fhin c`ri, cki kas` lo jàh`wof lottor i`w, katdùnd tdo

ektorhka dks ìay survhvof jrkneoitkrhay2 furhin tdo

hivosthnkthì akrno phocos cruelaof wdoi tùcdof. Jrè

hivosthnkthìs oasowdoro wo bi`w tdkt lkskat `ccurrof hi

tdoso ronhìs jrè tdo Akto Lrìzo Kno ìwkrfs (Zki for

Skifoi ;84;, 3<62 Zki Doorhinoi ;84?, 3>4)2 jr e tdo

Ehffao Hrì Kno ìwkrfs tdo a`wor stìos woro sdkpof

ahbo k skffao', k sdkpo wdhcd, hi _ssoi, wks i`t ropakcof

ly tdo rùif ehahstìos uitha tdo jhrst coitury LC. D`w-

ovor, `tdor quoris roekhiof hi uso kaìnshfo tdoso topdrhto

ìos.

I` cìjhrekthì wks jùif kt _ssoi j`r tdo `phihì tdkt

jahit cìthiuof t` paky k pkrt hi tdo Hrì Kno'. @iay ìo

shaox `lmoct wks jùif, k lurit jrkneoit `j k shcbao, wdhcd

wks roc`vorof jrè k pht cìtkhihin Okray Hrì Kno p`t-

tory. Vdhs cìtoxt hs i`t uiusuka j`r tdhs typo `j `lmoct hi

tdo Sùtdori skify ronhì. Vdroo `tdor jrkneoits dkf

provhùsay looi jùif hi ^hmcdoi-fo Wks (Zki foi Lròbo

;846, 8<r.

Eotka `lmocts woro ìay jùif sp`rkfhckaay. K (prosueof)

okr-rhin fkthin jrè tdo :td coitury kif ìo Ikudohe

jhluhko fkthin lkcb t` tdo jhrst coitury LC woro tdo ìay

lrìzo `lmocts roc`vorof. Hrì `lmocts kro kas` sckrcoay

roprosoitof= tdroo jhluhko kif k jow bihvos. Furhin tdo

oithro Hrì Kno tdoro kro caokr hifhckthìs `j a`cka hrì

w`rbhin kif - hifhroctay - `j lrìzo cksthin. Ks t` tdo

jhrst kcthvhty, wo cki ìay eoithì tdo `ccurroico `j sakns,

sèotheos oicrustof ì shitorof a`ke2 ks ronkrfs tdo

socìf kcthvhty, tdoro kro tdo cruchlaos, wdhcd cki dkrfay

lo cìioctof whtd kiytdhin lut lrìzo-cksthin.

K ckton`ry `j jhifs tdkt dks pr`fucof eucd iow kif

hitorosthin Hij`rekthì hs tdkt `j tdo `lmocts ekfo `j

`rnkihc ektorhka. Vdoso woro jùif woaa prosorvof loioktd

tdo nrùif wktor tklao hi tdo foop phts kif woaas. Keìn

tdo e`st roekrbklao jhifs kro=

- k stop akffor, cìshsthin `j k ;.>7 e aìn troo-truib tdkt

dkf looi cut t` k p`hit kif hi wdhcd tdroo stops dkf looi

ckrvof (Okray Hrì Kno)2

- k 87 ce dhnd vossoa whtd tw` sàhf dkifaos, ekfo `j k

dàa`wof ùt kafor (okray Ehffao Hrì Kno)2

- tdo coitro phoco `j k trhpkrthto `kb fhsc-wdooa, wd`so

ikvo dks kas` looi prosorvof (oif `j Ehffao Hrì Kno) (cj.

Laòeors o.k. ;84;, ;73)'2

- k lucbot whtd sàhf dkifaos (Akto Hrì Kno)2

- k 87 ce dhnd `kb pakib sdkpof ahbo k dhnday styahzofdueki jhnuro (Akto Hrì Kno)2

- jrkneoits `j k vory jhio whcbor lksbot `j whaa`w twhns

(Akto Hrì Kno).

Vdoso rkro w``foi `lmocts wkbo us up t` tdo jkct tdkt wo

dkvo k vory hicèpaoto kif fhst`rtof phcturo `j tdo

ektorhka cuaturo `j tdo Hrì Kno hi tdo skify ronhì, k phc

turo hi wdhcd ìay p`ttory kppokrs t` paky k pkrt.

6.;.6. Ocà`ny kif ocìèy

_ij`rtuiktoay ht hs i`t p`sshlao t` rocìstruct tdo oivhrì

eoit `j _ssoi furhin tdo tdùskif yokrs tdkt tdo shto wks

`ccuphof ì tdo lkshs `j fhroct ovhfoico= i` pokt tdkt

cùaf lo skepaof j`r pàaoi kikayshs dks ks yot looi jùif

hi tdo heeofhkto surrùifhins. Hij`rekthì ì tdo

pdyshcka oivhrìeoit cki ìay lo `ltkhiof tdrùnd tdo

kikayshs `j pàaoi kif soofs jrè tdo foop phts kif woaaskif tdo kikayshs `j tdo w``f tdkt wks usof t` ahio tdo

woaas. D`wovor, tdoro kro caokr ahehts t` tdo rosuats tdkt

cki lo nkhiof hi kaa ckton`rhos.

Wàaoi kikayshs `j tdo cìtoits `j woaas kif phts nhvos

dkrfay kiy hishndt hit` , j`r oxkepao, tdo oxtoit `j j`rost

hi tdo iohndlùrd``f. Dorls `jtoi profèhikto hi tdoso

spoctrk2 dorls, wd`so pàaoi eky dkvo n`t hit` tdo pht `r

woaa ohtdor tdrùnd tdo khr `r tdrùnd dueki hitorvoithì

(Lkboas ;847, ;<:). ô kro jkcof whtd tdo skeo pr`laoe,

tdo fhvorshty `j sùrcos, hi tdo ckso `j tdo soofs (`tdor

tdki `j cr`ps). Soof kikayshs pr`fucos k ahst `j spochos tdkt

cki lo hitorprotof hi vkrhùs wkys. K akrno pkrt `j tdo

soofs `jtoi `rhnhiktof hi tdo heeofhkto surrùifhins `jtdoso woaas, h.o. ckeo jrè pakits kif troos tdkt nrow

krùif tdo woaa `r oasowdoro hi tdo ykrf. Wkrt `j tdo soofs

eky dkvo looi hitoithìkaay fop`shtof hi tdo woaa `r pht,

j`r oxkepao hi tdo j`re `j aojt-`vors, nrooi j``f, ahttor

otc. Hi ekiy cksos tdoro hs r`è j`r fùlt (Lkboas ;847,

;846). K fhskfvkitkno `j tdo tdhrf kppr`kcd, tdo kikayshs

`j tdo w``f usof t` ahio tdo woaas, hs tdkt wo f` i`t not

ki kccurkto heprosshì `j tdo `rhnhika kssoelakno `j troos,

lut kro aojt whtd k eki-ekfo soaocthì lksof ì prkcthcka

`r syelàhc cìshforkthìs (cj. Vdorb`ri ot ka. ;846). @j

tdo vkrhùs spochos jùif kt _ssoi, Kaius, Skahx kif

[uorcus kro profèhikit. Kafor `ccurs hi tdo j`re `j k

dàa`wof ùt troo-truib, lut e`ro `jtoi f` wo jhif kafortwhns - kaìn whtd whaa`w twhns - hi tdo wkttaof woaas. @i

ìo `cckshì tdo dàa`wof ùt troo-truib `j ki `kb wks

jùif2 tdo `tdor `kb jhifs woro p`sts kif tdo pakibs tdkt

woro usof t` ahio tdo woaas. Kaa spochos woro kvkhaklao hi

tdo heeofhkto surrùifhins= `kb hi tdo skify ronhì, kafor

kif whaa`w hi tdo vkaaoy `j tdo Ekks jurtdor i`r td.

Vdoro kro tw` sùrcos j`r tdo hivosthnkthì `j tdo cr`ps kt

_ssoi= tdo (ckrlìhzof) soofs jrè tdo woaas, phts kif

(`cckshìka) p`st-dàos kif tdo soof-heprosshìs jùif hi

p`ttory. Sha`s ks kro jùif hi tdo dhndor skify ronhì woro

iovor usof hi _ssoi ì kccùit `j tdo dhnd wktor-tklao, s`

tdkt wo sdkaa dkvo t` ekbo f` whtdùt wdkt cùaf dkvo

looi tdo e`st hij`rekthvo sùrco hi tdhs rospoct. Wkrthcu-

akray tdo heprosshìs hi p`ttory, t` wdhcd systoekthc kttoi-

thì wks pkhf, kro k roakthvoay rhcd sùrco. S` jkr cksts

dkvo looi ekfo kif hfoithjhof `j e`ro tdki :7 (ùt `j k

t`tka `j c. ;77,777 sdorfs). Vdo phcturo oeornhin jrè tdhs

kikayshs knroos jkhray woaa whtd tdo ìo pr`fucof ì tdo

lkshs `j tdo ìay rkroay `ccurrhin ckrlìhzof soofs jùif



;74 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

hi tdo vkrhùs jokturos. Vdhs sckrchty hs roehihscoit `j, j`r

oxkepho, tdo shtukthì hi k shto Dbo Sì oi Lrounoa-

D``hfìbscdo Kbbors (Lkboas/Zki for Dke ;847). Ht hs,

d`wovor, hi vhàoit cìtrkst whtd, j`r oxkepho, tdo iuelor

`j ckrlìhzof soofs roc`vorof jrè tdo Eofhovka sottao-

eoit kt Fèeoaoi. Hi ìo dùso paki e`ro ckrlìhzof

soofs `j cr`ps woro fhsc`vorof doro tdki woro jùif hi tdo

oith ro shto `j _ssoi (Zki Zhastoroi ;846). L`td sùrcos, tdo

heprosshìs kif tdo ckrlìhzof soofs, cìjhre tdo jkehahkr

phcturo `j tdo sùtdori skify ronhì, hi wdhcd D`rfoue

kif Vrhthcue kro profèhikit. Ht hs, d`wovor, w`rtd

i`thin tdkt i`w, j`r tdo jhrst theo, ht cki lo foeìstrktof

tdkt tdo Coathc loki (Zhchk jklk) wks cuathvktof hi tdoso

ronhìs loj`ro tdo \èki porh`f.

Ks karokfy eoithìof hi tdo hitr`fucthì, hi tdo jhoaf ìay

tdo jkuik! roekhis jùif furhin tr`woaahin woro càaoctof.

Vdo klsoico `j sboaotka roekhis `j lhrfs' kif jhsd hs tdoro-

j`ro i`t surprhshin. D`wovor, tdo jkct tdkt i` lìos `j

tdoso sekaa kihekhs woro `lsorvof wdoi tdo duifrofs `j

skcbs `j s`ha skepaos woro shovof, sunnosts tdkt tdhs wks

i`t ki hep`rtkit cèpìoit `j tdo t`tka spoctrue `jkiheka sboaotka roekhis.

Vdo krcdko`z`à`nhcka hivosthnkthì `j tdo roc`vorof jkuika

roekhis hs yot t` lo ckrrhof ùt. Foitka roekhis kro, j`r

uiforstkifklao roksìs, `vorroprosoitof hi tdkt jkuika

ektorhka. Vdo kssoelakno `j lìos jùif loa`w tdo wktor-

tklao kas` hicaufof `tdor sboaotka pkrts. Vdo t`tka vàueo

`j tdo roc`vorof z`à`nhcka ektorhka hs ronrottklay sekaa

kif, ahbo tdo pkako`l`tkihcka ovhfoico, t`` ahttao t` kaa`w

qukithtkthvo cìcaushìs t` lo frkwi. Sphifao-wd`ras kif

a`è wohndts kro hifhroctay hifhckthvo `j tdo `ccurroico `j

k cortkhi spochos `j kihekhs= l`td krtojkcts hepay tdo

prosoico `j sdoop.

6 .< \@EKI WO\H@F

6.<.;. Sottaoeoits

Vdroo \èki porh`f sottaoeoits woro fhsc`vorof hi tdo

oxckvktof pkrt `j _ssoi. Vdoso sottaoeoits woro

hivosthnktof t` k vkryhin oxtoit. @j tdo sùtdorie`st

sottaoeoia, shtuktof hi tdo ]`/ior /h` /qu krto r, prosueklay

ìay tdo i`rtdori pkrt wks oxckvktof. Vdo sottaoeoit ayhin

t` tdo i`rtd, fhsc`vorof wdoi tdo pìf (vhmvor) wks lohin

fun kif tdoroj`ro doicoj`rtd toreof tdo Zhmvor sottaoeoit,

wks kas` ìay pkrtay oxckvktof. Hi tdhs ckso wo kro fokahin

ekhiay whtd strky `lsorvkthìs ekfo hi r`kf kif luhafhin

troicdos. E`st kttoithì wks pkhf t` tdo akrno ôstorvoafsottaoeoit shtuktof t` tdo i`rtd-okst `j tdo Zhmvor sottao

eoit. K cìschùs kttoept wks ekfo t` oxckvkto tdhs

sottaoeoit ks cèpaotoay ks p`sshlao2 kt prosoit tw` tdhrfs

`j tdo `ccuphof krok dks looi hivosthnktof.

Vdo fhjjoroico hi tdo fonroo `j cèpaotoioss `j tdo vkrhùs

sottaoeoit pakis kif tdo wky hi wdhcd tdoy woro skepaof

-strky `lsorvkthìs vorsus akrno oxckvktof kroks - kccùit

j`r tdo jkct tdkt quosthìs ronkrfhin, j`r oxkepho, tdo shz

aky-ùt, hitorika fhjjoroithkthì kif cìthiuhty jrè

prodhst`rho theos ìwkrfs ckii`t lo kisworof ks

skthsjkct`rhay j`r kaa tdroo sottaoeoits. Vdhs whaa locèo

caokr hi tdo jàa`whin.

@j tdo sùtdorie`st sottaoeoit {jhn. 8=k) ki hep`rtkit

pkrt `j k t`tka krok `j kppr`xhektoay ;<? x ;<? e wks

hivosthnktof. Furhin tdo oxckvkthì tdo i`rtdori kif

okstori ahehts `j tdo sottaoeoit woro fotorehiof. Vdoro hs

i` roksì t` kssueo tdkt tdo sùtdori kif wostori ahehts

`j tdo oxckvkthì c`hichfo whtd td`so `j tdo sottaoeoit.

Vdoro hs i` kffhthìka Hij`rekthì - hi tdo j`re `j sur-

jkco jhifs `r provhùs jhif roc`rfs - wdhcd cki lo usof t`

fotorehio, hj ìay ly kppr`xhekthì, tdo `rhnhika shzo `j

tdo sottaoeoit. Vdroo fhjjoroit jkrestokfs, ayhin kpkrt

jrè okcd `tdor kif okcd whtd hts `wi oica`sof ykrf kif

kiiox(os), woro fhsc`vorof hi tdo oxckvktof pkrt `j tdo

shto. Vdoso eky woaa dkvo looi hi uso kt tdo skeo theo.

Vdo jkres dkf kaa looi roluhat ì tdo skeo sp`t. Sèo

jkres dkf ovoi looi roluhat sovorka theos, pr`fuchin

`laìn pakis ahbo td`so jùif hi I``rflkrno, `j wdhcd htcki `jtoi i`t lo kscortkhiof wdhcd pkrts kro cìtoep`rkry

(Dkrsoek ;847, 67-63). Vdo jùifkthì troicd dùsos kro

ohtdor tw`-khsaof `r pkrtay tw`-khsaof, pkrtay tdroo-khsaof.

Vdo heprosshì croktof ly tdhs sottaoeoit hs ìo `j

shepahchty= k rostrhctof rkino `j p`ttory typos (keìn tdo

torrk shnhaaktk ìay paktos kif l`was), jow nakss jrkneoits

kif i` luhafhin ektorhka sucd ks r``j-thaos otc.

Vdo typhcka Akto Hrì Kno pakis ì tdo i`rtdori porheotor

`j tdhs ikthvo \èki sottaoeoit, k dùso paki whtd ìay

ikthvo p`ttory hi tdo fhtcdos kif tdo fhsc`vory `j k shavor

jhluak `j Kaenroi << typo" sunnost cìthiuhty `j `ccupk-

thì. D`wovor, tdhs hs cìtrkfhctof ly tdo hep`rtof p`t

tory. I` corkehc pr`fucts woro jùif tdkt cki lo fktofoxcaushvoay hi tdo jhrst coitury KF. Kt tdo eèoit ht hs

e`st ahboay tdkt tdhs sottaoeoit (`r pkrt `j ht0) ckeo hit`

lohin krùif tdo oif `j tdo Hst/lonhiihin `j tdo <if coi

tury KF. @i tdo `tdor dkif, tdo p`sshlhahty tdkt tdo pkrt

fkthin lkcb t` tdo Hst coitury aky e`ro t`wkrfs tdo sùtd

hi tdo fhrocthì `j tdo Kestoaohifstrkkt, eky i`t lo

oxcaufof. Vdo ]èord`j sottaoeoit wks klkifìof

kat`notdor hi p`sshlay tdo lonhiihin `j tdo 3rf coitury.

J`r tdo Zhmvor sottaoeoit (Màn. 8=l) tdo shtukthì hs ovoi

e`ro uicortkhi. @iay k vory hicèpaoto foscrhpthì cki lo

nhvoi `j tdhs sottaoeoit. \oekhis fkthin jrè tdo \èki

porh`f woro roc`vorof jrè ki krok `j `vor ?77 x <?7 e.

@j tdhs t`tka krok klùt ;.3 doctkros dkvo looi hivosthnkto

ly eokis `j ronuakr oxckvkthì troicdos. @tdor Hij`rek

thì wks `ltkhiof jrè strky `lsorvkthìs ekfo ly

eoelors `j tdo S`choty `j \onhìka Dhst`ry. Vdoso `lsor

vkthìs cìshst `j ;. Akifoskujikdeoi, <. oxckvkthìs `j

hsàktof, cìsphcuùs jokturos sucd ks woaas hi o.n. r`kf

kif cklao troicdos, kif 3. oxckvkthìs `j (pkrts `@



;78 ^HMIKI F ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

Jhn. 8. @ss= a`ckthì `j \èki porh`f jhif -sp`t s2 tdo ahndt nroy kif fkrb nroy kroks hifhckto

skif, rospocthvoay caky.

k. ]èord`j sottaoeoit2 l. Zhmvor sottaoeoit2 c. ôstorvoaf sottaoeoit2 f. ]katlèeoasowon

sottaoeoit2 o. Ohboil`ènkkrf sottaoeoit2 j. HMssoastrkkt sottaoeoit2 n. coeotory2 d. jhif-sp`t

`j, keìn `tdor tdhins, c`his kif iot wohndts.

luhafhin troicdos, furhin wdhcd ì sovorka `cckshìs

nrùps `j jokturos, sucd ks o.n. k dùso paki, cùaf lo

roc`rfof.

@i tdo lkshs `j tdo i`w kvkhaklao fktk ht hs dkrfay p`sshlao

t` j`re k skthsjyhin phcturo `j tdhs sottaoeoit. Hi tdo pkrt

oxckvktof ly tdo HWA tdoro hs k <? e aìn dùso paki whtd

k akrno d`rroue ayhin k sd`rt fhstkico kwky jrè ht. Ht hs

toepthin t` hitorprot tdo tw` structuros ks loaìnhin

t`notdor, lut tdo jhifs roc`vorof jrè tdoe woro uiklao

t` cìjhre tdhs. Klùt ?7 e wost `j tdhs cìcoitrkthì

tdoro hs k paki `j k cèpaotoay fhjjoroit typo `j dùso,

eucd sekaaor kif eucd e`ro r`lust. K shehakrhty lotwooi

tdo tw` hs tdkt tdo okstori pkrts `j tdo dùsos sd`w i` phts

j`r tdo coitrka r``j p`sts. Hi tdo jhrst dùso tdo p`sts sotknkhist tdo wkaas eky dkvo sorvof tdhs purp`so. K_ tdo

`tdor (shx) pkrtay `r oithroay hivosthnktof dùso pakis hi tdo

Zhmvor sottaoeoit kas` sd`w caokr structurka fhjjoroicos2 i`

hfoithcka pakis woro jùif.

Vdo pr`laoe ronkrfhin tdo dhst`rhcka cìthiuhty cki lo

sàvof i` e`ro tdki tdkt cìcorihin tdo aky-ùt `j tdhs

ikthvo \èki sottaoeoit. Sovorka dùso pakis woro jùif

`j tdo typo sd`wi hi jhn. :=c, wdhcd hs usukaay fktof hi tdo

Akto Hrì Kno. D`wovor, ìo `j tdoso yhoafof tw`

jrkneoits `j k c`rb uri. Hi tdo klsoico `j e`ro spochjhc

bi`waofno `j tdo chrcuestkicos uifor wdhcd tdo jhifs

woro fhsc`vorof, tdo hitorprotkthvo cd`hco lotwooi `ccupk-

thì hi tdo jhrst coitury `r cìtkehikthì `j k aktor fkto

cki i` aìnor lo ekfo. K jow woaas hi tdo heeofhkto

vhchihty wdhcd kas` yhoafof tdhs p`rùs p`ttory sooe t`

krnuo j`r `ccupkthì hi tdo Hst coitury KF. Ht hs d`wovor

roekrbklao tdkt tdoso kro prkcthckaay tdo ìay hifhckthìs.

Keìn tdo `tdor p`ttory jhifs tdo jrkneoits tdkt cki lo

fktof t` tdo Hst coitury cki lo cùitof ì tdo jhinors `j

ìo dkif.

Vdo roekhihin corkehc ektorhka fktos jrè tdo <if coi-tury/jhrst dkaj `j tdo 3rf coitury. _iusuka jhifs keìn

tdo roc`vorof roekhis kro= k jow jrkneoits `j nakss, k cù-

pao `j whro jhluako, toi c`his, keìn wdhcd c`his `j Ior`

kif Cèe`fus - tdo ekm`rhty, d`wovor, fktos lkcb t` tdo

Kitìhio porh`f -, kif jhikaay k wkaajrkneoit `j torrk

shnhaaktk whtd k nrkjjht`, cìshsthin `j pkrts `j tw` fhj

joroit ikeos. Must ahbo hi tdo ]èord`j sottaoeoit, i`



;;7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Jhn. ;7 . @ss-_ss oi, ôsto rvoa f sott aoeo it= tdo ùtor oica`shin fht cd, sooi jr` e tdo okst2

tdroo succosshvo pdksos, `j wdhcd tdo i`rtdorie`st hs tdo yùinost.

typhckaay \èki luhafhin ektorhka wks jùif.

Vdo i`rtdorie`st sottaoeoit, hyhin hi tdo A``voat kif

ôstorvoaf qukrtors (jhn. 8=c), `pois lottor porspocthvos j`r

kisworhin tdo quosthìs eoithìof okrahor. @j tdo e`ro

tdki >?,777 eY `ccuphof ly tdhs sottaoeoit, kae`st ?7,777

eY dkvo looi sulmoctof t` krcdkoà`nhcka hivcsthnkthì.

Vdo kroks tdkt woro i`t hivosthnktof kro e`stay pkrts tdkt

cùaf i`t lo oxckvktof= tdo kspdkat r`kf t` Kaoe, wdhcd hs

e`ro tdki <7 e whfo kif cuts rhndt kcr`ss tdo sottaoeoit

hi k sùtdokst-i`rtdwostori fhrocthì, kif pa`ts whtd àf

luhafhins tdkt woro i`t lr`boi f`wi (ìay hi tdo okstori

dkaj). Vdo khe t` oxckvkto tdhs sottaoeoit ks cèpaotoay ks

p`sshlao sdùaf lo sooi hi tdo ahndt `j tdo nrkfukaay

kccoptof `phihì tdkt ht hs i`t musthjhof t` skepao kt sottao

eoit aovoa.

ô bi`w tdo oxkct shzo `j tdo sottaoeoit j`r tdo shepao

roksì tdkt hts lùifkrhos woro caokray ekrbof hi tdo

\èki porh`f, k pdoièoiì i`w kas` bi`wi jrè

vkrhùs `tdor, cìtoep`rkry sottaoeoits hi tdo sùtdori

Iotdorakifs. Hi _ssoi tdhs lùifkry cìshstof `j tw` fht-

cdos, Hyhin c. 6 e kpkrt, wdhcd j`reof tw` roctkinuakr

oica`suros rùif tdo sottaoeoit. Vdo shfos `j tdhs sottao

eoit dkvo ki kvorkno aointd `j rospocthvoay 3<7 (O-^) kif

<3? e (I-S). Hi tdo i`rtdori kre k caokr oitrkico wks`lsorvof. L`td fhtcdos woro caokiof ùt kif sdhjtof sèo-

wdkt ì sovorka `cckshìs furhin tdo `ccupkthì `j tdo shto

(jhn. ;7). Vdo `rhnhika foptd eust dkvo looi c. :7-;77 ce.

Sckttorof `vor tdo oica`sof shto, wdhcd c`vors ki `vorkaa

krok `j kae`st >.? doctkros, tdo pakis `j klùt 67 jkres

kif f`zois `j ùtdùsos (d`rrok (jhn. ;;) kif lkris) woro

jùif, ks woaa ks e`ro tdki >7 woaas, wdhcd cki lo

;76?:

646 +

;766>;76?<

;76:; ;76:< ;76:7

@

;76?? ;76?7646-;-

-;766?

Jhn. ; ;. @ss-_ssoi, ôstorv oaf sott aoeo it= paki `j k nrkikr

fkthin jrè tdo \èki porh`f. Vdo roekhis `j ihio thelor

p`sts woro jùif hi tdo c.; e foop troicdos2 sckao ;=;77.



;;; ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

kss`chktof whtd tdo oica`shin fhtcdos. Vdo sdkaa`w fhtcdos

oica`shin tdo ykrfs whtdhi wdhcd tdo vkrhùs oaoeoits woro

shtuktof kro vhshlao pkrthcuakray hi tdo sùtdori pkrt `j tdo

sottaoeoit. I` juicthìka hitorprotkthì cki ks yot lo nhvoi

`j ìo structuro, k hkrno squkro fhtcd whtd shfos `j `vor 67

e kif k (p`sshlay cìtoep`rkry) pk_skfo hi tdo coitro.

W`ttory jrkneoits fkto tdhs oxcopthìka structuro hi tdo Hst

coitury KF.

Sovorkh theos tdo vkrhùs jkres tdkt woro hi uso hi tdhs

sottaoeoit dkf fheoishìs oxcoofhin ly jkr td`so `j tdo

dèostokfs `j tdo provhùsay fhscussof sottaoeoits.

Aointds `j 67 e. woro jùif ì sovorkh `cckshìs. Vdo

e`st cèeì typo `j jkre hs tdkt whtd k caokr structurka

fhvhshì= k tw`-khsaof kif k tdroo-khsaof pkrt, `jtoi `j uio-

quka aointd {jhn. ;<). Vdkibs t` tdo uihquo `ccurroico `j k

jow ckttao l`xos, ht cùaf lo kscortkhiof tdkt tdo tdroo-

khsaof pkrt `j tdo dùso wks tdo krok hi wdhcd tdo kihekas

woro stklaof. @cckshìkaay k jkre cìshsthin `j k coitrka

tdroo-khsaof pkrt hisortof lotwooi tw` ahvhin qukrtors hs

jùif. K paki hi tdo wostori dkaj `j tdo sottaoeoit hs k

vkrhkthì `j ìo `j tdo tw` lkshc typos fhsc`vorof doro (cj. jhn. >. Vdo dùso hs surrùifof ly foop fhtcdos ayhin kt

rhndt kinaos t` tdo wkaas. Ht hs kssueof tdkt tdoro hs k cì-

iocthì lotwooi tdoso fhtcdos kif tdo r``j-thaos jùif hi

tdhs dùso. @ur jhrst hitorprotkthì hs tdkt tdhs wks k dùso

whtd k p`rthcus, c`vorof ly k thaof r``j. Vdo `vorkaa

fheoishìs `j tdhs uiusuka luhafhin kro <? x ;<.? e.

Fhjjoroithkthì wks kas` ostklahsdof hi tdo ckso `j tdo

woaas. Hi tdo tw` provhùsay fhscussof sottaoeoits ìay

woaas jkcof whtd wkttao (]èord`@ `r woaas ahiof whtd wkt-

tao kif thelor (Zhmvor) woro jùif, lut hi tdhs sottaoeoit

dàa`wof ùt troo-truibs kif whio lkrroas woro kas` usof

j`r tdhs purp`so. Wkrthcuakray tdo whio lkrroas, ìo `j

wdhcd l`ro vkrhùs stkeps, kro uiusuka. Vdoy woro

hep`rtof jrè sèo oxtorika sùrco, hepay cortkhi cì

toits kif jùif tdohr wky t` tdo sottaoeoit kt k vory okray

stkno. Vdo uiusuka cdkrkctor `j tdo oica`sof sottaoeoit hs

kas` strossof ly tdo jhrst rosuats `j tdo ocà`nhcka hivosthnk-

thì (pkr. 6.<.6) kif ly tdo roekhis `j tdo ektorhka

cuaturo. Kae`st kaa tdo uiusuka jhifs `j tdo \èki porh`f

woro jùif hi tdhs sottaoeoit. Vdhs kppahos i`t ìay t` tdo

auxury p`ttory, tdo nakss wkro, mowoary, utoishas sucd ks

boys otc, lut kas` t` pr`fucts `j k roahnhùs ikturo (pkr.

6.<.3). Cdkrkctorhsthc luhafhin ektorhka wks kas` cìcoi-

trktof ekhiay hi tdhs sottaoeoit, must ahbo tdo rojuso `j tdo

hrì hifustry.

Ks k akst roekrbklao pdoièoiì k fhtcd systoe kfm`hihin

tdo oica`shin fhtcdos ì tdo ùtshfo eust lo eoithìof

doro. Vdhs wks `lsorvof ì tdo i`rtd, wost kif sùtd

shfos. Vdo aìnost fhstkico wks eoksurof hi tdo i`rtd-

okstori c`rior `j tdo sottaoeoit, jrè wdoro - ly eokis

`j l`rhins - k fhtcd cùaf lo jàh`wof j`r e`ro tdki ;47e hi k i`rtdoray fhrocthì loj`ro ht fhskppokrof. @i tdo

wostori shfo tw` fhtcdos `j `vor ;77 e cki lo p`stuaktof.

Ht eky lo kssueof tdkt kaa tdoso fhtcdos woro jhoaf lùif-

krhos. Vdo kikayshs `j tdo pàaoi eky lo klao t` cìjhre

tdhs hitorprotkthì'". Vdoso fhtcdos yhoafof (sckrco) jhifs `j

tdo \èki porh`f2 i` jhifs fkthin lkcb t` tdkt porh`f

woro, d`wovor, roc`vorof jrè tdo kroks oica`sof ly tdo

fhtcdos.

Vdo oica`shin fhtcdos rkhso tdo quosthì `j a`cka cìthiuhty,

wdhcd, j`r tdo jhrst theo, cki lo kisworof whtdùt rosorvo.

Jhn. ;< k. @ss-_ssoi, ôstorvo af sottaoeo it= dùso paki jr` e tdo H st coit ury KF, wht d k tw`- khsa of kif k tdroo-khsaof pk rt,

sckao ;=<77.



;;< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

jYhy. ; Yl . v.úvv `h f jow hit orsoc thin \èki porh`f dùso pakis. Vdo tw`- khs aof pkrt (dùso

ì tdo aojt, lkcbnrùif) kif tdo tdroo-khsaof pkrt kro caokray vhshlao. Vrkcos `j tdo stklao l`xo

kro ìay vhshlao hi tdo dùso ì tdo rhndt.

Vdo `ccupkthì cìthiuof uihitorruptof uitha tdo 3rf coi-

thhry KF, wdhcd hs cìjhreof ly tdo krcdhtocturka

fovoa`peoits ks woha ks ly tdo ja`w `j hep`rts tdkt wks

karokfy stkrthin t` not uifor wky hi tdo Kunustki-Vhlorhki

porh`f. Ekiy `j tdo okrahost hep`rts woro roc`vorof jrè

tdo hiiore`st oica`shin fhtcd. Ht sooes e`st ahboay tdkt

tdhs fhtcd wks cìstructof hi tdo okray pkrt `j tdo jhrst coi-

tury KF. ^doroks tdhs fhtcd wks jhaaof up knkhi hi tdo

skeo coitury, tdo ùtor fhtcd roekhiof hi uso j`r kt aoksttdo ekhi pkrt `j tdo <if coitury", uitha tdhs fhtcd kas`

a`st ats juicthì, ks kppokrs jrè tdo woaas tdkt woro fun

tdrùnd tdo jhaahin.

6.<.<. Vdo cohiotory

Hi tdo \èki porh`f tdoro wks k croekthì coeotory hi

tdo coitro `j _ssoi, t` tdo okst kif sùtd `j tdo sot-

taoeoits fhscussof kl`vo (Fúlboi ;84<). K akrno pkrt `j

tdhs coeotory, wdhcd ahos kpkrt jrè tdo iocr`pàhs fhs

cussof hi pkrknrkpd 6.;.<, wks oxckvktof hi tdo porh`f

;8>>-;8>8. Ht oxtoifof i`rtd-sùtd j`r `vor 677 e,

wdoroks hi tdo i`rtd, wdoro k caokr aheht kppokrs t` dkvo

looi jùif, ht c`vorof kt e`st <77 e jrè okst t` wost.

Hi t`tka kppr`xhektoay <77 eìueoits tdkt cki lo hitor-

protof ks nrkvos woro uiokrtdof hi tdhs krok.

Vdoso nrkvos kro i`t fhstrhlutof dè`noioùsay `vor tdokrok foscrhlof kl`vo. Cìcoitrkthìs kif lkro pktcdos kro

caokray vhshlao. Vdhs eky pkrtay rojaoct rokahty, lut eky kas`

lo ckusof ly tdo jkct tdkt i`t kaa tdo nrkvos dkf looi fun

ks foop. Hi sèo cksos tdo ekhi lurhkas kif tdo porhpdorka

structuros woro fun i` foopor tdki tdo (ìay sp`rkfhckaay

prosorvof roekhis `j tdo) àf s`ha pr`jhao, h.o. fhf i`t

rokcd tdo C-aovoa. Vdhs eokis tdkt wdoi tdo akif wks



;;3 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

lrùndt uifor cuathvkthì, hi tdo cùrso `j tdo <if ehaaoi

ihue KF, kaa tdo nrkvos woro aovoaaof kif sèo ovoi

vkihsdof cèpaotoay hi tdo jurr`ws.

Vdo fhsc`vorof nrkvos cki lo spaht hit` tdroo ekhi

ckton`rhos - tdo skeo ckton`rhos wo ckeo kcr`ss hi tdo

chfor coeotory= roctkinuakr fhtcdos, rhin-fhtcdos kif jakt

nrkvos {jhn. ;3). Sulfhvhshìs cki lo ekfo whtdhi tdoso

nrùps, sucd ks `poi `r ca`sof, squkro `r `laìn, whtd `r

whtdùt (hitorika) pkahskfo, akrno `r sekaa. @iay tw`

eìueoits f` i`t loaìn t` tdo tdroo ekhi nrùps. @io

`j tdoso hs k roctkinuakr pkahskfo oica`shin k coitrka lurhka

loioktd k sekaa e`rtukry dùso. Vdo `tdor oxcopthì hs k

cèlhikthì `j tdo tw` ekhi typos, hi wdhcd k sekaa

squkro kif k akrno rùif eìueoit kro m`hiof t`notdor hi

k boy-dào sdkpo. Vdo prosoico `j ki kiheka's lurr`w hi

tdo rùif pkrt `j tdhs eìueoit hs ìo `j tdo jow hifhck-

thìs tdkt tdo nrkvos woro `rhnhikaay c`vorof ly a`w

eùifs.

Lurhkas woro i`t jùif hi kaa `j tdo nrkvo eìueoits sur-

rùifof ly k porhpdorka structuro. K jow `j tdoso nrkvos

woro ìay pkrtay oxckvktof, ks k rosuat `j wdhcd tdo coitrowks i`t uic`vorof. K fhjjoroit oxpakikthì eust lo jùif

j`r tdo eìueoits wdhcd woro cèpaotoay oxckvktof kif

wdhcd iovortdoaoss rovokaof i` lurhkas (hi c. ?7 cksos). Hj

wo f` i`t wkit t` kaa`w j`r coi`tkpds, tdo e`st `lvhùs

sàuthì hs t` kssueo tdkt tdo lurhkas woro dkrfay `r i`t kt

kaa fun hit` tdo nrùif kif woro tdoroj`ro cèpaotoay

fostr`yof ly Eofhovka jkreors.

Hi tdroo qukrtors `j tdo cksos (c. >7x) hi wdhcd croekthì

roekhis woro fhsc`vorof tdoso cìcoriof 'roksìklao'

keùits kif tdoroj`ro truo lurhkas. Hi `tdor cksos, pkrthcu-

akray wdoro sdkaa`w phts cìtkhihin cdkrc`ka kif k jow

jrkneoits `j lurit lìo kro cìcoriof, wo eky wìfor

wdotdor wo kro fokahin whtd k fockphtktof nrkvo `r whtd

tdo roekhis `j k pyro. @iay tdroo theos dkf tdo croektof

roekhis `j tdo focoksof looi pakcof hi ki uri. @i ìo

`cckshì tdoy dkf looi lurhof hi k w``foi cdost2 hi kaa

tdo `tdor cksos k la`cb `j lìos wks jùif whtdùt kiy

trkcè `j tdo `rhnhika cìtkhior. @iay vory rkroay woro

croekthì roekhis fhsc`vorof hi k porhpdorka structuro.

Hi noiorka, tdo nrkvo n``fs jùif kccèpkiyhin tdo

croekthì roekhis kro rktdor s`lor2 hi ìay ìo ckso tdo

nhjts kro (ly ronhìka stkifkrfs) spoctkcuakr. I` nrkvo

n``fs woro jùif hi dkaj `j tdo nrkvos. Vdkt tdhs hs sucd k

dhnd jhnuro ikturkaay fopoifs ì tdo jkct tdkt i` coitrka

lurhka wks `r cùaf lo `lsorvof hi e`ro tdki 47 nrkvos.E`st `j tdo nrkvos tdkt fhf yhoaf nrkvo n``fs `jtoi cì-

tkhiof i` e`ro tdki socìfkrhay lurit p`ttory jrkneoits,

sèotheos `j sovorka p`ts. Vdoso woro jùif kaìn whtd

tdo croektof roekhis kif/`r hi tdo fhtcd, wdoro prosoit.

Cèpaoto corkehc nhjts kro roakthvoay rkro2 i` e`ro tdki <?

woro jùif, dkaj `j wdhcd woro se``td-wkaaof mkrs. ^htd

tdo `ff oxcopthì, tdoso hitkct vossohs dkf i`t looi hi cì-

Jhn. ; 3. @ss-_ssoi = vho w `j k jo w squkro kif rùif nrkvo

oica`suros hi tdo \èki porh`f coe otory .

tkct whtd tdo jhro `j tdo pyro. @tdor nhjts kro hrì bihvos

(3x), sahin-stìos (ax), phorcof lìo (ax) kif nakss wkro

(?x). Kae`st kaa tdoso `lmocts dkf looi lurit kaìn whtd

tdo focoksof. Sekaa ikhas (sdòs0) kif k cdkhi `j sekaa

rhins (loat0) eky roprosoit roekhis `j ca`tdhin. Vdo jro-

quoitay jùif lurit ikhas whtd aueps `j oicrustof cdkr

c`ka kro p`sshlay t` lo hitorprotof ks tdo roekhis `j tdo

lurit lhor.

Vdo nakss `lmocts eoithìof kl`vo woro cìcoitrktof hi

tdo i`rtdori pkrt `j tdo coeotory. ^htd ìo oxcopthì,

tdoy kro ahehtof t` k nrùp `j shx akrno nrkvos, ayhin ì tdo

i`rtdori porheotor `j tdo iocr`pàhs. Vdoso nrkvos stkifùt i`t ìay lockuso `j tdohr shzo, lut kas` ì kccùit `j

tdohr p`shthì kif tdo nhjts jùif kccèpkiyhin tdo

focoksof, `j wdhcd tdo nakss `lmocts j`re ki hep`rtkit

oaoeoit. K lurit squkro `r cyahifrhcka l`ttao wks jùif hi

tdroo nrkvos, tdo jùrtd yhoafof lurit nakss `j k shehakr

l`ttao ks woaa ks ki hitkct, uicdkrrof rhllof l`wa (jhn. ;6).

Vdo croekthì roekhis dkvo i`t yot looi systoekthckaay



;;6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

kikaysof. Hi noiorka, tdo loio wks woaa lurit kif dkf sur-

vhvof hi k jrkneoitkry cìfhthì. Vdo tdo`rothcka ekxh

eue wohndt wks i`t jùif ìco (cj. Dorrekii ;8>:, ;8:),

tdo t`tka keùit wks `jtoi ovoi aoss tdki ?77 nrkeeos.

Furhin k jhrst hispocthì ly tdo kutd`r `j tdo lurit

roekhis ht wks kas` kscortkhiof tdkt tdo akrno i`rtdori

nrkvos sooe t` dkvo cìtkhiof oxcaushvoay kfuats. Hi ìo `j

tdo tw` akrno rhin-fhtcdos `j tdhs nrùp tdo roekhis `j tdopyro woro sthaa tdoro. Furhin tdo proahehikry kikayshs ht wks

kas` i`tof tdkt lurit kiheka lìo dkf looi jùif hi kt

aokst jhvo nrkvos2 ìo nrkvo ovoi cìtkhiof tdo lìos `j

sovorka fhjjoroit kihekas. Vdo prosoico j phn, sdoop/n`kt

kif lhrf'Y wks kscortkhiof.

Jhikaay sèo roekrbs ì tdo theo ahehts whtdhi wdhcd tdhs

coeotory fovoa`pof. Vdoro hs i` fùlt klùt ht tdkt tdo

àfost nrkvos dkf looi cìstructof aìn loj`ro tdo \èki

porh`f. K jow CH6-fktos hi tdo Hst kif <if coitury woro

`ltkhiof. Nrkvo <68>, j`r oxkepao, wdhcd hs hitorsoctof ly

k squkro fhtcd cìtkhihin roekhis `j k lurit nhrtd-lokbor,

pr`fucof k fkto `j <;3? » ?? LW (NrI-;7><?). Vdo àfost

hep`rts jrè tdo coeotory kro t` lo fktof hi tdo jhrst dkaj

`j tdo jhrst coitury KF= jrkneoits `j Nkaa`-Loanhc nhrtd-

lokbors, c`rb uris kif torrk-ihnrk p`ttory typos Dàworfk

;;< kif 6:; (Dàworfk ;86;). Vdoso okray typos woro

jùif pkrthcuakray, lut i`t oxcaushvoay, hi tdo sùtdori

pkrt `j tdo coeotory2 tdo i`rtdori pkrt cìtkhiof tdo aktor

typos. Vdo nrùp `j akrno nrkvos fòs i`t sooe t` stkrt

fovoa`phin uitha hi tdo Jakvhki porh`f kif tdoi cìthiuos

uitha kt aokst tdo ehffao `j tdo <if coitury. Ht hs fhjjhcuat

t` sky wdoi tdo coeotory woit ùt `j uso. Vdo yùinost

nrkvo-n``fs sooe t` lo k torrk shnhaaktk pakto Frknoif`rjj

3; kif k torrk-ihnrk-ahbo s`-ckaaof Kroitslurn l`wa.

Vyphcka 3rf coitury typos woro i`t jùif, s` tdkt wo ekykssueo tdkt tdo coeotory hi _ssoi joha hit` fhsuso loj`ro

tdo oif `j tdo <if coitury.

6.<.3. Vdo ektorhka cuaturo

Vdo cìtoits `j tdo ekiy f`zois `j woaas kif phts hi tdo

tdroo sottaoeoits kif tdo nrkvo n``fs jùif hi tdo

coeotory pr`vhfo k n``f lkshs j`r tdo stufy `j tdo cdkinos

tdkt t``b pakco hi tdo ektorhka cuaturo hi tdo jhrst coiturhos

KF. Vdo cdkinos hi tdo okrtdoiwkro kro tdo e`st cì-

sphcuùs. Vdo ikthvo p`ttory uiforwoit cdkinos hi sdkpo,

jhihsd kif foc`rkthì, lut kt tdo skeo theo ht stkrtof t`

phky ki hicrokshinay aoss hep`rtkit pkrt. Vdhs fovoa`peoit

locèos kppkroit hj wo cèpkro tdo cìtoits `j k akto Hst

coitury woaa whtd tdkt `j ìo fktof woaa hi tdo <if coi

tury. Hi tdo jhrst ckso tdo dkif-ekfo p`ttory `ccuphos k

prhekry pakco (c. >?'Y`), tdroo qukrtors `j k coitury aktor

hts `vorkaa porcoitkno hi tdo t`tka p`ttory spoctrue dks

jkaaoi t` ;7% `r aoss.

Vdo pkrt pakyof ly tdhs ikthvo okrtdoiwkro hs sa`way lut

suroay tkboi `vor ly hep`rtof, e`stay wdooa-pr`fucof.

•

Jhn. ;6 k. @ss-_ssoi= ìo `j tdo akrno nrkvos (;< 4; ) ì tdo

i`rtdori porheotor `j tdo \èki porh`f coeotory.

p`ttory. Vdo rkino `j p`ttory typos jùif hi ekiy `tdor

shtos hs kas` roprosoitof kt _ssoi= torrk shnhaaktk (Krrothik,

Sùtd, Ehffao kif Okst Nkuahsd), Nkaa`-Loanhc wkro (torrk

rulrk, torrk ihnrk, c`rb uri) càùr-c`ktof p`ttory (pkrthc

uakray lokbors), se``td kif c`krso wkros (jaknìs,

kepd`rko-ahbo jaknìs kif paktos), torrk-ihnrk-ahbo wkro

kif jhikaay tdo kluifkitay `ccurrhin tdhcb-wkaaof p`ttory

(kepd`rko, fàhk kif e`rtkrhk, `j wdhcd toi `j tdo akst

ckton`ry lokr k stkep). Corkehc typos sucd ks hicoiso cups

kif `ha-akeps kro i`t roprosoitof.

^htd tdo oxcopthì `j tdo nakss rhllof l`wa jrè tdocoeotory, nakss wkro dks `jtoi survhvof ìay jrkneoitkr hay

Vdo typos roprosoitof cèprhso squkro kif cyahifrhcka mkrs,

rhllof l`was, sekaa l`ttaos kif k truaak. Vdhs nakss `ccurs

hi vkrhùs càùrs. ^``foi cups woro kas` usof kaìnshfo

tdo p`ttory kif nakss wkro, ks sd`wi ly tw` e`rpd`-

a`nhckaay fhjjoroit spocheois.

Nakss kas` j`res pkrt `j ìo `j tdo e`st lokuthjua

`rikeoits jùif hi _ssoi, k lrìzo rhin whtd k lauo nakss

noe hit` wdhcd k dueki jhnuro dks looi ckrvof (ihcà`).

Nakss hi tdo j`re `j tdo Ak Voio lrkcoaots joha hit` fhsuso

hi tdo cùrso `j tdo jhrst coitury KF. D`wovor, tdo

lrkcoaots kro jùif ronuakray hi Hst coitury cìtoxts, cì-

trkry t` tdo cèeì `phihì tdkt tdoy dkf a`st tdohr

hep`rtkico ly tdo lonhiihin `j tdo \èki porh`f (cj.

Woffoe`rs ;8>?, ;74). Vdo akst ckton`rhos `j `rikeoits t`

lo eoithìof doro kro tdo eoaì lokfs, tdo lrìzo

lrkcoaots kif tdo jhluako. Vdo akttor kro lottor roprosoitof

tdki hi tdo Hrì Kno. ^htd tdo oxcopthì `j ìo shavor kif

tdroo hrì jhluako, tdo 3? jùif spocheois kro kaa `j

lrìzo. Vdoso kro sp`ì-l`w, oyo, krcdof (Kaenroi <<)



ahs ^_IKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

CCT)

Jhn. ;6l. Nrkvo-n` fs jùif hi tdo coitrka nrkvo pht `j eìueoit ;< 4; = ;. pakto2 <. ahf2 3-6. sekaa l`was ì tdroo aons2 ?.jaknì2 :. rhllof l`wa `j nrooi nakss (;-6,:= sckao ;=<2 ?= sckao ;=6).



;;: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

kif bhibof (Kaenroi ;8), lut pkrthcuakray whro jhluako.

Ch`tdhin wks jùif tdroo theos hi tdo j`re `j sdò

jrkneoits (loa`w tdo wktor-tklao). @io `j tdo jrkneoits

loaìns t` k ckrlkthik sdò, ekfo `j n`kt's sbhi kif

foc`rktof whtd jùr r`ws `j nr``vos krrkinof hi k dorrhin-

lìo pkttori.

Iow oaoeoits kro vkrhùs ektorhkas roaktof t` tdo dùso,

sucd ks r``j-thaos, phorcof saktos, tujk kif ikhas. Vdoronuakr `ccurroico `j hrì ikhas hi tdo dùso pakis sunnosts

tdkt structurka pr`laoes woro i` aìnor kaa sàvof ly

eokis `j toiì kif e`rthso m`hits, ks dkf prosueklay

looi cèeì uitha tdkt theo. Kas` iow kro tdo hrì kif

lrìzo boys `j vkrhùs fheoishìs2 wdotdor tdoy kctukaay

hepay tdo uso `j a`cbs hi tdo dùsos roekhis ki `poi

quosthì.

Ekiy `j tdo roc`vorof t`às uifùltofay karokfy oxhstof

hi tdo Hrì Kno, lut, j`r wdktovor roksì, woro i`t

fhsc`vorof hi tdkt cìtoxt. Vdoso kro hrì kfzos, kxos,

bihvos kif k w``foi dkeeor. Vdo `tdor t`às cìcoriof

kro krtojkcts `j wdhcd tdo foshni wks katorof hi tdo \èki

porh`f. ^dotstìos i`w usukaay dkvo k jakt, `laìn sdkpo(cj. Laòeors ;8>4, 3<<, i`. 384) kif tdo lkskat uppor

saìos `j tdo ehahs kro hi tdhs porh`f cdkrkctorhzof ly k

caokray rkhsof l`rfor whtd k rhllof ùtshfo, l`rfor kif

uppor surjkco (cj. Dkrsoek ;8>8, jhn. >).

Zory jow c`his woro jùif hi _ssoi= hi t`tka i` e`ro tdki

;? spocheois. Vdo àfost jùif hs tdo Kunustki foikrhus

\HC 3?7, tdo yùinost k fupìfhus `j Cèe`fus.

Jhikaay tdo otorika nrùp `j ehscoaakioùs `lmocts. @j tdo

jùr fhsc`vorof roekhis `j phpo-caky stktuottos ìay ìo

cki lo pakcof whtd cortkhity hi tdo \èki porh`f2 tdhs hs

tdo pahitd `j k dueki jhnuro, pr`lklay k fohty. Vdo `tdor

tdroo kro e`st pr`lklay Eofhovka. [uhto oxcopthìka hs k

phoco `j ki okrtdoiwkro eksb" sthaa sd`whin pkrt `j tdo

okr loioktd wdhcd k porj`rkthì hs vhshlao. Vdo roekhihin

`lmocts cèprhso krtojkcts sucd ks k styaus, cdost eùi-

thin, ahfs (hiakhf whtd oikeoa), nakss nkehin phocos, k aokf

'sphifho wd`rh' kif vkrhùs lrìzo, aokf kif hrì `lmocts,

`j wdhcd tdo `rhnhika juicthì cki i` aìnor lo kscor-

tkhiof.

6.<.6. Ocà`ny kif ocìèy

Vdo noiorka cèeoits ekfo hi pkrknrkpd 6.;.6 cìcorihin

tdo pr`laoes hivàvof hi tdo rocìstructhì `j tdo akif

sckpo, tdo sckrchty `j ckrlìhzof soofs `j cr`ps kif tdo

stkto `j prosorvkthì `j tdo z`à`nhcka ektorhka, kas` kppayt` tdo \èki porh`f. D`wovor, j`r tdo jhrst coiturhos KF

wo dkvo vkrhùs iow sùrcos, wdoroks sèo sùrcos kro

i`w `j eucd aoss hep`rtkico. Vdhs sdkaa lo haaustrktof

loa`w.

K iow sùrco `j Hij`rekthì kro tdo porhpdorka fhtcdos `j

tdo nrkvos `j tdhs por h`f". Wàaoi skepaos tkboi jrè jùr

`j tdoso jokturos dkvo looi kikaysof. Vdoso skepaos woro

kaa càaoctof jrè tdo l`ttè `j tdo fhtcdos `j nrkvos ayhin

hi tdo i`rtdwostori pkrt `j tdo iocr`pàhs. Vdo rosuats `j

tdhs kikayshs kro ks jàa`ws= Kaius keùits t` :?% `j tdo

troo pàaoi, jàh`wof ly C`ryaus whtd c. 37%, [uorcus

(;%), _aeus (;.?%), wdhao tdo roekhifor hs fhvhfof

ekhiay keìn Lotuhk, Jknus kif Whius. @j tdo dorls

Orhckaos (6;%) kif Nrkehioko (3:%) profèhikto. Vdo

phcturo prosoitof ly tdhs spoctrue j`r tdo fhroct surrùi-

fhins hs ìo `j ki `poi akifsckpo, hi wdhcd nrkss kif

doktd `ccuphof ki hep`rtkit pakco, whtd doro kif tdoro k

ahttao c`pphco kif dkrfay kiy troos (tdo pàaoi `j kafor

`rhnhiktof jurtdor kwky hi tdo vkaaoy `j tdo Ekks2 Fo Mìn

;84<).

Hi tdo pàaoi spoctrue tdo `kb pakys ìay k ehi`r pkrt.

Vdo hfoithjhckthìs `j tdo w``f jùif furhin tdo oxckvk-

thì, d`wovor, sd`w tdkt `kb wks hi jkct quhto hep`rtkit

t` tdo `ccupkits `j tdo sottaoeoits kt _ssoi kif wks usof

jroquoitay. Vdo iueorùs squkro, thelor-ahiof woaas, tdo

dàa`wof ùt troo-truib woaas - whtd fhkeotors rkinhin t`

e`ro tdki ; e - kif tdo roekhis `j hitorika r``j-p`sts

jùif hi tdo jkres, caokray tosthjy t` tdhs projoroico. D`wovor, ht hs i`t ahboay tdkt tdoso `kbs nrow hi tdo heeofhkto

surrùifhins `j tdo sottaoeoit. Vdo kafor kif whaa`w

wkttaof woaas roekhiof hi uso kaìnshfo td`so ahiof whtd

`kb.

Vdoro hs k caokr focrokso hi tdo soof heprosshìs hi p`ttory.

Vdo roksì j`r tdhs hs `lvhùs= hi tdo cùrso `j tdo \èki

porh`f tdo a`cka p`ttory, pr`fucof hi kif krùif tdo

dùso, wks nrkfukaay ropakcof ly hep`rtof corkehcs. Kt

tdhs eèoit wo tdhib tdkt tdoso heprosshìs kif tdo ckr

lìhzof soofs roc`vorof jrè tdo vkrhùs jokturos dkrfay

fhjjor jrè td`so jrè prodhst`rho cìtoxts. [uhto uiusuka

kro tdo uicdkrrof jruhts `j tdo lr`kf c`cbaolur (Tkitdhue

struekrhue), c`rhkifor (C`rhkifrue skthvue) kif loot

(Lätk vuankrhs). Vdo akst tw` woro jùif hi tdo oica`sof

sottaoeoit2 hi ìo ckso kaa tdroo spochos woro jùif

t`notdor hi k woaa.

Jhikaay tdo krcdko`z`à`nhcka roekhis. Kffhthìka Hij`rek

thì hs pr`vhfof ly tdo kikayshs `j tdo roekhis `j kihekas

jùif kccèpkiyhin tdo fokf. Ht kppokrof tdkt tdhs wks

tdo jkto `j phns, pkrthcuakray phnaots. Vdo hifhroct hifhck-

thìs `j sdoop-lroofhin - sphifao-wd`ras kif a`è wohndts

- kro sthaa prosoit hi tdo \èki porh`f. Vdo l`xos

`lsorvof hi tdo stklao krok `j k akrno jkre kro tdo ìay

hifhckthì tdkt ckttao wks stklaof hi tdoso pkrts `j tdo

dùsos.

?. Wr`spooas

Vdo _ssoi oxckvkthì `rhnhikaay j`reof ki hep`rtkit cè

pìoit `j tdo Ekksbkit pr`moct, j`reuaktof hi ;8>8. Vdo

ekhi khe `j tdhs pr`moct wks foscrhlof ly tdo hihthkt`r,

N.M. Zorwors, ks jàa`ws= t` nkhi k fotkhaof hishndt hit`

tdo `ccupkthìka dhst`ry `j tdhs ronhì kif t` pky pkr-



;;> ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

thcuakr kttoithì t` tdo oivhrìeoit". Hi tdhs cìtoxt tdo

_ssoi pr`moct eky cortkhiay lo cìshforof k succoss. J`r

tdhs pkrt `j tdo Ekksbkit ronhì k fhkcdrìhc foscrhpthì

cki lo nhvoi `j tdo `ccupkthì hi tdo ehaaoiihue rkinhin

jrè >77 LC t` KF <?7. Ht ovoi sooes roksìklao t`

kssueo tdkt tdo `ccupkthì `j tdhs krok cìthiuof kae`st

uihitorruptof jrè tdo Okray/Ehffho Lrìzo Kno uitha

woaa hit` tdo \èki porh`f. ô i`w bi`w wdkt tdo p`t-

tory, dùsos kif nrkvos a``bof ahbo hi tdo vkrhùs porh`fs.

Vdkt wo bi`w dkrfay kiytdhin klùt tdo vonotkthì hs

`whin t` tdo eoro jkct tdkt i` suhtklao skepahin a`ckthìs

dkvo (ks yot) looi jùif hi tdo heeofhkto

surrùifhins `j tdo shto.

^doi tdo _ssoi pr`moct cdkinof dkifs, hi ;843, tdo

`rhnhika `lmocthvos kif tdo fojhihthì `j tdo rosokrcd krok

woro katorof. Vdo `lmocthvos `j tdo pr`moct woro roj`r-

euaktof pkrtay uifor tdo hijauoico `j tdo stheuakthin

hivosthnkthìs hi tdo kfmkcoit ronhì, tdo Boepoi (Sa`jstrk

ot ka. ;84<, hf. ;84?). Vdhs hivosthnkthì, wdhcd wks stkraof

okray hi tdo ;8>7s, dks oxporhoicof k shehakr fovoa`peoit=

tdo `rhnhika khe, t` frkw k (stkthc) cuaturka fhknrke `j tdoronhì, dkf t` nhvo wky t` k e`ro fyikehc hfoka, tdo

kikayshs `j s`ch`-cuaturka pr`cossos, `j wdhcd k systoehc

kppr`kcd t` cuaturo j`res tdo lkshs. Vdo `lmocthvos j`r-

euaktof ly tdoso hivosthnkt`rs cki kas` lo cìshforof roao

vkit t` ùr ronhì, tdo krok lotwooi tdo Wooa, Ekks kif

Fèeoa, oxcopt j`r tdo jkct tdkt tdo theo ahehts woro bopt

eucd ikrr`wor. J`r tdhs ronhì - doicoj`rtd toreof eos`-

ronhì - tdo ekhi krcdkoà`nhcka `lmocthvos whaa lo tdo

kikayshs `j tdo fovoa`peoit `j tdo sottaoeoit systoe hi tdo

porh`f >77 LC - KF <?7 kif, cùpaof whtd tdhs, tdo pr`

coss `j \èkihzkthì. Wkrthcuakray tdhs akst kspoct, tdo

hic`rp`rkthì `j tdo ikthvo cèeuihthos hi tdo \èki

Oephro, tdo wky hi wdhcd tdhs hitonrkthì wks lrùndt

klùt, j`res tdo ekhi tdoeo `j tdhs ronhìka hivosthnkthì.

Hi `rfor t` lo klao t` jàa`w tdo pr`coss `j \èkihzkt hì,

k e`foa `j ikthvo s`choty ì tdo ovo `j càìhskthì wha!

dkvo t` lo nhvoi. _ihhbo, j`r oxkepao, tdo karokfy eoi-

thìof Boepoi ronhì, wdoro dkrfay kiy Hrì Kno

sottaoeoits dkvo looi hivosthnktof (cj. \`yekis hi Sa`jstrk

ot ka. ;84<, ?<-?:2 hf. ;84?), ùr eos`-ronhì `jjors sujjh

châit stkrthin-p`hits j`r k jkhray fotkhaof foscrhpthì. Vdo

cdrìà`nhcka rkino `j tdhs ronhì hs kas` whfo oiùnd. Sot

taoeoits jrè kaa sulporh`fs `j tdo Hrì Kno dkvo looi

oxckvktof kif aoif tdoesoavos, t` vkryhin fonroos, t` tdo

hivosthnkthì `j tdo aovoas eoithìof hi pkrknrkpd 6.;.;. Kpr`laoe hs tdkt sèo porh`fs kro ìay roprosoitof hi k

rostrhctof pkrt `j tdo eos`-ronhì. Akto Hrì Kno dùso

pakis, j`r oxkepao, kro bi`wi oxcaushvoay jrè tdo

Ekksbkit ronhì kif i`t jrè tdo dhndor Waohst`coio

skify s`has. Vdhs hs d`wovor i`t cìshforof ki hisureùi-

tklao pr`laoe. I`t ìay tdo sottaoeoit pakis, lut kas` tdo

ocà`nhcka fktk kif tdo coeotorhos whaa lo usof t` cìstruct

k e`foa `j tdo ikthvo cèeuihty. Katdùnd \`yekis (hi

Sa`jstrk ot ka. ;84<, ?3) c`rroctay cèeoitof tdkt tdo uri-

jhoafs f` i`t aoif tdoesoavos t` kikaysos `j k s`chà`nhcka

ikturo, foe`nrkpdhc Hij`rekthì cki - whtd tdo iocosskry

rosorvo - lo forhvof jrè tdoe (cj. j`r k shepao ckso Zki

for Skifoi ;84;). Ht dks karokfy looi p`stuaktof ly sovorka

kutd`rs, ì tdo ìo dkif ì tdo lkshs `j wrhttoi sùrcos

(\`yekis ;843, ?;), ì tdo `tdor ì tdo lkshs jronhìkaay stufhof surjkco jhifs (^haaoes ;843, ;78), tdkt

tdo s`ch`-pàhthcka aovoa `j tdo s`choty hi tdo whfor ronhì

fhf i`t rhso kl`vo tdkt `j tdo trhlo. Vdo hivosthnkthì `j

tdo oxckvktof sottaoeoits kif coeotorhos whaa dkvo t`

kfmust/jurtdor spochjy tdhs e`foa kif (hj p`sshlao) prosoit

k e`ro fhjjoroithktof phc turo".

Krùif tdo lonhiihin `j tdo jhrst coitury KF tdo pr`coss

`j hitonrkthì `j tdo ronhì hit` tdo \èki Oephro

stkrtof. Furhin, e`st pr`lklay, tdo jhrst dkaj `j tdo Hst

coitury k akrno pkrt `j tdo eos`-ronhì lockeo pkrt `j tdo

Chvhtks Lktkv`rue (Zki Os ;84;, <;?2 \ñnor ;8:4, 362

^haaoes ;843, ;7>-;742 cj. t`` L`nkors ;8:7/:;, <>;) kif

sd`rtay kjtor `jjhchkaay `j tdo pr`vhico Norekihk Hijorh`r(L`nkors `.c, <:?)". Hi k jow rocoit pulahckthìs (hi

Sa`jstrk ot ka. ;84<, <8-33, ?:-:;2 ;843), Sa`jstrk dks

fovoa`pof vkrhùs stheuakthin hfoks, lksof ì tdo`rhos `j

s`chà`nhsts, kitdr`pà`nhsts kif no`nrkpdors, hi `rfor t`

lottor cìcoptukhhzo tdhs pr`coss. @j prhekry hep`rtkico hi

dhs w`rbs kro I`rlort Oahks' tdo`ry `j stkto j`rekthì kif

tdo tdo`rhos ì pokskits kif pktrìkno hi tdo porhpdorhos

`j cèpaox s`chothos ì stkto aovoa.

Vdo fovoa`peoit ùtahiof ly Sa`jstrk j`r tdo i`rtdwostori

porhpdory `j tdo \èki Oephro cki lo sueekrhzof ks

jàa`ws". Fosphto tdo kfehihstrkthvo `rnkihzkthì, lonhi

ihin urlkihzkthì kif hepr`vof hijrkstructuro, tdo trhlka

structuro roekhiof uikhtorof j`r tdroo qukrtors `j tdo Hst

coitury KF. Cìtkcts whtd tdo a`cka èahto (ahiokno dokfs)

woro lksof ì tdo prhichpao `j 'hifhroct ruao'. I`t uitha

kjtor tdo Lktkvhki rovàt, hi :8/>7, wks tdo pr`coss `j

\èkihzkthì - kif tdoroj`ro kas` fotrhlkahskthì -

spoofof up. Vdo jrìthor krey wks nroktay oiakrnof kif

hifhroct ruao stkrtof t` nhvo wky t` k j`reka kfehihst rkthvo

`rnkihzkthì, hi wdhcd tdo àf trhlka oahto wks kaa`wof t`

paky k pkrt. Vdo pr`nrosshin urlkihzkthì kif tdo

oeornoico `j tdo vhaako woit dkif hi dkif whtd tdo

fovoa`peoit `j tdo ikthvo p`puakthì hit` pokskits, h.o.

jkreors whtd k trkfhthìka knrkrhki tocdià`ny wd` kro

fèhiktof ly ùtshfors kif kro i` aìnor puroay soajsupp`rthin, lut wd` crokto k surpaus tdkt fhskppokrs ks

tkxos `r vhk ekrbots. Cìtkct lotwooi tdoso pokskits kif

tdo dhndor aovoas wks ekhitkhiof vhk tdo rurka oahto, tdo

`ccupkits `j tdo vhaaks wd` kas` `ccuphof p`sts hi tdo

lurokucrktho ekcdhiory. Vdoso pktrì-cahoit roakthìs,

`ccurrhin ì kaa aovoas `j s`choty kif jhikaay cuaehikthin hi

tdo porsì `j tdo oepor`r, kro tdo hitonrkthì eocdkihse



;;4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

cìiocthin tdo a`wost strktue `j tdo cèeuihty whtd tdo

dhndor, kfehihstrkthvo aovoas `j tdo stkto. Vdo vhaak pr`-

prhot`rs `r tdo urlki èahto i`t ìay dkf cìtrà `vor tdo

eokis `j pr`fucthì, lut kas` `vor kccoss t` tdo ekrbot.

Nrkpdhckaay roprosoitof, tdo ìay pkrtay cèeorchkahzof

ekrh1ot systoe dks k foifrhthc sdkpo, whtd tdo prhco fotor-

ehihin ekrbot kt tdo kpox. Vdo jrkeow`rb prosoitof ly

Sa`jstrk sooes t` `jjor k n``f stkrthin-p`hit j`r ki

kikayshs `j tdo sottaoeoit systoe hi tdo eos`-ronhì,

wdhcd, d`wovor, whaa i`t lo fìo hi tdhs krthcao. Iovor-

tdoaoss, k jow proahehikry roekrbs cki karokfy lo ekfo. Hi

tdo okray \èki, h.o. pro-JHkvhki, porh`f vkrhùs hep`rts

jùif tdohr wky t` tdo ôstorvoaf sottaoeoit. Vdhs ja`w `j

n``fs stkrtof kt ki okray fkto, ks kttostof ly tdo `ccur-

roico `j sovorka jrkneoits `j kepd`rko kif Krrothio

shnhaaktk jrè tdo Kunustki-Vhlorhki porh`f. Wrosthno

`lmocts woro kas` hep`rtof hi tdo jàa`whin, Cakufhki-

Iorìhki porh`f= o.n. torrk shnhaaktk kif whio hi lkrroas. Ly

tdhs theo tdo sottaoeoit dkf karokfy sopkrktof htsoaj jrè

hts surrùifhins ly eokis `j kt aokst ìo fhtcd. Vdo p`s-

shlay cìtoep`rkry Zhmvor sottaoeoit kas` yhoafof c`rb urijrkneoits, lut i` pro-Jakvhki shnhaaktk `r whio lkrroas.

Vdhs wùaf sunnost tdkt tdo okray hep`rts woro fhstrhlutof

quhto soaocthvoay. Vdhs hs kas` strossof ly ^haaoes' ronhìka

stufy (;84;). Vdo ronhì hivosthnktof ly dhe hs tdo krok

cìsthtuthin tdo i`rtdori pkrt `j tdo chvhtks Lktkv`rue,

tdo skeo chvhtks t` wdhcd e`st `j ùr eos`-ronhì kas`

loaìnof. Vdhs stufy rovokaof tdkt okray hep`rts kro rkroay

jùif ùtshfo Ihmeonoi. Krrothio shnhaaktk j`r oxkepao,

`ccurs kae`st oxcaushvoay hi ehahtkry cìtoxts kif ìay

sp`rkfhckaay hi ikthvo cìtoxts (`.c, ;38, jhn. <?). Vdoso

okray hep`rts eky hifhckto tdo prosoico `j porsìs whtd k

dhndor stktus, wd` kctof ks hitoreofhkrhos whtd tdo \èki

stkto. Vdoy eky tdoi roprosoit fhpaèkthc nhjts (cj. Lrkift;843, ;6;) wdhcd woro usof, o.n. vhk tdo ahiokno dokfs, t`

boop tdo dhitorakif quhot. Vdo p`sshlhahty tdkt tdo prosoico

`j tdo krey stheuaktof tdo trhlka pr`fucthì (c`ri, ckttao)

kif tdkt tdo ahiokno dokfs oxcdkinof tdohr `wi surpaus

pr`fucts j`r auxury n``fs (cj. \`yekis ;843, ?4) eky

cortkhiay i`t lo oxcaufof. Vdoso oxcdkinos lotwoois

\èkis kif ahiokno dokfs eky kas` dkvo looi ekfo p`ssh-

lao ly k surpaus `ltkhiof vhk k ikthvo systoe `j trhluto

pkyeoit. Wkrt `j tdoso \èki n``fs whaa dkvo ja`wof t`

tdo `tdor eoelors `j tdo cèeuihty, ekylo ovoi ahtorkaay

(whio). Hi tdo coeotory fhscussof hi pkr. 6.<.<. tdkt, hi ey

`phihì, loaìns t` tdo oica`sof sottaoeoit, tdo kssueof

pro-JHkvhki èahto hs i`t cìsphchùs j`r o.n. nrkvo n``fssucd ks nakss kif torrk shnhaaktk. Hi tdo sùtdori pkrt `j

tdo coeotory, d`wovor, k eìueoit wks oxckvktof, whtd k

pkahskfo ì tdo hishfo, tdkt wks sahndtay akrnor (4.? x 8.?

e) tdki tdo rhcd nrkvo jrè tdo Cakufhki porh`f

fhsc`vorof kt Lakfoa-Brhoboscd``r (\`yekis hi Sa`jstrk ot

ka. ;84<, 88-a(T)). Katdùnd i` jhifs woro roc`vorof, k

fkto hi tdo pro-JHkvhki porh`f fòs i`t sooe hepakushlao

j`r tdo nrkvo kt @ss".

Vdo fovoa`peoits hi ùr ronhì kjtor tdo Lktkvhki rovàt,

wdoi tdo àf èahto rokaay stkrtof t` lo kfehttof hit` tdo

kfehihstrkthvo ekcdhiory, kro t` lo sooi knkhist tdo

lkcbnrùif `j iow kif pr`sporhin àfor coitrk2 Nkstrk

kif Lktkv`furue/I`vhèknus hi Ihmeonoi, kif Ohst,

Cuhmb, Dkafor kif \`ssue hiakif2 tdroo `j tdo jùrsekaaor coitrk kro shtuktof hi ùr eos`-ronhì. Vdo jhrst

vhaako i`w stkrt t` kppokr hi tdo cùitry (o.n. Frutoi2

Duast ;8>4). Katdùnd ìay k jow dkvo s` jkr looi

oxckvktof hi tdo Lktkvhki krok, ht wùaf kppokr tdkt ekiy

e`ro kwkht fhsc`vory. ô dkvo dkrfay kiy oephrhcka Hij`r

ekthì ì tdo roakthìs lotwooi tdoso vhaako kif tdo ikthvo

sottaoeoits. Sa`jstrk's e`foa kaa`ws j`r vkrhkthì hi tdo

fonroo `j 'pokskithzkthì' (;843, 44). Vdhs cki rkino jrè

akifaoss pokskits ahvhin ì tdo vhaak nrùifs, vhk pokskits

ahvhin hi tdohr `wi sottaoeoits kif f`hin pkrt `j tdo w`rb

j`r tdo vhaak pr`prhot`rs, t` cèeuihthos whtd k trhlka

`rnkihzkthì structuro tdkt roekhiof roakthvoay

kutìèùs.

S` jkr i` stìo-luhat cèpaox rosoelahin tdkt kt

Wakseàoi `r D``noa`ì t` wdhcd tdo ikthvo \èki

sottaoeoits kt _ssoi eky dkvo looi roaktof dks looi jùif

hi tdo iohndlùrd``f ly oxckvkthì `r survoy. Vdo iokrost

vhaak `j tdkt bhif sooes t` lo tdo ìo tdkt cki lo

p`stuaktof iokr tdo rhcd nrkvos kt Oscd (cj. Zki foi Durb

;8>3, ;8>?, ;8>>).

Cùaf ht lo tdkt tdoro wks k vhaak ì tdo shto0 Vdhs quos-

thì eky i`t lo ks strkino ks ht jhrst sooes. Vdo oica`sof

sottaoeoit hi pkrthcuakr fosorvos kaa kttoithì hi tdhs

rospoct. Vdkt tdo akttor hs i`t ki kvorkno sottaoeoit eky

kppokr jrè tdo foscrhpthì hi pkr. 6.<.;. kif tdo cè-

eoits ì tdo coeotory loaìnhin t` ht. Hj tdo roctkinuakr

la`cbs `j tujj kif tdo akrno keùit `j sakto fhsc`vorof ì

tdo shto dkf looi jùif ì tdo surjkco, whtdùt jurtdor

bi`waofno `j tdo jokturos kss`chktof whtd tdoe, tdo cì-

caushì wùaf dkvo looi tdkt wo kro pr`lklay fokahin whtd

k stìo luhafhin - e`ro prochsoay k vhaak (cj. ^haaoes ;843,

;46-;4?). D`wovor, i` jùifkthìs kif/`r r`llhin troi-

cdos woro fhsc`vorof ì tdo shtoY·. Lut tdoi k vhaak fòs

i`t iocosskrhay dkvo t` lo luhat `j stìo. Vdo \@L oxckvk

thì kt Frutoi-Baoppordoh sd`wof tdkt ovoi tdo ekhi

luhafhin eky dkvo looi luhat oithroay `j w``f (Duast

;8>4). Hj wo kas` oepa`y juicthìka rktdor tdki e`r-

pdà`nhcka crhtorhk t` fojhio k vhaak - 'k jkre wdhcd hshitonrktof hit` tdo s`chka kif ocìèho `rnkihzkthì `j tdo

\èki w`raf' (\hvot ;8:8, ;>>) - tdoi caoeoits ahbo wkaa-

pkhithins, lktds otc. i` aìnor paky k fochshvo pkrt. Hi tdhs

cìtoxt wo cùaf ronkrf tdo provhùsay eoithìof p`rthc`

dùso ks k p`toithka ekhi luhafhin. Vdhs uiusuka paki hs

fktof hi tdo <if coitury KF ì tdo lkshs `j tdo jhifs

kss`chktof whtd ht. Katdùnd e`st `j tdo jokturos kif jhifs



;;8 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

`j tdo oica`sof sottaoeoit kro yot t` lo kikaysof kif hitor-

protof, wo cki karokfy sky tdkt tdo sottaoeoit sd`ws i`

ronuakr krrkinoeoit `j ekhi luhafhin kif kiioxos ks hs tdo

ckso hi Frutoi kif ks wo hifoof cùaf dkvo oxpoctof. Vdo

\hmswhmb-fo Luat oxckvkthì, d`wovor, sd`ws tdkt k shehakr

aky-ùt hs i`t tdo akw `j Eofos kif Worshkis, lut tdkt k

sahndtay aoss j`reka krrkinoeoit hs kas` p`sshlao (Laòeors

;8>42 Zki Os ;84<). Vdo hivosthnkthì `j tdo vhaak hiD``noa`ì kas` p`hits hi tdhs fhrocthì. Vdo oxckvkt`rs

cìshfor ht p`sshlao tdkt vkrhùs ikthvo jkres krùif tdo

vhaak woro sthaa hi uso kif juicthìof ks 'ùtdù sos ' `j tdo

vhaak (Sa`jstrk/Lkzoaekis ;84?).

Vdo coeotory, kif hi pkrthcuakr tdo nrùp `j akrno nrkvos,

cki kas` lo hicaufof hi tdhs fhscusshì. Vdo nakss `lmocts

jùif doro kro, ly ronhìka stkifkrfs, quhto iueorùs (cj.

^haaoes ;84;, ;8:-;8>). Vdoso nakss jhifs, k jow l`ttaos

kif k rhllof l`wa, kro prosthno `lmocts `jtoi oicùitorof

hi tdo nrkvos `j tdo rurka kif urlki oahto (Zki foi Durb

;8>3, L`nkors/Dkkaol`s ;84?). Hi ìo ckso (nrkvo ;<4;2

jhn. ;6) ht cùaf lo kscortkhiof tdkt sèo `j tdo vkauklao

nhjts, sucd ks k nakss rhllof l`wa kif tw` trhp`fs woro

karokfy 'àf' kt tdo theo wdoi tdoy woro fop`shtof hi tdo

nrkvo. Vdhs pdoièoiì wks kas` `lsorvof hi, keìnst

otdors , tdo nrkvos kt Oscd (Zki foi Durb ;8>?, 442 hf.

;8>>, ;<3). Loshfos tdoso shehakrhthos tdoro kro `j cùrso

ekrbof fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo _ssoi nrkvos kif td`so `j

tdo eìueoitka typo. Kpkrt jrè tdo fhjjoroico hi sckao -

shzo `j tdo nrkvo kif iuelor `j nrkvo n``fs - tdoro hs hi

ey `phihì ki hep`rtkit fhjjoroico hi tdo a`ckthì `j tdo

nrkvos. Vdo `ccupkits `j cortkhi stìo vhaako (D``noa`ì,

uifùltofay kas` Oscd) woro lurhof hi k sopkrkto krok,

wdhcd hs i`t tdo ckso kt _ssoi. Doro tdo a`cka èahto wks

lurhof kaìn whtd tdo rost `j tdo cèeuihty, lo ht hi k

prèhioit p`shthì ì tdo ofno `j tdo coeotory (cj. j`r k

paki `j tdhs pkrt `j tdo coeotory Laòeors ot ka. ;84;,

;;3). Vdhs fhjjoroit a`ckthì `j tdo nrkvos p`sshlay hepahos

tdkt tdhs a`cka oahto st``f jkr aoss ka``j jrè tdo rost `j tdo

cèeuihty tdki kppokrs t` dkvo looi tdo ckso whtd tdo

`ccupkits `j tdo stìo luhafhins eoithìof kl`vo.

@i tdo nrùif `j tdoso kif `tdor cìshforkthìs ìo hstoeptof t` cìcaufo tdkt ìo `j tdo rurka sottaoeoits jrè

tdo \èki porh`f hi _ssoi - h.o. tdo ôstorvoaf sottaoeoit

- fovoa`pof hit` k vhaak-Hhbo cèpaox, hi wdhcd kaa tdo cì-

toep`rkry jkres j`reof ki `rnkihzkthìka oithty, fhroctof

kt pr`fuchin k surpaus j`r tdo ekrbot. Hi k whfor cìtoxt,

tdo jhika rosuat eust lo cìshforof oxtroeoay e`fost kif

tdo quosthì roekhis wdy, j`r histkico, tdo ekhi luhafhin

fhf i`t fovoa`p hit` k e`ro roprosoitkthvo structuro. Vdo

ocìèho lkshs wks uifùltofay knrkrhki, hi wdhcd ckttao

whaa dkvo pakyof ki hep`rtkit pkrt. @io `j tdo e`st

hitorosthin kspocts `j tdo hivosthnkthì hs tdkt tdo fovoa`p-

eoit hit` k vhaak cki lo trkcof jrè ks okray ks tdo Akto

Hrì Kno ìwkrfs, ki `pp`rtuihty `jjorof ly ìay jowshehakr sottaoeoits.

Vdo fhjjoroicos i`tof lotwooi tdo cìtoep`rkry \èki

porh`f sottaoeoits cki pordkps lo oxpakhiof hi tores `j

vorthcka roakthìs. Vdo quosthì ks t` d`w tdo t`p `j tdhs

ehcr`-ronhìka s`chka pyrkehf wks hitonrktof hi tdo wol `j

tdo ùtshfo w`raf, roekhis. Ht fòs i`t sooe vory ahboay

tdkt ùr vhaak `ccupkits `ccuphof p`sts hi tdo `jjhchka

kfehihstrkthvo ekcdhiory `j tdo chvhtks `j tdo LktkvhkisY'.

ekiuscrhpt cìcaufof I`voelor ;84?.

i`tos

; S` jkr, ìay k jow lrhoj survoys dkvo looi pulahsdof= soo^.M.D. Zorwors/N.K.C. Loox ;8>4, <;-<<2 ^.M.D. Zorwors (of.), Krcdoà`nhscdo Brìhob vki I``rf-Lrklkit ;8>>-;8>4, Ohifd`voi;84; (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, ;8), 3?-382hf. ;8>8-;847, ^kkaro (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkitsdooe, <3), <8-3;.

< J`r tdo s`-ckaaof skif-whiihin Hroicdos soo Zki foi Durb;8>3, ;8>, jhn. :. Dhs hitorprotkthì hs lksof ì ;>td coiturydhst`rhcka sùrcos.

3 Hj tdo kssueof roakthì lotwooi tdo dùso paki kif tdo sha s hsfùlaof, tdoro hs tdo p`sshlhahty `j cìiocthin tdo paki whtd tdosckrco Hrì Kno sdorfs jrè ìo `j tdo sha`s. Vdo jkre kt Ihmisoawùaf tdoi dkvo t` lo fkaof hi tdo Okray Hrì Kno kt tdo aktost,lut ly f`hin s`, wo wùaf lo r`llhin ùrsoavos `j tdo ìayLrìzo Kno dùso paki hi tdo krok sùtd `j tdo akrno rhvors.

6 Cj. Zki ôorhinoi (;84?, 3>4)2 cèpkro j`r ki okrahor lonhiihin D.O. M`kcdhe, ]u ohsoizohtahcdoi \ohlstohioi kus Lkskatakvk,foi s`n. Ikpàoìsdñtci, Krcdkà`nhscdos B`rrospìfoizlakaa ;?,3?8-3:8, pkrthcuakray 3:<.

? Soo o.n. S.B. Kr`rk, Eotkaazohtahcdo Jahithifustrho, Fks \dohihscdo Akifoseusoue Lìi ;84?, 43-4?.

: Vdo c eeoit hi \`yekis ;843, i`to :3, tdkt jahit shcbaos worosthaa hi uso hi tdo Akto Hrì Kno eust lo fuo t` k ehstkbo.

> Vdo kutd`rs wrìnay hicaufof tdhs wdooa jrkneoit hi tdocdkptor ì tdo \èki porh`f.

4 Furhin tdo jhrst kikayshs `j tdo croekthì roekhis k jrkneoit`j k lhrf's thlh`tkrsus wks jùif hi ìo `j tdo nrkvos hi tdoprodhst`rho coeotory.

8 Vdhs typo `j lr``cd hs usukaay j lrìzo kif fktof t` tdo jhrstdkaj `j tdo Hst coitury KF. K shavor spocheoi jrè tdo coeotory`j _aphk I`vhèknus 'p`hits ùt tdkt tdhs typo eky dkvo looiw`ri hi tdo Jakvhki porh`f `r ovoi aktor' (M.B. Dkkaol`s, Jhluakouht Ekurhb, @ufdohfbuifhno Eofofoahinoi uha doa \hmbseusouevki @ufdofoi Ho Aohfoi, hi pross.)

;7 Cj. j`r k ionkthvo rosuat ^. Nròieki-Zki ^kktorhino hiLaòeors ;8>4, 6?<-6?:, hi pkrthcuakr 6?<.



;<7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

;; Ht hs i`t yot cortkhi wdotdor l`td fhtcdos woro `poi kt tdo

skeo theo. Vdo Hst coitury jhifs jrè tdo ùtor fhtcd eky woaa

roprosoit ektorhka jrè `tdor jokturos tdkt woro fhsturlof wdoi

tdhs fhtcd wks fun.

;< E`st `j tdo lurit kihek! lìos kro jrè phnaots. Lìos `j

phnaots woro kas` jùif hi tdo 6td coitury coeotory hi Ihmeonoi.

Cj. \ .C. N.E . Akuworhor, Whns, phnaots kif fotorehihin tdo soksì

`j sakundaorhin, Mùrika `j Krcdkoà`nhcka Schoico ;7, ;843,

643-644.

;3 Okr tdoiwkro eksbs j tdo \èki porh`f dkvo s` jkr i`t yot

looi jùif hi tdo cìtoxt `j k rurka sottaoeoit. Cj. o.n. M.M.C,

vki D``ri-Nrìoeki, \úehscdo Eksboijrkneoiaoi, Lkloscd 3?,

;8:7, >?->8.

;6 Vdo porhpdorka fhtcdos `j tdo prodhst`rho nrkvos woro i`t

skepaof j`r tdo purp`so `j pàaoi kikayshs.

;? Kpkr t jrè k lrhoj eoithì hi Zorwors ;84; (iào ;), 34, tdo

Ekksbkit pr`moct dks i`t yot looi ùtahiof hi ahtorkturo.

;: K whfor jrkeow`rb tdki tdo eos`-ronhì whaa lo usof j`r tdo

cìstructhì `j tdo e`foa. J`r tdo dhndor (ekcr`-ronhìka kif

suprk-ronhìka ) aovoas cj. ^haaoes ;84;, ;;.

;> Vdo @ss ronhì uifùltofay j`reof pkrt `j tdo chvhtks

Lktkv`rue. Vdo sùtdori l`rfor `j tdhs chvhtks ckii`t lo fotor-

ehiof whtd cortkhity. L`nkors i`tof tdkt tdo fhsc`vory `j tdo katkr

kt \uheoa - eoithìhin JAKZS, sueeus eknhstrktus chvhtkths

Lktkv`rue - fòs i`t sàvo tdhs pr`laoe. Vdo prosueof skic-

tukry kt \uheoa 'eky dkvo loaìnof a` tdo chvhtks Vuinr`rue'

(L`nkors ;8:7/:;, <>;, i.6?). Vdo hicaushì `j tdo @ss ronhì hi

tdo Lkakvhki chvhtks hs `j hep`rtkico doro. Jrè Vkchtus (Nor-

ekihk <8, Kiikaos HZ, ;<) wo bi`w tdk t, kt aokst uitha tdo rovàt ,

tdo Lktkvhkis woro oxoept jrè tkxkthì. Vdhs fktue whaa cor-

akhiay paky k pkrt hi tdo hitorproakahì `j tdo eokihin `j tdo

vkrhùs structuros (d`rrok,akrno stklaos).

;4 Sa`jsark's kccùit j`cussos ekhiay ì tdo Nkuahsd chvhtks

Vuinr`rue whtd hts coitro Ktuktuck Vuinr`rue. Lua whtd tdo

Lktkvhki.s, kt aokst uitha :8/>7, tdhins woro fhjjoroit. Kt ki okray

fkac tdoy woro karokfy `rnkihzof ks k chvhtks, kt tdo dokf `j wdhcd

wks tdo sueeus eknhstrktus whtd pr`lklay ahttao `r i` còrchvo

p`wor (L`nkors ;8:7/:;, <>7-<>;, i. 3:-3>2 Vkchtus Norekihk ;;).

Hi cèpoiskthì j`r tdohr oxoepthì jrè tkxkthì tdoy dkf t`

aovy k akrno iuelor `j kuxhahkrhos2 tdoso kuxhahkrhos woro `jjhcorof

ly tdo Lkakvhki i`lhaos. Vdhs oxcopthìka p`shthì eokia tdkt

hitorkchhìs loawooi Lktkvhkis kif tdo `ccuphor woro e`ro hitoiso

tdki o.n. td`so loawooi tdo Vuinrh kif tdo \èkis.

;8 K shehakr akrno sopuacdrka eìueoit wks kas` fhsc`vorof hi

tdo coeotory kt Dktoi. Vdhs eìueoit dkf ki hiaorika pkahskfo

kif pr`fucof, keìn `tdor tdhins, k rhllof l`wa fkahin tdo nrkvo

t` ki okray pdkso `j tdo Hst coitury (M.B. Dkkaol`s, `rka Hij`r

ekthì).

<7 Vdo`rothckaay hdoro eky dkvo looi k stìo cìstructhì hi tdo

oksaori pkrt `j tdhs sottaoeoit, wdoro roakthvoay akrno kroks dkvo

i`t looi oxckvktof `r woro fostr`yof furhin sulrocoit skif-

whiihin kcthvhthos.

<; Doro H wùaf ahbo t` tdkib kaa td`so wd` kro `r dkvo looi

hivàvof hi tdo _ssoi pr`moct. Hi tdo jhrst pakco ; eust tdkib Wr`

joss`r Fr. N.M. Zorwors, tdo hihthkt`r `j tdo oxckvkthì, wd`

oitrustof tdo pr`moct t` tdo kut d`r. ; wùaf kas` ahbo t` tdkib tdo

vkrhùs fopkrteoits tdkt doapof t` jhikico tdo pr`moct= tdo Stkto

_ihvorshty `j Aohfoi, tdo Wr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit kif tdo

Euihchpkahty `j @ss. Eossrs A. ôhilorn, X.W.^. vki for ôrjjkif D.M. vki Tkitoi fosorvo spochka eoithì. Vdo c`-`porkthì

`j tdo L`krf `j ^`rbs kif Wulahc Luhafhins `j tdo euihchpkahty

`j @ss, wd` `lahnof tdo oxckvkt`rs hi ekiy wkys wks kas`

hifhspoisklao. K spochka w`rf `j tdkibs hs fuo t` K.\.D. Fhffo,

O.F. Hpoilurn, B. _ahmi, M.^.M.W. Zordòvoi kif E.K. Z`s.

Ht hs uijokshlao t` eoithì kaa tdo porsìs wd` doapof hi tdo jhoaf

F`zois `j stufoits rocohvof tdohr jhoaf trkhihin hi @ss2 tdoy shepay

dkf i` cd`hco. Vdo IMLN kif tdo KÎ, wd` `rnkihzof ìo,

rospocthvoay tw` w`rb-ckeps, roiforof vàuitkry kssshstoico. Vdo

eoelors `j tdo krcdkoà`nhcka uiht `j tdo S`choty `j \onhìka

Dhst`ry `j tdo Ekksakif, wd` c`-`porktof hi tdo pr`moct j`r kaa

td`so yokrs fosorvo k spochka eoithì. Furhin tdo akst yokr tdoy

woro ksshstof ly a`cka vàuitoors= Norkrf vki Kapdoi, Doib foi

Lr`b, Norrht vki Fuuroi, Whot Dkkio, Whot vki Ahmssoa, ^haa

Eonois, Kis @ttoi, Whot fo W``t kif Norrht Sehts. ^htd tdohr

ksshstkico tdoy skvof tdo jhoaf fhroct`rs, M.M. Kssoif`rp, \.\.

Fktoek, K.L. Fúlboi kif N.\. Vkb, ekiy saoopaoss ihndts. Vdo

c`-`porkthì `j tdo cìtrkct`rs K.C. vki Louihinoi kif N.

Aùwors L.Z. wks kas` `j nrokt hep`rtkico. @j tdo akttor L.M. vki

Orp kif E.(\hih) vki Lkaaon``hm fosorvo spochka eoithì.

Jhikaay tdo po`pao wd` doapof hi tdo pr`cosshin `j tdo fktk. Ey

nroktost syepktdy nòs t` tdo frkundtseki. Mki W. L``norf.

^dhao frkwhin tdo pakis (;=;77), wdhcd ovoitukaay c`vorof e`ro

tdki ;47 e' , do `jtoi p`hsof ì tdo vorno `j ekfioss. J`r-

tuiktoay do ekiknof t` rotkhi dhs skihty. Ekiy càaoknuos doapof

t` hfoithjy spochka ckton`rhos `j jhifs. Sèo `j tdoe whaa pulahsd

tdohr rosuats tdoesoavos hi tdo jhika _ssoi pulahckthì. K jow

(jhrst) rosuats `j tdohr w`rb dkvo looi hicaufof hi tdo kl`vo krth-

cao. ; wùaf tdoroj`ro ahbo t` tdkib = C.C . Lkboas kif ^. Bihmpor

(soofs kif pàaoi), \. vki fo Lorn kif A. B``hstrk (hfoiahjhckthì

`j w``f skepaos), N.E.O.C. vki Lòboh (phpo-caky `lmocts), M.O.L`nkors (ophnrkpdhcs), W.^. vki foi Lròbo (ikthvo p`ttory) E.

Lrùwor (\èki p`ttory jrè ôstorvoaf sottaoeoit), C. vki

Frhoa-Eurrky (aoktdor), K.-L. Fúlboi (coeotory \èki porh`f),

M.B. Dkkaol`s (torrk shnhaaktk kif jhluako), C. Hshins (\èki

nakss), \.C.N.E. Akuworhor (kiheka lìos jrè nrkvos), C.M.

@vorwooa (stìo `lmocts), ^.M.D. Zorwors (\èki p`ttory

]èord`j kif Zhmvor sottaoeoits) kif M.W. vki for Zhi (\èki

c`his).

V` cìcaufo, ; wùaf ahbo t` tdkib td`so wd` doapof hi tdo

propkrkthì `j tdhs krthcao. Vdo haaustrkthìs woro ekfo ly Doib

foi Lr`b (jhn. 4), Doib K. fo A`re (jhns. a,<,3,6k,:,8, ;6), M.

Wkuptht (jhns. ?,;7,;<l), ;. Stòpbor (jhns. >,;;,;<k) kif ly ki

uibi`wi ksshstkit (jhns. 6l, ;3). Vdo toxt wks typof ly E.

^kifors-Zki for Skifoi kif trkisaktof ly S.M. Eoaa`r.



;<; ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

ahtorktuur

Lkboas, C.C. ;847 Fo lowìhinsnoscdhofoihs vki fo Ekksbkit H=pakitoirostoi uht fo Lrìsthmf oi \èohiso

thmf novìfoi to @ss-HMssoastrkkt, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk

;3, ;;?-;3;.

;846 L`tkihscd ìforzòb wktorputtoi Ohboil`ènkkr f, @ss. Hi= N.D.M. vki Kapdoi (of.) @it

fobt voraofoi2 krcdoà`nhscdo kspoctoi vki dot Ekksakif, @ss, 68-?;.

Lkboas, C.C.

\.^.M.E.vki for Dke

;847 Zorb`àf kjvka uht ooi Ehffoi-Lrìsthmf oi Ehffoi-aMzorthmf ioforzotthin `p fo

D``hfìbscdo Kbbors, noe. Sì oi Lrounoa, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck

Aohfoishk ;3, 4;-8;.

Loox, N.K.C.

\.S.Duast

Laòeors, M.D.J.

;8:4

;8>4

;843

K Dhavorsue-cuaturo sottaoeoit iokr Ihmisoa, euihchpkahty `j St.-@ofoir`fo, I`rtd Lrk

lkit, Lorhcdtoi vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforz ob ;4, ;;>-;<8.

\hmswhmb-fo Luat2 ohio Shofauin for Ckikio/ktoi, Keorsj``rt (Ioforakifso @ufdofoi, 4)

Dohmoi. Hi= ^.M.D. ^haaoes, Krcdoà`nhscdo brìhob vki Ahelurn `vor fo mkroi ;847-

;84<, Wulahckthìs fo ak S`chèaè Dhst`rhquo ot Krcdèà`nhquo fkis Ho Ahelùrn ;;8,

<34-<38.

Laòeors, M.D.J.

A.W.Aùwo B``hmekis

D.Skrjkthm

;84; Zoraofoi akif= krcdoà`nhscdo `pnrkvhinoi hi Ioforakif, Kestorfke.

L`nkors, M.O. ;8:7/:; Chvhtks oi stkf vki fo Lktkvoi oi Ckiihiojk toi, Lorhcdtoi vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot

@ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforzòb ;7/;;, <:3-3;>.

L`nkors, M.O.

M.B.Dkkaol`s

Lrkift, \.

Lrkift, \.

M.Sa`jstrk (ofs.)

;847 Nrkvoi hi Dktor t, Iueknk <>, ;-8.

;84? Ik fo f``f hi I`vhèknus, Sphonoa Dhst`rhkoa <7, ;<6-;3<.

;843 K lrhoj oicùitor kaìn tdo i`rtdori jrìthor. Hi= \.Lrkift o.k. (ofs.) ;843, ;<8-;6?.

;843 \èki kif ikthvo hi tdo A`w Cùiarhos2 spdoros `j hitorkcthì, @xj`rf (LK\

Hit.Sor.;46).

Lròbo, W.^.vki foi ;847 Lowìhinssp`roi uht fo Hmzorthmf oi kiforo porh`foi `p fo D``hfìbscdo Kbbors ,

noe.Sì oi Lrounoa, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;3, >-47.

;84< Bustpr`fub toi uht fo Hmzorthmf hi dot ]uhfioforakifso kcdtor akif. ôstordooe 3;,

<6<-<68.

;846 Ioforzotthinsvìfstoi uht fo Hmzorthmf `p Fo Wks, nce.^hmcdoi, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;>, :?-;7?.

Lruikux, M.A.

W.Eoihoa

;843 Ao skictukhro fo Nùriky-sur-Krìfo (@hso)= structuros ot rhtos, aos kihekux fo skcrhjhco.

Hi= A. Lkrfì/M.C. Lakicdot/M.A. Lruikux o.k.(ofs.). Aos Coatos fkis ao i`rf fu Lksshi

Wkrhshoi, Kehois, ;:?-;47 (\ovuo Krcdèà`nhquo fo Whckrfho, ;).

Fktoek, \.\. ;846 Ehffoaoouwso lowìhin to _ssoi0 Hi= N.H-V.M.vki Kapdoi (of .). @itfobt voraofoi2

krcdoà`nhscdo kspoctoi vki doa Ekksakif, @ss, ??-:7.



;<<

Fhopoi, F.vki

Fúlboi, K.L.

Os, ^.K.vki

Dkrsoek, @.D.

Doorhinoi, \.E. vki

Doostors, ^.

Dorrekii, L.

Dàworfk, M.D.

Duast, \.S.

Durb, A.M.K.E, vki foi

Mìn, J.fo

Woffoe`rs, K.

Wìs, A.M.

\hvot, K.A.J.

\`yekis, I.

\ñnor, C.L.


;8?< Fo l`foenostoafdohf vki fo Ekksbkit, 's-Nrkvoidkno (Fo l`foebkrtorhin vki

Ioforakif, ;3).

;84< Dot nrkjvoaf vki @ss-_ssoi, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, ekiuscrhpt Aohfoi.

;84;' Fo \èohioi hi Ioforakif, Dkkraoe.

;84< Akifahcdo Shofauinoi for Bkhsorzoht hi foi Ihoforakifoi, @jjk 38, ;38-;?6.

;8>8 Ekkastoioi oi dkifeàois hi Froitdo vki dot ioàhtdhcue t`t ck. ;377 K.F., Kssoi,

(Eusouepulahcktho ?).

;847 Froits lòroiaovoi vki fo Lrìsthmf t`t fo Ehffoaoouwoi, Kssoi (Eusouepulahcktho :).

;84? Vypà`nho, ]ohtstoaauin uif Zorlrohtuin for hi fho Ihoforakifo hep`rthor toi

v`rnoscdhcdtahcdoi Ekdastohio kus Vopdrht, Krcdkà`nhscdos B`rrospìfoizlaktt ;?,

3>;-343.

;8>> Ooi ioforzotthin uht fo Zròno Hmzorthmf `p Ovorso kbbors to St.-@ofoir`fo. Hi=

I.\`yekis/M.Lhoekis/M.Sa`jstrk o.k.(ofs.) Lrklkitso @ufdofoi2 `pnofrknoi kki Norrht

Loox lhm zhmi :?sto vormkkrfkn, Ohifd`voi, (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits

dooe, ;:) 4;-48.

;8>: Iouo Ornolihsso zur Lourtohauin eoiscdahcdor Lrkifbi`cdoi, ]ohtscdrhjt jñr

\ocdtseofhzhi >>, ;8;-<77.

;86; Fo Loanhscdo wkkr hi Ihmeonoi, 's-Nrkvoidkno (Loscdrhmvhin vki fo vorzkeoahin vki dot

Eusoue N.E.Bke to Ihmeonoi <).

;8>4 Frutoi-Baoppordoh, Z`rlorhcdt for Kusnrkluinoi ohior rúehscdoi Zhaak, Lorhcdtoi vki fo

\hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforzòb <4, ;33-;?;.

;8>3 Vdo tueuah jrè tdo \èki porh`f `j Oscd, pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit, H, Lorhcdtoi vki

fo \hmbsfhoist v``r doa @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforz ob <3, ;48-<3:.

;8>? Vdo tueuah jrè tdo \èki porh`f `j Oscd, pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit, E, Lorhcdtoi

vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforz ob <?, :8-8<.

;8>> Vdo tueuah jrè tdo \èki porh`f `j Oscd, pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit, HHH, Lorhcdtoi

vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r doa @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforz ob <>, 8;-;34.

;84< Wkayià`nhscd ìforzòb vki dot hidooes-\èohis nrkjvoaf vki @ss-_ssoi (pr`vhicho

I``rf-Lrklkit), ekiuscrhpt Aohfoi.

;8>? Aktäionakskrerhino hi foi Ihoforakifoi, Kikaochk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk 4, 83-;6?.

;8?> Fo noà`nho, fo l`foev`rehin oi fo wktorstkktbuifhno ìtwhbboahin vki dot Akif vki

Ekks oi ^kka oi ooi nofooato vki doa \hmb vki Ihmeonoi, 's-Nrkvoidkno (L`foebuifhno

stufhos, 3).

;8:8' Vdo \èki vhaak hi Lrhtkhi, Aìfì.

;843 Vdo i`rtd Loanhc trhlos hi tdo Hst coitury LC= k dhst`rhck a-kitdr`pà`nhcka porspocthvo. Hi

\.Lrkift o.k. (ofs.) ;843, 63-:8.;84? Ioforzotthinssp`roi uht fo Ehffoi-aMzorthmf `p fo Borbkbbors lhm Fèeoaoi. Hi=

M.SH`jstrk o.k.(ofs.) ;84?, ;;-;4.

;8:4 Norekihk Hijorh`r2 _itorsucduinoi zur Vorrht`rhka- uif Zorwkatuinsnoscdhcdto Ihofornor-

ekihois hi for Wrhizhpktszoht, Búai /Nrkz (Lìior Mkdrlñcdor Lohdojt, 37).



• • . Y ' « • - ' , V " / . • • • • .

;<3 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV

Skifoi, ^.K.L, vki for ;84; Vdo urijhoaf kif tdo Akto Lrìzo Kno sottaoeoit trkcos ì tdo Dkknk bbors kt St.-

@ofoir`fo (Wr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit), Lorhcdtoi vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot

@ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforzòb 3;, 37>-3<4.

Scdwkrz, B. ;8:7 Spktboathscdo Zhorocbscdkizoi2 Ornhlihsso for t`p`nrkpdhscdoi Zoreossuin uif for

Kusnrkluinoi ;8?>-;8?8, Mkdroslorhcdt for lkyorhscdoi L`foifoibektpjaono, >-6;.

Sa`jstrk, M. ;843 Ki kitdr`pà`nhcka kppr`k cd t` tdo stufy `j rèkihzk thì pr`cossos. Hi= \.Lrkift o.k.

(ofs.) ;843, >;-;76.

Sa`jstrk, M.

M.Lkzoaekis

;84? Ooi hidooes-\èohiso ioforzotthin `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa`ì. Hi= M.Sa`jstrk o.k.

(ofs.) ;84?, ;8-<4.

Sa`jstrk, M.

D.D. vki \ontoroi Katoik

I.\`yekis o.k. (ofs.)

;84< Dot Bohthpoipr`mobt2 ooi ronhìkka krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòbspr`nrkeek. ^kkaro

(Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, <<).

Sa`jstrk, M.

D.D. vki \ontoroi Katoik

J. Vdouws o.k. (ofs.)

;84? Dot Boepoipr`mobt <2 ooi ronhìkka krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb hi uhtvòrhin. ^kkaro

(Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, <>).

Vdorb`ri, A.A.

\. Lrkift

M.W. Wkhs o.k.

;846 Ki Okray Hrì Kno jkrestokf= shto [ `j tdo Kssoifoavor Wàfors Wr`moc t, Wr`coofhins `j

tdo Wrodhst`rho S`choty ?7, 3?;-3>3.

Vdouws, J. ;84? Krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb hi fo f`rpsbori to Lornohmb. Hi= M. Sa`jstrk o.k.(ofs .) ;84?,

?>-::.

Zorwors, N.M.

Zorwors, ^.M.D.

;8>< Fks Bkeps Zoaf hi Dkps hi Ioàhadhbue, Lrìzozoht uif Ohsoizoht, Kikaoctk

Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ?.

;8>4 @ss-HMssoastrkkt. Hi= ^.M.D .Zor wors / N.K.C.Loox, Krcdoà`nhscdo Brìhob vki I``rf-

Lrklkit ;8>6-;8>:, Ohifd`voi, (Lhmfrknoi a`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, ;>),

;<-;?.

;84; Ooi Lrìsthmf-wktorput hi @ss, ôstordooe 37, ?7-?3.

;8>4 Loors. Hi= ^.M. D. Zorwors/N.K.C. Loox, Krcdoà`nhscdo Brìhob vki I``rf-Lrklkit

;8>6-;8>:, Ohifd`voi, (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, ;>), ;>-;4.

Zhastoroi, Z.V. vki ;846 Vdo eofhovka vhaakno `j Fèeoaoi= k ckso stufy j`r tdo hitorpro tkthì `j cdkrrof soofs

jrè p`stdàos. Hi= ^. vki ]ohst/^.K. Ckspkrho (ofs.) Wakits kif kichoit eki2 stufhos

hi pkakoòtdi`l`tkiy, \`ttor fke/L`st` i, <<>-<3?.

^haaoes, ^. M. D. ;84; \èkis kif Lkakvhkis2 k ronhìka stufy hi tdo Futcd Okstori \hvor Krok, ;, Lorhcdtoi

vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r do9 @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforzòb 3;, >-<;>.

;843 \èkis kif Lktkvhkis= ronhìka fovoa`peoits kt tdo heporhka jrìthor. Hi= \.Lrkift o.k.

(ofs.) ;843, ;7?-;<4.


Wr`vhichkka Eusoue vki Froitdo

W`stlus ;36

IA-8677 KC Kssoi



Mki Sa`jstrk^hmikif vki for Skifoi

\urkao cuatuspakktsoi uht fo \èohiso thmf hi dotEkks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof

Oiboao hi fo kjnoa`poi mkroi hi ]uhf-Ioforakif oi I``rf-

Loanhâ ìtfobto nroppoa- oi pkaoioica`suros uht fo \èohi

so thmf lahmboi nr`to `vorooibèstoi to vortìoi eot cua

tuspakktsoi uht kiforo foaoi vki I``rfwost-Our`pk, eot

ikeo fho uht I``rf-Jrkibrhmb.

;.

<.

<.;<.<

<.3

<.6

<.?

<.:

<.>

3.

3.;

3.<

3.3

3.6

3.?

6.

6.;

6.<

Hiaohfhin

Loscahrhmvhin vki fo cuatuspakktsoi

D@@NOA@@I

@SS-_SSOI

KAWDOI

^HMIONOE

IOc\DK\OI-\OBOE

^HMSDKNOI

SKEOIZKVVHIN

Fo cuatuurdhst`rhscdo cìtoxt

] _ H F - F _ H V S A K I F = F O Z H O \ O C B S C D K I ] O I

J \ K I B \ H M B = F O O I C A @ S C _ A V _ O A S

D O V F_HVSO \ H M I A K I F = F O N \ K L N K \ V O I

OINOAKIF= 'VOEOI@H ' OI OICA@S_\OS ZKI DOV

VXWO VD@\IDKE

SKEOIZKVVHIN

Hitorprotktho

OOI C_AV__\DHSV@\HSCDO HIVO\W\OVKVHO

OOI KAVO\IKVHOZO KIV\@W@A@NHSCDO HIVO\

W\OVKVHO

Sueekry

I`toi

Ahtorktuur

;. Hiaohfhin

Dot nr``tscdkahn krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb vki akifoahmbo

ioforzotthinoi uht fo \èohiso thmf fkt fo akktsto thoi mkkr

`p fhvorso pakktsoi hi dot nolhof tussoi Ekks, Foeor oi

Scdoafo hs uhtnovòrf, doojt ooi nr`to dòvooadohf ihouwo

nonovois `pnoaovorf v``r fo kikayso vki dot ioforzotthins

systooe hi fht fooa vki fo pr`vhichos Nkaahk Loanhck oi Nor-

ekihk Hijorh`r. Ooi vki fo lhmpr`fubtoi vki fht ìfor

zòb hs fo ìtfobbhin vki ooi v``r fozo ronh` ihouw typo

eìueoit. Fo vhmj shifs ;8>: `pnonrkvoi eìueoitoi

vki fht ihouwo typo lozhttoi ooi z`fkihno ekto vki `vor

ooibèst, fkt ``b ooi ruhe 67 mkkr noaofoi, ekkr saocdts

zoor toi foao ìforz`cdt 'nrkjcèpaox' zhcd eot ooi

rofoahmbo ekto vki zobordohf hi fo ihouwo ckton`rho akkt

ìforlroinoi. Fo t`tkao p`puaktho lostkkt `p fht eèoit

fus uht zos eìueoitoi {jhn. H).

Dot ihouwo typo bki, dooa kanoeooi, nobkrkbtorhsoorf w`r

foi kas ooi oica`suro. Dot nkkt è ooi f``r ehffoa vki

ooi nroppoa (ka fki ihot eot wka) `j pkahsskfo ènovoi

vhordòbhn torrohi wkkr`p, hi vhor vki fo zos novkaaoi, sp`

roi vki èèi `j eoor ahiokhro pkkazotthinoi wkkriooelkkr

zhmi. Fo `pporvakbto vki fo oica`suro vkrhoort vki ;?7 t`t

ruhe <777 eY Fo hitorprotktho vki fo lofòafo eìueoi

toi, f.w.z. dot tòscdrhmvoi vki èèizoajfo juictho kki oab

vki doi, doojt pks rocoitoahmb zhmi losakn nobronoi. Kki fo

lrì vki fo hitorprotktho stkkt fo Jroicd Cìiocthì. Vhm

fois ooi rohs f``r I``rf-Jrkibrhmb, hi ;84:, bwkeoi whm,

noàisphroorf f``r fo rosuatktoi vki dot rocoito krcdoà`nh

scdo ìforzòb vki Boathscdo oi Nkaa`-\èohiso dohahn

fèeoi, eot ikeo to Nùriky-sur-Krìfo, t`t fo no

fkcdto fkt fo vorbakrhin v``r fo vhorbkito oica`suros uht

ìzo ohnoi `pnrkvhinoi hi @ss-_ssoi oi D``noa`ì, woa

oois hi fo rhcdthin vki ooivùfhno dohahnfèeoi noz`cdt

zù eòtoi w`rfoi. Fht hi tonoistoaahin t`t dot hfoo, fkt

whm lohfoi kkivkiboahmb dkffoi, fkt dot è voobrkaoi zù

buiioi nkki. Z``rka fo `peorboahmbo `vorooibèst tussoi

fo rhtuoao pkkazotthinoi hi Nùriky (jkso ;) oi fo pkkazot

thinoi hi fo oica`suro vki D``noa`ì wks v``r ìs vki

losahssoifo lotoboihs v``r fo dorhitorprotktho. Zkiuht fo

ihouwo, roahnhouzo `pthob worf ooi ahtorktuurstufho uhtno

vòrf è ik to nkki `j or hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafo

nolhof i`n eoor vki fornoahmbo eìueoitoi kki to whmzoi

zhmi. Fht aovorfo ooi vhortka bkifhfktoi `p, ooi oiboao vooa

'sproboifor' fki fo oica`suros hi D``noa`ì oi @ss-

_ssoi. @peorboahmb wks fkt twoo vki fozo oica`suros ``b

kas voobrkka `j stka wkroi noàitorprotoorf.



;<: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Jhn. ; \urkao cuatusp akktsoi uht fo \èohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scd oafonol hof= D``no a`ì (;), @ss-_ssoi (<), Kapdo i (3),^hmionoe (6), Ioordkroi-\oboe (?) oi ^hmsdknoi (:). \urka skictukrhos jrè tdo \èki porh`f hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok.

Hi d``jf.stut2 < zuhaoi fo fhvorso kspoctoi vki fo ihouw no

fojhihoorfo ckton`rho dohahnfèeoi uht dot l`voi èscdro

voi nolhof uhtvòrhn w`rfoi lodkifoaf. Frho vki fo eìu

eoitoi ahnnoi hi fo Ioforakifso pr`vhicho I``rf-Lrklkit

(D``noa`ì, @ss-_ssoi oi Kapdoi), fo frho `vorhno ahnnoi

hi fo Loanhscdo pr`vhichos Kitworpoi (^hmionoe) oi Ahe

lurn (Ioordkroi-\oboe oi ^hmsdknoi). Dot ekn nooi vor

wìforhin wobboi fkt fo loscdrhmvhinoi oihnszhis whsso

aoif zhmi wkt fo ekto vki nofotkhaaoorfdohf lotrojt. Saocdts

twoo vki fo eìueoitoi boiioi whm uht ohnoi wkkrio

ehin, fo hij`rektho `vor fo `vorhno bèt 'uht fo twoofodkif' (pulahbkthos oi kkivuaaoifo nosprobboi).

Hi d``jfstub 3 zka dot lospr`boi vorscdhmisoa hi ooi ruheo

ro cuatuurdhst`rhscdo cìtoxt nopakktst w`rfoi. Fo frho no

lhofoi fho fkkrlhm ooi coitrkao rà spoaoi zhmi ]uhf-

Fuhtsakif, I``rfwost-Jrkibrhmb oi dot Fuhtso \hmiakif. Hi

fozo ronh`'s bèoi oica`suros v``r fho eot fo ]uhfiofor-

akifso oi Loanhscdo vornoahmblkkr zhmi oi fho hi fo ahtork

tuur loboif stkki kas Zhorocbscdkizoi, oica`s cuatuoas oi

Nrklnkrtoi. Hi dot akktsto d``jstub w`rft ooi p`nhin no

fkki è fo roahnhouzo juictho vki fht s``rt dohahnfèeoi

ikfor to vorfuhfoahmboi. Ikfkt ooi `vorzhcdt hs nonovoi vki

fo nkinlkro `pvktthinoi `vor fo rà fho zhm hi dot roahnhou

zo systooe vki fo skeoiaovhinoi hi fo hmzorthmf oi fo

vròn-\èohiso thmf spooafoi, zka ooi nofooatoahmb katorik

thovo hitorprotktho w`rfoi noj`reuaoorf, fho uhtnkkt vki

ooi oxpahchot roahnhous-kitr`pà`nhscd bkfor. @`b zka w`r

foi iknonkki hi dòvorro fo dohahnfèeoi hi dot Ekks-

Foeor-Scdoafonolhof eoor ahcdt buiioi worpoi `p dot r`-ekihsorhinspr`cos.

@p fozo pakkts whaaoi whm nrkkn fo ìforzòbsaohfors vki

fo Loanhscdo `pnrkvhinoi Ioordkroi, ^hmsdknoi oi ^hmio

noe lofkiboi. Nuy fo Lò oi Auc vki Hepo vki fo Ik

thìkao Fhoist v``r @pnrkvhinoi to Lrussoa nkvoi ìs hizk

no hi i`n ìnopulahcoorf ektorhkka oi trkcdttoi ìs eot



;<> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIK IF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

lohfo loioi `p fo nrìf to aktoi lahmvoi. Vovornoojs. Nuh-

f` Cuyt vki fo Kitworpso Zoroihnhin v``r \èohiso Kr

cdoà`nho nkj tòstoeehin è i`n ìnopulahcoorf ektorh

kka hi fht krthboa to voreoafoi äi dot roaovkito fooa

fkkrvki kj to looafoi. Fkt dhm zoaj ik dot oorsto nosprob

kki zhmi voobrkka lonì to twhmjoaoi hs e`noahmb eofo vor

``rzkkbt f``r dot joht fkt ìzo fhscusshos hi Kitworpoi

zhcd `p ;:-d``n kjspooafoi. V`t sa`t nkkt ìzo fkib uht

ikkr càaonk Ihc` \`yekis, v``r zhmi oitdùshksto lhmfrk

no kki dot Jrkiso oxcursho-kvìtuur oi fo fhscusshos `vor

fo I``rfnkaahscdo skeoiaovhinoi oi dui roahnho.

Fo toboihinoi v``r fht krthboa worfoi vorvkkrfhnf f``r

Dkrry Lurnors, Krcdoà`nhscd Histhtuut vki fo Zrhmo _ih

vorshtoht to Kestorfke (jhn. ;-6, :, 4, ;<-;3, ;:), Doib fo

A`re oi Hfo Stòpbor, Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho vki fo

\hmbsuihvorshtoht Aohfoi (rosp. jhn. 8-;7 oi >, ;4). Fo Oi

noaso tobst vki fo sueekry worf noc`rrhnoorf f``r Suski

Eoaa`r.

<. Loscdrhmvhin vki fo cuatuspakktsoi

<.; D@@NOA@@I

Fo oorsto oica`suro fho whm zuaaoi losproboi hs ìtfobt thm

fois fo `pnrkvhinoi fho shifs ;847 f``r dot Krcdoà`nhscd

Histhtuut vki fo Zrhmo _ihvorshtoht to Kestorfke w`rfoi

uhtnovòrf `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa`ì (Sa`jstrk ;84<2

Sa`jstrk/Lkzoaekis ;843). Fo oica`suro ahnt ?7 e toi zuh

foi vki fo èdohihin vki ooi ck. 6,? dk nr`to hidooes-

\èohiso ioforzotthin. \oofs oorfor wkroi thmfois ooi sur-

voy vki dot torrohi `p fozo pakkts `pporvakbtovìfstoi no

fkki, rofoi wkkrè dhor thmfois fo `pnrkvhinsckepknio

vki ;84? kki fo rkif vki dot ohnoiahmbo ioforzotthinstor

rohi ooi twootka kpkrto `pnrkvhinsputtoi worf kkinoaonf.

Fo lhm fozo noaonoidohf la``tnoaonfo oica`suro hs ehi `j

eoor vhorbkit oi eoot <<,?7x<7,?7 e (jhn. <). Dhm w`rft

nov`ref f``r ooi nroppoa eot ooi lroofto vki ?7 t`t ;77

ce oi ooi fhopto vkrhâroif vki 37 ce (kki fo I^- oi

]@-bkit) t`t ck. 47 ce (kki fo I@-bkit). Hi dot zuhf

wostoi hs fo nroppoa toi novàno vki rocoito paònkcthvhtoh-

toi nodooa vorfwoioi. ^kiioor wo or roboihin eoo dù

foi fkt dot ``rsprìboahmbo ekkhvoaf ìnovoor 37 ce d`

nor noaonoi eòt dolloi fki dot `pnrkvhinsvakb, fki bki

fo ``rsprìboahmbo fhopto noscdkt w`rfoi `p :7 t`t ;37

ce. @inovoor tonoi`vor oabkkr, kki fo ``stoi wostzhmfo,

lovhift zhcd ooi twootka `poihinoi hi fo nroppoa, eot ooi

lroofto vki rospocthovoahmb <,37 oi 3,77 e. Dot hs wkkr

scdhmiahmb fkt fo nroppoa kki fo lhiioizhmfo lonoaohf hs nowoost f``r ooi akno wka. Dhorvki zhmi ocdtor nooi sp`roi

torunnovìfoi.

Lhiioi fo oica`suro worf ooi nr``t kkitka sp`roi kkino

tr`jjoi, hi fo v`re vki fhopo oi ehifor fhopo buhaoi. Hi

dot zuhfoahmb fooa nkkt dot v``rikeoahmb è ìfhopo buh

aoi, eot uhtzìforhin vki ooi frhotka z.n. l`èbuhaoi

(sp``rirs. ;, ? oi 4>) oi ooi fhcdt lhm dot coitrue noaonoi

buha (sp``rir. 6). Hi dot i``rfoahmbo fooa vki fo oica`suro

bèoi fhoporo buhaoi v``r. @pvkaaoif hs ooi twootka dkkbs

`p oabkkr stkkifo rhmoi vki 34 t`t 47 ce fhopo buhaoi= ooi

ìnovoor ``st-wost vora`poifo rhm (sp``rirs. 36, 3, 6> oi

:), oi ooi ìnovoor i``rf-zuhf vora`poifo rhm (sp``rirs.

8>, 64, 68 oi 6). Fo eoost i``rfoahmbo buha vki fo akktsto

rhm worf pks zhcdtlkkr ìforhi fo èdohihinsnroppoa.

Dot vìfstektorhkka uht fo oica`suro hs zoor z`rnvuafhn vor

zkeoaf. Fo vua_in vki fo nroppoas oi fo buhaoi hs thmfois

fo `pnrkvhin v``r dot nr``tsto nofooato nozoojf è z`vooa

e`noahmb nonovois to vorzkeoaoi v``r fo fktorhin oi fo hi

torprotktho vki fo `p dot oorsto nozhcdt rkkfsoakcdthno vhor

dòb. Fo eoosto vìfstoi zhmi kjbèsthn uht fo fhopo buh

aoi hi dot i``rfoahmb fooa vki fo oica`suro oi uht fo

nroppoanofooatoi kki fo I@-zhmfo. Fo l`voinoiòefo

i``rf-zuhf no`rhâitoorfo buhaoirhm lovktto fo vànoifo

vìfstoi=

;. Buha hi fo nroppoa (sp``rir. 8>)2 fhopto ekx. ?< ce. Hi

dùf= ; jrkneoit vki hidooes kkrfoworb, < jrkneoitoi

vki nakfwkifhn kkrfoworb oi oiboao jrkneoitmos vor

lrkif l`t.<. Buha (sp``rir. 64)2 fhopto ekx. 34 ce. Hidùf= ; rkif-

jrkneoit vki ruwwkifhn kkrfoworb, ;7 wkifjrkneoi-

toi vki hidooes kkrfoworb oi wkt vorlrkif l`t.

3. Buha (sp``rir. 68)2 fhopto ekx. ?? ce. Hidùf= ;<

wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, ; rkifjrkn-

eoit vki ruwwkifhn kkrfoworb , 3 wkifjrkneoitoi vki

nooalruhio Loanhscdo wkkr, ; wkifjrkneoit vki ooi tor

rk ihnrk-bèeotmo, ; sphmborjrkneoit, vorlrkif l`t oi

dùtsb`à.

6. Buha (sp``rir . 6)2 ekx. fhopto >4 ce. Hidùf= ; rkif-

jrkneoit oi <? wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfo

worb, 4 wkifjrkneoitoi vki èèi `j eoor `rkimor`foLoanhscdo lobors eot 'krcorhin' tussoi d`rhzìtkao nròj-

ahmitmos, ; jrkneoitmo t orrk ihnrk, ; jrkneoit vki ooi

lakuwo, nakzoi Ak Väio-krelkif eot F-v`rehno f``r

siofo, oiboao jrkneoitmos vorlrkif l`t oi dùtsb`à.

Fo ``st-wost no`rhâitoorfo pkaoirhm lovktto dot vànoifo

vìfstektorhkka=

;. Buha (sp``rir. 36)2 ekx. fhopto :7 ce. Hidùf= ;7 jrkn

eoitmos vki hidooes kkrfoworb oi ; wkifjrkneoit vki

ooi nooalruhio lobor vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot 'fhkekit

vorshorhin' (cj. Dàworfk ;86;, irs. :8, >>, ;73, ;7?).

<. Buha (sp``rir. 3)2 ekx. fhopto :7 ce. Hidùf= ;? wkif

jrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, 3 wkifjrkneoitoivki ooi nooalruhio lobor vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot 'fhk

ekitvorsho rhin ', ; wkifjrkneoit vki nooalruhio Loanh

scdo wkkr, nr``t nofooato vki ooi fuiwkifhn bèeotmo

vki `rkimonoao Loanhscdo wkkr eot ahcdt ikkr lhiioi no

l`noi rkif (jhn. 3=3).

3. Buha (sp``rir. 6>)2 ekx. fhopto 47 ce. Hidùf= 37

wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, ; wkifjrkn-



;<4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Jhn. < D``no a`ì = paktt onrì f vki fo cuatu spakk ts, eot ooi fhopo buha (nrhmsa oi sp`roi vki rhtuoao pkkazott hinoi (zwkrt ) `p dot

lhiioitorrohi2 rocoito sp`roi zhmi nokrcoorf woornonovoi.

D``noa`ì= paki `j tdo skictukry, whtd k foop pht (nroy) kif trkcos `j rhtuka sotthins `j p`sts (lakcb) whtdhi tdo oica`suro2 rocoit

trkcos kro dktcdof.



;<8 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

;z9

Jhn. 3 D``no a`ì= oiboao vròn-\` eohiso kkrfo worb vìf stoi uht fo cuatu spakk ts2 l`rf vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot r`fo sulakkn kki

fo lhiioibk it (;), b``bp`t (<), fuiwk ifh n bèeotmo vki Loanhscdo wkkr (3). Scdkka ;=<.

D``noa`ì= sèo okray \èki p`ttory jhifs jrè tdo skictukry2 pakto `j Loanhc wkro whtd k rof sahp ì tdo hishfo (;), c``bhin-p`t

(<), tdhi-wk aaof cup `j Loanhc wkro (3 ). Sckao ;=<.

eoit vki ooi fàhue, < jrkneoitoi vki ooi t.s.-l`rf

(wkkrscdhmiahmb Kunustoàscd, typo ihot ikfor to lopkaoi) ,; rkif- oi ; wkifjrkneoit vki ooi l`rf vki Loanhscdo

wkkr eot ooi r`fo sahlakkn kki fo lhiioizhmfo {jhn. 3=;2

cj. Dàworfk ;86;, :8:) - pkssoif kki ooi rkifjrkn-

eoit uht sp``r > oi wkkrscdhmiahmb vki dotzoajfo oxoe

pakkr kas oiboao jrkneoitoi uht sp``r ;;? oi >8 -, 6

wkifjrkneoitoi vki ooi lobor vki nooalruhio Loanhscdo

wkkr, ; wkifjrkneoit vki r``floscdhaforfo Loanhscdo

wkkr, ; rkifjrkneoit vki ooi b``bp`t eot kjnopaktto

rkif oi ooi ìfhopo nròjahmi `p fo `vornkin vki fo

dkas ikkr fo scdùfor (jhn. 3=<2 Stkkrt typo <7;L), ;

rkifjrkneoitmo vki baoura``s naks, wkkrscdhmiahmb kj

bèsthn vki ooi lobor eot nopr`jhaoorfo rkif (<o oouw

ik Cdr.) - ekkr e`noahmb ``b vki ooi jkcottoilobor

(Hshins <;2 ihot vrònor fki Jakvhscd)', dùtsb`à oi

vorlrkif l`t.

Buha (sp``rir. :)2 ekx. fhopto ?4 ce. Hidùf= ; rkif-,

; wkif- oi ; l`foejrkneoit vki hidooes kkrfoworb.

dot l`rf voreoaf ìfor fo sp``rirs. 6> oi >8), ``b kj

bèsthn ooi jrkneoit vki ooi ihot ikfor fotorehioorlkkrtorrkc`ttk-looafmoY kaseofo pkssoifo jrkneoitoi vki ooi

frhotka nolr`boi hmzoroi eosmos (jhn. 6=;-3), twoo hi dot

vuur vorl`noi oi kki oabkkr nobhtto eosmos (jhn. 6=6) oi

pkssoifo jrkneoitoi vki ooi hmzoroi ikkjlkif (jhn. 6=?).

Zorfor zhmi uht vorscdohfoio kiforo baohio buhaoi scdorvoi

vki hidooes kkrfoworb kjbèsthn. Dot vìfstektorhkka uht

fo l`èbuhaoi èvkt oiboao thoitkaaoi jrkneoitoi vki hi

dooes kkrfoworb, ooi vhortka scdorvoi vki burburi-

kkrfoworb oi ooi \èohiso euit (ks vki Sklhik, KF

;<4-;3:).

Hi fo I@-dòb vki fo oica`suro hs ooi cìcoitrktho vki

jrkneoitoi dùtsb`à oi vorlrkif (fhorahmb) l`t vkst

nostoaf. Vor pakktso vki fo oica`suro zhmi ik fo `pnrkvhin

eot ooi eotkkafotoct`r i`n frho \èohiso euitoi novì

foi= ooi ks vki Cakufhus (saocdt aooslkkr, wkkrscdhmiahmb

ooi lkrlkkrso hehtktho), ooi sostorthus vki Vrkmkius (KF

;76-;;;) oi ooi sostorthus vki Jkusthik HH (KF ;6;-;:;)'.

Zornoahmblkro vìfstoi aovort ooi fhopo buha (sp``rir. >8)

hi fo I@-dòb vki fo oica`suro.

Buha (sp``rir. >8)2 ekx. fhopto ?: ce. Hidùf= ; wkif

jrkneoit vki ooi t.s.-bèeotmo Dkatori ;< (sorvhos HHH),

3? wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, ; wkif

jrkneoit vki nakfwkifhn kkrfoworb, < wkifjrkneoitoi

vki ooi lobor vki nooalruhio Loanhscdo wkkr, ; wkifjrkneoit vki ooi l`rf vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot ooi r`

fo sahlakkn kki fo lhiioizhmfo, wkkrscdhmiahmb vki dot

zoajfo oxoepakkr kas fo jrkneoitoi hi fo sp``rirs. >,

6> oi ;;?.

_ht dot I@-nroppoanofooato, v``rka lhm fo hinkinspkrthm,

zhmi lodkavo jrkneoitoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr (pkssoif kki

Kki fo dkif vki ooi fooa vki fo vìfstoi (dot notkasek

thn `vordoorsoifo hidooeso kkrfoworb, fo vròno torrk sh-

nhahktk oi fo Loanhscdo wkkr, fo Ak Väio-krelkif oi fo

vròno euit) ahmbt fo kkiaon vki fo oica`suro nofktoorf to

buiioi w`rfoi hi fo oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr.

Fozo vròno fktorhin stoet `vorooi eot dot lonhi vki fo

ioforzotthin `p fo Borbkbbors. Oiboao kiforo vìfstoi(jrkneoitoi vki \èohis kkrfoworb , frho vki fo vhor

euitoi, dot torrkc`ttk- oi dot naksjrkneoit) sauhtoi ocdtor

ooi aktor nolruhb hi fo <o oouw ihot doaoekka uht.

Fo hitorprotktho vki fo oica`suro wks thmfois fo `pnrkvhin

ihot `p v``rdkif fuhfoahmb. Kkivkiboahmb worf nofkcdt

kki ooi voobrkka j ooi nrkjeìueoit. Z``rka fo akktsto




h0

vQ

c a

Jhn. 6 D``no a`ì= hmzoroi v`` rwor poi uht fo nroppoa vki fo cuatu spakk ts2 eosmos (;-3) , vorl` noi oi kki oabkkr nobhtto eosmos (6)

oi ooi ikkj lkif (?) . Scdkka ;=<.

D``noa`ì= hrì `lmocts jrè tdo fhtcd `j tdo skictukry2 bihvos (;-3), loit bihvos tdkt dkvo locèo stucb t`notdor (6) kif k

ikvo-rhin (?). Sckao ;=<.

hitorprotktho aoob kkitrobboahmb, èfkt hi fo Ho oouw ik

Cdr. vhorbkito nrkjeìueoitoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdohfonolhof ihot ìnow`ì zhmi. ôahswkkr hs lhiioi fo

oica`suro nooi coitrkka (croektho-)nrkj kkinotr`jjoi, ekkr

fkt zù vorbakkrf buiioi w`rfoi f``r fo vorpaònhin vki

dot ``rsprìboahmbo ekkhvoaf. Ooi oristhn lozwkkr tonoi fo

hitorprotktho kas nrkj hs ocdtor fkt fo kjeothinoi vki fo

eoost `pvkaaoifo vhorbkito nrkjeìueoitoi hi dot lotroj

joifo nolhof kkieorboahmb norhinor zhmi fki fho vki fo oi

ca`suro hi D``noa`ì (Lakfoa= >x > e. Zoafd`voi= 8x 8 eoi @ss-_ssoi= 8,?7x4,?7 e).

Dot ìforzòb doojt zhcd vorvànois nocìcoitroorf `p fo

twoo dkkbs `p oabkkr stkkifo buhaoirhmoi hi dot i``rfoahmbo

fooa vki fo oica`suro. Dot aoob ihot ìe`noahmb fkt dhor

sprkbo wks vki ooi twootka rhmoi fhopo pkkabuhaoi v``r fo

ehffoistkkifors vki twooscdophno lòrforhmoi, z`kas fho

``b hi fo kkinroizoifo ioforzotthin v``rbèoi. Dot boi

eorboifo vki fozo twooscdophno pakttonrìfoi hs fkt toi

novàno vki aktoro paònkcthvhtohtoi fo ìfhopo buhaoi v``r

fo wkifpkaoi oi ovoituoao wkifnroppoas fhbwhmas zhmi vor

fwoioi oi kaaooi fo pkkabuhaoi v``r fo ehffoistkkifors

(sès t`t ;,37 e fhop) `vor zhmi nolaovoi.

Ooi krnueoit fkt paoht v``r twoo rhmoi ehffoistkkifors

zù buiioi zhmi fkt hi kaao lotrojjoifo buhaoi pkkaborioi

zhmi vkstnostoaf. Dot nkkt fus hiforfkkf è pkkabuhaoi.

V`cd hs ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho ìwkkrscdhmiah mb, oi

woa è ooi vhortka rofoioi. Hi fo oorsto pakkts zùfoi folohfo pkaoirhmoi duhzoi `paovoroi eot ooi aointo vki rosp.

;; oi 4,?7 e, dotnooi v``r dot Boephscdo duhstypo vki fo

Ho oouw ik Cdr. (noe. ;<-;? e akin) i`nka kki fo baohio

bkit hs. Hi fo twoofo pakkts hs fo ìforahino kjstkif tussoi

fo vorìforstoafo ehffoistkkifors zoor ìronoaekthn. Zor

for lahmbt fkt fo pkkabuhaoi hi fo cùpos ihot fo 'rovàvor-

tksv`re' vortìoi, fho boieorboif hs v``r fo pkkabuhaoi



;3; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

vki fo ehffoistkkifors vki lòrforhmoi. Voisa`tto lahmboi

oiboao scdorvoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr, kjbèsthn uht buhaoi

vki z`woa fo i``rf-zuhf kas fo ``st-wost norhcdto pkaoirhm,

kki oabkkr to pkssoi. Fkt lotoboit fkt fo pkkabuhaoi vki

lohfo rhmoi tonoahmb eòtoi zhmi kkinoaonf `j `poi dolloi

noaonoi. Fkt woor ekkbt dot dooa ìwkkrscdhmiahmb fkt or

sprkbo hs vki ooi twootka `pooivànoifo duhspakttonrìfoi.

Wkssoifo scdorvoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr bèoi ``b v``r hi

ooi vakblhm noaonoi buha (sp``rir. >8) oi hi dot nroppoano

fooato lhm fo hinkin, z`fkt fo cìcausho v``r fo dkif ahnt

fkt ``b fozo buha oi fo nroppoa noahmbthmfhn `poi noaonoi

eòtoi dolloi eot fo lohfo noiòefo rhmoi pkkabuhaoi.

Fo `vorwonhin fkt fo lohfo pkaoirhmoi nooi cìstructhovo

juictho buiioi dolloi nodkf, zotto ìs `p ooi katorikthoj

sp``r, fkt aohffo ikkr ooi hitorprotktho vki fo oica`suro

kas cuatuspakkts. ^hm dorhiiorfoi ìs ikeoahmb vki fo ka

noeoe`roorfo Jrkiso oxcursho fkt ooi fhroct vornoahmblkro

jhnurktho vki pkkabuhaoi ``b loboif hs vki fo rhtuoao oica`

suro lhiioi dot Ak Väio-`pphfue vki Nùriky-sur-

Krìfo hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb (jhn. ?2 zho vorfor 3.<). Fotwoo rhmoi dkkbs `p oabkkr stkkifo pkaoi wkkrtò hi Nùr-

iky bki w`rfoi nocìcaufoorf, zhmi f``r fo `pnrkvor

noàitorprotoorf kas cuatuspkaoi (Lruikux o.k. ;84?).

Dot `ptrofoi vki ooi vornoahmblkro pkkastoaahin hi cèlh

iktho eot ooi èdohifo ruheto hs v``r ìs kkiaohfhin no

woost è ``b fo oica`suro vki D``noa`ì kas cuatuspakkts

to hitorprotoroi. Dot vìfstektorhkka vki D``noa`ì ahmbt

ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho to ìforstouioi. Lhm ikforo lo

scdùwhin vkat ikeoahmb `p fkt fo skeoistoaahin vki fo

vìfstoi uht fo oica`suro storb kjwhmbt vki fho uht fo kki

nroizoifo ioforzotthin. Scdorvoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr b`

eoi hi fo ioforzotthin ikuwoahmbs v``r, hi johto kaaooi hi

oi rìfè fo ao-oouwso lòrforhm fho hi fo a``p vki fo <o

oouw hs vorlùwf t`t ooi vhaak ikkr \èohis e`foa. Fo

Loanhscdo wkkr lotrojt boiioahmb ooi lhmzìforo nròp he

p`rtkkrfoworb, ovoikas fo vròno torrk shnhaaktk. @pvkaaoi

fo vìfstoi uht fo oica`suro zhmi v``rts fo Ak Väio-

krelkif, fo \èohiso euitoi, dot jrkneoit vki ooi

torrkc`ttk-looafmo oi v``rka fo pkssoifo jrkneoitoi vki fo

zos hmzoroi eosmos oi fo ikkjlkif. Ihot kaaooi fo sk

eoistoaahin vki dot vìfstektorhkka hs lhmzìfor, ``b dot

joht fkt ooi fooa orvki boiioahmb hitoithìooa nolr`boi hs.

Fht noaft kkit`ìlkkr v``r fo scdorvoi vki fo Loanhscdo

wkkr (zho l`voi), ekkr ``b v``r fo hmzoroi v``rworpoi hi

fo nroppoa.Ooi fornoahmb vorscdhmisoa hs oorfor nocìstktoorf eot lo

trobbhin t`t dot kkrfoworb uht dot rhmbo, ao-oouwso nrkj

vki fo Brhoboscd``r lhm Lakfoa (`p ck. ? be vki D``no

a`ì). Vka vki scdorvoi uht vorscdhaaoifo foaoi vki fo vhor

bkito èdohihinsnroppoa vki fht nrkj pkssoi ìforahin,

dotnooi ahmbt to whmzoi `p ooi nrkjrhtuooa wkkrlh m nrkjnhjtoi

`pzottoahmb zhmi nolr`boi oi uhtnostr``hf. Dot nkkt dhor

Jhn. ? Nùrik y-sur -Krìf o (@hso)= cuat uspak kts, jkso ;, Ak

Väio L. Ikkr Lruikux o.k. ;84?, jhn. ?7.

Nùriky-sur-Krìfo (@hso)= skictukry, pdkso ;, Ak Väio L.

Jrè Lruikux ot ka. ;84?, jhn. ?7.

wkkrscdhmiahmb è ooi dkifoawhmzo fho `vorooibèt eot

dot rhtuooa lroboi `j vorluhnoi vki eotkaoi v``rworpoi

(eot ikeo zwkkrfoi), kas ìforfooa vki fo nrkj- oi `jjor-

cuatus nofuroifo fo akto hmzorthmf hi I``rf-Nkaahâ.

Dot v``rbèoi vki ooi nr``t kkitka buhaoi lhiioi fo oi

ca`suro vki D``noa`ì v`ret ooi oaoeoit fkt ``b boi

eorboif hs v``r Nùriky oi kiforo I``rfjrkiso cuatus

pakktsoi. Z``r ooi fooa buiioi zo kas `jjorbuhaoi w`rfoi

noàitorprotoorf. Ihot kaaooi fo l`voivoreoafo vìfstoi

whmzoi hi fho rhcdthin, ekkr ``b fo tkarhmbo hi fozo buhaoi

kkinotr`jjoi dùtsb`àrostoi oi fo jrkneoitmos vorlrkif

l`tektorhkka. Eofo `p nrìf vki fo vìfstcìcoitrkthos

bki toisa`tto w`rfoi kkinoièoi fkt fo rhtuoao dkifoahi

noi lhiioi fo oica`suro zhcd v``r ooi loakinrhmb fooa rìf

fo vorìforstoafo cuatuspkaoi hi fo I@-dòb dolloi no

cìcoitroorf.

Ooiekka hi fo lki vki ooi roahnhouzo hitorprotktho hs eoi

ehsscdhoi noiohnf è ``b kki fo l`èbuhaoi ooi lhmzì

foro lotoboihs tò to boiioi. Dot hs ihot lowhmslkkr, ekkr

zobor ``b ihot ìkkiioeoahmb fkt fo lèoi hiforfkkf ooi

rà hi fo cuatus dolloi nospooaf (jhn. :).

<.< @SS-_SSOI

Hi fo porh`fo ;8>:-;84: doojt dot Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`

rho vki fo \hmbsuihvorshtoht Aohfoi nr``tscdkahn ioforzot-

thinsìforzòb vorrhcdt hi fo noeooito @ss. Fkkrlhm wor

foi `.k. frho ioforzotthinoi uht fo \èohiso thmf

ìforz`cdt (Zki for Skifoi, fozo luifoa). Zki fozo frho

hs fo z.n. ioforzotthin ôstorvoaf fo nr``tsto (>,? dk) oi

fo loakinrhmbsto. Zkstnostoaf bì w`rfoi fkt fo lowìhin



;3<* KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

m D 9 %

Jhn. : D``noa`ì= rocìstruc

tho vki fo cuatuspakkts.D``noa`ì= rocìstructhì `j

tdo skictukry.

dhor vki fo akto hmzorthmf f``ra``pt t`t ck. <77 ik Cdr. Hi

dot i``rfoahmb fooa vki fozo vkikj fo vròn-\èohiso thmf

eot ooi fulloao nroppoa ènovoi ioforzotthin worf ooi

vhordòbhno oica`suro ìtfobt'.

Fht vhordòbhno eìueoit hs doakks ihot vàaofhn `pnonrk

voi (jhn. >). Dot zuhfoahmb fooa vki fozo hi fo a``p vki zos

mkkr vrhmnoaonfo oica`suro lovìf zhcd ikeoahmb ìfor fo

Nowkifowon, fo won vki @ss ikkr Kaoe oi wks lhmnovàn

ìlorohblkkr v``r ìforzòb. Fo tòstkif vki dot wäa

la``tnoaonfo stub wks vorro vki `pthekka= tkarhmbo sp`roiuht aktoro thmf dkffoi foaoi vki dot eìueoit ìaooslkkr

noekkbt. Fozo lotr`jjoi lodkavo ooi frhotka duhspaktto -

nrìfoi uht fo \èohiso thmf, ooi kkitka uht fo ehffoa

oouwoi oi aktoro thmf fktoroifo, i``rfwost-zuhf``st oi

``st-wost norhcdto nroppoas oi ooi nr`to, rocoito vorst`rhin

kki fo wostbkit.

Fo ``rsprìboahmbo kjeothinoi vki dot vhordòbhno eìu

eoit zhmi kaaooi v``r fo ``st-wost vora`poifo nroppoa kki

fo i``rfbkit vkstnostoaf. Fozo doojt ooi t`tkao aointo vki

ruhe 6? e. Kki fo ``stbkit bì fo nroppoa saocdts `vor

3? e vorvànf w`rfoi, hi dot wostoi `vor ihot eoor fki ?

e. Fo zoor saocdto wkkrioehinsèstkifhndofoi kki fowostbkit loeòhahmboi fo hitorprotktho vki fo shtuktho kki

fho bkit. Dot lahmjt fkkrè ìzobor `j or ooi hinkin hi fo

I^-dòb kkiwozhn hs nowoost, z`kas fo toboihin ahmbt to

sunnororoi. Fo ``rsprìboahmbo lroofto vki fo nroppoa

doojt ck. < e lofrknoi, fo ekxhekao fhopto 47 ce. Dot

pr`jhoa vkrhoorfo pakktsoahmb, sès wks fht bèv`rehn, fki

woor wks fo l`foe tkeoahmb vakb. @`b fo vuaahin vkrhoorfo

storb, vki ahcdtnrhms t`t lruhizwkrt. @p sèehno pakktsoi

wkroi or ;8 ce lrofo scd`pstoboi `p fo l`foe zhcdtlkkr.

Fo nr``tto vki dot eìueoit hs ihot oxkct vkst to stoaaoi.

@p lkshs vki fo duhfhno nonovois - ``st-wost kjeothin 6?

e, i``rf-zuhf kjeothin hi hofor novka 67 e -, bki ooi

èvkin vki ;477 eY loroboif w`rfoi. ^kiioor dot e`

iueoit ``rsprìboahmb ooi vhorbkito v`re doojt noboif,

fki eòt fkkr i`n oois <<? eY lhm w`rfoi `pnotoaf.

Hi t`tkka worfoi uht fo nroppoa 36> kkrfworbjrkneoitoi oi

èèi cèpaoot stub vkktworb nol`rnoi. Dot eoroifooaw`rft nov`ref f``r fo hidooeso, dkifnov`refo bork

ehob= ooi nkkj, ìvorshorf, 6 ce d``n lkbmo {jhn. 4=;) oi

377 jrkneoitoi vki voao thoitkaaoi p`ttoi. Lhm fho jrkneoi

toi zhmi ;: wkifscdorvoi fho ooi vorshorhin frknoi, v``r

ikeoahmb bkevorshorhin.

Fo 6> rostoroifo scdorvoi zhmi kaao \èohis. Fo skeoistoa

ahin dhorvki hs kas vànt=

torrk shnhaaktk < (Fr. <>, ]uhfnkaDscd2 Fr. ;4/3;0,

Ehffoi- `j @`stnkaahscd)

6 (6 T torrk ihnrk2 jhn. 4=<,3)

< (; T bruhb Stukrt HH@ K2/ /n. 4=6)

;

8 (> T kej``r2 H x bruhbkej``r D`j-dohe ?7/?; (jhn. 4=?)2 a x wrhmjscdkka

Lruisthin 3:)

<8 (8 x lohno-eot-scdorjnruhs-lkbsoa,

via. lod`roif t`t fàhk2 <x nrhmswht-

ruw lkbsoa)

Fo rost vki dot wohihn bkrkbtorhsthobo vìfstektorhkka

lostkkt uht baohio dòvooadofoi l`t (`p zos vorscdhaaoifo

Loanhscdo wkkr

nakfwkifhno wkkr

ruwwkifhno wkkr

fhbwkifhno wkkr

fhvorsoi



;33 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_I KIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

JHn. > @ss-_ssoi= paktton rìf vki fo cuatu spakkt s, eot hi fo zuhfoahmbo doajt sp`roi vki ooi rhtuoao pkkazotthin (zwkrt) .

@ss-_ssoi= paki `j tdo skictukry whtd trkcos `j k rhtuka sotthin `j p`sts hi tdo sùtdori dkaj (lakcb).

pakktsoi kkinotr`jjoi), nolkbboi aooe, ooi zkifstoioi

sahmpstooi, hmzorsakbboi oi ooi sphmbor. Fo skeoistoaahin vki

dot nodooa, eot ikeo dot d`no porcoitkno hidooes kkrfo

worb, whmst `p ooi fktorhin hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. Saocdtsooi twootka scdorvoi hs eot zobordohf kki ooi aktoro porh`

fo tò to scdrhmvoi. Lohfo scdorvoi, ooi jrkneoit t.s. oi

ooi bruhbdkas vki dot typo Stukrt HH@K, bèoi `vorhnois

uht dotzoajfo, wostoahmbo fooa vki fo nroppoa.

Zki fo sp`roi `p dot lhiioitorrohi bki kaaooi fo rhm vki

vhmj pkkabuhaoi hi fo zuhfoahmbo doajt eot oihno zobordohf

kas ìforfooa vki dot ``rsprìboahmbo eìueoit lo

scdùwf w`rfoi. Fo fhopto vkrhoort vki 67 t`t >7 ce. Fo

v`re, baour oi hidùf (zos hidooeso kkrfoworb jrkneoi

toi) vki fo pkkabuhaoi whmzoi `p ooi (roakthoj vròno) fktorhin hi fo \èohiso thmf2 l`voifhoi sp``rt fo `rhâitktho

vki fo rhm eot fho vki fo i``rfoahmbo - oi ìnotwhmjoaf

``b fo zuhfoahmbo - nroppoa.

@j fo pkahsskfo vki baohio pkkatmos fho kki fo lhiioizhmfo

vki fo ``stoahmbo oi ooi fooa vki fo i``rfoahmbo nroppoa hs

wkkrnoièoi hots eot dot eìueoit to ekboi doojt no

dkf, l.v. kas lonroizhin vki ooi tussoi fho pkahsskfo oi




j

;>

Jhn. 4 @ss-_ssoi= oiboao kkrf owor bvì fsto i uht fo nroppoa vki fo cuat uspak kts2 ooi ikpmo vki hidooes kkrfowo rb (;) , ooi bè

oi jaosv `re vki torrk ihnrk (<, 3), ooi nakfw kifhn o bruhb (6) oi bruhb kej`` r (?). Scdkka ;=3.

@ss-_ssoi= sèo p`ttory jhifs jrè tdo fhtcd `j tdo skictukry2 k cup `j ikthvo wkro (;), k l`wa kif k mkr `j torrk ihnrk (<, 3) k

se`` td-w kaao f jaknì (6) kif ki kepd`rk-ah bo mkr (?). Sckao ;=3.

nroppoa noaonoi wka, hs kaaoslodkavo zobor. Fkt sp`roi vki

fho pkahsskfo ikkst fo wostoahmbo oi fo rost vki fo i``rfo

ahmbo nroppoa ihot zhmi wkkrnoièoi hs fkkrlhm ihot dot

f``rsaknnovoifo krnueoit. Fo sp`roi wkroi z` vkkn oi

ìfhop fkt zo hi fo kiforo worbputtoi noekbboahmb f``r

fo `pnrkvors noehst buiioi zhmi. Loakinrhmbor hs, fkt fo

pkahsskfo ihot doaoekka ovoiwhmfhn ahnt kki fo nroppoa= hi

fo i``rfoahmbo rhcdthin whmboi lohfo oihnszhis. Dot hs fkkr

è ihot ìe`noahmb fkt fo pkahsskfo kas ooi orjkjscdohfhin

vki dot ovoioois lhiioi fo oica`suro noaonoi duhs uht fo

akto hmzorthmf noàitorprotoorf eòt w`rfoi.

Zorvànois fo a`sso buhaoi fho `p dot lhiioitorrohi zhmi `p-

nononrkvoi. ]os fkkrvki bèoi v``r ooi ikforo loscdù

whin hi kkieorbhin (vna. ``b//'n. >).

;. Buha 3;? (vìfstir. 8<46)2 sphts tòa`poif hi pr`jhoa,

fhopto ekx. >3 ce. Hidùf= <4 jrkneoitoi hidooes

kkrfoworb, 3 scdorvoi vki \èohis kkrfoworb, w.`. H

jrkneoit t.s . Fècdoaotto :> (]uhfnkaahscd, Jakvhscd) oi ;

jrkneoit vki ooi nrhmswht-ruwo bè typo Stukrt <;72 ;

jrkneoit vki ooi sahmpstooi vki bwkrtshot.

<. Buha 3;: (vìfstir. 877; oi 87<>)2 nooi nonovois `vor

v`re oi fhopto loscdhblkkr. Hidùf= : jrkneoitoi hi

dooes kkrfoworb, 6 scdorvoi vki \èohis kkrfoworb,

w.`. ; jrkneoit vki ooi wrhmjscdkka Lruisthin 3:, vor

for aohstooijrkneoitoi (:77 n) oi l`t (<; n).3. Buha 384 (vìfstir . 8<<4)2 nàvoifo l`foe, fhopto

ekx. >7 ce, zoor zwkrto vuaahin. Hidùf= 6 jrkneoitoi

hidooes kkrfoworb.

6. Buha 677 (vìfstir . 86<;)2 bèv`rehn pr`jhoa, ``r

sprìboahmbo fhopto ekx. >? ce. Hidùf= ? jrkneoitoi

hidooes kkrfoworb.

?. Buha 637 (vìfstir . 8<44)2 bèv`rehn pr`jhoa, fhopto

ekx. :7 ce, zoor zwkrto vuaahin. Hidùf= H jrkneoit

hidooes kkrfoworb, H rkifjrkneoit vki ooi nakfwkifh

no bruhb D`jdohe ?7/?;.

:. Buha 668 (vìfstir. 87?<)2 fìboro rkif oi ahcdto bori2

fhopto ekx. 47 ce. Hidùf= ; jrkneoit hidooes kkrfo

worb, H jrkneoit vki ooi lakuwo, vhmjrhllhno nakzoi

krelkif.

Hi dòvorro fo loscdrovoi buhaoi ooi fhrocto roaktho eot fo

oica`suro dolloi nodkf hs iktuurahmb eòhahmb vkst to stoa

aoi. Cdrìà`nhscd nozhoi ahmboi or ocdtor wohihn pr`lao

eoi to zhmi. Kas fo buhaoi worboahmb ooi juictho vorvuafdolloi lhiioi dot eìueoit, fki hs fkt woor ooi krnu

eoit è fo pkahsskfo vki baohio pkkatmos ihot hi vorlkif to

lroinoi eot fo nroppoa `p fo ekihor z`kas fkt hi dot l`

voistkkifo worf nofkki. Oèi vki fo buhaoi ahnt heeors

tussoi fo nroppoa oi fho pkahsskfo, ooi kiforo `vorsihmft fo

pkahsskfo zoajs.

Voisa`tto eòtoi fo 'a`sso' vìfstoi vki dot lhiioitorrohi

voreoaf w`rfoi. @ifor dot hi fo ehffoaoouwso oi sulro-

coito sa`toi oi buhaoi kkinotr`jjoi ektorhkka lovìfoi

zhcd tkarhmbo hidooeso oi \èohiso scdorvoi. Ooi fooa hs

fuhfoahmb mìnor fki fo oica`suro, dot eoosto hs doakks ihot

`j ikuwoahmbs fktoorlkkr. Hitorosskito uhtzìforhinoi zhmi

fkkrlhm= ooi wkifjrkneoit ]uhfnkaahscdo torrk shnhaaktk, ooijrkneoit vki ooi bè Fr. <8 (]uhfnkaahscd oi pro-

Jakvhscd), ooi l`foejrkneoit vki ooi ]uhfnkaahscd l`rf

uht fo oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. oi ooi vorlrkif

jrkneoit vki ooi lakuwo, nakzoi krelkif eot F-v`rehno

f``rsiofo. Lhm fozo jrkneoitoi zù dot buiioi nkki è

ektorhkka fkt hs `pnospht uht ùforo nrìfsp`roi, fho e`

noahmb oois lod``rfoi t`t dot rocdtdòbhno eìueoit.



;3? MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

Fo oica`suro uht @ss-_ssoi eòt ikkr ìzo `vortuhnhin kas

ooi cuatuspakkts w`rfoi noàitorprotoorf. Fo krnueoitoi

fkkrv``r buiioi ihot z`zoor ìtaooif w`rfoi kki dot

v``rbèoi vki fuhfoahmbo `jjorbuhaoi `j typhscdo v`thoj-

nkvoi, kas woa kki fo ahnnhin oi èvkin vki dot eìu

eoit oi fo kkiwozhndohf vki fo rhm pkaoi `p dot lhiioi

torrohi. Eot ikeo fht akktsto oaoeoit ahmbt ooi wozoiahmb

ìforfooa to v`reoi vki fo ooivùfhno, rurkao cuatuspakkt

soi uht fo \èohiso thmf (lodkavo hi @ss-_ssoi ``b hi

D``noa`ì, Kapdoi oi ^hmionoe). @peorboamb hs fkt fo

@sso oica`suro z` b`rt nojuicthìoorf doojt. Dot stkkt vkst

fkt dhm ihot nofuroifo fo doao lowìhinsporh`fo vki fo io

forzotthin ôstorvoaf hi nolruhb hs nolaovoi. @p ooi nono

voi eèoit nhin fo ``rsprìboahmbo juictho vora`roi oi

worf dot torrohi `vorlùwf. ^kiioor fkt prochos nolourfo

hs eòhahmb vkst to stoaaoi. Fo scdorvoi fho kjbèsthn zhmi

uht fo nrìfsp`roi vki fo `vorsihmfoifo duhspakttonrìfoi

ekboi dot kkiioeoahmb - nozhoi dot d`no porcoitkno hi

dooes kkrfoworb - fkt fozo nolourtoihs zobor i`n hi fo Ho

oouw ik Cdr. pakktsvìf'. @iforzòb hi fo ìs èrhinoi

fo akifoi doojt fuhfoahmb noekkbt fkt cuatustorrohioi uhtfo hmzorthmf oi fo \èohiso thmf fho luhtoi nolruhb rkkbtoi

kathmf norospoctoorf zhmi nolaovoi oi i``ht ooi kiforo

lostoeehin bronoi. @ss-_ssoi v`ret hi fozoi ooi `peor

boahmbo uhtzìforhin. ^kt fo rofoi hs vki fozo dorlostoe

ehin akkt zhcd eòhahmb vkststoaaoi, ekkr zìfor twhmjoa

ekrboort zhm ooi loakinrhmbo vorkiforhin hi fo s`chkao oi

roahnhouzo sjoor.

<.3 KAWDOI

Dot hi ;86> f``r dot Lhà`nhscd-Krcdoà`nhscd Histhtuu t

vki fo \hmbsuihvorshtoht Nrìhinoi ìforz`cdto rocdtdòbh

no eìueoit hi fo I``rflrklkitso noeooito Kapdoi wks

roofs vóór fo `pnrkvhin l`voinrìfs kas z`fkihn dorboi

lkkr (Zki for Skifoi/Zki for Bahjt ;846). ]hcdtlkkr wk

roi `p fkt eèoit ooi rocdtdòbhno wka eot fkkrluhtoi

ooi nroppoa, i`n iot wkkriooelkkr f``r ihvokuvorscdha,

ekkr fuhfoahmb nokccoituoorf f``r dot vorscdha hi pakitoi

nròh= luitnrkssoi hi fo nroppoa, dohfo oi e`s `p dot wka

aotmo. ^ka oi nroppoa zhmi `p jhn. 8 fuhfoahmb wkkriooe

lkkr, kaaooi fo I@-zhmfo t`ìt ooi oihnszhis vortròloaf

looaf. Dot d``nsto puit vki fo wka rohbto ihot vooa d`nor

fki <;,47 e +IKW2 dot ihvokuvorscdha eot fo nroppoa or

luhtoi lofròn ìnovoor 67 ce, eot dot torrohi lhiioi fo

èwkaahin saocdts <7 ce. Fo ``rsprìboa hmbo kjeothinoi

vki fht rocdtdòbhno eìueoit zuaaoi ìnovoor 36x6: elofrknoi dolloi', dotnooi ooi t`tkao `pporvakbto vki ruhe

;??7 e- lotoboit. Fo ektoi vkikj dot dkrt vki fo wka lo

frknoi <6x3> e, torwhma fo ``rsprìboahmbo `pporvakbto

vki dot torrohi kki fo lhiioibkit vki fho wka ihot vooa

ehifor fki >77 e' nowoost zka zhmi. Dot eìueoit wks

vorfor z`fkihn kkinoaonf fkt fo dòbpuitoi ikkr fo vhor

whifrhcdthinoi wozoi.

F``r ehffoa vki ooi frhotka saouvoi worf hizhcdt hi `p

lùw vki fo wka oi vuaahin vki fo nroppoa vorbronoi. Fo

wka, wkkrìfor ooi cèpaoot l`foepr`jhoa worf wkkrno

ièoi, lostìf uht lruhinrhms-novaobt zkif, wkkrhi nooi

paknnoi worfoi kkinotr`jjoi. Fo nroppoa worf `p saocdts

twoo pakktsoi kkinosiofoi. Fo vuaahin lostìf uht ahcdtnrhms

zkif eot fkkrhi dueouzo lkifmos. Fo lroofto vki fo

nroppoa lofròn ehistois ;,?7 e, fo fhopto, noroboif

vkikj dot ùfo `pporvakb ìfor fo wka, 47 ce. Lhiioi fo

wka oi pkrkaaoa fkkrkki akn ooi roobs pkkabuhaoi `p ooi rhm.

Hi fo vhor buhaoi toboifoi zhcd i`n fo vhorbkito pkkabor-

ioi kj (kjeothinoi rospocthovoamb 3?x3< ce, 37x<?,

67x<4 oi 3<x37 ce). Fo fhoptos vkrhoorfoi vki ?? t`t >7

ce. Lohfo zòbsaoujmos pkrkaaoa kki fo zuhfoahmbo wka ek

boi fuhfoahmb fkt dot >,? e akino rhmtmo zhcd ihot vorfor

doojt v``rtnozot. _ht fo pkkabuhaoi worfoi nooi vìfstoi

nol`rnoi.

Lhiioi dot rocdtdòbhno eìueoit, fhroct toi i``rfoi

vki fo pkaoirhm, worf f``r fo `pnrkvors ``b i`n ooi dou-

voav`rehn ahcdkke ìforz`cdt, eot ooi fhkeotor vki ruhe

HH e. Hi fo pr`jhoaoi vki fo foorahmb nodkvoifo douvoa,fho zhcd `p dot eèoit vki fo `pnrkvhin i`n ìnovoor :7

ce l`voi dot fhroct èrhinoifo ekkhvoaf vordhoj, toboifo

dot ùfo `pporvakb zhcd fuhfoahmb, kas ooi 3 ce fhbbo lkif

kj (ck. <;,:7 e +IKW2//n. ;7). @ifor fht ihvoku wkroi

ooi uhtspòahins- oi ooi hispòahinsd`rhzìt wkkriooelkkr .

Dot douvoaahcdkke wks `pnolùwf uht lruhinrhms-novaobt

nrhms zkif wkkrhi paknnoi kkiwhmslkkr wkroi. Dot l`voisto

fooa vki fo douvoa worf nov`ref f``r ooi laoobzkifakkn,

eot pakktsoahmb fkkrìfor ooi zwkb ìtwhbboaf hispò-

ahinsakknmo. Kki fo rkif vki fo douvoa lovìf zhcd ooi

7,?7-;,77 e lrofo rhin vki structuura``s nooa zkif. Fooas

akn fht zkif `p dot ùf `pporvakb, vooaka ocdtor wks tor

pakktso dot ùfo `pporvakb ìfor fo douvoa nodooa vornrkvoi.

Dòwoa dot coitrue vki dot douvoaahcdkke storb vorst``rf

wks bì t`cd i`n fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi ùforo buha

w`rfoi vkstnostoaf. Hi dot vakb worf fozo i``rf-zuhf no`

rhâitoorfo buha v``r dot oorst vkstnostoaf `p ooi d``nto vki

>? ce ìfor dot ùfo `pporvakb. Fkkr dkf fo buha i`n

ooi aointo vki <,<7 e oi ooi lroofto vki ck. ; e. Fo l`

foe vki fo buha worf 3? ce aknor lorohbt, dotnooi ooi t`

tkao fhopto vki ;,;7 e lotoboit. Fo ``rsprìboahmbo aointo

vki fo buha eòt tor d``nto vki dot ùfo `pporvakb ìno

voor <,47 e lofrknoi dolloi. @`b hi fozo buha worf ihots

eoor kkinotr`jjoi.Kaaos whmst or`p fkt wo lhm fo dhorl`voi lospr`boi vord`

nhin kki ooi tueuaus eòtoi foiboi oi ihot kki l.v. ooi

tòvkaahn rìf rostkit vki ooi `pzottoahmbo vord`nhin vki

dot nodoao lhiioitorrohi. Kaaoroorst eòt nowozoi w`rfoi

`p dot joht fkt fo t`p vki dot douvoaahcdkke d`nor akn fki

dot d``nsto puit vki fo wka (rosp. <<,<7 oi <;,47 e

-H-IKW). Dot loakinrhmbsto krnueoit hi fozoi w`rft ocdtor



;3: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Jhn. 8 Kap doi= paktto nr`if vki fo cuatus pakkt s eot rhtuoao pkkazotth in oi coitrkao nrkjdou voa. Dot `pnonr kvoi nofooato hs hi nrhms

kkinono voi2 fo chmjors novoi fo d``n to, hi ce, l`v oi < ; e + IKW kki.

Kapdoi= paki `j tdo skictukry whtd k rhtuka sotthin `j p`sts kif k lkrr`w hi tdo coitro. Vdo oxckvktof krok hs hifhcktof hi nroy2

tdo jhnuros rojor t` tdo dohndt , hi ce , kl`vo <; e + IKW (Futcd @rf ikico Fktue ).



«YYYe

]E

EEEEIEEEE

Jhn. ;7 Kapdoi= pr`jhoaoi vki fo nrkjdouvoa (l`yoi) oi fo porhjoro structuur vki fo cuatuspakkts (ehffoi oi `ifor). Scdkka ; =?7.

Kapdoi= pr`jhaos `j tdo lkrr`w (kl`vo) kif tdo porhpdorka structuro `j tdo skictukry (coitro kif loa`w). Sckao ;=?7.




nov`ref f``r fo rhinv`rehno lkki vki nooa zkif. Fozo

rhin, fho ooi fhkeotor dkf vki ruhe 8 e, noojt fo ``r

sprìboahmbo lonroizhin woor vki ooi rìfo vord`nhin.

Dhor worfoi fo paknnoi nost`boi - dot ùfo `pporvakb

ìtlroobt dhor heeors - è fo coitrkao ruheto eoo to bui

ioi `pd`noi. Fozo paknnoi zhmi uhtsauhtoif lhiioi fo rhin

kkinotr`jjoi. Voisa`tto fo buha. Dot joht fkt fozo prochos hi

dot ehffoi vki fo noao rhin worf ìtfobt lotoboit fkt dotdhor kaaooi ekkr è ooi nrkjbuha bki nkki, fo nrkjbuha

wkkrv``r uhtohifoahmb fo nr`to paknnoidouvoa worf `pno

w`rpoi.

Dòwoa or thmfois dot ìforzòb nooi oiboao scdorj worf

kkinotr`jjoi, hs dot fktorhinspr`laooe uhtohifoahmb t`cd `p

ooi lovrofhnoifo whmzo `pnoa`st. Fkib zhm fo kikayso vki

fo pàaoieìstors fho hi ;86> f``r fo `pnrkvors noièoi

wkroi, bì vkstnostoaf w`rfoi fkt fo porhjoro structuur oi

fo tueuaus lohfo hi fo \èohiso thmf t`t stkif nobèoi

eòtoi zhmi.

Hi fo ``rsprìboahmbo pulahbktho bì `vor èèi kspoct vki

dot dhorl`voi loscdrovoi cèpaox, fo ruhe >,? e akino

pkaoirhm, wohihn ikkr v`roi nolrkcdt w`rfoi= dhm v`refo

ooi ìvorbakkrlkkr oaoeoit hi ooi lhmzìfor juiorkhr e`

iueoit. Dot ìforzòb vki fo oica`suros hi D``noa`ì oi

@ss-_ssoi doojt ocdtor noaoorf fkt fht s``rt ahiokhro pkka-

zotthinoi ooi bkrkbtorhsthob ìforfooa uhtekboi vki hi

dooeso cuatuspakktsoi. Z``r ìs wks v``rka fho pkaoirhm

fki ``b ooi krnueoit è dot 'skeoinostoafo nrkjeìu

eoit' vki Kapdoi to dorhitorprotoroi kas ooi ooivùfhn

dohahnfè wkkrhi, e`noahmb `p ooi aktor thmfsthp hi fo \`

eohiso thmf, ooi nrkjdouvoa worf `pnow`rpoi.

Hi dot bkfor vki fo dorhitorprotktho hs dot voraohfoahmb ooivorlkif to aonnoi tussoi fht eìueoit oi ooi hitrhnoroifo

vìfsteoafhin vki fo Vìnora`so 'krcdhvhst' Kfrhkius Doy

aoi (Doyaoi ;>832 zho ``b Zki for Skifoi ;8>>, <<). Doy

aoi ekkbto hi zhmi 'Zorahcdthino' eoafhin vki `pnow`rpoi

zkifwkaaoi hi fo v`re vki ooi aonorpakkts `p fo dohfo tus

soi Kapdoi oi \hoa. Zorscdohfoio ekaoi wkroi lhiioi fho

wkaaoi \èohiso euitoi kkinotr`jjoi. @`b hi fo ;8o

oouw f`boi or i`n euitoi vki fozo vhifpakkts `p (Dor

ekis ;4:?, :>). ]hm losakki fo porh`fo vkikj fo Jakvhh t`t

dot lonhi vki fo 6o oouw. ]`woa fo a`cktho oi fo v`re

vki dot eìueoit kas fo bkis `p kkiwozhndohf vki eui

toi hi fht s``rt oica`suros (vna. dot dhorik to losproboi

eìueoit to ^hmionoe) ahmboi hi fozoajfo rhcdthin to whmzoi, ia. fkt fo loscdrhmvhin vki Doyaoi lotrobbhin doojt `p

fo Kapdoiso oica`suro eot coitrkao nrkjdouvoa. L`voifhoi

zhmi or thmfois fo `pnrkvhin `p dot lhiioitorrohi tkarhmbo

vorst`rhinoi wkkrnoièoi fho dooa woa eot fo ;4o- oi ;8o-

oouwso zòbkcthvhtohtoi hi vorlkif nolrkcdt zùfoi buiioi

w`rfoi. Hi ;874 scdrhmjt fo Loanhscdo kektour A. Str``-

lkit ``b i`n `vor fozoajfo vhifpakkts, wkkrvki dhm zoaj

i`n (zhavoroi) euitoi hi zhmi lozht doojt (Str``lkit ;874,

;:;). Zki fozo euitoi hs vorfor ihots loboif. Fkkr Str``

lkit fo wkaaoi ìfor dot eoor i``rfoahmb noaonoi noducdt

Lrkboa shtuoort, zù eoi oihnszhis buiioi nkki twhmjoaoi

kki fo vorìforstoafo roaktho. Str``lkit hs hi fo rost vki

zhmi loscdrhmvhin ocdtor vkkb z` ìikuwbourhn, fkt `.h.

kki zhmi pakktskkifuhfhin wohihn nowhcdt tònoboif ekn

w`rfoi (zho ``b Str``lkit ;8<>)'. Z``ra`phn ahmbt or fusihots `p tonoi fo \èohiso euitoi hi vorlkif to lroinoi

eot fo Kapdoiso oica`suro. Fo skeoistoaahin vki dot eui-

toicèpaox hs fusfkihn, fkt vki ooi ocdto euitscdkt nooi

sprkbo bki zhmi. Fo oihno kkiioeoahmbo vorbakrhin fho zhcd

v``r fo nròp akknwkkrfhno euitoi - ooi ihot nosa`toi

roobs vki ìnovoor KF >7 t`t hi dot twoofo bwkrt vki fo

6o oouw' - akkt vhifoi, hs fho vki v`thojnkvoi hi ooi cua

tuspakkts.

<.6 ^HMIONOE

@`b uht dot Loanhscdo fooa vki dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof zhmi oiboao nr`to, vhordòbhno oica`suros lo

boif. Fo oorsto hs ìtfobt lhm ^hmionoe, ck. 4 be toi``stoi vki Kitworpoi . Dhor zhmi vki ;8>; t`t ;846 `p fo

Stooikbbor `pnrkvhinoi uhtnovòrf f``r fo Kitworpso

Zoroihnhin v``r \èohiso Krcdoà`nho (KZ\K), vkikj

;84; eot eofoworbhin vki fo Loanhscdo Ikthìkao Fhoist

v``r @pnrkvhinoi. Eot loporbto ehffoaoi oi thmf, ekkr

eot ooi pr`josshìoao kkipkb hs hi fo a``p vki fo mkroi

ooi t`tkao `pporvakbto ìforz`cdt vki ;?67 eY Fo ìt

fobbhin vki fo noiòefo oica`suro hs dot loakinrhmbsto ro

suatkkt vki fozo `pnrkvhinoi. _ht fo v``ra`phno pulahbkthos

(Cuyt ;84<, ;843, ;846 oi ;84?) Horoi wo fkt dot nkkt è

fo sp`roi vki ooi nr`to, vrhmwoa vhorbkito pkkazotthin eot

zhmfoi vki rosp. 37, 3<, 33 oi 3< e {jhn. HH), fho lahmbois

fo vìfstoi zù eòtoi fktoroi uht fo <o oi dot lonhi vki

fo 3o oouw ik Cdr.

Fo dòbpuitoi vki dot eìueoit whmzoi ikkr fo vhor

whifrhcdthinoi. Fo I^- oi I@-zhmfo lostkki uht ooi ful

loao rhm pkaoi, fho vànois fo `pnrkvors t`t twoo `pooivà

noifo lùwjksoi lod`roi. Fo ]^-zhmfo lostkkt uht ooi oi

boao pkaoirhm. Fo ]@-zhmfo ahmbt woor nov`ref to w`rfoi

f``r ooi fulloao pkaoirhm. Dot hs ocdtor ihot zobor `j fozo

c`rrospìfoort eot fo fulloao pkaoirhm kki fo I^- oi

I@-zhmfo. Hi dot ehffoi vki fo ]@-zhmfo oi e`noahmb ``b

kki fo I^-zhmfo lovhift zhcd ooi hinkin. Vo ``rfoaoi

ikkr ooi twootka f``ra`poifo pkaoirhmoi dùft dot hinowhb

boafo cèpaox pkkabuhaoi kki fo ]^-zhmfo fhroct vorlkifeot fo oica`suro. Dot bki kas ooi noahmbthmfhno kiiox w`r

foi loscdùwf.

Lhiioi fo oica`suro hs ooi kkitka buhaoi vki vorscdhaaoifo

èvkin oi fhopto kkinotr`jjoi, eot ooi fuhfoahmbo cìcoi

trktho hi fo wostoahmbo dòb. @pvkaaoifo jhnurkthos vki pk

aoi fho `p pakttonrìfoi vki nolùwoi buiioi whmzoi zhmi

ihot vkstnostoaf.



;38 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_I KIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

@

Jhn. ; ; ^hmi ono e= pakttonr ìf vki fo cuatu spakk ts2 fo chrboa noojt fo loakinrhmb sto vìf st

cìcoitrktho kki (vna. jhn. ;<). Ikkr Cuyt ;84?, jhn. 6. ^hmionoe= paki `j tdo skictukry2 tdo

chrcao ekrbs tdo e`st hep`rtkit cìcoitrkthì `j jhifs (cj. j hn. ;<). Jrè Cuyt ;84?, jhn. 6.

Fo oica`suro w`rft f``r Cuyt (;843) v``ra`phn noàitorpro

toorf kas ooi voobrkka. @p nrìf vki ooi kikayso vki fo

pkkasp`roi eooit dhm v``rts dot pkaoicèpaox vki fo ]^-

kiiox to buiioi ìtaofoi hi ooi kkitka `pooivànoifopakttonrìfoi= vhor twooscdophno nolùwtmos oi èèi ooi-

scdophn nolùwtmo. Fo kiiox bki vànois doe nozhoi w`r

foi kas ooi `vorfobto kkilùw vki fo voobrkka eot fo

juictho vki stkaahin `j scduurtmo (Cuyt ;843, jhn. <4, <8).

Fozo hitorprotktho hi toreoi vki nolùwpakttonrìfoi

w`rft `p dot oorsto nozhcdt ìforstouif f``r fo ìtfob

bhin hi ;846 vki ooi twootka jrkkho pakttonrìfoi vki no

lùwtmos, `p ìnovoor ;?-<7 e toi i``rf``stoi vki fo oi

ca`suro (Cuyt ;84?, jhn. 6).

Fkib zhm fo spìtkio eofoworbhin vki N. Cuyt zhmi whm histkkt nostoaf è fo i`n ihot nopulahcoorfo nonovois vki fo

`pnrkvhinoi to ^hmionoe, z`kas dot vìfstektorhkka oi fo

tkhas vki fo pakttonrìf, ikfor to lostuforoi. V`t ìzo

vorrksshin laoboi fozo nonovois vàaofhn to pkssoi hi dot

looaf fkt whm oorfor kki fo dkif vki fo I``rflrklkitso

oica`suros dkffoi `pnolùwf. Dot hs `p nrìf dhorvki

fkt whm whaaoi v``rstoaaoi fo 'voobrkka' vki ^hmionoe to




dorhitorprotoroi kas cuatuspakkts. Fo krnueoitoi v``r fozo

ihouwo hitorprotktho dolloi lotrobbhin `p dot vìfstekto

rhkka, fo spochjhobo cìtoxt vki fo vìfstoi oi fo v`re oi

fo fktorhin vki fo oica`suro.

Dot oorsto krnueoit è hi fo oica`suro vki ^hmionoe

nooi voobrkka, ekkr ooi cuatuspakkts to zhoi, w`rft no

v`ref f``r dot i`n nr`toifooas ìnopulahcoorfo vìfst

ektorhkka.

Lhiioi fo oica`suro hs saocdts wohihn kkrfoworb kkinotr`j

joi. Cuyt voreoaft oihn Nkaa`-\èohis scdorvoiektorhkka

uht fo oorsto doajt vki fo <o t`t dot ehffoi vki fo 3o

oouw. Fo vrònsto fktorhin aovort ooi t.s.-jrkneoit eot dot

stoepoa \ONZAHE (\onuaus, Aozùx2 Vrkmkius/Dkfrhk-

ius), kjbèsthn uht ooi pkkabuha vki fo ùfsto jkso vki dot

i``rf``stoahmbo fooa vki fo èdohihin. Ooi twootka jrkn

eoitoi vki nakzoi rhlbèeoi oi oiboao scdorvoi vki hi

dooes kkrfoworb sauhtoi ocdtor ooi fktorhin hi fo Ho oouw

ihot uht.

Vonoi`vor dot scdkkrso kkrfoworb stkkt ooi `pvkaaoifo

dòvooadohf euitoi lrìsvìfstoi. Lhiioi fo oica`surozhmi hi t`tkka 63 \èohiso euitoi novìfoi. Vwhithn

oxoepakroi zhmi kjbèsthn uht ooi fhroct toi wostoi vki dot

coitrue noaonoi buha. Fozo euitvìfst w`rft hi ooi pulah-

bktho vki Cuyt oi Zki Dooscd (;8>8) noàitorprotoorf kas

ooi euitscdkt, lostkkifo uht ;4 sostorthh uht fo <o oouw

(eot kas vrònsto oxoepakkr ooi euit vki Vrkmkius) oi

twoo kitìhihkih, rosp. vki Wdhahppus Krkls (<64) oi Vro-

lìhkius Nkaaus (<?<). Fozo akktsto euit noojt vànois fo

kutours dot thmfsthp kki wkkr`p fo euitscdkt eòt zhmi

vorl`rnoi.

Fo `vorhno <3 euitoi zhmi i`n ihot nopulahcoorf. Dhorvki

lod`roi ;: oxoepakroi t`t ooi cìcoitrkt ho vìfstoi fho hs

kkinotr`jjoi dkavorwono fo zuhf``stoahmbo hinkinspkrthm oi

dot ehffoi vki fo oica`suro (kkinofuhf f``r fo chrboa hi

jhn. ;;2 zho ``Z jhn. ;<). Ekkr ahojst zovoi euitoi vki

fozo cìcoitrktho frknoi fo looatoihs vki Kunustus. Noaot

`p fo vorìforstoafo fktorhin vki fo oica`suro hi fo <o oi

3o oouw hs fkt ooi uhtorst `peorboahmb nonovoi'.

Lodkavo fozo sorho euitoi hs lhiioi fo oica`suro ``b ooi

kcdttka lrìzoi krelkifoi kkinotr`jjoi2 zovoi lod`roi

t`t fo roofs noiòefo vìfstcìcoitrktho tonoi`vor fo

zuhf``stoahmbo hinkinspkrthm, èèi oxoepakkr (^hm >:-3;)

bèt uht fo i``rfdòb vki fo oica`suro. Voi ``stoi vki

fo oica`suro worf ooi ionoifo krelkif kkinotr`jjoi (^hm

4:->). ^kkrscdhmiahmb doojt fozo ``rsprìboahmb t`t fozoajfocìtoxt lod``rf. Fo loscdrhmvhin vki fo krelkifoi auhft

kas vànt'".

;. Krelkif eot cìhscd vorlrofo, stèp uhta`poifo uht

ohifoi. Lhm fo uhtohifoi ooi vorshorhin hi fo v`re vki

twoo fhcdt `pooi nopakkts to noàichsoorfo ahmitmos2 vkikj

dot twoofo ahmitmo vortrobboi strkkasnowhms frho rhmoi

puitmos (^hm >:-:<2 jhn. ;3=;).

Jhn. ;< ^hmionoe= cìcoitrktho vki euitoi lrìsvìfstoi

rìf fo rhtuoao pkkastoaahin (fotkha vki jhn, ;;). ;= euitoi, <=

jhluako, 3= krelkifoi.

^hmionoe= cìcoitrkthì `j c`his kif lrìzo `lmocts iokr tdo

rhtuka sotthin `j p`sts (fotkha `j jhn. ; ;| . ;= c`his , <= lr ``cdos

3= lrkcoaots.

<. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot cìhscd vorlrofo oi

``rsprìboahmb wkkrscdhmiahmb stèp uhta`poifo uhtohi

foi. Zorshorhin kas ir. ; (^hm 4:->2 jhn. ;3=<).

3. Zhor, ovoituooa zos jrkneoitoi vki ooi krelkif eot

cìhscd vorlrofo, stèp uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo

typo kas ir. ;, ekkr ìvorshorf (^hm 43-62 jhn. ;3=3).

6. Krelkif eot bi`pv`rehno uhtohifoi eot fkkrkki

scdhmjv`rehno uhtstoobsoatmos2 kcdtor fo bi`p twoo rhl

loatmos (^hm 4;-32/(n. ;3=6).

?. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot bi`pv`rehn uhtohifo

eot fkkrkki scdhmjv`rehn uhtstoobsoatmo. @p lohfo zhm

bkitoi ooi hehtkthot`rforhin (^hm 4;-8<2//n. ;3=?).

:. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot cìhscd vorlrofo oi

stèp uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo typo kas ir. ;, ekkr

ìvorshorf (^hm 43-;72//n. ;3=:).>. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot cìhscd vorlrofo oi

stèp uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo typo kas ir. ;, ekkr

ìvorshorf (^hm 4;-832/2n. ;3=>).

4. Vwoo jrkneoitoi vki ooi krelkif eot cìhscd vorlro

fo oi stèp uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo typo kas ir. ;,

ekkr ìvorshorf (^hm >:-3;2//n. ;3=4).

8. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot bi`pv`rehno uhtohifoi



;6; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

@ ®

'QY®

Jhn. ;3 ^hm ion oe= fooa vki fo vìf sto i uht fo cuatu spakkt s2 krelkif oi (;-4) oi jhluako (8- ;3 ). Scdkka ;=< .

^hmi onoe = k soaocth ì `j tdo jhifs jrè tdo skictu kry2 lrkcoaots (;-4) kif lr``cdos (8 -; 3. Sckao ;=<.

@p fo zhmbkitoi ooi hehtkthot`rforhin (^hm 43-82 Cuyt

;846, jhn. :8=;).

V`t fo lrìsvìfstoi lod``rt toisa`tto ``b ooi kcdttka jh

luako. Frho oxoepakroi zhmi kjbèsthn vki fo cìcoitrktho

tonoi`vor fo hinkinspkrthm, twoo zhmi oafors lhiioi fo oi-

ca`suro kkinotr`jjoi oi frho lhiioi fo ]^-kiiox.

Dot lotrojt fo vànoifo oxoepakroi.

;. Frkkfjhluak, ìforfrkkfs, rocdto lounoa eot scdorpo

bihb, èèi whifhin, fo ikkaf oi fo èsakn vki fo ikkaf

dùfor ìtlroboi (^hm 47-62 jhn. ;3=8).

<. Vwoo jrkneoitoi vki wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi frkkfjhluak2

lostkkifo uht ; 'K whifhin oi ooi lkifv`rehno lounoa

(^hm >8-6:2 jhn. ;3=;7).

3. Lounoajrkneoit, wkkrscdhmiahmb vki ooi frkkfjhluak

(^hm ;8-?32 jhn. ;3=;;).

6. Lounoajrkneoit, wkkrscdhmiahmb vki ooi frkkfjhluak

(^hm 43-;?=//n. ;3=;<).

?. Frho jrkneoitoi vki ooi l``njhluak2 fwkrs `p fo lou

noa hs ooi rhm pkrkaaoaao nròjmos kkinolrkcdt, fo kcdtor

bkit vki fo lounoa hs oihnszhis rhlv`rehn (^hm 43-;82

jhn. ;3=;3).

:. Frkkfjhluak eot lkifv`rehno lounoa vorshorf eot ooi

nròj eot kki woorszhmfoi ooi fulloao rhm puitmos2 foikkaf ìtlroobt (Cuyt ;846, jhn. :8=<).

>. Bihbjhluak eot scdorpnobihbto lounoa, voorrà vki :

whifhinoi oi rìfo sphrkkafrkkf, fo ikkaf ìtlroobt

vrhmwoa nodooa (Cuyt ;846, jhn. :8=3).

4. Frkkfjhluak eot lkifv`rehno lounoa, fo ikkaf ìt

lroobt (Cuyt ;846, jhn. :8=6).

Fo fktorhin vki fo euitoi oi shorkfoi èvkt fo porh`fo

vki dot lonhi vki fo Ho oouw t`t dot ehffoi vki fo 3o

oouw. Zki fo euitoi zhmi ihot ehifor fki ;; vki fo 63

oxoepakroi hi fo Ho oouw to fktoroi. Fo twoo typoi kre

lkifoi fho hi ^hmionoe v``rbèoi zhmi wkkrscdhmiahmb

``b boieorboif v``r fo Ho oouw. Dot typo eot bi`pv`r-ehno uhtohifoi oi ovoituooa hehtkthot`rforhin (irs. 6, ? oi

8) w`rft f``r \`yekis oi Zki for Skifoi (;847, p. ;8>,

e.i . i``t ;6:) hi fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo vròn-\èohiso

porh`fo nofktoorf. Dot typo eot fo cìhscd vorlrofo uht

ohifoi (irs. ;-3, :-4) ahmbt `p nrìf vki pkrkaaoaaoi hi

Ekksohb (Mkissois ;8>>, nrkj 3 oi ;<4) oi hi dot rhmbo

vìfstcèpaox vki ^hmsdknoi (cj. <.:) ``b hi fo Ho oouw



;6< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

tduhs to d`roi. Fo jhluako vki ^hmionoe ekboi, kjnozhoi

vki fo oio bihbjhluak, ooi ehifor vròno hifrub.

Kki fo dkif vki dot dhor noprosoitoorfo vìfstektorhkka

bki fo juictho vki fo oica`suro vki ^hmionoe ikfor w`r

foi lopkkaf. ô dolloi z`muhst nocìstktoorf fkt ooi roak

thoj nr``t kkitka euitoi oi krelkifoi hi fo a``p vki fo

Ho oouw nofktoorf eòt w`rfoi. Fkt lotoboit fkt fo oica`suro wkkrscdhmiahmb akinor doojt lostkki fki t`t iu tò

worf kkinoièoi. Dot hs ocdtor ihot nòf v``rstoalkkr fkt

ooi voobrkka ìnovoor twoo oouwoi akin vrhmwoa ìnowhm

zhnf - eot saocdts èèi dorlùwjkso - `p fozoajfo paob

doojt noaonoi. Fozo twhmjoa kki fo juictho kas voobrkka

w`rft i`n vorstorbt f``r dot vrhmwoa ìtlroboi vki dot

nkinlkro ioforzotthinskjvka. Dot `ptrofoi vki ooi nr`to

dòvooadohf euitoi lrìsvìfstoi hs ``b ihot lopkkaf

typoroif v``r rurkao ioforzotthinoi hi fo \èohiso thmf oi

hi hofor novka eòhahmb hi vorlkif to lroinoi eot ooi no

lruhb kas voobrkka. Fo skeoistoaahin vki dot vìfstcè

paox whmst ka ovoiehi hi fho rhcdthin. Dot v``rbèoi vki

vrhmwoa uhtsauhtoif euitoi, jhluako oi krelkifoi sunno

roort ooi lhmzìforo soaoctho vki ektorhkka, fho ihot boi

eorboif hs v``r ooi i`rekao ioforzotthin.

Kaaooi ka ikkr kkiaohfhin vki dot vìfstektorhkka zka fus

ikkr ooi katorikthovo hitorprotktho vki fo juictho vki fo

^hmionoeso oica`suro eòtoi w`rfoi noz`cdt.

^hm zhmi vki eoihin fkt ooi roahnhouzo juictho v``r fo

dkif ahnt. @p nrìf vki `vorooibèstoi eot vìfstcè

paoxoi uht dohahnfèeoi uht fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo \èohi

so porh`fo hi Nkaahâ, wkkrvki euitoi oi jhluako, ekkr ``b

krelkifoi fhbwhmas ooi loakinrhmb lostkiffooa v`reoi,

buiioi fo vìfstoi uht ^hmionoe kas v`thojnkvoi w`rfoi

loscdùwf. Fkt hepahcoort fkt fo oica`suro kas cuatuspakktseòt w`rfoi noàitorprotoorf.

Ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho `p lkshs vki fo kkrf vki fo

vìfstoi w`rft lovosthnf f``r ooi kikayso vki fo cìtoxt

wkkrhi fo vìfstoi v``rbèoi. Lhiioi fo oica`suro tro

foi oiboao thoitkaaoi nrìfsp`roi `p hi fo v`re vki baohio

oi nr`to buhaoi. Sèehno fkkrvki zhmi eot zobordohf noà

foithjhcoorf kas pkkabuhaoi, sès i`n eot ooi nòf dorboi

lkro pkkabori. ^kt hi fo v``ra`phno pulahbkthos ihot w`rft

voreoaf hs fkt iklhm dot coitrue vki fo oica`suro, rocdt

tonoi`vor fo zuhf``stoahmbo `poihin hi fo èdohihin, ooi

`pvkaaoifo rhm vki vhor pkkabuhaoi ahnt. Fo aointo vki fozo

rhm pkkabuhaoi lofrkknt vhmj eotor, fo `rhâitktho orvki stoet`vorooi eot fho vki dot zuhf``stoahmbo fooa vki fo è

dohihin.

Hi fozo rhm hs ooi pkkastoaahin to dorboiioi fho fhroct vorno

ahmblkkr hs eot fo pkkastoaahinoi lhiioi fo oica`suros vki

D``noa`ì, @ss-_ssoi oi Kapdoi. Fo lhmzìforo lotoboihs

vki fo pkkastoaahin hi ^hmionoe w`rft kkinot`ìf f``r fo

vìfstoi, fho thmfois dot ìforzòb hi fo lotrojjoifo pkka

buhaoi zhmi kkinotr`jjoi. Lhm fo loscdrhmvhin vànoi whm fo

pkaoirhm vki dot zuhfwostoi ikkr dot i``rf``stoi (jhn. ;;

oi ;<).

;. Wkkabuh a2 cèlhikt ho vki twoo `j frho buhaoi2 fhopto

ekx. <7 ce. Hidùf= ooi sphmbor.

<. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. ;3 ce. Hidùf= ooi \èohiso

euit (ooi ks vki Kunustus, > v.Cdr.).

3. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. ;> ce.6. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. ;77 ce. Hidùf= ooi jhluak {jhn.

;3=;<), twoo \èohiso euitoi (ooi ks vki Cakufhus, ;

ìfotorehioorlkkr oxoepakkr), fkbpkijrkneoitoi,

lr`bboi vorlrkifo aooe, hmzorsakbboi, ooi sphmbor oi

oiboao rostoi vki fhoroitkifoi.

Kki fo ]@-bkit vki fozo rhm pkkabuhaoi lovhift zhcd, pro

chos hi fo ks vki fo `poihin hi fo èdohihin, ooi vhmjfo

pkkabuha eot ovoioois oiboao `peorboahmbo vìfstoi.

?. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. <? ce. Hidùf= 6 \èohiso eui

toi (twoo kssos vki Kunustus, rosp. ;7-> v.Cdr. oi > v.

Cdr., ooi fupìfhus vki Ior` oi ooi ks vki Sopthehus

Sovorus).

Fo `pvkaaoifo cèlhiktho vki coitrkao pkkastoa_in oi lhm

zìforo vìfstoi brhmnt i`n eoor roahâj f``r dot joht fkt hi

fo ìehffoaahmbo ènovhin vki fo pkkastoaahin zovoi vki

fo kcdt krelkifoi, i`n twoo jhluako, kaseofo i`n oois

ionoi euitoi zhmi novìfoi.

Kkinoièoi ekn w`rfoi fkt wo dhor, ovoikas hi l.v. @ss-

_ssoi, to ekboi dolloi eot ooi jhnurktho vki cuatuspkaoi

kas 'ehffoapuit' vki fo skcrkao ruheto fho f``r fo pkahssk

fo w`rft kjnolkboif. Lahmbois fo cìcoitrktho vki v`thoj

nkvoi zhmi rìfè fozo cuatuspkaoi fo loakinrhmbsto rhtuo

aoi uhtnovòrf.

Eot dot ``n `p fo ìehsboilkkr roahnhouzo cìtoxt vki fo

vìfstoi hi ^hmionoe hs dot zhiihn ``b i`n oois `pihouwto bhmboi ikkr fo oorfor noiòefo euitscdkt. Fo f``r

Cuyt oi Zki Dooscd v``rnostoafo hitorprotktho 'euitscdkt'

(ooi dòvooadohf tonoahmborthmf kki fo kkrfo tòvortrùwfo

euitoi) wks fosthmfs fo eoost v``r fo dkif ahnnoifo. ]hm

worf ìnotwhmjoaf eofo lopkkaf f``r dot v``rbèoi vki

ooi typhscdo 'sauhteuit' uht dot mkkr <?<. Fo vorìforstoafo

rhtuoao lotoboihs vki fo kiforo euitoi oi lrìsvìfstoi

oi fo dorhitorprotktho vki fo ^hmionoeso oica`suro kas cua

tuspakkts worpt ocdtor fo vrkkn `p `j ``b kki fo euit

scdkt ihot ooi rhtuoao lotoboihs eòt w`rfoi tònoboif.

Fkkr bèt lhm fkt ``b fo fhrocto vìfstcìtoxt (fo nr`to

buha iklhm dot coitrue) oihno kkiaohfhin noojt t`t ooi for

noahmbo dorhitorprotktho. Fo a`sso sprohfhin vki fo euitoihi fo buha, eot ooi ìforahino kjstkif vki ekxhekka < eo

tor (Cuyt/Zki Dooscd ;8>8, jhn. < oi 3), ekkbt dot dooa

woa foiblkkr fkt fo euitoi ihot tonoahmborthmf ekkr kjzì

forahmb hi fo buha zhmi torocdtnobèoi. @`b fo skeoistoa

ahin vki fo vìfst (saocdts twoo euitoi uht fo 3o oouw)

fòt ihot hi fo oorsto pakkts kki ooi euitscdkt foiboi.

Ooi katorikthovo hitorprotkt ho kas ooi cèpaox `jjoreuitoi



;63 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIK IF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

ahmbt ìs fkkrè nooiszhis uhtnosa`toi. Fo buha zù hi fkt

novka kas `jjorbuha loscdùwf eòtoi w`rfoi.

@`b fo buhaoi hi fo wostoahmbo dòb vki fo oica`suro bui

ioi kas `jjorbuha dolloi nofhoif. Ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotk

tho sauht kki lhm fho vki vornoahmblkro cèpaoxoi ìronoa

ekthno buhaoi lhiioi fo kiforo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot

Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof. Ooi twoofo krnueoit w`rft

nov`ref f``r dot `ptrofoi vki ìforahin pkssoifo scdor

voi uht vorscdhaaoifo buhaoi. Ooi forfo krnueoit lotrojt fo

vìfst vki ooi kkitka tkifoi vki mìno ruiforoi hi ooi

nr`to buha akins dot zuhfwostoahmbo fooa vki fo èdohihin.

Zki vorscdohfoio Ak Väio-cuatuspakktsoi oi Nkaa`-

\èohiso toepoacèpaoxoi zhmi nr`to dòvooadofoi l`tek

torhkka loboif, fho nozhoi buiioi w`rfoi kas rostoi vki

fhor`jjors. @p fo zuhfoahmbo zkifnrìfoi hs vki fhorahmb

l`tektorhkka uhtorkkrf wohihn `vornolaovoi. Fo nolhtsrostoi

uht fo buha lhm fo èdohihin, ekkr ``b fho uht ooi vki fo

buhaoi vki fo coitrkao pkkastoaahin, kaseofo fo (norhino)

càaoctho l`trostoi uht D``noa`ì oi @ss-_ssoi whmzoi or

ocdtor `p fkt ``b lhiioi fo oica`suros vki dot Ekks-

Foeor-Scdoafonolhof eot fhor`jjors hi spochkka kkinoaonfo`jjorbuhaoi roboihin eòt w`rfoi nodùfoi.

^kt lotrojt kjeothinoi, v`re oi hitorio structuur bèt fo

oica`suro vki ^hmionoe `vorooi eot fo oorfor lospr`boi

cuatuspakktsoi hi dot i``rfoahmb fooa vki dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof. Or hs saocdts èèi oaoeoit fkt fuhfoahmb kj

whmbt oi fkt hs fo kkrf vki fo èdohihin. Hi pakkts vki

ooi nroppoa- (oi wka)cìstructho trojjoi wo hi ^hmionoe

ooi èdohihin vki pkaoi kki. Zorfor`p hi fozo stufho zka

lahmboi fkt fht lhiioi fo woroaf vki fo akkt-Boathscdo oi

Nkaa`-\èohiso cuatuspakktsoi ocdtor nooi uhtzìforahmb

vorscdhmisoa hs. @`b fo ]^-kiiox vki fo oica`suro v`ret

ooi kjwhmboif oaoeoit. Cuyt doojt noeooif dhor ooi

`pooivànoifo roobs stkaahinoi `j scduurtmos to buiioi ro

cìstruoroi. Vo lofoiboi vkat ocdtor fkt fozo rocìstruc

thos, fho whm `p zhcdzoaj `vorhnois wohihn `vortuhnoif vhi

foi, wkkrscdhmiahmb eofo lopkkaf zhmi f``r fo hitorpro tktho

vki fo oica`suro kas voobrkka. _htnkkifo vki fo ihouwo hi

torprotktho vki fo oica`suro kas cuatuspakkts frhint fo vrkkn

zhcd `p `j ``b fo ]^-kiiox woaahcdt ooi cuathscdo juictho

doojt nodkf. Fo vìfst vki ooi frhotka jhluako oi euitoi

lhiioi `j iot luhtoi fo kiiox ahmbt hiforfkkf hi fho rhcd

thin to whmzoi. Hi fo Ak Väio-trkfhtho hs fo cèlhiktho vki

cuatuspakktsoi oi baohioro kiioxoi ``b ihot ìnow`ì (cj.

3.?). ^hm fhoioi ìs ocdtor to rokahsoroi fkt dot zìfor ooinofotkhaaoorfo kikayso vki fo voao (pkka)buhaoi ìe`noahmb

hs è t`t ooi lovrofhnoifo rocìstructho vki fo ]^-kiiox

to bèoi. Vorundùfoifdohf hs v``ra`phn fus nol`foi.

V`cd buiioi whm ìs ihot kki fo hifrub ìttrobboi fkt hi

fo whrwkr vki pkaoi `p dot oorsto nozhcdt ooi kkitka

d``jfahmioi, ovoituooa zoajs twoo cìcoitrhscdo vhorbkitoi

zhmi to ìforscdohfoi. Fo nofkcdtoi nkki fkkrlhm ìwhaao

bourhn uht ikkr fo pakttonrìf vki ooi Nkaa`-\èohis è

nkinstoepoatmo...

<.? IOO\DK\OI-\OBOE

Ooi structuur fho hi dot bkfor vki fozo stufho ``b lospr`

boi eòt w`rfoi hs ooi f``r ooi eoorvùfhno pkka-

cìstructho nov`refo, ahcdt trkpoz`àfkao vhordòb vki ck.

;3,?7 T ;; e, ìtfobt thmfois dot f``r fo Ikthìkao Fhoist

v``r @pnrkvhinoi uhtnovòrfo ìforzòb vki ooi hidooes-

\èohiso ioforzotthin lhm Ioordkroi-\oboe kki fo Ekks,

ìnovoor > be toi i``rfwostoi vki Ekkstrhcdt (Fo Lò

;843, ;84?) (jhn. ;6).

Z``r fo fhscussho vki fozo structuur zhmi fo vrònsto jksoi

vki fo ioforzotthin vki loakin.

;. Fo pro-Jakvhscdo porh`fo. Nofuroifo fozo porh`fo

lostkkt fo lowìhin hi Ioordkroi-\oboe uht ooi wkkr

scdhmiahmb èdohifo ioforzotthin vki oiboao twooscdophno

nolùwoi, fho no`rfoif zhmi rìf ooi coitrkao ruheto. Fo

`pnrkvor, N. fo Lò, fktoorfo lhm nolrob kki vàfòifo

vìfstektorhkka fo ioforzotthin kkivkiboahmb tussoi fo ?o

oouw v.Cdr. oi fo vròn-\èohiso thmf (Fo Lò ;84?),ekkr noa``jt iu kkiwhmzhinoi to dolloi v``r ooi fktorhin

hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr."

<. Fo porh`fo vki ck. >7 ik Cdr. t`t dot ehffoi vki fo <o

oouw. Nofuroifo fozo jkso w`rft fo hidooeso lolùwhin

vorvkinoi f``r ooi vhaakcèpaox, lostkkifo uht ooi d``jf

nolùw oi ooi kkitka hi stooi uhtnovòrfo lhmnolùwoi

(Fo Lò ;84?, kjl. ;7). @p dot vhaaktorrohi, `p ìnovoor >7

eotor vki dot d``jfnolùw, ahnt ``b fo vhordòbhno struc

tuur (jhn. H6=L). Fo pakttonrìf fkkrvki lostkkt uht oiboao

roobsoi ?? t`t 4? ce fhopo pkkabuhaoi. Hi fozo cìjhnurktho

bki ooi vhortka jksoi ìforscdohfoi w`rfoi. Fht whmst or`p

fkt fo pkkacìstructho `p fozoajfo pakkts ooi kkitka boroi

hs vorihouwf. Vussoi fo pkaoi zhmi `p fhvorso pakktsoi

sekaao nroppoatmos wkkrnoièoi, fho fo kkiwozhndohf vki

ooi kjsauhtoifo wkif sunnororoi. Kki fo wostzhmfo oi e`

noahmb ``b kki fo i``rfzhmfo vki fo structuur doojt `p

;,37-;,?7 e vki fo wkif ooi rhm luhtoipkaoi nostkki. Hi

fo ]^-dòb ahmbt ooi lhmik < e lrofo hinkin kkiwozhn.

Dot lhiioitorrohi hs hitoithìooa vorfhopt. Iklhm fo hinkin

hs fozo vorfhophin norhin, hi i``rfoahmbo oi ``stoahmbo rhcd

thin a``pt zhm ocdtor `p t`t ?7 ce ìfor dot ``rsprìboahm

bo ekkhvoaf. Fo vuaahin vki fozo vorfhophin hs lruhizwkrt

vki baour oi storb dueous vki bkrkbtor. @p dot `pnrk

vhinsihvoku wks hi fozo vuaahin ooi kkitka rìfo oi vhor

bkito buhaoi zhcdtlkkr. Hi ooi fkkrvki worfoi fo vorb`àfo rostoi vki ooi frhotka pakiboi novìfoi.

Fo fktoroifo vìfstoi uht fo vhordòbhno structuur zhmi

`pvkaaoif norhin. Zoreoaf w`rft oihn scdorvoiektorhkka,

d``jfzkboahmb uht fo twoofo doajt vki fo <o oi dot lonhi

vki fo 3o oouw. Or hs ocdtor ``b sprkbo vki oiboao scdor

voi vki hidooes, dkifnov`ref kkrfoworb. Fo kkiaon vki

fo structuur w`rft `p nrìf dhorvki nofktoorf hi fo Ho




Jhn. ;6 Ioordkroi-\oboe= pakttonrìf vki fo cuatuspakkts (L) oi fo iklhmnoaonoi structuur J. Ikkr Fo Lò ;84 ?, jhn. ;7.

Ioordkroi-\oboe= paki `j tdo skictukry (L) kif tdo iokrly structuro J. Jrè Fo Lò ;84?, jhn. ;7.

oouw ik Cdhr. ]hm doojt lhmnovàn lhmik twoo oouwoi

lostkki.

Fo hitorprotktho vki fozo structuur hs ihot ooivùfhn. Fo

Lò (;843, ;84?) hs vki eoihin fkt dot nkkt è ooi dù

toi nolùw, fkt e`noahmb v``rzhoi wks vki ooi 'pyrkeh-

fkka toitfkb', ovoituooa eot ooi b`rto i`b. Kkinozhoi hi

dot hitorhour sp`roi vki fkbfrknoifo pkaoi ìtlroboi kcdt

dhm dot wkkrscdhmiahmb fkt fo fkbcìstruct ho worf nofrknoi

f``r fo zwkro wkifpkaoi, kaseofo f``r fo rhm luhtoipk-

aoi. Fo Lò iooet vorfor kki fkt fht dùtoi nolùw ooi

stka hs nowoost, oi woa - noaot `p fo fìboro vuaahin - ooi

z.n. p`tstka. Fo frho ìfhopo, rocdtdòbhno buhaoi zùfoifo stkifpakkts vki frhib- `j vòforlkbboi buiioi kkifuh

foi. Fo nroppoa (zho jhn. ;6) eot fkkrhi pkkasp`roi fho `p

fo I^-dòb kkisauht, w`rft hi fozo cìtoxt loscdùwf kas

fo kjsauhthin vki ooi voobrkka.

Fozo hitorprotktho vki fo vhordòbhno structuur kas nolùw,

eoor spochjhob kas stka, hs ikkr ìzo eoihin nooiszhis `vor

tuhnoif. Ooi `vorspkiihin vki ooi ruheto vki ;3,?7 lhm HH

eotor eot ooi pyrkehfkao `j kiforo fkbcìstructho hs zì

for ooi `j eoor coitrkao, frknoifo pkaoi ikuwoahmbs v``r

stoalkkr. Dot ahmbt ``b ìwkkrscdhmiahmb fkt ooi `vorfobto

voostka ìnovoor twoo oouwoi akin `p prochos fozoajfo

pakkts doojt noaonoi.

Lhiioi fo loboifo hidooes-\èohiso ioforzotthinoi vki

dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof bèt ooi fornoahmbo cìth

iuàtoht hi dot nolruhb vki w`ì- oi stkaooidofoi ihot v``r

Dot joièooi p`tstka (ooi vorfhopt stkanofooato wkkrhi fo

eost vki dot voo w`rft vorzkeoaf) hs hi dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof thmfois fo akto <o oi 3o oouw hiforfkkf lo

boif. @pvkaaoif hs ocdtor fkt fornoahmbo p`tstkaaoi kathmf

ìforfooa v`reoi vki lòrforhmoi oi i``ht `p zhcdzoajstkki. Ooi akktsto krnueoit v``r ooi hitorprotktho kas stka

zù buiioi zhmi fo vhordòb skeoi eot dot z.n. nolùw J

fkt : k > eotor vorfor`p ahnt, kas èèi nodooa, f.w.z. kas èèi

lòrforhm to loscdùwoi. Kkiioeoahmb ahmbt fozo `pa`sshin

ocdtor ihot, èfkt fo lohfo vhordòboi L oi J fuhfoahmb `p

zhcdzoaj stkki. L`voifhoi akkt fo ahcdt trkpoz`àfkao nrìf

v`re vki vhordòb L nooi h`nhscd-cìstructhovo vorlhifhin



;6? MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

eot vhordòb J tò. @p nrìf vki fozo `vorwonhinoi b`

eoi whm t`t fo cìcausho fkt fo structuur L ooi `poi oi-

ca`suro hs nowoost.

Lhm dot zòboi ikkr ooi katorikthovo hitorprotktho vki fozo

voreòfoahmbo oica`suro nkki fo nofkcdtoi woadkkst ìvor

ehmfoahmb hi fo rhcdthin vki ooi cuatuspakkts. Ooi ikforo

loscdùwhin ekkit ocdtor t`t v``rzhcdthndohf. Oiboao vkifo prhekhro boieorboi vki fozo ihouwo ckton`rho eìu

eoitoi (coitrkao pkkastoaahin oi lhmzìforo vìfstoi) ìt

lroboi. @`b fo (ihot nopulahcoorfo) fotkha-pakttonrìfoi oi

fo vìfstnonovois, fho whm hi Lrussoa e`cdtoi lostuforoi,

aovoroi nooi f``rsaknnovoifo krnueoitoi v``r ooi hitor

protktho kas cuatuspakkts.

Fosìfkibs wknoi whm dot è fo vhordòbhno structuur

vki Ioordkroi-\oboe hi ìs `vorzhcdt `p to ioeoi oi woa

`p nrìf vki fo vànoifo krnueoitoi.

;. Dot nkkt è ooi vhordòbhno structuur, fho, z`kas whm

z`muhst roofs `peorbtoi, `.h ihot `vorfobt hs nowoost, fus

oorfor kas ooi oica`suro fki kas ooi nolùw eòt w`rfoi

kkinofuhf.

<. Fo ìronoaekthno v`re vki fo vhordòb whmst ka ovoi

ehi `p ooi nolùwpakttonrìf2 dhm hs ocdtor woa boieor

boif v``r sèehno cuatuspakktsoi, z`kas fho vki D``no-

a`ì oi ^hmionoe.

3. @`b dot akinfurhno nolruhb vki fo oica`suro whmst oor

for `p ooi skcrkao fki `p ooi pr`jkio lostoeehin.

6. Fo kkrf vki fo èdohihin stoet `vorooi eot fho vki fo

oica`suro vki ^hmionoe.

?. Dot `ptrofoi vki ìronoaekthno buhaoi c.q. buhacè-

paoxoi `p dot lhiioitorrohi hs ooi joièooi fkt wo ``b

dolloi aoroi boiioi hi ^hmionoe, @ss-_ssoi oi D``-

noa`ì.:. Fo hitoithìoao vorfhophin vki dot lhiioitorrohi oi fo

fìboro vuaahin fkkrvki v`reoi ooi oaoeoit fkt e`noahmb

ooi tonoidkinor doojt `p fo vhifpakkts ^hmsdknoi, wkkr

``b ooi cuatuspakkts w`rft voreòf (cj. <.:).

>. Fo eoost `pvkaaoifo vìfst uht fo oica`suro w`rft no

v`ref f``r ooi frhotka hmzoroi loscdorebkppoi vki oor

notùw- `j paònscdkroi. Hi fo Ak Väio-porh`fo bèoi

fornoahmbo v``rworpoi vorscdhaaoifo boroi v``r kas v`thoj-

nkvoi hi dohahnfèeoi, l.v. hi Nùriky (Lruikux ;84:,

8?).

4. Dot `ptrofoi vki ooi cuatuspakkts hi ooi ioforzotthins

cìtoxt hs lhiioi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ihot uht

zìforahmb. Dot bèt ``b v``r hi @ss-_ssoi oi

D``noa`ì.

@p nrìf vki fozo krnueoitoi ekn ooi hitorprotktho vki

fo structuur L kas cuatuspakkts ihot uhtnosa`toi w`rfoi

nokcdt'Y

< . : ^HMSDKNOI

Hi dot v``rmkkr vki ;84> pulahcoorfoi B. Ekos oi A. vki

Hepo dot twoofo vorsakn vki dot ìforzòb fkt fo Ikth`

ikao Fhoist v``r @pnrkvhinoi hi ;846 oi ;84? uhtvòrfo

`p dot torrohi 'fo \hotoe' to ^hmsdknoi (Ekos/Zki Hepo

;84>). Lodkavo ooi 37-tkH, uht fo ehffoi- oi akto hmzorthmf

fktoroifo nrkvoi, ìtfobtoi fo ìforzòbors ooi nr`to

dòvooadohf pkkabuhaoi. Hi fozo caustor eooifoi zhm eoor

foro fulloao rhmoi to buiioi ìtwkroi {jhn. ;?).

Fo fulloao rhmoi hitorprotoroi zhm kas fo sp`roi vki no-lhitsthmaoi vki frhoscdophno duhzoi, wkkrvki kaao kiforo

(wkif)sp`roi nodooa vorfwoioi zhmi. Fo uhtvòrhno lo

scdùwhin vki fo `peorboahmbo vìfstoi fho `p fht torrohi

vorzkeoaf worfoi - wkkrìfor roakthoj vooa euitoi - aohft

fo kutours toisa`tto t`t fo cìcausho fkt eoi dhor e`noahmb

to ekboi doojt eot 'ooi pakkts eot bèeorchâao `j

fhoistoijuibtho' (Ekos/Zki Hepo ;84>, ??). Ikkr ìzo

eoihin zhmi fo f``r fo Loanhscdo càaonko noprosoitoorfo

nonovois ocdtor v``r ooi nodooa kiforo uhtaon vktlkkr. Dui

hitorprotkthos - frhoscdophno duhspakttonrìfoi, cèeor

chooa coitrue - pkssoi hi hofor novka ihot hi dot looaf fkt

hiehffoas vki dot Boephscd paktoku hi fo \èohiso thmf hs

nov`ref. ^hm zhmi vki ``rfooa fkt or vàfòifo kkiwhmzhinoi zhmi è ``b ^hmsdknoi hi fo rhm vki ooivùfhno, rurk

ao cuatuspakktsoi `p to ioeoi.

^kiioor wo ooi vornoahmbhin ekboi eot fo vhmj oorfor lo

dkifoafo eìueoitoi, fki eòt kaaoroorst `pnoeorbt w`r

foi fkt or ikuwoahmbs `vorooibèst hs wkt fo v`re lo

trojt. Ooi fuhfoahmb vhordòbhno porhjoro structuur - hi fo

v`re vki ooi nroppoa `j pkkazotthin, z`kas wo fho lhm fo

kiforo vhmj nozhoi dolloi - hs ihot kkiwhmslkkr. Vussoi fo

vhmj norocìstruoorfo fulloao pkaoirhmoi, wkkrlhm fo kj

stkif tussoi fo tonoi`vor oabkkr ahnnoifo pkaoi ck. <-3 e

lofrkknt, bki nooi oiboa vorlkif w`rfoi noaonf. Zki fhovhmj rhmoi zhmi or vhor zuhfwost-i``rf``st no`rhâitoorf, èèi

i``rfwost-zuhf``st. Vwoo vki fo vhmj v`reoi ìforahin

ìnovoor ooi rocdto dòb, ekkr sauhtoi ihot `p oabkkr kki2

fo aointoi lofrknoi rospocthovoahmb <7 (i``rfwost-zuhf``st)

oi ;<,? e. Fo frho rostoroifo i``rfwost-zuhf``st norhcdto

rhmoi, rospocthovoahmb ;>,?, ;? oi ;: e akin, ahnnoi ihot pk

rkaaoa kki fo oorstnoiòefo rhm, ekkr rhcdtoi zhcd `p èèi

(foiblooafhn) puit fkt oihno thoitkaaoi eotors toi zuhf

``stoi vki fo zuhfrkif vki dot `pnrkvhinsvakb ahnt.

Dot looaf fkt dot nodooa vki fo pkkabuhaoi `paovort hs

v``rkasi`n ìlonrhmpoah mb. Z``r ooi fooa bki fo ìfuhfo

ahmbdohf ìnotwhmjoaf vorbakkrf w`rfoi f``r fo eòhahmbo

wkkrioehinsèstkifhndofoi tor pakktso. Fo sp`roi wkroivkkn oi or buiioi fus pkkanktoi noehst zhmi. ^kkrscdhmi

ahmbor hs fkt wo to ekboi dolloi eot ooi structuur fho

storb doojt kjnowoboi vki fo vhmj oorfor noiòefo oica`-

suros. Cìthiuorhin vki dot ìforzòb zka ehsscdhoi i`n

hij`rektho lhofoi `vor fo v``rtzotthin vki ooi oiboao pk-

aoirhm, kaseofo `vor fo t`tkao èvkin vki dot cèpaox,

ekkr dot uhtohifoahmbo rosuatkkt zka t`cd wohihn noahmboihs



;6: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

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Jhn. ; ? ^hmsdknoi= `vorzhcdt vki fo buhaoi oi pkkasp`roi tor paobbo vki fo cuatuspakkts2 fo sp`roi vki pkrkaaoaao pkkarhmoi zhmi hizwkrt kkinonovoi2 fo stor fuhft ooi baohio vìfstcìcoitrktho kki. Ikkr Ekos/Zki Hepo ;84:, jhn. 6.

^hmsdknoi= survoy `j tdo phts kif p`stdàos kt tdo shto `j tdo skictukry2 tdo trkcos `j pkrkaaoa r`ws `j p`sts kro hifhcktof hi lakcb

tdo kstorhsb ekrbs k sekaa cìcoitrkthì `j jhifs. Jrè Ekos/Zki Hepo ;84:, jhn. 6.

vortìoi eot fo dhorv``r lospr`boi pkaoioica`suro vki

^hmionoe. @vorooibèst eot ^hmionoe lostkkt or ocdtor

wäa `p ooi kifor puit, ia. fkt vki fo e`lhahk.

Fo vìfstoi wkkr dot dhor è nkkt aknoi nr`toifooas vor

sprohf hi ooi nrhms-novaobto 'w`ìakkn' wkkrvki fo lonroi

zhin skeoivkat eot fo nroizoi vki dot nolhof wkkr fo

pkkabuhaoi v``rbèoi. Dot nkkt è ooi torrohi eot kjeo

thinoi vki ck. 37 x ?7 e. Fkkrluhtoi ìtlroobt fozo akkn

vàaofhn oi lovhift zhcd fhroct ìfor fo dueusakkn dot

scdìo, noao zkif. Ooi fooa vki fo pkkabuhaoi wks ka l`

voi hi fo w`ìakkn zhcdtlkkr, fo rost bì pks w`rfoi `p

notoboif ikfkt fozo fìboro akkn vorwhmforf wks. Dò wo

ìs dot ìtstkki vki fo z.n. w`ìakkn eòtoi v``rstoaaoi

hs ìzobor, fo `pnrkvors sihmfoi fo vrkkn hi oab novka ihot

kki. Ooi e`noahmbo vorbakrhin zù buiioi zhmi fkt dot

dhorl`voi èscdrovoi nolhof ``rsprìboahmb vorfhopt hs no

woost. Fozo vorfhophin worf vorvànois, thmfois dot no

lruhb, `pnovuaf eot vuhao nrìf oi e`lhahk. Fo pulahbktho

noojt nooi kkiwhmzhin dò fhop fo l`foe vki dot vorfhopto

vakb ìfor dot ihvoku vki fo ènovhin doojt noaonoi,

ekkr vooa eoor fki ck. 37 ce zka fht ihvokuvorscdha ihot

zhmi nowoost.

@pvkaaoif hs fo rhmbo skeoistoaahin vki dot vìfstcèpaox

uht fo fìboro akkn, ooi nonovoi wkkr`vor ``b Ekos oi

Zki Hepo dui vorlkzhin uhtsproboi. Kaaoroorst zhmi or fo

lrìzoi shorkfoi. Hi fo roobs vki <4 krelkifoi zhmi twoo

typoi vortonoiw``rfhnf= krelkifoi eot cìhscd vorlrofo

oi stèp uhta`poifo uhtohifoi oi krelkifoi eot là- oi

bi`pv`rehno uhtohifoi. Lhm fo 3? jhluako nkkt dot è

l``n-, bihb-, dkkb-, `noi-, scdkrihor-, Bi`toi- oi frkkfjh-

luako. Fo forfo loakinrhmbo nròp èvkt fo euitoi. Hi t`

tkka worfoi or << nol`rnoi, z`woa kssos, fupìfhh, sostorthh

kas ooi oiboao foikrhus. Fo ùfsto nkki torun t`t hi fo \o

pulahbohiso porh`fo, fo mìnsto hs nosaknoi ìfor Kitìh-

ius Whus. Lhiioi fho thmfsspkiio hs v``rka fo Ho oouw ik

Cdr. storb vortonoiw``rfhnf (Kunustus (3), Vhlorhus (;),



;6> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_IKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

Ior` (;), Zospkshkius (6) oi Fèhthkius (<)). Ooi nròp

vki twkkaj euitoi, vornozoaf vki kcdt jhluako, twoo kre

lkifoi oi oiboao jrkneoitoi fkkrvki, worf `p ooi roakthoj

baohio `pporvakbto (< e') kkinotr`jjoi. Fo kkiwozhndohf

vki ooi buha tor pakktso bì ocdtor ihot ìfulloazhiihn

w`rfoi vkstnostoaf.

Ooi vhorfo vìfstckton`rho, toisa`tto, lotrojt fo torrk shnha-

aktk. @p fo dhorl`voi kkinofuhfo loporbto `pporvakbto

zhmi ihot ehifor fki 337 scdorvoi vorzkeoaf. Fkkrìfor

zhmi saocdts frho vorshorfo jrkneoitoi (Fr. ;> oi <8), fo

rost hs ìvorshorf (`.k. Fr. 3;, 33 oi 6?). Zki fozo t.s.-

scdorvoi hs 3% vki ]uhfnkaahscd, Q;% vki Ehffoinkaahscd

oi ruhe 47% vki @`stnkaahscd jklrhbkkt.

Dot bki nooi tòvka zhmi fkt fo frho loakinrhmbsto vìfst

ckton`rhoâi uht fo ^hmionoeso oica`suro - euitoi, jhluako

oi krelkifoi - ``b ooi prèhioito pakkts hiioeoi hi dot

vìfstlostkif uht fo w`ìakkn to ^hmsdknoi. Fozo nr`to

`vorooibèst wkt fo e`lhahk lotrojt rocdtvkkrfhnt ìs hi

zhois fo cìcausho fkt lohfo eìueoitoi ``b ooi `vorooi

bèsthno juictho nodkf dolloi, e.k.w. fkt wo ``b hi^hmsdknoi eot ooi cuatuspakkts to ekboi dolloi. Fozo

cuatuspakkts doojt ooi akino nolruhbsfuur noboif. Eoor

fki <77 mkk r eòt zhm dolloi nojuicthìoorf, vki fo oorsto

doajt vki fo Ho oouw t`t fo oorsto doajt vki fo 3o oouw ik

Cdr. Nofuroifo fo doao Ho oouw zhmi euitoi, jhluako oi

krelkifoi fo loakinrhmbsto (krcdoà`nhscd trkcoorlkro) v`-

thojnkvoi. Hi fo a``p vki fo <o oouw vhift or ooi `peor

boahmbo vorkiforhin pakkts. Fo d``jfrà ahmbt vkikj fkt e`

eoit nospooaf to w`rfoi f``r dot auxo-kkrfoworb. @j fo

bèeoi, l`rfoi, lkbmos oi wrhmjscdkaoi vki torrk shnhaaktk

iu fo ohnoiahmbo v`thojnkvoi v`refoi ój fkt dot uhtohifo

ahmb nhin è vornkiboahmb ektorhkka (sphmzoi, frkib) fkt

zhcd hi fozo kkrfoworbv`reoi lovìf, hs ooi vrkkn fho

eòhahmb to lokitw``rfoi vkat. Z``ra`phn stkkt ^hmsdknoi

kaaooi wkt fozo ìtwhbboahin lotrojt. Hi ^hmionoe hs ooi

fornoahmbo èsakn hi hofor novka ihot kkit`ìlkkr.

<.> SKEOIZKVVHIN

^hm whaaoi fo losprobhin vki fo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot

Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof kjsauhtoi eot ooi b`rt `vorzhcdt

vki fo `vorooibèstoi oi vorscdhaaoi, è `p fho ekihor to

bèoi t`t ooi ikforo fojhihârhin vki fozo oica`suros kas

ooi ihouwo baksso vki krcdoà`nhscdo eìueoitoi . Fkkr

lhm eòt `p v``rdkif w`rfoi `pnoeorbt fkt vki ooi i`r

ekthovo fojhihtho nooi sprkbo bki zhmi, hi fho zhi fkt kaao

eìueoitoi kki kaao ossoithâao crhtorhk vàfòi. Fkkrv``r

zhmi kaaooi ka fo èstkifhndofoi wkkrìfor fo oica`suros

zhmi `pnonrkvoi to vorscdhaaoif. Ihottoehi ahmboi zo kas

nròp nòf dorboilkkr.

Hi fo oorsto pakkts hs or ooi storbo e`rjà`nhscdo vorwkit

scdkp. Dot nkkt hi lhmik kaao novkaaoi (kaaooi ^hmsdknoi

v`ret ooi uhtzìforhin) è vhordòbhno oica`suros eot ooinroppoa (kiiox wka) `j pkahsskfo kas porhjoro structuur. Fo

nr``tto vkrhoort vki HH,?7x ;3 e (Ioordkroi) t`t ck.

6?x6? e (@ss-_ssoi). Hi toiehisto frho novkaaoi (D``no

a`ì, ^hmionoe oi Ioordkroi) hs sprkbo vki ooi oihnszhis

ìronoaekthno vhordòb. ^kkr fo oica`suros vàaofhn zhmi

`pnonrkvoi zhmi hinkinoi vkstnostoaf. Hi D``noa`ì oi

^hmionoe ahnnoi fo twoo hinkinoi vrhmwoa tonoi`vor oa

bkkr, fo hinkin hi fo oica`suro vki Ioordkroi lovhift zhcd

hi fo ]^-dòb.

Hi vhor novkaaoi w`rft ooi `peorboahmbo pkkastoaahin kkino

tr`jjoi (jhn. ;:). Hi ^hmionoe, Kapdoi oi @ss-_ssoi nkkt

dot è rhmtmos vki vhor `j vhmj pkaoi, ovoiwhmfhn kki ooi

Jhn. ;: E`foaek thno woorn kvo vki fo cuatuspa kktsoi eot rhtuoao pkkastoaahinoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoa fonolhof2 vki ahibs ikkr

rocdts= @ss-_ssoi, D``noa `ì, Kapdoi oi ^hmio noe. Scdkka ; =; 77 7.

Waki sd`whin tdo skictukrhos whtd rhtuka sotthins `j p`sts hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok2 jrè aojt t` rhndt2 @ss-_ssoi,

D``noa`ì, Kapdoi oi ^hmionoe. Sckao ;=; 777 .




vki fo zhmfoi oi e`noahmb toabois tonoi`vor ooi hinkin no

aonoi - hi Kapdoi oi @ss-_ssoi vkat fht vkiwono fo lo

porbto `pnrkvhinse`noahmbdofoi doakks ihot eot zobordohf

vkst to stoaaoi. Fo pkkastoaahin hi D``noa`ì vort`ìt ooi

kjwhmboifo v`re, fho `vorooibèt eot fho vki fo pkkastoa

ahin lhiioi fo cuatuspakkts vki Nùriky.

Zorvànois lovhift zhcd `p ooi vhortka lhiioitorrohioi ooi

`pvkaaoifo dòvooadohf buhaoi, fho whm kki fo dkif vki fovìfstovhfoitho hi ^hmionoe kas `jjorbuhaoi dolloi noài

torprotoorf. Kaaooi hi Kapdoi oi ^hmsdknoi zhmi toi novà

no vki fo spochjhobo ìforzòbsèstkifhndofoi fornoambo

buhaoi ihot vkstnostoaf.

Oèi oaoeoit hs t`t iu tò ihot oxpahchot kki fo `rfo nostoaf,

ikeoahmb fo ihvokuvorkiforhinoi lhiioi fo oica`suros. Hi

Ioordkroi worfoi fo ìforzòbors nocìjrìtoorf eot ooi

hitoithìoao vorfhophin vki dot lhiioitorrohi, `pnovuaf eot

ooi fìbor, storb dueous pkbbot nrìf. Dot hs ihot ìe`

noahmb fkt fo vìfstoirhmbo, nrhmsnovaobto 'w`ìakkn' fho hi

^hmsdknoi `vor ooi `pporvakbto vki 37x?7 e hs vkst

nostoaf ooi vornoahmblkro vorfhophin v``rstoat. Fo vrkkn

frhint zhcd `p `j whm dhor to ekboi dolloi eot ooi 'ionk

thovo' vkrhkit vki fo `pnod``nfo lhiioitorrohioi ('rkhsof

hitorh`rs') fho hi fo akkt-Boathscdo/vròn-\èohiso cua

tuspakktsoi hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif oi dot \hmiakif ronoaekthn

w`rfoi kkinotr`jjoi (cj. 3.; oi 3.3). Hi Kapdoi wks lhi

ioi fo i`n kkiwozhno rocdtdòbhno wka ooi nrkjdouvoa `p

now`rpoi. @`b dhorv``r zhmi pkrkaaoaaoi hi dot Fuhtso \hmi

akif kkiwozhn (cj. 3.;).

ca`suros uht dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof kas ooi nròp

vki vorwkito cuatuspakktsoi w`rfoi loscdùwf.

Fo ìforahino vorwkitscdkp tussoi fo lospr`boi oica`su

ros c.q. cuatuspakktsoi w`rft ``b nosunnoroorf f``r fo

fktorhin. Zki Kapdoi bki wohihn eoor nozonf w`rfoi fki

fkt fo oica`suro tduhsd``rt hi fo \èohiso thmf. Kkinoi`

eoi fkt fo H4o- oi ;8o-oouwso euitvìfstoi uht fo oica`suro kjbèsthn zhmi fki ahnt ooi fktorhin vki fo Ho t`t dot

lonhi vki fo 6o (!) oouw v``r fo dkif. Fo kkiaon vki fo

`vorhno cuatuspakktsoi eòt dolloi pakktsnovìfoi hi fo

oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. Fo cuatuspakkts vki

@ss-_ssoi hs hi fo <o oouw ihot eoor hi nolruhb, fho vki

D``noa`ì wkkrscdhmiahmb i`n woa. ^hmionoe, ^hmsdknoi

oi Ioordkroi a`poi hi hofor novka f``r t`t hi fo 3o oouw.

@vor dot rhtuooa fkt hi fozo cuatuspakktsoi hs uhtnovòrf,

bki kki fo dkif vki fo krcdoà`nhscdo nonovois ihot ka to

vooa w`rfoi nozonf. Hi hofor novka hs zobor fkt lhiioi fo

cuatuspakktsoi v`thojnkvoi zhmi nofopìoorf. Fozo lotroj

joi ihot kaaooi kkrfoworb oi eotkaoi v``rworpoi, ekkr -

to ``rfoaoi ikkr fo (vorlrkifo) l`trostoi uht buhaoi (^hm

ionoe, @ss oi D``noa`ì) - ``b fhorahmb `jjorektorhkka .

Zorfor ahnt dot v``r fo dkif fo typhscdo pkkastoaahinoi lhi

ioi oiboao oica`suros to hitorprotoroi kas rhmoi cuatuspkaoi.

Hi fho rhcdthin whmst ``b dot joht fkt muhst rìf fozo pkaoi

fo loakinrhmbsto v`thojvìfstoi zhmi nofkki (^hmionoe oi

D``noa`ì).

Lhm fo j`reuaorhin vki fo dyp`tdoso fkt fo lospr`boi oi

ca`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof kas cuatuspakkt

soi eòtoi w`rfoi loscdùwf, dolloi fo vìfstoi ooi

loakinrhmbo rà nospooaf, eot ikeo dot euit-jhluak-krelkifcèpaox uht ^hmionoe oi ^hmsdknoi, fkt quk sk

eoistoaahin to vornoahmboi vkat eot fo vìfstcèpaoxoi uht

sèehno dohahnfèeoi hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb oi dot Eòzoa

nolhof. Hifhoi fo \èohiso euitvìfstoi uht fo 'aonor

pakkts' hi fo dohfo tussoi Kapdoi oi \hoa hiforfkkf uht fo

oica`suro vki Kapdoi kjbèsthn zhmi, fki dolloi wo fkkr

eoo ooi vìfstckton`rho v``r ìs fho nodooa hi dotzoajfo

looaf pkst. @`b fo frho hmzoroi loscdorebkppoi vki

oornotùw- `j paònscdkroi uht Ioordkroi-\oboe bèoi

oafors ronoaekthn v``r kas v`thojnkvoi. Dot vìfstektorhkka

uht fo oica`suro vki D``noa`ì vort`ìt ooi kiforo sk

eoistoaahin. Dot eoost `pvkaaoif hs dhor dot vròn-

\èohiso hep`rtkkrfoworb. Fo èstkifhndohf fkt dot boiioahmb `pzottoahmb nolr`boi hs, whmst ocdtor `pihouw `p ooi

rhtuoao cìtoxt. Dotzoajfo noaft v``r fo `pzottoahmb nolr`

boi hmzoroi eosmos oi fo ikkjlkif uht fozo oica`suro, oi

wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b v``r fo nr`to dòvooadohf <o-oouwso

torrk shnhaaktk-vìfstoi uht ^hmsdknoi. @p nrìf vki fozo

e`rjà`nhscdo oi ektorhâao boieorboi, fho hi toabois whs

soaoifo cèlhikthos v``rbèoi, buiioi fo lospr`boi oi-

Fo pakkts fho fo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot \èohiso iofor

zotthinssystooe vki dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof dolloi

hinoièoi bki kas vànt w`rfoi lopkkaf. Hi ooi frhotka no

vkaaoi (@ss-_ssoi, Ioordkroi-\oboe oi D``noa`ì) hs orsprkbo vki ooi fhrocto roaktho eot ooi ioforzotthin. Dot

doojt or zoajs kaao scdhmi vki fkt fozo oica`suros hi fo

oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. noahmbthmfhn eot fo io

forzotthinoi zhmi kkinoaonf. Z``r ^hmionoe hs ooizoajfo

cìtoxt wkkrscdhmiahmb. Kaaooi `vor Kapdoi oi ^hmsdknoi

bki lhm nolrob kki nonovois v``ra`phn ihots ikfors w`rfoi

nozonf.

Dot nkkt hi kaao novkaaoi è ooivùfhno, rurkao cua

tuspakktsoi, nolruhbt f``r a`bkao noeooiscdkppoi. ^kt lo

trojt dui uhtorahmb dolloi zo wohihn noeooi eot fo loboi

fo Nkaa`-\èohiso toepoacèpaoxoi, fho to vhifoi zhmi hi

fo stofoi, fo vhch oi kiforo coitrk `p dot pakttoakif. Lhi

ioi fo dhârkrcdho vki dohahnfèeoi fho zhcd hi fo a``p

vki fo akto Ho oi fo <o oouw uhtbrhstkaahsoort vortonoiw``r

fhnoi zo ìnotwhmjoaf dot akknsto ihvoku. Dò fozo ruheto

ahmbo p`shtho noàitorprotoorf eòt w`rfoi hi toreoi vki

s`chkka-pàhthobo `rnkihsktho oi hi toreoi vki rèkihsorhin

bèt kki fo `rfo hi d``jfstub 6.



;68 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

KVAKIVHSCDO

@C O KKI

Jhn. ;> Dot vorspr ohfhin snolho f vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi (ikkr Wakicb ;84 :, Kll. ?; <) , kkinovuaf eot fo vorsprohfhin vki fo

cuatuspakktsoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof (;), fo Nrklnkrtoi hi dot \hmiakif (<), fo dohah nfè eoi vki dot Loanhscdo typ o hi

I``rf-Jrkibrhmb (3) oi rhtuoao oica`suros hi ]uhf-Oinoakif (6).

Vdo fhstrhluthì krok `j tdo Zhorocbscdkizoi (jrè Wakicb ;8 4: , Kll. ?;< ), suppaoeoitof w/htd tdo fhstrhlut hì kroks `j tdo skictukrhos hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok (;), tdo \dhioakif Nrklnkrtoi (<), tdo skictuk rhos `j tdo Loanhc typ o hi i`rtd ori Jrkico

(3) kif tdo rhtuka oica`suros hi Lrhtkhi (6).

3. Fo cuatuurdhst`rhscdo cìtoxt

Hi dot v``rnkkifo hs kh eoorforo ekaoi ikkr v`roi no

lrkcdt fkt fo oich`suros uht fo \èohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-

Foeor-Scdoafonolhof nooi uihoMco joièoioi zhmi, ekkr

ooi ehi `j eoor fuhfoahmhco vorwkitscdkp vortìoi eot

eìueoitoi fho hi fo ìs èrhinoifo akifoi zhmi ìfor

z`cdt. Hi fht d``jfstub zka fho ruheoro cuatuurdhst`rhscdo

cìtoxt eoor systoekthscd w`rfoi iknonkki. Dot zka fki

lahmboi fkt fo hi d``jfstub < lospr`boi eìueoitoi fo

eoost i``rfoahmbo uhta`pors v`reoi vki ooi vorsprohfhinsnolhof fkt zhcd uhtstrobt vki ]uhf``st-Oinoakif t`t ]uhf-

Fuhtsakif oi vki ôst-Jrkibrhmb t`t dot Fuhtso \hmiakif

(jhn- ;>)".

3.; ]_HF-F_HVSAKIF= FO ZHO\OCBSCDKI]OI

Dot sproobt woadkkst vkizoaj fkt wo lonhiioi hi fo Fuhtso

fooastktoi Lohoroi oi Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn. Fht hs heeors

dot borinolhof vki fo nr`to vhordòbhno oica`suros fho ka

shifs fo ;8o oouw hi fo wotoiscdkppoahmbo loakinstoaahin

stkki oi ìfor fo ikke Zhorocbscdkizoi ooi ruheo lo

boifdohf noihotoi. Lhm fozo Zhorocbscdkizoi nkkt dot è

vooaka hi dot voaf i`n zhcdtlkro eìueoitoi, dorboilkkr

kki ooi wka eot - kki fo luhtoibkit fkkrvki - ooi nrop

poa, fho toskeoi ooi torrohi ènovoi wkkrvki fo t`tkao `p

porvakbto bki vkrhâroi vki ;:77 t`t <?777 eY (Scdwkrz

;8:7, :7). Fo t`p`nrkjhscdo shtuktho hs ihot kathmf fozoajfo=

fo Zhorocbscdkizoi ahnnoi z`woa `p vakbbo torrohioi kas `pdoaahinoi2 ``b zhmi zo kkinotr`jjoi lhiioi, `j hi fo fhrocto

ènovhin vki `pphfk (`.k. Oinoas ;8>:). Dot v`reoiropor-

t`hro èvkt z`woa vhorbkito kas akinworphno oi trkpoz`àfkao

oxoepakroi2 ``b ooi fulloao oi zoajs frhofulloao kkiaon

bèt v``r. Dot d``ntovorscdha tussoi fo l`foe vki fo

nroppoa oi fo t`p vki fo wka bki uhtooia`poi vki < t`t

eoor fki : e. @p fo dòboi hs fo wka vkkb d`nor fki `p



;?7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

fo rocdto stubboi. Fo `poihin hi fo nroppoa oi wka lo

vhift zhcd roakthoj vkkb kki fo ``stbkit oi i``ht kki fo

i``rfbkit. Ooi akktsto bkrkbtorhsthob, toisa`tto, v`ret fo

scdkkrsto kki vìfstoi. Kjnozhoi vki oihn kkrfoworb zhmi

fht s``rt torrohioi iknoiòn vìfsta``s".

Fo hitorprotktho vki fozo ckton`rho eìueoitoi doojt hi

fo a``p for mkroi tkarhmbo whmzhnhinoi ìfornkki. Kkivkiboahmb worf nofkcdt kki \èohiso ehahtkhro ekrsbkepoi,

aktor, tòi fuhfoahmb wks now`rfoi fkt zo hi fo akkt Ak

Väio-porh`fo tduhsd`roi, kki Boathscdo dòvoi, voobrkaoi

oi vorfofhnhinsworboi. Hi ;83; `pporfo J. Froxoa fo vor

ìforstoaahin - cìcroto krcdoà`nhscdo lowhmzoi wkroi or

heeors ihot - fkt dot woa oois è cuatuspakktsoi zù bui

ioi nkki. Fozo eoihin, fho ihot f``r hoforooi worf no

fooaf, broon pks ocdt ìforstouihin f``r fo `pnrkvhin vki

B. Scdwkrz vki ooi vki fo lohfo oica`suros hi Dàzdku-

soi, hi fo ènovhin vki Eñicdoi. Hi fo porh`fo ;8?>-

;8:3 aonfo Scdwkrz `p dot lhiioitorrohi ooi kkitka sp`roi

la``t fho zhcd ikuwoahmbs hi ooi kiforo fki rhtuoao cìtoxt

ahotoi pakktsoi (zho v``rka Scdwkrz ;8:7 oi ;8>?).Fo oaoeoitoi wkkr dot hi Dàzdkusoi è nkkt zhmi fo

vànoifo.

;. Ooi baohi, iknoiòn vhorbkit nolùw (;7,? x HH e) eot

ooi ènkin oi ooi dkkrfpakkts hi dot ehffoi2 fozo

structuur worf `p fozoajfo pakkts i`n oois dorlùwf.

<. Oiboao fhopo t`t zoor fhopo puttoi (t`t ekx. 3? e), oab

eot vorscdohfoio dùtsb`àrhmbo aknoi hi fo vuaahin2 hi

èèi vki fo puttoi worf, `p fo l`foe, fo kkiwozhndohf

vki ooi nr`toifooas hi ooi stoioi pkbbhin novktto,

scduhi stkkifo pkka vkstnostoaf.

Dot nolùwtmo w`rft f``r Scdwkrz kas ooi toepoatmo noài

torprotoorf, fo fhopo puttoi lroint dhm skeoi ìfor foiòeor 'cuatusscdkcdtoi'. Fozo akktsto hitorprotktho hs eofo

hinonovoi f``r fo ìtfobbhin fkt, thmfois fo porh`fo fkt

fo oica`suro hi nolruhb wks, fhvorso `rnkihscdo sulstkithos

(l.v. laòf oi vaoos) hi fo scdkcdt eòtoi zhmi nofo

pìoorf.

Dot ìforzòb fkt shifs Dàzdkusoi hi ooi kkitka Zhorocb-

scdkizoi doojt pakktsnovìfoi, doojt dot f``r Scdwkrz no

prosoitoorfo 'e`foalooaf' vki fozo ckton`rho eìueoitoi

kkinovuaf äi noiukicoorf. Zorscdhaaoifo oica`suros zhmi hi

ehffoas kki ooi krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb ìforw`rpoi oi

fkt doojt noaoorf fkt dot lhiioitorrohi ihot kathmf fozoajfo

oaoeoitoi dòjt to lovkttoi `j `p fozoajfo whmzo hinorhcdtdòjt to zhmi. Fhopo scdkcdtoi, lhmv``rlooaf, bèoi vkkb

v``r (Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi, Vèorfhinoi) ekkr ihot kathmf

(Odihinoi)(zho rosp. Wakicb ;84< oi ;84:, ]ñri ;8>;,

Scdhob ;846). Dot bkrkbtorhsthobo ènkinstoepoatmo hi fo

I^-dòb vki fo ìforz`cdto oica`suro to Dàzdkusoi ìt

lroobt hi fo vàaofhn ìforz`cdto Zhorocbscdkizo vki Od-

ihinoi. Fo fkkr kkinotr`jjoi nolùwtmos zhmi ooivùfhno

vhorbkito structuroi, fho vorsprohf `vor dot doao torrohi

v``rbèoi. Hi fo ruhe v``r fo doajt ìforz`cdto oica`su

ro vki Vèorfhinoi zhmi doaoekka nooi nolùwsp`roi

ìtfobt.

Fo dhorl`voi noiòefo `pnrkvhinoi dolloi wohihn

vìfstektorhkka `pnoaovorf. Hi èèi novka worf ocdtor ooi

lhmzìforo ìtfobbhin nofkki. Vhmfois ooi i``fìforzòb

ìtfobto F. Wakicb, `p fo l`foe vki ooi ruhe ;8 e fho

po scdkcdt hi ooi v``r fo rost nodooa vornrkvoi Zhorocb

scdkizo lhm Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi, ooi frhotka dùtscuapturoi.

Fozo paksthscd uhtnovòrfo dùtsihmworboi buiioi hi dot

akktsto bwkrt vki fo <o oouw v.Cdr. nofktoorf w`rfoi.

Vwoo orvki stoaaoi l`bboi v``r fho ``rsprìboahmb fooa

uhtnoekkbt eòtoi dolloi vki ooi nr`toro cèp`shtho,

wkkrhi zhm ooi zhttoifo kitr`pè`rjo jhnuur jakiboorfoi.

Fo forfo scuaptuur lotrojt ooi sprhinoif dort. Wakicb sun

noroort ooi vorlkif tussoi fht akktsto dùtsihmworb oi fo

Boathscdo dortoin`f Coriuii`s. Fo `pnrkvor hs vki eoihin

fkt fozo `peorboahmbo scuapturoi, fho e`noahmb ìforfooa

vki ooizoajfo jrhos dolloi uhtnoekkbt, tduhsd`roi hi ooiskcrkao cìtoxt oi ooi lovosthnhin v`reoi v``r fo dyp`

tdoso vki Froxoa oi Scdwkrz fkt fo Zhorocbscdkizoi rhtuo-

. Ho oica`suros (Boat. ioeotk) v``rstoaaoi.

Or zhmi i`n twoo krnueoitoi v``r ooi roahnhouzo hitorprotk

tho vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi. Dot oorsto doojt lotrobbhin `p

dot ìforzòb vki fo roaktho tussoi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi

kiforo eìueoitoi. B. Lhttoa (;8>4) oi S. Scdhob (;84<)

dolloi nowozoi `p dot joht fkt fo ]uhffuhtso oica`suros

roakthoj vkkb `p b`rto kjstkif vki (lhmik kathmf vooa ùforo

nrkjdouvoas ahnnoi. Fht lahmbt hi Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn v``r

<7% vki fo loboifo Zhorocbscdkizoi `p to nkki, ooi z`

fkihn d``n porcoitkno fkt tòvka uhtnosa`toi ekn w`rfoi

(Scdhob ;84<, <3;). Dot wkkrscdhmiahmbo vorlkif tussoi fo

Zhorocbscdkizoi oi dot nrkjlostoa hs fo z`vooasto kkiwhm

zhin fkt fo ]uhffuhtso oica`suros hi dot roahnhouzo sul

systooe tduhsd`roi. I`n ooi kiforo hifhcktho fkkrv``r zhmi

fo rosuatktoi vki dot akifeootbuifhn ìfor

zòb vki N. Ekisjoaf (;84;). Fozo stoafo vkst fkt dot lhi

ioitorrohi hi eoihno Zhorocbscdkizo d`nor ahnt fki dot tor

rohi luhtoi wka oi nroppoa. Fo v``r fo dkif ahnnoifo cì

causho hs fkt dot lhiioitorrohi buistekthn worf `pnod``nf,

to eoor fkkr fozo `pd`nhin ``b vorscdhaaoifo ekaoi ìfor

fo wka bì w`rfoi vkstnostoaf. Fo fhbto vki fozo akkn bki

`pa`poi t`t ck. 67 ce. Z``r ooi oica`suro eot ooi `pporvakbto vki ;7.777 eY lotoboit fkt ooi vorpakktshin vki hi

t`tkka 6777 e' nrìf. Ekisjoaf sunnoroort fkt fo cua

tuspakktsoi worfoi `pnod``nf è dot skcrkao bkrkbtor vki

fozo torrohioi to kccoituoroi, e.k.w. è dot ìforscdohf

eot fo èrhinoifo pr`jkio woroaf to vorstorboi (Ekisjoaf

;84;, 3:4).



;?; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

Voisa`tto fo thmfsspkiio wkkrhi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi dolloi

nojuicthìoorf. Fkt fo eoosto uht fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo

fktoroi ahmft nooi oiboao twhmjoa (Lhttoa ;8>4, ;7). Zorscdoh

foio oica`suros dolloi ocdtor ``b kkiwhmzhinoi `pnoaovorf

v``r ooi v``rtnozot nolruhb nofuroifo fo \èohiso thmf.

Ooi vki fo eoost sproboifo v``rlooafoi hs fo ka oorfor

voreoafo Zhorocbscdkizo vki Odihinoi, wkkr hi fo nroppoa

z`woa ooi fooa vki ooi \èohiso Muphtorzuha kas ooi stooi

eot fo kjlooafhinoi vki Zhct`rhk oi Ekrs worf ìtfobt

(Scdhob ;846, <<:, ir. 6:2 vna. ``b Lhttoa ;8>4, 4).

Zooa eòhahmbor lahmbt dot è fo ``rsprìn vki dot joi`

eooi Zhorocbscdkizo vkst to stoaaoi. Scdwkrz cìstktoorfo

roofs fkt fo Zhorocbscdkizo vki Dàzdkusoi worf v``rkj

nonkki f``r ooi rocdtdòbhno oica`suro, nov`ref f``r ooi

pkahsskfo. Fozo pkahsskfo, fho ihot nòf nofktoorf bì w`r

foi, doojt twoo vorlùwjksoi noboif. ^kiioor fo wka-oi-

nroppoaoica`suros ``b oafors v``rnkinors hi fo v`re vki

pkaoioica`suros dolloi nodkf", frhint fo vrkkn zhcd `p

dòvor fozo akktsto hi fo thmf torunrohboi. Fo roofs oorfor

noshnikaoorfo ruhetoahmbo roaktho tussoi fo baksshobo Zhor

ocbscdkizoi oi nrkjdouvoas uht fo Dk C/F porh`fo, doojtt`t fo dyp`tdoso noaohf fkt fo pkaoivkrhkit torunnkkt t`t hi

fo vròno hmzorthmf (Lhttoa ;8>4, ;;2 ;84;, 86 oi ;;3). Lhm

dot vhifoi vki fornoahmbo v``rnkinors zka dot tòvka ìno

twhmjoaf ooi nr`to rà spoaoi, èfkt or l`voinrìfs nooi

sp`roi vki lowkkrf zhmi nolaovoi.

3.< J\KIB\HMB= FO OICA@S C_AV_OAS

@`b hi Jrkibr hmb, oi fki eot ikeo hi fo i``rfoah mbo doajt

vki dot akif, zhmi vhordòbhno cuatuspakktsoi loboif. Ka

ruhe thoi mkkr noihot fht kspoct vki fo ikthìkao krcdoà`

nho oxtrk loakinstoaahin. Fht doojt or v``r noz`rnf fkt fo

boiihs `vor fo dhor lofòafo structuroi storb vornr``t hs.

Lhm fo loscdrhmvhin vki fornoahmbo oica`s cuatuoas nolruhboi

fo Jrkiso krcdoà`noi vkkb fo Fuhtso tore Zhorocbscdki

zo. Hi zhmi ìakins vorscdoioi `vorzhcdt vki fo Nkaahscdo

roahnho lroint M.-A. Lruikux ocdtor ooi twoofoahin kki hi

fozo uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo fktoroifo nròp eìueoitoi

(Lruikux ;84:, ;?). Fht ìforscdohf zka hi dot ìforstkki

fo `vorzhcdt w`rfoi `vornoièoi.

Fo tore Zhorocbscdkizo rosorvoort Lruikux v``r fo nr`toro

oica`suros, wkkrvki fo nroppoa oi fo wka - fozo akktsto

sès eot `pnod``nfo dòboi - vooaka i`n zhcdtlkkr zhmi

hi dot akifscdkp. Fo t`tkao `pporvakbto vki fozo eìu

eoitoi ahnt oorfor l`voi fki ìfor fo ; dk. Iot kas dui]uhffuhtso tonoidkinors zhmi zo wohihn vìfstoirhmb. Bk

rkbtorhsthob rhtuooa vìfstektorhkka ìtlroobt nodooa.

Dot zwkkrtopuit vki fo vorsprohfhin vki fozo baksso oica`

suros ahnt hi dot wostoi vki Jrkibrhmb. Fkcdt Scdwkrz

(;8:7, 46) kki dot lonhi vki fo :7-or mkroi i`n fkt zo uht

sauhtoif v``rbèoi hi dot nolhof vki fo Sohioeìfhin oi

hi I`rekifhâ, tdkis w`rfoi Zhorocbscdkizoi ``b ka toi

``stoi vki dot Wkrhmso Lobboi voreoaf (Lucdsoiscdutz

;846, <3?). Fo i``rfnrois ahmbt iu to w`rfoi nov`ref

f``r fo Sohio, fo zuhfnrois f``r fo Cdkroito (vna. Lucd

soiscdutz ;846, jhn. ;7: oi Lruikux, ;84:, 67). Zooa vki

fozo oica`suros zhmi hi bkkrt nolrkcdt fkibzhm aucdtj`t`nrk-

jhscd ìforzòb. Nolhofoi wkkr `p fozo ekihor roakthoj

vooa ihouwo eìueoitoi ìtfobt zhmi, zhmi l.v. fo Vùrkh-

io, dot J`rít fo Ekrcdoi`hr (A`hr-ot-Cdor) oi dot J`rít fo

\kelùhaaot, toi zuhfoi vki Wkrhms (cj. fhvorso lhmfrknoi hi

Zhaaos ;84?, 43-;7:). @ifor fozo oica`suros lovhifoi zhcd

z`woa rocdtdòbhno oi vhorbkito kas``b ruht- oi trkpozhue

v`rehno oxoepakroi. \oakthoj vkkb lahmbt fo `poihin kki

fo ``stbkit to ahnnoi, ekkr ``b hinkinoi hi dot i``rfoi

bèoi v``r". Dot krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb vki fo Jrkiso

Zhorocbscdkizoi eòt ohnoiahmb i`n lonhiioi. Dot hfoo fkt

zhm ooi rhtuoao juictho dkffoi lorust fus v``ra`phn v``rka

`p fo trojjoifo e`rjà`nhscdo noahmboihs eot fo 'ocdto'

Zhorocbscdkizoi hi Lohoroi oi Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn. Zor

eoafoiswkkrf hs kaaooi dot ìforzòb vki ooi toiehisto ;;

e fhopo put hi fo oica`suro Ao Cdktoaahor hi Aos Dkyos, hi

dot fopkrtoeoit A`hr-ot-Cdor (Cùforc hi Zhaaos ;84?, 8:).Fo nr`to dòvooadohf dùtsb`à oi fhoroil`ttoi fho dhoruht

nol`rnoi bì w`rfoi, ahmbt hi hofor novka ihot tonoi fo vor

ìforstoafo juictho vki dot eìueoit to sproboi.

Ooi twoofo ckton`rho fho Lruikux lhm fo cuatuspakktsoi hi

fo i``rfoahmbo doajt vki Jrkibrhmb doojt ìforscdohfoi hs

fho vki dot z.n. Loanhscdo typo (Lruikux ;84:, ;:-34).

Fozo ikke noojt kki fkt fo eoost roprosoitkthovo v``r

looafoi zhmi kkinotr`jjoi hi Nkaahk Loanhck, f.w.z. toi

i``rfoi vki fo Sohio. Hi fozo ronh` ahmboi fo Zhorocb

scdkizoi vàaofhn to ìtlroboi. Fo boieorboi vki fo Loa

nhscdo cuatuspakktsoi aktoi zhcd kas vànt skeoivkttoi.

;. Fo porhjoro structuur, eoostka hi fo v`re vki ooi nrop

poa (ka fki ihot eot pkahsskfo), doojt norhinoro kjeothi

noi fki fho vki fo dhorv``r lospr`boi ckton`rho eìu

eoitoi.

<. @p ooi coitrkao pakkts `p dot lhiioitorrohi lovhifoi

zhcd rhtuoao cìstructhos, l.v. ooi pkkazotthin `j ooi no

lùwtmo.

3. Krcdoà`nhscd nozhoi zhmi fozo cuatuspakktsoi rhmb,

f.w.z. or w`rfoi vooa e`lhahk kkinotr`jjoi (v`-

thojnkvoi).

6. Eoostka w`rfoi fo Ak Väio-dohahnfèeoi hi fo \`

eohiso thmf `p fozoajfo pakkts `pnovànf f``r hi stooi

uhtnovòrfo ènkinstoepoas.

Hi vooa vki fht s``rt dohahnfèeoi hs dot krcdoà`nhscd ì

forzòb i`n hi vàao nkin `j kiforszhis ìvàt``hf. Nodooa

kifors hs dot nostoaf eot fo cuatuspakkts hi Nùriky-sur-

Krìfo (@hso). Dhor worf vki ;8>> t`t ;846 ooi e`foaì

forzòb vorrhcdt, wkkrlhm iknoiòn frhobwkrt vki dot doh

ahnfè worf vrhmnoaonf. Fo rosuatktoi fkkrvki zuaaoi dhor-



;?< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

ìfor wkt uhtvòrhnor lodkifoaf w`rfoi, èfkt zhm v``r

ooi nr``t nofooato ``b noafhn e`noi w`rfoi nokcdt v``r

kiforo Loanhscdo dohahnfèeoi uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo oi

dot lonhi vki fo \èohiso thmf.

Hi fo pulahbktho doojt fo `pnrkvor, M.-A. Lruikux, zos jk

soi hi fo ìtwhbboahin vki fo cuatuspakkts vkstnostoaf,

wkkrvki v``rka fo oorsto twoo v``r ìs vki loakin zhmi(Lruikux o.k. ;84?).

Jkso ;. Hi fo vròno Ak Väio-porh`fo (AV L) worf or ooi

nroppoa nonrkvoi hi fo v`re vki ooi rocdtdòb eot kjno

rìfo dòboi, eot zhmfoi vki 34 x 6? e. Kki fo ``stbkit

lovìf zhcd ooi hinkin. @p dot ck. ;<77 e' nr`to lhiioi

torrohi worfoi twoo, dkkbs `p oabkkr stkkifo, rhmoi pkaoi

vkstnostoaf. Fozo rhmoi, fho ihot pkrkaaoa kki fo kreoi vki

fo porhjoro nroppoa wkroi kkinoaonf, wozoi ikkr fo vhor

whifrhcdthinoi (jhn. ?).

Jkso <. Hi fo vànoifo jkso worf fo nroppoa `pihouw uhtno

nrkvoi oi vki ooi dùtoi lobaofhin v``rzhoi. Kki fo luh

toibkit vki fo nroppoa worf ooi pkahsskfo `pnorhcdt, fho

tor d``nto vki fo hinkin ikkr lhiioi l``n2 vóór fo hi

nkin worf ooi buha nonrkvoi. @`b `p dot lhiioitorrohi

vìfoi vorkiforhinoi pakkts. Hi dot coitrue worfoi thoi

nr`to buhaoi nonrkvoi. Ionoi fkkrvki aknoi hi ooi _-v`re

eot fo `poihin ikkr dot ``stoi, fo thoifo oi tovois nr``t

sto buha akn hi dot ehffoi vki fo _. Fo coitrkao buha dkf

wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi dùtoi loscdòhhin, fo `vorhno ionoi

e`noahmb ``b. Lruikux sauht ihot uht fkt oiboao pkaoi vki

fo lohfo rhmoi uht jkso ; i`n stoofs ooi juictho vorvuafoi

`p fo cuatuspakkts.

Zkikj jkso < worfoi voao dìforfoi v`thojnkvoi nofuept

hi fo porhjoro nroppoa. Ikkst rostoi vki rhtuooa ìlruhblkkr

noekkbto wkpois - zwkkrfoi, akispuitoi, phmapuitoi oiuel`'s -, noroofscdkppoi (`.k. hmzoroi loscdorebkppoi

vki oornotùw- `j paònscdkroi), shorkfoi (jhluako, kre

lkifoi) lotrojt dot ``b foaoi vki fhoroi oi zoajs eoisoi.

Zki eot ikeo fo no`jjorfo ruiforoi oi pkkrfoi w`rft

kkinoièoi fkt zo ik dui f``f oorst ooi r`tthinspr`cos

dolloi ìfornkki hi fo coitrkao buha, kav`rois dui rostoi

hi fo nroppoa worfoi now`rpoi. Fo wkpois fho `p fo l`

foe vki fo nroppoa worfoi torunnovìfoi fktoroi dot lo

nhi vki jkso < rìf dot ehffoi vki fo 3o oouw v.Cdr. _ht

fozoajfo porh`fo stkeeoi ``b fo jrkneoitoi vki twoo

lrìzoi krelkifoi fho iklhm èèi for buhaoi hi dot coi

true zhmi ìtfobt.

Jkso 3-?. Hi fo vànoifo jksoi stìf or ooi nolùwtmo l`

voi fo coitrkao `jjorbuha, kkivkiboahmb ooi dkajrìfo (jkso

3), aktor ooi rocdtdòbhno structuur (jkso 6), i`n woor aktor

ooi rocdtdòbhn nolùwtmo eot ènkin (jkso ?). Kiforo

`peorboahmbo vorkiforhinoi fho hi fo a``p vki fozo jksoi

- <o oi Ho oouw v.Cdr. - `ptrofoi zhmi= fo kkiaon vki ooi

nroppoa kki fo luhtoibkit vki fo pkahsskfo oi dot hi ì

lruhb rkboi vki fo j`sso k oxp`shthì. Fo Boathscdo eui

toi, fho `.k. ``b hi fo - fuhfoahmb i`n stoofs juicthìoroi

fo - `jjorbuha worfoi ìtfobt oi ooi euit vki bohzor Vh-

lorhus ekboi fuhfoahmb fkt fo cuatuspakkts pks hi fo a``p

vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. `pdùft to lostkki. Wks 377 mkkr

aktor w`rft or `p fozoajfo pakkts woor ooi dohahnfè `pno

rhcdt (Nkaa`-\èohiso ènkinstoepoa, jkso :).

]`kas roofs oorfor worf voreoaf, zhmi vki fo kiforo Loanhscdo dohahnfèeoi uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo/vròn-\èohiso

thmf hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb vooa ehifor nonovois loboif. Hi

zhmi kanoeooidohf bki ocdtor nostoaf w`rfoi fkt oaoeoitoi

fho hi Nùriky zhmi wkkrnoièoi, ``b `p kiforo pakktsoi

torunboroi. ]` worf fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi porhjoro

nroppoa vkstnostoaf hi l.v. \hloeìt-sur-Kicro (Ckfùx

;84:), Zhaaoiouvo-ku-Cdktoa`t (Whotto ;84;), Zoifouha-Ckpay

(Whtì oi Fhaay ;84?), Eòuvros (Fècdoaotto ;8;6, ;767-

;76;) oi St.-Ekur (Lruikux ;84:, <>-<4). Dot vorscdhmisoa

cuatuspkka hs `vortuhnoif loboif uht \hloeìt, dot joi`

eooi `jjorbuha uht Zoifouha-Ckpay. Bkrkbtorhsthobo v`thoj

nkvoi, z`kas euitoi, wkpois, jhluako, brkaoi, krelkifoi

oi rostoi vki fhoroi, zhmi ìtfobt `p kaao dhorl`voi no

iòefo cuatuspakktsoi.

3. 3 DOV F_HVSO \H MI AKI F"= FO N\KLNK\VOI

Fo forfo nròp fho hi fht bkfor ooi ikforo loscdùwhin

vorfhoit, hs fho vki fo hi fo Fuhtstkahno ahtorktuur kas Nrkl-

nkrtoi kkinofuhfo vhordòbhno oica`suros. Dot nkkt è ooi

joièooi fkt rìf dot ehffoi vki fo v`rhno oouw i`n kas

ooi \èohiso vorstorbhin worf noàitorprotoorf oi pks shifs

dot lonhi vki fo <7o oouw, fkibzhm krcdoà`nhscd ìfor

zòb, hi ooi muhstor porspocthoj worf nopakktst. \. L`fowhn

stoafo tòi, ikkr kkiaohfhin vki zhmi ìforzòb vki oiboao

oica`suros hi B`laoiz, fkt dot è nrkjeìueoitoi vki foVrovorh eòst nkki (cj. Focbor/Scàakr ;8:<, ;>?). Shifs

fo Vwoofo ôroaf``ra`n hs, v``rikeoahmb f``r fo aucdtj`

t`nrkjho, fo boiihs `vor eot ikeo fo no`nrkjhscdo vor

sprohfhin vki fozo v``r dot \hmiakif z` bkrkbtorhsthobo

eìueoitoickton`rho storb tònoièoi. @p lkshs vki fho

j`t`nrkjhscdo nonovois bì O.E. ^hndteki hi ;8>7 hi ooi

`vorzhcdtskrthboa ooi cktka`nus vki toiehisto 3:< Nrklnkr-

toi prosoitoroi.

@p fo vorsprohfhinsbkkrt vki fo Nrklnkrtoi toboioi zhcd

twoo fuhfoahmbo cìcoitrkthos kj (^hndteki ;8>7, <;3). Fo

zuhfoahmbo cìcoitrktho lovhift zhcd kki fo ]@-bkit vki fo

Ohjoa, fo loiofoia``p vki fo Eòzoa oi dot i``rfoahmb

fooa vki fo Duisrñcb". Fo twoofo bori ahnt i``rfoahmb

dhorvki, kki fo i``rfrkif vki fo Ohjoa (Br. Lìi, Furoi,

Ousbhrcdoi oi Búai). Lohfo nròpoi, noscdohfoi f``r dot

fka vki fo Kdr, vortìoi fuhfoahmb wkkriooelkro vorscdha

aoi. Fho vorscdhaaoi zhmi ocdtor vkrhkthos `p dotzoajfo tdo

ek= ooi vhordòbhn torrohi lonroisf f``r ooi nroppoa. Fo

vkrhkthos `p fht lkshstypo fòi zhcd v``rka v``r hi fo



;?3 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_I KIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

v`re, fo porhjoro structuur (woa `j nooi lonoaohfoifo wka)

oi fo tòstkif vki dot lhiioitorrohi (ka fki ihot `p

nod``nf).

Fo zuhfoahmbo `j Eòzoanròp hs dè`noior vki skeoistoa

ahin fki fo i``rfoahmbo nròp (Focbor/Scàakr ;8:<, ;>>).

Fo oica`suros zhmi dhor lhmik kathmf vhorbkit, eot zhmfoi

tussoi fo ;7 oi 67 e. Sès hs or ooi wka kkiwozhn fho z`

woa kki fo lhiioi- kas kki fo luhtoibkit vki fo nroppoa

`pnow`rpoi bki zhmi. Fo lroofto vki fo nroppoa vkrhoort

vki < t`t : e, fo fhopto vki 7,47 t`t ;,?7 e. Hi ooi oiboa

novka hs or ooi douvoa `p dot lhiioitorrohi kkiwhmslkkr, z`

kas l.v. hi Lñcdoa, Eúrz, Wàcd oi Vdñr(0). Zkkb bèoi

or eoorforo oica`suros hi ohbkkrs ìehffoaahmbo iklhmdohf

v``r, t`t zovoi `j kcdt oxoepakroi tò. @`b bèt dot

v``r fkt zo noscdkboaf ahnnoi, z`fkihn fkt twoo oica`suros

ooi noeooiscdkppoahmbo zhmfo lozhttoi. Dot eìueoit uht

Dkelucd lostkkt zoajs uht vhor kkiooisauhtoifo oica`suros.

Fo i``rfoahmbo nròp hs, z`kas roofs nozonf, eoor dotor`

nooi vki skeoistoaahin. Scàakr (;8:4, <<4) ìforscdohft

dhor frho vkrhkitoi=

;. oica`suros fho fozoajfo pr`p`rt hos oi kjeothinoi lozhttoi kas fo eìueoitoi uht fo Eòzoanròp2

<. oica`suros eot ooi rocdtdòbhno v`re oi

3. oica`suros fho nr`tor zhmi fki fo lohfo v``rnkkifo vkrh

kitoi oi ooi trkpoz`àfkao v`re lozhttoi2 zo buiioi

pkkrsnowhms `j hi nròpoi vki frho v``rbèoi.

^kt fo hitoishtoht vki krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb lotrojt, hs

or sprkbo vki ooi fuhfoahmbo fhscropkitho tussoi fo lohfo

no`nrkjhscdo nròpoi. Ikkr fo i``rfnròp hs ikuwoahmbs

ìforzòb vorrhcdt", torwhma hi fo Eòzoastroob eoorforo

oica`suros zhmi `pnonrkvoi, sès iknoiòn vàaofhn. Fozo

fhscropkitho ekkbt dot eòhahmb `vorooibèstoi oi vor

scdhaaoi tussoi lohfo nròpoi ikfor to lostuforoi. Lhm fo

dhorik vànoifo uhtsprkboi ekn fki ``b ihot vornotoi

w`rfoi fkt zo lhmik uhtsauhtoif nolksoorf zhmi `p wkkrio

ehinoi kki fo eìueoitoi uht fo zuhfoahmbo nròp.

Kaaoroorst fo cdrìà`nhscdo p`shtho. Fkkr wkkr fktoorlkkr

ektorhkka tov``rscdhmi hs nobèoi akkt fht zhcd vooaka hi fo

akto hmzorthmf `j ooi vròno jkso vki fo \èohiso thmf pakkt

soi. Fo eoorfordohf vki fo Nrklnkrtoi ahmbt kki fo akktst

noiòefo porh`fo tònowozoi to buiioi w`rfoi (Focbor/

Scàakr ;8:<, ;>?). Fo fotkhas fho zhcdtlkkr zhmi `p fo

aucdtj`t`'s vki fo i``rfoahmbo nròp ahmboi eot fozo fkto

rhin to str`boi2 fkkr wkkr Nrklnkrtoi oi brhinnroppoas (hi

nolruhb t`t hi fo ehffoi Ak Väio-porh`fo) skeoi v``rbèoi, `vorsihmfoi fo oorstnoiòefo kathmf fo akktstno

iòefo.

Fo hitorprotktho vki fo juictho hs ehifor ooifuhfhn. Hi fo

eoosto vki fo ìforz`cdto eìueoitoi laoboi zhcd lhmzot

thinoi to lovhifoi, z`fkt ekn w`rfoi kkinoièoi fkt dot

hiforfkkf è nrkjeìueoitoi nkkt. Fo croekthorostoi

wkroi hi ooi uri, ooi skrc`jkkn `j zèkkr a`s hi ooi

buhatmo nofopìoorf. ]`kas oorfor tor sprkbo bwke, worf

saocdts lhm uhtzìforhin ooi nrkjdouvoa l`voi fo rostoi vki

fo f`fo(i) kkinotr`jjoi. Fo nrkvoi zhmi v``rka ìtfobt hi

fo baohioro oica`suros, wkkrvki fo aointo vki fo zhmfoi

tussoi fo ;7 oi <7 e vkat. Dot zhmi muhst fozo baohio spoch-

ehik fho hi cìcoitrkthos eot ooi loporbto èvkin - t`t

kcdt stubs tò - v``rbèoi. ^hndteki hs fo eoihin tò

nofkki fkt fht fo nrkjvoafmos zhmi fho d`roi lhm noàsàoorf

ahnnoifo lòrforhmoi, fo kofhjhchk vki Ckoskr's Fo Loaa`

Nkaahc`. Ooi nodooa kiforo juictho scdrhmjt zhm tò kki fo

nr`toro eìueoitoi - oica`suros wkkrvki fo zhmfoi fo 67

e loikforoi `j zoajs `vorscdrhmfoi - fho 'kaaooi' hi dot

akifscdkp ahnnoi. Fo èvkin oi fo noàsàoorfo p`shtho zhmi

v``r dkkr kkiaohfhin è zo to vornoahmboi eot fo ]uhffuht-

so Zhorocbscdkizoi (^hndteki ;8>7, <;8-<<<). Fo \hmi

akifso oica`suros eot zhmfoi vki 67 t`t ?7 e bèoi eot

dui t`tkao `pporvakbto (;:77-<?77 e') i`n muhst l`voi fo

ìfornrois uht fho v``r fo ]uhffuhtso eìueoitoi loro

boif hs. Doakks, oi vrooef noiòn, hs i`n nooi oiboao vki

fozo nr`to oica`suros kki ooi krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb ìforw`rpoi, z`fkt ^hndteki's (kkiioeoahmbo) dyp`tdoso

v``ra`phn ìnotost lahmjt.

Hitorosskit hi fht vorlkif hs dot ìforzòb vki ooi frhotka

nr`to oica`suros toi zuhf``stoi vki dot ckstoaaue Noafulk,

lhm Brojoaf-Noaaop (Wkkr/\ñnor ;8>;, 373-3;<). Dot lotrojt

dhor pkkazotthinoi - hi stkifnroppoas - hi fo v`re vki

rocdtdòboi eot kjeothinoi vki rospocthovoahmb 68 x ??,

64 T 6? oi >7 x ehi. >? e. ]o ahnnoi woahswkkr luhtoi fo

f``r Scàakr nofojhihoorfo i``rfnròp ekkr tìoi t`cd

fuhfoahmb toboioi vki `vorooibèst eot fo eìueoitoi

uht dot Bouaso Lobboi. Kaaooi ka dot joht fkt dot hi Brojoaf

è ooi nròp vki frho oica`suros nkkt hs vooazonnoif (zho

l`voi, ìfor ir. 3). Hi fo ``rsprìboahmbo pulahbktho wor

foi fo frho uht fo \èohiso thmf fktoroifo vhordòboi kas

'Ehahtkrkiaknoi ohios v`rorst i`cd uilobkiitoi ]wocbs'

loscdrovoi (Wkkr /\ñnor ;8>;, 3;<). @iakins hs ocdtor f``r

V. Locdort (;84:) fho ehahtkhro hitorprotktho vorw`rpoi. Dot

katorikthoj fkt dhm v``rstoat hs fkt dot lhm fo Brojoafso e`

iueoitoi zoor wkkrscdhmiahmb è cuatuspakktsoi nkkt. Ooi

vki fo krnueoitoi fho dhm kkidkkat hs fo kkiwozhndohf, hi

fo <o oi 3o oouw ik Cdr ., vki ooi nrkjvoaf hi fo fhrocto

iklhmdohf vki fo oica`suros. Doakks aktoi fo `pporvakbto

vìfstoi fho `p dot torrohi vorzkeoaf worfoi, nooi fojhih

thovo hitorprotktho tò.

Or zhmi kkiwhmzhinoi fkt zhcd ``b hi sèehno baohioro e`

iueoitoi rhtuoao dkifoahinoi vàtr`bboi buiioi dolloi.

Ooi v``rlooaf fkkrvki hs fo fulloao vhordòb vki Lñcdoa,

Br. C`cdoe-]oaa (Ohfoi ;8>:). Fo ``stoahmbo doajt, eot zhm

foi vki <? e, lovktto ooi tueuaus eot ooi fhkeotor vki

;8 e oi ooi d``nto vki ;,>7 e, wkkrìfor oi wkkrhi lhm-



;?6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

zotthinoi zhmi kkinotr`jjoi. Kki fo wostzhmfo vki fht oorsto

vhorbkit sauht ooi rocdtdòbhno oica`suro kki, lostkkifo uht

ooi nroppoa eot kki fo lhiioibkit fkkrvki ooi wka. Fo

ekxhekao kjeothinoi lofrknoi <? x 37 e. Kki fo i``rf

bkit a`poi fo nroppoas vki lohfo vhordòboi hi oabkkr

`vor, kki fo zuhfbkit whnt dot ``stoahmbo fooa uht tonoi dot

wostoahmbo. @p dot lhiioitorrohi vki fo wostdoajt, fkt eot

fo kjeothinoi vki ;> x <7 e ooi `pporvakbto vki 367 eYlorohbt, zhmi fhvorso pkkazotthinoi ìtfobt, fho ihot t`t ooi

nolùwtmo ahmboi to dolloi lod``rf. Fo akinsto vki fo ah

iokhro pkkazotthinoi, lostkkifo uht toi ehisto vhmj pkaoi,

lorohbto ooi aointo vki ck. ;< e2 fo `rhâitktho vki fozo rhm

wks zuhfwost-i``rf``st. Kkinoièoi w`rft fkt hi fo

wostoahmbo oica`suro fo f`foijoostoi pakktsvìfoi.

@p fht eèoit stkkt dot eìueoit vki Lñcdoa oihnszhis

noàsàoorf. Or zhmi nooi kiforo v``rlooafoi to novoi vki

baohioro, kkiooinoscdkboafo Nrklnkrtoi wkkr `vorooi

bèsthno vorscdhmisoaoi `p `vortuhnoifo whmzo zhmi no

cìstktoorf. Hi dot ka oorfor noiòefo eìueoit uht

Dkelucd (zho ^hndteki ;8>7, <<3, jhn. :) zhmi woahswkkr

vorscdhaaoi tussoi fo vhor oica`suros kki to whmzoi - hi fho

zhi fkt hi èèi orvki eoorforo pkkazotthinoi ìtfobt zhmi -

ekkr fo voafnonovois `vor dot ka fki ihot v``rbèoi zhmi

z` vkkn oi ìzobor, fkt lotor vki vorforo fhscussho bki

w`rfoi kjnozhoi.

3.6 OINOAKIF= 'VOEOI@H' OI OICA@S_\OS ZKI DOV

VXWO VD@\IDKE

Lodkavo hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif, I``rf-Jrkibrhmb oi dot Fuhtso

\hmiakif zhmi ``b kki fo kiforo bkit vki fo I``rfzoo oi

ca`suros ìtfobt fho hi vorlkif nolrkcdt buiioi w`rfoi

eot roahnhouzo kcthvhtohtoi. ]o w`rfoi vooaka eot fo tore

toeoi`s kkinofuhf, ooi oiboao ekka w`rft ``b fo Fuhtsotore Zhorocbscdkizo nolruhbt (\`fwoaa ;847, <;32 Càahs

;8>?, <<3). Dot kkitka fkt `p fht `noilahb loboif hs, hs

ocdtor lhmzìfor baohi. Lhm fho wohihno oica`suros zhmi nr`to

v`revorscdhaaoi vkstnostoaf. ]` zhmi or oihnszhis pàynìkao

(Càcdostor), dkaj `vkao-dkaj rocdtdòbhno (_aoy) oi vhor

dòbhno oica`suros loboif. Zki fo akktstnoiòefo nròp hs

fho uht Dkyahin Hsakif dot eoost vàaofhn ìforz`cdt (F`w-

ioy/Bhin/S`jjo ;847). Fo oica`suro lostkkt dhor uht ooi ì

fhopo nroppoa hi fo v`re vki ooi vhorbkit eot zhmfoi vki

ck. <3 e. Fo nroppoakreoi zhmi ``st-wost oi i``rf-zuhf

norhcdt2 hi fo ``stoahmbo kre lovhift zhcd fo hinkin. @p fo

wostoahmbo doajt vki dot lhiioitorrohi, rocdt tonoi`vor fo

hinkin, stìf ooi rìf nolùwtmo wkkrvki fo hinkin zhcdkki fo ``stbkit lovìf. Hi dot coitrue vki fht nolùwtmo

doojt e`noahmb ooi rhtuoao pkka `j stooi nostkki. Fo tkarhmbo

eotkkavìfstoi fho vki dot torrohi lhiioi fo nroppoa kj

bèsthn zhmi - pkkrfotuhn, ìforfoaoi vki wknois (`.k.

hmzoroi ikkjlkifoi), spoorpuitoi, foaoi vki zwkkrfscdo

foi, jhluako, euitoi oi curroicy lkrs - buiioi ikuwoahmbs

kifors fki kas v`thojnkvoi noàitorprotoorf w`rfoi. Lodkavo

lrìs oi hmzor worfoi ``b tkarhmbo fhoroil`ttoi vorzkeoaf

Dot dhorl`voi loscdrovoi cèpaox w`rft nofktoorf rìf

dot ehffoi vki fo Ho oouw v.Cdr.

Zki fo `vorhno twoo vhordòbhno oica`suros, fho uht fozoaj

fo porh`fo fktoroi, hs vooa ehifor loboif. Lhm dot hi dot

coitrue vki dot dhaaj`rt vki Whasfoi Woi noaonoi eìu

eoit nkkt dot è ooi cèpaoxo pkkazotthin hi fo v`re vkiooi vhorbkit eot zhmfoi vki ck. ?4 e (Frury ;847, ?7-?<).

Fo dòbpuitoi whmzoi dhor ikkr fo vhor whifrhcdthinoi. Hi

ooi vànoifo jkso w`rft dot nodooa vorvkinoi f``r ooi wk

eot nroppoatmos kki lohfo bkitoi. Lhm dot eìueoit vki

N`slocbs w`rft fo porhjoro structuur nov`ref f``r ooi

nroppoa (Duha ;8?4, <:3-<:62 Crueey ;847). Fo kjeothi

noi dhorvki lofrknoi :3 x :> e. Fo hinkin lovìf

zhcd ``rsprìboahmb hi dot ehffoi vki fo ``stoahmbo kre

vki fo ck. ;7 e lrofo oi ruhe 3,? e fhopo nroppoa. Hi fo

\èohiso thmf lahmjt fozo pakkt s, f``r fo lùw vki ooi

ènkinstoepoa, ooi roahnhous coitrue.

Ooi nròp rocdtdòbhno eìueoitoi fho dooa nòf hi fht

pktr`ì zù buiioi pkssoi hs fo roobs oica`suros vki dot

typo Vd`ridke (Nron`ry ;84:). Or zhmi or tdkis ionoi lo

boif, kaao hi I`rjàb noaonoi. Zhor orvki zhmi, v``r ooi

loporbt fooa, krcdoà`nhscd ìforz`cdt, fo kiforo zhmi ka

aooi wkkrnoièoi `p aucdtj`t`'s. Kcdt vki fo ionoi vor

tìoi ooi nr`to noahmboihs, hi fho zhi fkt or toabois sprkbo

hs vki ooi oiboavùfhno porhjoro nroppoa. Vwooekka worf

lhiioi fho nroppoa fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi wka vkst

nostoaf. Fkkr wkkr ooi `poihin zhcdtlkkr wks, lovìf

fozo zhcd hi fo ``stoahmbo, zuhf``stoah mbo `j i``rf``stoah mbo

kre vki fo nroppoa, kjdkiboahmb vki fo `rhâitk tho vki dot

eìueoit. Fo kjeothinoi vki fozo vhordòboi vkrhâroi

vki ?7 x ?7 t`t 87 x 87 e. Oihnszhis kjwhmboif vki fozo

nròp vki kcdt hs fo oica`suro fho hi Vdotj`rf worf `pno

nrkvoi. Dhor hs sprkbo vki twoo cìcoitrhscdo nroppoas,

eot kjeothinoi vki rospocthovoahmb ;77 x ;;? oi >7 x >? e.

Z``r z`vor fo eìueoitoi vki fo Vd`ridke-nròp vki

ooi fktorhin buiioi w`rfoi v``rzhoi, vkat fozo kki dot

ohifo vki fo hmzorthmf (t`t KF 63) oi/`j hi fo vròn-

\èohiso thmf, e.k.w. v``rikeoahmb hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr.

Nron`ry hitorprotoort fozo ionoi oica`suros kas hidooeso

vorfofhnhinsworboi. Ooi vki fo krnueoitoi fho tor ì

forstouihin vki fozo vhsho w`rfoi kkinodkkaf, hs fo uht

zìforahmbo fhopto vki fo nroppoas . Hi Vd`ri dke, lhmv``rlooaf, lofrkknt fozo ? e, hi ^hndtì ekxhekka <,>7 e.

Fkt fht ocdtor nooi f``rsaknnovoif krnueoit hs, aoort fo

oorfor lospr`boi oi ìlotwhst rhtuoao oica`suro vki N`s

locbs. Fo pr`p`rthos vki fo nroppoa fkkr zhmi fhroct vorno

ahmblkkr eot fho vki fo eìueoitoi vki fo Vd`ridke-

nròp. Lodkavo fozo `vorooibèst ahmboi or i`n eoor krnu

eoitoi v``r ooi katorikthovo, f.w.z. roahnhouzo hitorprotktho



;?? MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

ikkr v`roi nolrkcdt to buiioi w`rfoi. ]` hs fo t`p`nrkjho

vki fo eìueoitoi hi I`rjàb dooa `peorboahmb. Zhor or

vki ahnnoi `p ooi doaahin, ooi wohihn strktonhscdo shtuorhin

fho storb fòt foiboi kki fho vki voao ]uhffuhtso Zhorocb-

scdkizoi. Ooi i`n loakinrhmbor kkibi`phinspuit v``r fo

katorikthovo vhsho lhoft dot eìueoit vki Vdotj`rf. Fo sh

tuktho dhor - hi fo wostoahmbo doajt vki fo lhiioisto oica`-

suro stìfoi frho rìfo dùtoi nolùwtmos, eot fo hinkin

norhcdt ikkr fo `poihin hi fo ``stoahmbo kre vki fo lohfo

porhjoro nroppoas - dorhiiort kki fo oorfor lospr`boi shtuk

tho `p Dkyahin Hsakif, hi fo Ho oouw v.Cdr. @p Dkyahin Hs-

akif w`rft, hi fo a``p vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr., `p fo

pakkts vki fo dùtoi toepoa ooi ovoioois rìfo stoioi

toepoa nolùwf. Fkt or fuhfoahmbo kkiwhmzhinoi zhmi fkt

fhroct ikkst fo fulloao oica`suro vki Vdotj`rf hi ooi no

v`rforfo jkso vki fo \èohiso thmf ooi stoioi dohahnfè

doojt nostkki, hs fki ``b kaaoslodkavo vorrkssoif.

3.? SKEOIZKVVHIN

_ht ooi nr``t fooa vki I``rfwost-Our`pk zhmi uht fo hmzor

thmf oi \èohiso thmf fktoroifo oica`suros loboif wkkrvkifo juictho hi fo roahnhouzo sjoor noz`cdt eòt w`rfoi. Lhm

ooi kkitka vki fho eìueoitoi lostkkt dhor`vor zobordohf

(Zhorocbscdkizoi, 'Loanhscdo' dohahnfèeoi, oica`suros hi

]uhf-Oinoakif), vki kiforo hs dot zoor wkkrscdhmiahmb fkt

zo kas `poiaucdt-dohahnfè noàitorprotoorf eòtoi w`rfoi

(oica`suros vki dot typo Vd`ridke oi ooi fooa vki fo

Nrklnkrtoi). Dot nkkt è lhmik uhtsauhtoif vhordòbhno

eìueoitoi wkkrvki fo `pporvakbto bki vkrhâroi vki oi

boao dìforfoi t`t ruhe <?777 eY ^ka oi nroppoa, ooi

pkahsskfo `j ooi cèlhiktho vki lohfo typoi porhjoro struc

turoi scdorefoi dot skcrkao torrohi vki fo pr`jkio luhtoi

woroaf kj. Fo nr``tsto oica`suros zhmi to vhifoi hi dot

zuhfoahmbo fooa vki dot vorsprohfhinsnolhof, f.w.z. hi ooi

lrofo str``b fho zhcd vki ôst-Jrkibrh mb (dot nolhof tus

soi Sohio oi Cdkroito) uhtstrobt t`t hi Lohoroi oi Lkfoi-

^hhrttoelorn. Hi dot i``rfoahmb fooa fkkroitonoi (\hmi

akif, I``rf-Jrkibrhmb, ]uhf-Oinoakif) zhmi fo kjeothinoi

vki fo oica`suros - ooi oiboao uhtscdhotor hi fo Vd`ridke-

nròp fkkrnoaktoi - vooa baohior.

Hi kaao lospr`boi ronhìkao nròpoi dolloi fo rhtuoao kcth

vhtohtoi zhcd v``rikeoahmb hi fo `poi aucdt kjnospooaf. Fo

loakinrhmbsto oaoeoitoi `p fho cuatuspakktsoi wkroi fhopo

scdkcdtoi, buhaoi, pkaoi, fo porhjoro nroppoas oi ìnotwhm

joaf ``b - ekkr fkkr`vor sproboi kaaooi fo dhst`rhscdolrìioi - lèoi". Fhopo scdkcdtoi spooafoi ooi loakin

rhmbo rà hi fo Jrkiso oi ]uhffuhtso Zhorocbscdkizoi, tor

whma hi fo Loanhscdo dohahnfèeoi coitrkao buhaoi oi porh

joro nroppoas ooi d``jfrà hi dot rhtuooa ahmboi to vorvuaaoi.

Dot loakin vki pkaoi oi pkkazotthinoi hs kkinot`ìf hi fo

Zhorocbscdkizoi vki Dàzdkusoi, Scdúijoaf oi Vèorfhi-

noi, hi fo Loanhscdo dohahnfèeoi Nùriky oi \hloeìt,

fo Oinoaso oica`suros `p Dkyahin Hsakif oi ooi oiboao

Nrklnkrtoi hi fo Eòzoastroob (Lñcdoa).

@p sèehno cuatuspakktsoi zhmi sp`roi vki nolùwtmos

vkstnostoaf. Dot nkkt fkkrlhm è baohio vhorbkito `j rìfo

cìstructhos2 fo akktsto bèoi eot ikeo v``r hi Oinoakif.

Fho nolùwtmos, fho ehsscdhoi e`noi w`rfoi noàitorpro

toorf kas toepoatmos, buiioi z`woa ooi coitrkao (Nùriky,

Dkyahin Hsakif) kas ekrnhikao (Dàzdkusoi, Odihinoi)

pakkts hiioeoi. Hi Dàzdkusoi oi Nùriky bì f``r fo

`pnrkvors w`rfoi vkstnostoaf fkt zo pks vorscdoioi `p ooi

eèoit fkt fo cuatuspakkts ka akino thmf juicthìoorfo

(Dàzdkusoi jkso 3, Nùriky jkso 3). ]o zhmi dhor fus ooi

roakthoj akkt joièooi (akkt Ak Väio). Dot hs `vorhnois ka

aoslodkavo zobor fkt `p kaao hidooeso cuatuspakktsoi uht fo

akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo oi/`j vròn-\èohiso thmf fht s``rt

nolùwtmos doojt nostkki.

@vor fo kkrf vki fo dkifoahinoi fho zhcd `p fo lospr`boi

cuatuspakktsoi dolloi vàtr`bboi buiioi wo b`rt zhmi. Dot

v``rbèoi vki nr`to dòvooadofoi bkrkbtorhsthobo

vìfstoi (euitoi, eotkaoi whoatmos, jhluako, krelkifoi,

wkpois, wknoiìforfoaoi, ekkr ``b fhorahmbo oi eoisoahmbo sboaotrostoi) `p l.v. I``rfjrkiso cuatuspakktsoi, noojt

kki fkt dot lroinoi vki `jjors dhor coitrkka doojt nostkki.

Zooa ehifor nrhmplkkr hs fht kspoct hi fo oica`suros hi dot

\hmiakif oi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif. Nr`to dòvooadofoi v`thojnk-

voi ahmboi dhor to ìtlroboi. Kaaooi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi

dolloi kkiwhmzhinoi `pnoaovorf v``r `jjors vki `rnkihscdo

kkrf.

Fo oica`suros uht fo \èohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof pkssoi fuhfoahmb hi dot dhorl`voi noscdotsto

pktr`ì. ^kiioor wo ikkr spochjhobo vorwkitscdkppoi

nkki zòboi, lahmbt ka spòfhn fkt fo Ioforakifs-Loanhscdooica`suros fo eoosto `vorooibèstoi vortìoi eot fo

I``rfjrkiso cuatuspakktsoi. \oakthoj baohio kjeothinoi, ì

fhopo `jjorbuhaoi, pkkazotthinoi oi bkrkbtorhsthobo v`thojnk-

voi kas euitoi, jhluako oi krelkifoi zhmi boieorboi vki

lohfo nròpoi cuatuspakktsoi. Kaaooi fo nrkjdouvoa hi dot

eìueoit vki Kapdoi whmst hi ooi kiforo rhcdthin. Fo

fhcdtstlhmzhmifo pkrkaaoaaoi v``r fozo uhtzìforahmbo cèlh

iktho eòtoi hi dot Fuhtso \hmiakif w`rfoi noz`cdt.

Hi d``jfs tub 3 hs ``b ikkr v`roi nolrkcdt fkt fo ùfsto

v``rlooafoi vki fo vhordòbhno cuatuspakktsoi ka torunnkki

t`t fo ehffoi Ak Väio-porh`fo oi e`noahmb i`n vorfor. Hi

I``rf-Jrkibrhmb hs - v``r z`vor loboif - Nùriky jkso ;fo ùfsto cuatuspakkts vki dot dhor lospr`boi typo (Ak

Väio L). @pvkaaoif hs, fkt fo oica`suros uht dot Ekks-

Foeor-Scdoafonolhof fo nr``tsto `vorooibèst vortìoi

eot Nùriky hi zhmi ùfsto oi eoost shepoao v`re= wäa

`jjorbuhaoi oi ooi `j eoor pkaoirhmoi, ekkr nèèi nolùw

tmo `p dot torrohi lhiioi nroppoa oi wka. Or zhmi kkiwhmzhi

noi fkt fo ooivùfhno cuatuspakktsoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-



;?: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

Scdoafonolhof ihot `poois `pfuhboi hi fo \èohiso thmf,

ekkr ka ooi vooa akinoro noscdhofoihs hi fo ohnoi ronh` dol

loi. Hi fht vorlkif whaaoi whm dhor ooi twoofo oica`suro uht

@ss-_ssoi losproboi, fho `p ruhe :77 e kjstkif vki fo hi

<.< lospr`boi hidooes-\èohiso oica`suro worf ìtfobt,

ehffoi hi ooi prodhst`rhscd nrkjvoaf. Dot nkkt è ooi sk

eoinostoaf eìueoit, wkkrvki fo bori nov`ref w`rft

f``r ooi >7 ce fhopo oi ;,?7 e lrofo, vhorbkito nroppoa

eot ooi sekaao `poihin ikkr dot zuhf``stoi {jhn. ;4). Fo

kjeothinoi lofrknoi 3<,?7x33,?7 e. Kki fo luhtoizhmfo

vki fozo nroppoa lovìf zhcd ooi whmfnostoafo pkahsskfo

eot fo kjeothinoi 3?x3?,?7 e. @p dot lhiioitorrohi wor

foi nooi sp`roi vki ooi nolùwtmo wkkrnoièoi. Kki fo

wostbkit doojt fo nroppoa ooi kiiox, lostkkifo uht ooi

sekaaoro oi ìfhopo nroppoa eot fkkrluhtoi ooi pkahsskfo.

Fo kjeothinoi vki fozo structuur lofrknoi ;> x ;8 e. Hi

dot coitrue worfoi, hi dot tkauf vki ooi sulrocoito sa``t,

croekthorostoi ìtfobt, z`fkt wo zobor wotoi fkt dot lhm

fozo kiiox è ooi nrkjeìueoit nkkt. Or zù zoajs ooi

f`foiduhsmo `vor dot nrkj nostkki buiioi dolloi. Lhm dot

nr`to vhorbkit hs ooi fornoahmbo juictho kaaorehist zobor.

Fhknìkka f``r fht ``stoahmb fooa hs hi dot rocoito voraofoi

ooi lrofo oi fhopo sa``t nonrkvoi, wkkrf``r dot coitrue

nodooa vorst``rf hs. Dot lahmjt fus ìzobor `j dhor ``ht cro

ekthorostoi zhmi lhmnozot. Zoreòfoahmb dolloi fo lohfo

buhaoi fho zhcd hi fo nroppoa kjtoboifoi hots eot fo ``r

sprìboahmbo juictho to ekboi. Fo vuaahin vki fo nroppoa

ahmbt zìfor ìforlrobhin hi fho buhaoi f``r to a`poi. Fo

vìfstoi uht fo nroppoa oi fo buhaoi fktoroi dot cèpaox

kki dot ohifo vki fo ehffoi-hmzorthmf, ck. 377 v.Cdr .

@p ooi kiforo pakkts (Zki for Skifoi, fozo luifoa) hs

roofs nosunnoroorf fkt dot lhm fo dhorl`voi loscdrovoi

structuur è ooi cuatuspakkts-kiiox-nrkj nkkt. Fo krnu

eoitoi fho tor ìforstouihin vki fo hitorprotktho kas cua

tuspakkts buiioi w`rfoi kkinofrknoi zhmi v``rka fo ox

copthìoao kjeothinoi oi fo nr`to dòvooadohf kkrfoworb

fho uht fo nroppoa kjbèsthn hs (eoor fki 3777 jrkneoi

toi). Ooi kifor puit hs fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi

v``rnkinorY' vki fo nr`to nroppoaoica`suro. Dot nkkt è

ooi vhorbkito pkahsskfo-oica`suro eot zhmfoi vki <? e (jhn.

;4). Or hs fus boiioahmb sprkbo vki cìthiuàtoht. Fozo

Jhn. ;4 @ss-_ssoi= pakttonrì f vki fo cuat uspa kkts -kii ox-nr kje` iueoi t uht fo ehffoi-hmz orthmf (nrhms) oi fo (voreòfahmb) ùf oro

pkaoioica`suro (zwkrt).

@ss-_ssoi= paki `j tdo skictukry-cue-juiorkry eìueoit jrè tdo ehffho Hrì Kno (nroy) kif tdo (prosueklay) chfor pkahskfo

oica`suro (lakcb).



;?> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIK IF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

v`ret ooi krnueoit to eoor è fo vhorbkito structuur hi

dot nrkjvoaf vki @ss-_ssoi to hitorprotoroi kas rhtuoao oi-

ca`suro. Ooi vornoahmblkro ìtwhbboahin - vki pkaoioica`-

suro ikkr nroppoaoica`suro - trojjoi wo `vorhnois ``b kki

lhm sèehno Zhorocbscdkizoi (cj. 3.;).

Hifhoi fo hitorprotktho vki fo twoofo oica`suro uht @ss-

_ssoi c`rroct hs, bki nostoaf w`rfoi fkt fo oica`suros uht

fo \èohiso thmf dot ohifpuit v`reoi vki ooi hidooeso

trkfhtho fho ka zobor 377 mkk r ùf wks. @peorboahmb hs `vo

rhnois fo kccoitvorscduhvhin fho (h.o.n. hi @ss-_ssoi) hi fo

a``p vki fo thmf vkat wkkr to ioeoi. Hi fo hmzorthmf hs fo

oica`suro vorlìfoi eot ooi nrkj oi ahnt zoajs hi ooi nrkj

voaf. \uhe frho oouwoi aktor hs fo cuatuspakkts uht zhmi ju

iorkhro cìtoxt a`snoekkbt oi hi fo fhrocto ènovhin vki

fo aovoifoi `pnoièoi, fozoajfo cìtoxt wkkrhi ``b fo

cuatuspakktsoi vki D``noa`ì, Ioordkroi-\oboe oi ^hm-

ionoe (0) zhmi kkinoaonf.

6. Hitorprotktho

Ik fo loscdrhmvhin vki fo hidooes-\èohiso cuatuspakkt

soi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof oi ik fo kikayso vkidui cuatuurdhst`rhscdo cìtoxt, rost ìs i`n fo hitrhnoroifo

vrkkn ikkr fo hidùf vki fo cuatus. Fozo vrkkn hs è ooi

kkitka rofoioi ihot noekbboahmb to lokitw``rfoi. Fo cua

tus lostkkt uht ooi kkitka skcrkao dkifoahinoi, fho saocdts

v``r ooi baohi fooa dui ioorsakn vhifoi hi ektorhâao rostoi

oi nrìfsp`roi. Eot fozo dkifoahinoi hs v``rts ooi kkitka

v``rstoaahinoi vorlìfoi, wkkrvki fo hidùf v``r fo kr

cdoà``n i`n vooa eòhahmbor nrhmplkkr hs oi hi fo ronoa

zoajs nodooa vorl`rnoi lahmjt. Hiscrhpthos `j kiforo scdrhjto

ahmbo nonovois, fho `vor fo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinoi hij`r

ektho zùfoi buiioi vorscdkjjoi, ìtlroboi v``r fo hi

dooeso cuatus uht fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo vròn-\èohiso

thmf hi ìs nolhof lhmv``rlooaf vàaofhn. V`cd ahmbt dot e`

noahmb è ìs vki fo cuatus, vorlìfoi eot fo oica`suros

hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof, oihnszhis ooi looaf to

v`reoi. ô zuaaoi v``r fho looafv`rehin hi fo oorsto

pakkts kkisauhthin zòboi lhm fo trkfhthìoao, cuatuurdhst`rh

scdo hitorprotkthos vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi

fo oica`s cuatuoas. Zorvànois zuaaoi wo trkcdtoi kki to t`

ioi fkt vkiuht ooi kitr`pà`nhscd hitorprotkthobkfor fo lo

toboihs oi hidùf vki fo cuatus ikfor bki w`rfoi vorfuh

foahmbt.

6. ; OOI C_AV__\DHSV@\HSCDO HIVO\W\OVKVHO

Z``r ooi hitorprotktho vki fo oica`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof zuaaoi whm hi fo oorsto pakkts bhmboi

ikkr fo lostkkifo hitorprotkthos vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhor

ocbscdkizoi oi fo oica`s cuatuoas. Fozo zhmi eot ikeo no

lksoorf `p vornoahmboifo oi typ`cdrìà`nhscdo kikaysos

vki fo lostkkifo krcdoà`nhscdo nonovois.

Zìfstoi `j nrìfsp`roi fho t`t ooi rocdtstroobso hitorpro

tktho vki fo cuatus lhiioi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi zùfoi bui

ioi aohfoi zhmi t`t `p dofoi ihot loscdhblkkr. Ooi loakin

rhmb kkibi`phinspuit v``r ooi hitorprotktho v`ret ocdtor

dot joht fkt fozo oica`suros `pvkaaoif vkkb hi fo fhrocto

iklhmdohf vki nrkjdouvoanròpoi zhmi noaonoi (Nòssaor

;8?<2 Lhttoa ;8>4, ;84;2 Scdhob ;84<). Fozo ruhetoahmbo ks

s`chktho sunnoroort fkt lohfo ckton`rhoâi hots eot oabkkr to

ekboi dolloi. Or lostkkt ovoiwoa ooi kkizhoiahmb vorscdha

hi fktorhin. Fo Zhorocbscdkizoi d`roi hi fo akktsto oouw

v.Cdr. oi ``b i`n hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. tduhs, fo lotroj

joifo nrkjdouvoanròpoi zhmi ocdtor v``rikeoahmb to fkto

roi hi fo porh`foi DK C oi DK F oi hi nooi oiboa novka

aktor fki hi fo porh`fo Ak Väio K. Fozo cdrìà`nhscdo

fhscropkitho zù vànois Lhttoa `pnoa`st buiioi w`rfoi

f``r kki to ioeoi fkt fo Zhorocbscdkizoi roofs hi fo

Dkaastktt/vròn Ak Väio-porh`fo hi oorsto kkiaon kkiwozhn

zhmi nowoost. Hiforfkkf zhmi thmfois fo `pnrkvhinoi hi

Dàzdkusoi f``r Scdwkrz ìfor fo wka vki fo Zhorocb-

scdkizo sp`roi vki ooi frhotka ùforo pkahsskfowkifoi

kkinotr`jjoi, fho whmzoi `p v``rnkinors (cj. 3.;). @`b hi

Vèorfhinoi hs sprkbo vki ooi ùforo pkahsskfo ìfor fo

wka vki fo Zhorocbscdkizo (]ñri ;8>;). Fht whmst or`p fktfo Zhorocbscdkizoi tduhsd`roi hi ooi ùforo trkfhtho vki

rhtuoao oica`suros. Fo kss`chktho vki Zhorocbscdkizoi eot

ùforo Dkaastktt- oi vròn Ak Väio-nrkjdouvoas zù fordka

vo wkt fo cdrìà`nho lotrojt nooi pr`laoeoi lodòvoi `p

to aovoroi.

Fo rofoi wkkrè Zhorocbscdkizoi oi nrkvoi z` vkkb sk

eoi v``rbèoi hs, vànois Lhttoa, noaonoi hi fo cuatus fho

lhiioi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi worf uhtnoòjoif. Fozo zù no

`rhâitoorf zhmi nowoost `p fo nrkjdouvoas oi hi ossoitho ooi

v``rùforcuatus (Kdioibuat) zhmi nowoost. Krnueoitoi

v``r dot lostkki vki ooi fornoahmbo cuatusv`re vhift Lhttoa

``b hi dot nrkjlostoa vki fo Dkaastktt-porh`fo. Zki ooi zo

voitka nrkjdouvoas hi ]uhfwost-Fuhtsakif (Dk C/F) zhmi

stoaos kjbèsthn eot ooi fuhfoahmb kit r`pè`rj bkrkbtor

(Wakicb o.k. ;84:, Kll. 38-6:)2 fo loboifsto hs woa fho

vki Dhrscdakifoi. Dot hs wkkrscdhmiahmb fkt fozo stooi

scuapturoi ``rsprìboahmb `p fo nrkjdouvoas dolloi

nostkki oi fo lofòahin dolloi nodkf fo f`fo to roprosoi

toroi. Voiehisto hi èèi novka (hi St`cbkcd) zhmi kki fo

vòt vki z`'i stoao kkrfoworbvìfstoi nofkki fho kas `j

jornkvoi zhmi to loscdùwoi (Scdhob ;84;, ;<;). Dhorlhm

bki hi oorsto histkitho iktuurahmb kki ooi f`foicuatus w`r

foi nofkcdt. Ik vora``p vki thmf bki fozo ocdtor fo no

fkkito vki ooi v``rùforcuatus `j, hi dot novka vki ooi

loakinrhmbo f`fo, fo nofkkito vki ooi Doròibuat dolloikkinoièoi (Lhttoa ;84;). Zornoahmblkro `vorwonhinoi zhmi

e`noahmb ikkr kkiaohfhin vki fo vìfstnonovois vki ooi

nrkjdouvoa uht fo akto Dkaastktt-porh`fo lhm Eñdakcbor, Br.

Zkhdhinoi (]ñri ;8>;). @ifor fo nrkjdouvoa worf dot

stkifsp``r vki ooi vhorbkito pkahsskfowkif kkinotr`jjoi

(;3 T ;3 e). Fkkrlhiioi aknoi zos nrkvoi. Hi fo wostoahmbo

nroppoa wks ooi zwkro pkka nopakktst, fho vor l`voi fo pk-



;?4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

ahsskfo eòt dolloi uhtnost`boi. ]ñri vorìforstoat fkt

fozo pkka ooi cuathscdo lotoboihs doojt nodkf. Dot hs dooa

woa v``rstoalkkr fkt dhm ooi tonoidkinor v`ret vki fo z`

muhst voreoafo nrkjstoaos oi kas z`fkihn ``b ooi rà hi ooi

f`foi- oi v``rùforcuatus doojt nospooaf. Fo èdohifo

ruheto bki hi fht vorlkif ihot kaaooi ooi strhbt juiorkhro

ekkr ``b ooi cuathscdo juictho w`rfoi tònofkcdt.

Z``r fo hitorprotktho vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi

hi toreoi vki ooi Kdioibuat zhmi fus twoo krnueoitoi

kkiwozhn= fo kss`chktho vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi eot (ùfo

ro) nrkjdouvoas oi dot `ptrofoi hi fo Dkaastktt-porh`fo vki

ooi v``rùforcuatus rìf fo nrkjdouvoas zoaj. Ooi cìth

iuàtoht hi fo roaktho tussoi juiorkhro oi cuathscdo trkfhthos hs

ihot lowozoi, ekkr ahmbt f``r fo b`ppoahin vki noiòefo

krnueoitoi woa to w`rfoi vorìforstoaf. Ooi pr`laooe

lahmjt hitussoi dot joht fkt dot nrkjlostoa uht fo thmf vki fo

Zhorocbscdkizoi, fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo, krcdoà`nhscd

ikuwoahmbs loboif hs. Dot hs ihot nòf v``rstoalkkr fkt dot

cìtoep`rkhio nrkjlostoa hi ooi `p fo f`foi no`rhâitoorfo

cuatus lhiioi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi nooi rà zù dolloi

nospooaf.

Z``r fo looafv`rehin ètroit fo ossoitho vki fo cuatus hi

fo oica`s cuatuoas hs dot ìforscdohf vki loakin fkt hi fo

Jrkiso ahtorktuur noekkbt w`rft tussoi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi

oi fo dohahnfèeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo (zho 3.<). Lru-

ikux ìtdùft zhcd vki ooi oxpahchoto uhtsprkkb `vor fo

cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi. @p nrìf vki dot scdkkrso

vìfstektorhkka uht fozo akktstnoiòefo oica`suros vrkknt

dhm zhcd zoajs kj `j zo ihot oorfor ooi s`chkka-pàhthobo fki

ooi roahnhouzo juictho dolloi nodkf, l.v. kas coitrkao vor

nkforpakkts (Lruikux ;84:, 67 )". @vor fo cuatus hi fo doh

ahnfèeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb vkat

eoor to zonnoi `p lkshs vki rocoito `pnrkvhinoi. Lruikux

vorìforstoat v``r fo aktoro jksoi, v``rka `p nrìf vki fo

lovhifhinoi hi Nùriky, ooi cèpaoxo cuatus eot rhtos fo

ak nuorro oi rhtos pàhthquos, ekkr ``b vrucdtlkkrdohfsrhtoi

oi rhtoi fho vorlkif dhoafoi eot ooi v``rùforcuatus,

wkkrhi ikkr zhmi eoihin fo scdofoas vki fo kjnost`rvoioi

ooi rà spooafoi. Dot loakinrhmbsto krnueoit fkt hi ]uhf-

Fuhtsakif v``r ooi v``rùforcuatus lhiioi fo Zhorocb

scdkizoi w`rft kkinovòrf ìtlroobt, `pvkaaoif noiòn,

hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb vàaofhn= or hs nooi oiboa v``rlooaf

vki ooi akkt-Boathscd `j vròn-\èohis dohahnfè fkt hi fo

luurt vki ooi nrkjvoaf hs noshtuoorf.

Fo hitorprotktho vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi fooica`s cuatuoas a``pt fus i`nka uhtooi. Fkt wha ocdtor ihot

zonnoi fkt dot ``b hi worboahmbdohf è wozoiahmb vorscdha

aoifo cuatusv`reoi nkkt. Fo ìtwhbboahin vki lohfo typoi

eìueoitoi ahmbt hi hofor novka ooi kkitka `peorboahmbo

rkkbpuitoi to vortìoi. Ovoikas hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif lostkkt

hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb thmfois fo vrònoro jksoi vki fo hmzor

thmf ooi `pvkaaoifo roaktho tussoi rhtuoao oica`suros oi nrkj

eìueoitoi. Hi oiboao I``rfjrkiso nrkjvoafoi uht fo

ehffoi Ak Väio-porh`fo, `.k. hi Ocury-ao-\op`s oi Ak Jhi

f'Ocury (Ekrio), zhmi vhordòbhno nrkjoica`suros loboif

eot fkkrlhiioi eoorforo hiduekthonrkvoi. Lrhssì oi

Dktt (;8??) noa`voi, eofo `p nrìf vki dot v``rbèoi

vki coitrkao pkkajhnurkthos, fho kas f`foiduhsmos w`rfoi

noàitorprotoorf, fkt fozo nrkjoica`suros ``b ooi cuathscdo

juictho dolloi nodkf. ]hm sproboi vki ooi cuato fos kicí-

tros oi zoajs vki ooi cuato fos dèr`s. Fo `vorooibèstoi

eot Eñdakcbor zhmi `peorboahmb2 ``b fkkr zhmi juiorkhro

oi cuathscdo kspoctoi lhiioi ooi vhordòbhno oica`suro

ikuw eot oabkkr vorlìfoi.

@p lkshs vki dot v``rkjnkkifo vkat ehsscdhoi hi nr`to ahm

ioi ooi noeooiscdkppoahmbo ìtwhbboahin v``r fo cua

tuspakktsoi hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif oi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb kki to

novoi. \ospocthovoahmb hi fo akto Dkaastktt- oi fo ehffoi

Ak Väio-porh`fo hs hi fozo nolhofoi sprkbo vki ooi ikuwo

roaktho tussoi nrkvoi oi vhordòbhno rhtuoao oica`suros eot

ooi f`foi- oi v``rùforcuatus kas vorlhifoif oaoeoit. Hi

fo a``p vki fo Ak Väio-porh`fo trooft ocdtor tussoi nrkjlostoa oi cuatus ooi tòioeoifo fhjjoroithktho `p. Or ìt

stkki zoajstkifhno cuatuspakktsoi hi fo v`re vki Zhorocb

scdkizoi oi dohahnfèeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo. @p

nrìf vki fo lostkkifo vìfstovhfoitho eòtoi wo eot

Lruikux v``r fo eoor ìtwhbboafo v`reoi vki fo akktsto

ckton`rho ooi cèpaoxo cuatus kkiioeoi, wkkrvki fo

f`foi- oi v``rùforcuatus saocdts èèi kspoct v`ret. Ikkr

kika`nho e`noi wo woaahcdt dotzoajfo v``r fo kiforo ckto

n`rho zoajstkifhno cuatuspakktsoi, fo Zhorocbscdkizoi, vor

ìforstoaaoi2 ooi oxcaushovo Kdioibuat ahmbt v``r fozo ihot-

juiorkhro eìueoitoi hi hofor novka ehifor wkkr

scdhmiahmb.

Fozo `pvktthin `vor ooi noiothscdo vorwkitscdkp tussoi

Zhorocbscdkizoi oi oica`s cuatuoas oiorzhmfs oi vhorbkito

nrkjoica`suros kiforzhmfs vhift stoui hi fo ka eoor fki <7

mkk r ùfo tdo`rho vki fo Loanhscdo krcdoà``n S.M. fo Akot

`vor fo roaktho tussoi nrkjeìueoitoi oi dohahnfèeoi hi

fo Boathscdo oi vròn-\èohiso woroaf (Fo Akot ;8::).

Fozo tdo`rho, fho eot ikeo nolksoorf hs `p typà`nhscdo

`vorwonhinoi, kttoifoort `p fo noeooiscdkppoahmbo dor

bèst vki lohfo ckton`rhoâi eìueoitoi. Fo Akot loik

frubt fkt roofs vkikj dot ioàhtdhcue hi ôst-Our`pk ooi

fhrocto roaktho lostkkt tussoi nrkvoi oi dohahnfèeoi. Hi

fo a``p vki fo hmzorthmf bèt fozo roaktho `.k. t`t uhtfrubbhin hi dot `ptrofoi vki vhordòbhno nrkjeìueoitoi eot

cuathscdo juicthos (Fo Akot sproobt vki ooi f`foicuatus).

V`t fo vrònsto v``rlooafoi roboit Fo Akot ooi f``r doe

zoaj `pnonrkvoi ènroppoaf, ruhtv`rehn nrkjcèpaox

( a a ,:7x ;;,:7 e) lhm Fostoalornoi (@.ZH.). Dhm hs vki eo

ihin fkt fornoahmbo eìueoitoi eot vhordòbhno v`re kki

dot lonhi stkki vki ooi ìtwhbboahin fho vhk fo I``rf-



;?8 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

jrkiso nrkjoica`suros oi fo Nrklnkrtoi hi fo Ho oouw ik

Cdr. uhtohifoahmb aohft t`t dot ìtstkki vki fo Nkaa`-

\èohiso ènkinstoepoas. @`b fo tdo`rho vki Fo Akot

hepahcoort v``r fo akto hmzorthmf oi vròn-\èohiso porh`fo

ooi tòioeoifo fhjjoroithktho tussoi cuatus oi nrkjlostoa.

^kt lotoboit fht kaaos iu v``r fo hitorprotktho vki fo cua

tus hi fo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof0 Dot zhot orikkr uht fkt ``b hi ìs nolhof

vki ooi noiothscdo roaktho tussoi cuatuspakktsoi oi nrkvoi

sprkbo hs. Dot ìforzòb vki fo fulloao vhordòbhno oi-

ca`suro (nrkj-kiiox-cuatuspakkts) lhm @ss-_ssoi (cj. 3.?)

aoort fkt hi fo ehffoi-hmzorthmf lohfo ckton`rhoâi eìu

eoitoi i`n ikuw `p oabkkr lotr`bboi zhmi. Oorst hi fo

\èohiso thmf ahmbt or ooi vorforo juicthìoao oi ruhetoahm

bo fhjjoroithktho `p to trofoi. Fo ahnnhin `p `j lhm iofor

zotthinstorrohioi noojt kki fkt fo cuatuspakktsoi hi fho thmf

ihot akinor hi ooi juiorkhro cìtoxt v``rbèoi. Fkt iooet

ocdtor ihot won fkt fo roakthos eot dot nrkjlostoa i`n fuh

foahmb dorboilkkr kkiwozhn zhmi. Hi fo oorsto pakkts vort`

ioi fo cuatuspakktsoi hi ìs nolhof wkt lotrojt dui v`re

ooi trojjoifo `vorooibèst eot fo loakinrhmbsto nrkjeìueoitoi uht fozoajfo porh`fo (Lakfoa, Zoafd`voi, @ss-

_ssoi), eot fhoi vorstkifo `vorhnois fkt fo vhordòbhno

nrkjèdohihinoi hi fo ronoa lofuhfoif baohior zhmi. Hi

Kapdoi trojjoi wo l`voifhoi ooi cèlhiktho kki vki ooi

rhtuoao oica`suro oi ooi nrkjdouvoa.

Hi fo twoofo pakkts lostkki or `vorooibèstoi hizkbo dot

rhtuooa. Fozo lotrojjoi fozoajfo ckton`rhoâi v`thojnkvoi,

ekkr ``b fozoajfo s``rt dkifoahinoi, l.v. dot rhtuooa lro

boi vki `lmoctoi, z`kas vkstnostoaf lhm dot !o-oouwso nrkj

lhm Lakfoa oi fo oica`suro vki D``noa`ì.

Kifors fki v``r fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi fo aktoro oica`s

cuatuoas ahmbt dot fkkrè norocdtvkkrfhnf è v``r fo oi

ca`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ooi cuatus to

vorìforstoaaoi fho hi fo oorsto pakkts no`rhâitoorf hs no

woost `p fo f`foi oi fo v``rùfors.

6 . < OOI KAVO\IKVHOZO KIV\@W@A@NHSCDO HIVO\

W\OVKVHO

Fo dhorl`voi uhtnovòrfo kikayso aovort `p dot oorsto no

zhcdt woaahcdt ooi lovrofhnoifo hitorprotktho `p vki fo cua

tus hi fo rhtuoao oica`suros vki dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof hi fo \èohiso thmf. Or hs ocdtor ``b brhthob

`p e`noahmb. Fo ossoitho fkkrvki zù buiioi zhmi fkt fo

nol`foi hitorprotktho to zoor nolksoorf hs `p fo tòpksshin

vki vornoahmboifo oi typ`cdrìà`nhscdo eotd`foi.Fo e`rjà`nhscdo roakthos tussoi vorscdhaaoifo nròpoi vki

rhtuoao oica`suros oiorzhmfs oi fo ikuwo noiothscdo oi `p

ihouw e`rjà`nhscdo roakthos tussoi fozo oica`suros oi vor

scdhaaoifo ckton`rhoâi nrkjeìueoitoi kiforzhmfs voraohfoi

ka spòfhn t`t fo cìcausho fkt fo cuatus rìf ka fozo e`

iueoitoi uht fo hmzorthmf oi fo vròn-\èohiso porh`fo

``b ooi nr`to ekto vki `vorooibèst eòt dolloi vor

t`ìf. Hi ooi fornoahmbo loikforhin w`rft ocdtor ìvà

fòifo roboihin nodùfoi eot fo vorscdhaaoifo s`ch`cuatu-

roao cìtoxtoi wkkrhi fo noahmbs``rthno vorscdhmisoaoi

`ptrofoi. Fkkrf``r w`rfoi fozo vorscdhmisoaoi, fho hi ki

fors``rthno cìtoxtoi e`noahmb vorscdhaaoifo juicthos dol

loi nodkf, to noekbboahmb ìfor èèi iòeor nolrkcdt.

Hi fozo sa`tpkrknrkkj whaaoi whm pr`loroi ooi kkitka ossoi

thâao c`rrocthos `p fo cuatuurdhst`rhscdo hitorprotktho kki to

lroinoi. ^hm dkitoroi fkkrtò ooi kitr`pà`nhscdo loikfo

rhinswhmzo, fho kkisauht `p fo rocoito ìtwhbboahinoi hi fo

krcdoà`nho oi fo roahnhouzo kitr`pà`nho. @is uhtnkinspuit

hs fkt roahnho nozhoi eòt w`rfoi kas ooi hitonrkka ìfor

fooa vki ooi s`ch`cuaturooa systooe, f.w.z. hi kaao novkaaoi

ikuw vorlìfoi hs eot fo pàhthob, fo ocìèho oi fo s`

chkao structuur vki ooi skeoiaovhin. Fozo `pvktthin hepah

coort fkt roahnhouzo joièoioi i``ht noàsàoorf, ekkr kathmf

hi dui s`ch`cuaturoao cìtoxt lostufoorf eòtoi w`rfoi.

Z``r ooi nòf lonrhp vki fo s`chkao, pàhthobo oi ocìèh

scdo cìtoxt vki fo roahnho vki fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo

vròn-\èohiso thmf hs kaaoroorst oihn hizhcdt i`fhn hi fostructuur oi fyikehob vki fo lotrojjoifo Boathscdo `j

Norekkis-Boathscdo skeoiaovhinoi hi fozo porh`fo. Z``r`p

stkkt fkt dot nkkt è trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi. @.k. Iksd

(;8>4) oi \`yekis (;843) dolloi or`p nowozoi fkt fozo

zhcd ``b hi Nkaahâ boieorboi f``r ooi soneoitkhro struc

tuur, f.w.z. fkt ooi trhlkao skeoiaovhin kas nodooa (ooi

stke `j chvhtks) hs `pnospahtst hi ooi kkitka fooastkeeoi

(pknh), fho `p dui lourt woor lostkki uht ooi kkitka baohio

ro ooidofoi.

@p lkshs vki dhst`rhscdo oi krcdoà`nhscdo nonovois bki

nostoaf w`rfoi fkt dot ihvoku vki fo s`chkao oi pàhthobo

`rnkihsktho vki fo trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi hi fo hmzorthmf

storb vorscdhaaoif hs nowoost. Kki fo oio bkit trojjoi wo

ooivùfhno, ehi `j eoor onkahtkhro skeoiaovhinoi kki oi

kki fo kiforo bkit skeoiaovhinoi eot ooi roakthoj cè

paoxo s`chkao oi pàhthobo `rnkihsktho, fho hi sèehno novka

aoi zoajs boieorboif ahmbt to zhmi v``r z.n. vròno stktoi.

Dot `rnkihskthoihvoku vki fo eoosto trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi

hi Nkaahâ lovhift zhcd ornois tussoi fozo twoo uhtorstoi hi.

Bhmboi wo oorst ikkr fo ooivùfhno, ehi `j eoor onkahtkhro

trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi. Dui wohihn cèpaoxo structuur

bèt `.k. t`t uhthin hi dot ìtlroboi vki ooi fuhfoahmbo

s`chkao fhjjoroithktho oi pàhthobo strkthjhcktho. Kanoeooi

nokccoptoorf lhiioi fo kitr`pà`nho oi fo kitr`pà`nhscdno`rhâitoorfo krcdoà`nho hs fo `pvktthin fkt hi fornoahmbo

trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi vorwkitscdkp (bhisdhp) dot loakin

rhmbsto `rnkihsoroifo prhichpo hs. Zorwkitscdkppoahmbo roak

thos ahnnoi toi nrìfsakn kki fo pàhthobo, ocìèhscdo oi

s`chkao struc tuur vki fo skeoiaovhin. Orhc ^àj fojhihoort

fo trhlkao ocìèho fki ``b kas ooi bhi-`rforof e`fo `j

pr`fucthì (^àj ;84<). Fkkrlhm e ot `vorhnois w`rfoi



;:7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

kkinotoboif fkt vorwkitscdkp woa dot loakinrhmbsto, ekkr

ihot dot oihno `rnkihsoroifo prhichpo lhiioi fo trhlkao sk

eoiaovhin hs. Fo s`chkao `rnkihsktho vki fo pr`fubtho, fo

tònkin t`t fo pr`fubthoehffoaoi, kaseofo l.v. s`chkao oi

pàhthobo a`ykahtoht w`rfoi wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b lopkkaf f``r

prhichpos vki torrht`rhkahtoht oi a`ckahtoht `j c`-roshfoico

(Bupor ;84<, ^àj ;84<)= dot skeoiwìoi lhiioi ooi lo

pkkaf torrht`rhue `j hi ooi lopkkafo ioforzotthin. Vrhlkaoskeoiaovhinoi `p fht ihvoku vki s`chkka-cuaturoao hitonrktho

bèoi hi fo hmzorthmf `.k. v``r hi dot uhtorsto i``rfoi vki

Nkaahâ. \`yekis (;843) iòet hi fht vorlkif eot ikeo fo

Iorvhh, fo E`rhih, fo Eoikphh, fo Kfuktuch oi fo

Olurìos.

Or zhmi lhiioi fo trhlkao woroaf ``b cèpaoxoro s`chkka-

pàhthobo `rnkihskthov`reoi e`noahmb. Hi ôst-Our`pk b`

eoi fho l.v. v``r thmfois fo akto Dkaastktt- oi fo vròno

Ak Väio-porh`fo lhm fo Boathscdo skeoiaovhinoi hi

]uhfwost-Fuhtsakif oi I``rf``st-Jrkibrhmb, aktor, thmfois

fo Ho oouw v.Cdr., lhm fo chvhtktos vki fo Kofuh, fo Krvor-

ih o.k. hi Ehffoi- oi @`st-Nkaahâ.

Or hs hi fozo novkaaoi sprkbo vki ooi s`chkka-pàhthobo `rnk

ihsktho `p dot ihvoku vki 'cdhojfès', 'pkrkeùit cdhoj-

fès' oi 'vròno stktoi'. Fo tòioeoifo cèpaoxhtoht vki

fo trhlkao skeoiaovhinsstructuur hi noiòefo porh`foi vkat

`.k. kj to aozoi uht ooi tòioeoifo dhârkrcdhsorhin lhiioi

dot ioforzotthinssystooe. Hi fo akto Dkaastktt-porh`fo lahmbt

fozo l.v. uht dot ìtstkki vki nr`to, vorstorbto ioforzotthi

noi z`kas `p fo Douiolurn, hi fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo uht

fo kkiaon vki `pphfk. Kiforo kkiwhmzhinoi aovort dot nrkj-

lostoa. Fo rhmbo 'v`rstoinrkvoi' uht fo akto Dkaastktt- oi

vròno Ak Väio-porh`fo fuhfoi ìnotwhmjoaf `p pàhthobo

ekcdts- oi stktusv`rehin lhiioi trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi.Z``r fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo w`rfoi wo `vor dot ìtstkki

vki cèpaoxo trhlkao `rnkihskthov`reoi hi Ehffoi- oi

@`st-Nkaahâ ihot kaaooi noàij`reoorf f``r krcdoà`nhscdo

ekkr v``rka ``b f``r ahtorkhro lrìioi (Ckoskr). Z``r ìs

vordkka hs vki loakin fkt lhiioi fozo cèpaoxo trhlkao sk

eoiaovhinsv`reoi vorwkitscdkp kas `rnkihsoroif prhichpo

wkkrscdhmiahmb kki lotoboihs vorahost. Fo s`chkka-pàhthobo

structuur vki fht s``rt skeoiaovhinoi w`rft nofèhioorf

f``r kjdkiboahmbdohfsroakthos nolksoorf `p stktus- oi

ekcdtsvorscdhaaoi. _ht fo tobstoi vki Ckoskr wotoi wo fkt

eot ikeo fo eoor ìtwhbboafo Nkaahscdo skeoiaovhinoi hi

fo Ho oouw v.Cdr. zhcd boieorboi f``r uhtnolrohfo

cahoitäao-systoeoi, nolksoorf `p kjdkiboahmbdohfsvordùfhinoi tussoi ehahtkhro `j pàhthobo aohfors oi ooi kkitka vàno

ahinoi. Fozo kjdkiboahmbdohfsvordùfhinoi zhmi woforborhn=

zhm bèoi t`t uhtfrubbhin hi trhluutvorpahcdthinoi, dot vor

aoioi vki fhoistoi, pàhthobo oi ehahtkhro stoui kki fo aoh

fors oiorzhmfs oi dot lhofoi vki loscdorehin kki fo cahoi

täao kiforzhmfs. Fozo dhârkrcdhsorhin lhiioi fo trhlkao

skeoiaovhinoi woorsphonoat zhcd ``b hi fo s`chkao `rnkihsk

tho vki fo pr`fubtho. ^àj sproobt vki fo `vornkin vki

ooi 'bhi-`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucthì' ikkr ooi trhlutkry

e`fo `j pr`fucthì.

Z``r fo stufho vki fo roahnho hi fo hmzorthmf hs boiihs vki

dot `rnkihskthoihvoku vki fo trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi hi fozo

porh`fo vki fhroct loakin. Fo v`renovhin vki fo roahnho

w`rft heeors hi d`no ekto lopkkaf f``r fo s`chkao, pàh

thobo oi ocìèhscdo structuur vki ooi skeoiaovhin. ^kiioor fho vorkifort, zka hi fo ronoa ``b fo structuur vki fo

roahnho vorkiforoi. Hi wohihn cèpaoxo trhlkao skeoiao

vhinsv`reoi fho nofèhioorf w`rfoi f``r vorwkit

scdkpsprhichpos zka hi fo roahnhouzo v`renovhin ooi loakin

rhmb kccoit ahnnoi `p fo f`foi- oi v``rùforcuatus. Fo

c`seà`nho - dot nodooa kki v``rstoaahinoi ètroit fo rok

ahtoht oi dot l`voiiktuurahmbo - vki fozo trhlkao skeoiao

vhinoi hs wkkrscdhmiahmb i`n wohihn nofhjjoroithoorf. Ooi

ehi `j eoor onkahtkhro structuur vki fo s`chkao worboahmb

dohf zka dkkr kjsphonoahin vhifoi hi ooizoajfo l`voiiktuur

ahmbo s`chkao `rfo= fho vki fo v``rùfors (zho ``b

Skddis ;8:4).

Hi trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi `p ooi d`nor ihvoku vki s`chkao

oi pàhthobo hitonrktho e`noi wo hi tòioeoifo ekto ooi

nofhjjoroithoorfo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinsworoaf vorwkcdtoi

wkkrhi ikkst fo v``rùfors wo_hcdt ``b pakkts hs v``r n`

foi oi doafoi. @etroit fo akkt-Boathscdo n`foiworoaf hi

Nkaahâ w`rfoi wo noàij`reoorf f``r Ckoskr. _ht zhmi lo

rhcdtnovhin lahmbt `.k. fkt fho n`foiworoaf dhârkrcdhscd no

`rfoif hs= or zhmi n`foi eot eoor oi eot ehifor ekcdt.

Dot cèpaoeoit vki z`'i kiforo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahins

woroaf hs ooi cèpaoxoro oi eoor nofhjjoroithoorfo cuatus.

@`b hi fht `pzhcdt zhmi wo vhk ahtorkhro oi krcdoà`nhscdo

nonovois `vor fo akkt-Boathscdo roahnho rofoahmb nòf noài

j`reoorf. ô wotoi fkt vorscdhaaoifo n`foi è vorscdhaaoifo rofoioi `p vorscdhaaoifo pakktsoi zhmi voroorf. Cuath

scdo dkifoahinoi `p fht ihvoku dolloi lotrobbhin `p

fhvorso loakinoi= pors`ìahmbo loakinoi (noiozhin, vrucd-

lkkrdohf, ektorhâao v``rspòf), ekkr ``b `p fo pàhthobo

oi ehahtkhro loakinoi vki cèpaoto pknh `j stkeeoi. Fo

v`renovhin vki fo cuatus hs fki ``b cèpaox vki kkrf.

Lhm fo loakinrhmbsto cuatoi `p stkeihvoku hs sprkbo vki ro

ahnhouzo spochkahstoi, z`kas fo fruàfoi. Hi skeoidkin eot

fozo vorkiforhinoi hi fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo ekn ``b

ooi fhjjoroithktho oi dhârkrcdhsorhin eot lotrobbhin t`t fo

cuatuspakktsoi w`rfoi nop`stuaoorf. Fo cuatuspakktsoi vki

ooivùfhno trhlkao skeoiaovhinsvorlkifoi (nolksoorf `p

vorwkitscdkpsroakthos) zhmi ìnotwhmjoaf prhekhr lofòafv``r fo f`foi- oi v``rùforcuatus. Hi ooi kkitka novkaaoi

hs dot ìforscdohf tussoi nrkjeìueoit oi cuatuspakkts

zoajs ikuwoahmbs to ekboi. Fht noaft lhmv``rlooaf v``r fo

hi 6.; lospr`boi oica`suros vki Fostoalornoi oi Eñda-

kcbor uht fo Dkaastktt-porh`fo oi fo oica`suros vki Ak Jhi

f'Ocury uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo. Hi cèpaoxoro trhlkao sk

eoiaovhinoi vhift wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi ruhetoahmbo scdohfhin



;:; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

tussoi nrkjeìueoitoi oi dohahnfèeoi pakkts. Vonoahmb

w`rft, pkrkaaoa kki fo ioforzotthinsdhârkrcdho, ooi dhârkr

cdho lhiioi fo cuatuspakktsoi zhcdtlkkr. @p dot aknoro, a`

bkao ihvoku, zhmi shepoao cuatuspakktsoi to vorwkcdtoi, `p

fo d`noro ihvoku's, lhmv``rlooaf fho vki fo stke `j fo pk-

nus, vooa nr`toro dohahnfèeoi eot ìnotwhmjoaf ooi cè

paoxo cuatus. V`t fo akktsto ckton`rho dohahnfèeoi hs hi fo

oorsto pakkts ooi kkitka nr`to Zhorocbscdkizoi to roboioi.

Fo èvkin vki fozo eìueoitoi oi fo nr`to dòvooadohf

krlohf fho hi fo kkiaon orvki noàivostoorf hs, fuhft kki fkt

zo `p ooi ronhìkka ihvoku eòtoi dolloi

nojuicthìoorf". Ooi kifor krnueoit fkkrv``r hs fkt zo

sès zhmi noshtuoorf lhiioi coitrkao ioforzotthinoi (lhm

v``rlooaf ooi `pphfue, z`kas `p fo Fìiorslorn). @`b

sèehno I``rfjrkiso dohahnfèeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo

d`roi hi fozo ckton`rho coitrkao cuatuspakktsoi tduhs. Dui

ronhìkao lotoboihs w`rft lopkkaf f``r fo ahnnhin (lhiioi

ooi `pphfue, z`kas hi Nùriky) `j f``r dot joht fkt zo

w`rfoi `pnovànf f``r loakinrhmbo Nkaa`-\èohiso toe

poacèpaoxoi. Lodkavo ooi vkizoajsproboifo roahnhouzo

juictho dolloi fozo coitrkao dohahnfèeoi uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b vkkb ooi s`chkka-pàhthobo juic

tho nodkf, eot ikeo kas coitrkao vornkforpakkts - dot lo

jkkefo Aùorih`s-vordkka lhm W`sohfìh`s hs fkkrv``r ooi

fhrocto kkiwhmzhin.

_ht fht `vorzhcdt e`no lahmboi fkt fo cèpaoxo oi ehifor

cèpaoxo trhlkao skeoiaovhinsv`reoi ooi vorscdhaaoifo roah

nhouzo v`renovhin boiioi, f.w.z. ooi vorscdhaaoifo roah

nhouzo v``rstoaahinsworoaf oi ooi vorscdhaaoifo cuatus. Lhm

fo hitorprotktho vki fo cuatus lhiioi fo rhtuoao oica`suros

zka eot fozo ìforscdohfoi cìtoxtoi roboihin eòtoi

w`rfoi nodùfoi2 typà`nhscdo-cèpkrkthovo kikaysos zhmi

kas lkshs v``r ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho toi oioi ekao ì

tòrohboif.

Hi fo \èohiso porh`fo w`rft fo dhârkrcdho vki hidooeso

cuatuspakktsoi notrkisj`reoorf hi ooi dhârkrcdho vki

hidooes-\èohiso dohahnfèeoi, eot kas ihouw oaoeoit

kki fo t`p fo j`ruetoepoas hi fo chvhtksd``jfstofoi. Dot

lhmzìforo hs fkt t`t iu tò dot akknsto ihvoku vki fozo

dhârkrcdho, fkt vki fo ooivùfhno rurkao dohahnfèeoi, kr

cdoà`nhscd hi johto ìzhcdtlkkr hs nolaovoi (^hndteki

;84:, ?:8). Eot fo ìtfobbhin vki fo cuatuspakktsoi hi dot

Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof bki fozo akcuio tdkis w`rfoi

`pnovuaf.

@e fo juictho vki fozo cuatuspakktsoi ikfor to buiioi lopkaoi zuaaoi wo eòtoi aottoi `p fo s`chkka-pàhthobo oi

ocìèhscdo structuur vki fo skeoiaovhinoi hi dot Ekks-

Foeor-Scdoafonolhof hi fo oorsto oouwoi ik Cdr. Dot

cèpaoxhtohtsihvoku vki fozo skeoiaovhinoi hs, z` dolloi

wo nostoaf, wkkrscdhmiahmb hi d`no ekto lopkaoif v``r dui

roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinsworoaf oi fo f``r doi noprkcthsoorfo

cuatus. Hi fht vorlkif eòtoi wo `vorhnois ooi ìfor

scdohf ekboi tussoi fo skeoiaovhinsstructuur vki vóór >7

oi fho vki ik >7. Fht vorscdha w`rft lopkkaf f``r fo

v``rtnkin vki dot rèkihsorhinspr`cos. _ht dot rocoito

nr``tscdkahno ioforzotthinsìforzòb hi dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof bèt fuhfoahmb ikkr v`roi fkt fo dhor w`ì

kcdthno Vuinrh, Voxukifrh oi Lktkvh nofuroifo fo Ho oouw

ik Cdr. (hi hofor novka t`t >7) i`n ooi trhlkao skeoiao

vhinsstructuur vortìoi. Vyporoif zhmi nr`to èdohifo io

forzotthinoi fho toiehisto v``r ooi fooa hi fo oorsto doajt

vki fo oouw zhmi kkinoaonf (@ss-_ssoi, D``noa`ì, \hot

d`voi). Fo duhzoilùw, fo tocdià`nho, fo knrkrhscdo strk

tonho oi fo nrkjv`reoi zhmi trkfhthìooa-hidooes vki bk

rkbtor. \èohiso hivaòfoi ekihjostoroi zhcd kaaooi hi fo

scdkkrso hep`rtoi vki auxo pr`fubtoi (kkrfoworb, naks

worb otc). @efkt fozo v``rikeoahmb v``rbèoi hi fo

nr`toro nrkvoi oi rìfè lopkkafo lòrforhmoi (hi D``no

a`ì fo lòrforhm fho hi fo <o oouw w`rft `pnovànf f``r

ooi vhaak) ekn w`rfoi kkinoièoi fkt lhiioi fo ioforzot

thinoi a`bkao aohfors `ptrofoi. Zki ooi storbo s`chkao strk

thjhcktho oi fhjjoroithktho hs ocdtor nooi sprkbo. Boieorboif

v``r fozo trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi hs ìnotwhmjoaf ooi 'bhi-`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucthì'.

Zorwkitscdkppoahmbo roakthos e`noi ``b lopkaoif w`rfoi

nokcdt v``r fo v`renovhin vki fo a`bkao roahnho. Ooi

f`foi- oi v``rùforcuatus hi vorlkif eot fo rhtuoao oica`

suros vki dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ahmbt fki ``b

kkiioeoahmb.

ôaahcdt lodòjt fozo hitorprotktho vki fo hidùf vki fo

cuatus ocdtor i`n oihno iukicorhin. Kkiaohfhin dhortò

noojt fo cìstktorhin fkt fo lospr`boi cuatuspakktsoi ior

nois hi fo luurt vki nrkjvoafoi v``rbèoi, ekkr `p `j

lhm ioforzotthinstorrohioi ahnnoi. Oiboao cuatuspakktsoi zhmi

zoajs noahmbthmfhn eot fo ioforzotthin kkinoaonf.

Noojt fozo roaktho cuatuspakkts - ioforzotthin woaahcdt uht

frubbhin kki wkt whm oorfor dot a`bkahtohtsprhichpo dolloi

noiòef, kki z`hots kas ooi a`bkao hfoithtoht0 Hs fo f`foi-

oi v``rùforcuatus no`rhâitoorf nowoost `p ooi lhmzìforo

v``rùfor, lhmv``rlooaf fo (eytdhscdo) sthcdtor vki fo io

forzotthin0 Kas fkt dot novka hs e`noi wo ehsscdhoi ``b

foiboi kki ooi fèhikito rà vki fo a`bkao aohfors hi fo

cuatus. F``r ooi rocdtstroobs cìtkct eot fo v``rùfor(s)

buiioi zhm dui a`bkao ekcdtsp`shtho dolloi noaonhtheoorf.

Hi dot bkfor vki ooi roahnhous-kitr`pà`nhscdo hitorprotktho

vkat ehsscdhoi ``b i`n hots to zonnoi `vor fo cuatuspkaoi

lhiioi fo oica`suros. Dot ahnt v``r fo dkif kki to ioeoi

fkt zhm ooi coitrkao rà dolloi nospooaf hi ooi f`foi- `jv``rùforcuatus, ka fki ihot eot fuhfoahmb 'a`bkao kccoi

toi'. Dòwoa v``rkasi`n hofor lowhms ìtlroobt hs dot vor

aohfoahmb è to vorìforstoaaoi fkt dot nkkt è pkaoi fho

`p fo ooi `j kiforo ekihor fo v``rùfors, fo sthcdtor vki

fo ioforzotthin `j 'a`cka sphrhts' dolloi noroprosoitoorf.

Ehsscdhoi wkroi zo loworbt oi dolloi zo zoajs ooi kitr`

pè`rj bkrkbtor nodkf. Hi fho nofkkito zùfoi zo ehs-



;:< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

scdhoi vornoaoboi buiioi w`rfoi eot fo stoaos `p fo ]uhf-

fuhtso Dkaastktt-nrkjdouvoas. Saocdts noaubbhno

tòvkasvìfstoi buiioi kkitìoi `j loworbto pkaoi c.q.

dùtoi looafoi hiforfkkf ooi rà hi fo cuatuspakktsoi dol

loi nospooaf". Hi fo fhscussho `vor fo pkaoi oi pkkastoaahi-

noi eòt `vorhnois ``b i`n eot kiforo kspoctoi roboihin

w`rfoi nodùfoi. ]` hs dot ihot uhtnosa`toi fkt dot kkitka

pkaoi oi fo `rhâitktho vki fo pkkastoaahin ooi spochjhobosyelàhscdo lotoboihs dolloi nodkf. Ikforo uhtsprkboi

fkkrètroit ahmboi lhm fo duhfhno stkif vki boiihs ocdtor

ikuwoahmbs e`noahmb.

Ooi kkitka cuatuspakktsoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-

Scdoafonolhof hs ``b hi fo <o oi dot lonhi vki fo 3o oouw

i`n hi nolruhb. Fozo cìthiuàtoht hs `peorboahmb, èfkt fo

structuur vki fo skeoiaovhinoi hi fht nolhof thmfois fo no

iòefo porh`fo i`nka hinrhmpoifo vorkiforhinoi ahmbt to

ìfornkki. Fozo vorkiforhinoi dkinoi skeoi eot ooi tò

ioeoifo hitonrktho hi dot \èohiso stkktssystooe, fo urlk-

ihsorhin oi fo `pbèst vki ooi ekrbtnorhcdto vhaak

ocìèho. ]hm lostkki uht ooi kjioeoif loakin vki vorwkitscdkpsroakthos oi ooi tòioeoif loakin vki kjdkibo

ahmbdohfsroakthos, wkkrscdhmiahmb hi fo v`re vki pktr`ì-

cahoitvordùfhinoi (Sa`jstrk ;843).

Fo vhaak-ocìèho hepahcoort ooi `vornkin vki ooi 'bhi-

`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucthì' ikkr ooi 'trhlutkry e`fo `j

pr`fucthì'. ^kt v``r novànoi dolloi fozo structuroao

vorkiforhinoi lhiioi fo hidooeso skeoiaovhin hi fo <o oi

3o oouw v``r fo roahnho `p a`bkka-rurkka ihvoku0 \ofoio

roif vkiuht fo tdo`rho fkt roahnho ooi rojaoctho v`ret vki

fo s`chkka-pàhthobo oi ocìèhscdo vordùfhinoi lhiioi

ooi skeoiaovhin, bki eoi ooi kjioeoif loakin vorwkcd

toi vki fo f`foi- oi v``rùforcuatus oi woaahcdt ooi tò

ioeoif loakin vki fo vororhin vki hidooes-\èohiso

n`fdofoi. Fo krcdoà`nhscdo nonovois uht fo rurkao cua

tuspakktsoi hi ìs nolhof whmzoi ocdtor oorfor `p cìthiuà

toht fki `p vorkiforhinoi. Fkt zù buiioi lotoboioi fkt

ìfkibs fo vorkiforhinoi hi dot s`chkka-pàhthobo oi oc`

ièhscdo systooe vorwkitscdkps- oi a`bkahtohtsprhichpos

t`cd ooi loakinrhmbo rà zhmi lahmvoi spoaoi hi fo a`bkao

cuatus".Ehsscdhoi ekihjostoroi fo to vorwkcdtoi vorkiforhinoi hi

dot roahnhouzo systooe zhcd oorfor ìkjdkiboa hmb vki fo trk

fhthìoao cuatuspakktsoi. Ooi kkiwhmzhin fkkrv``r v`ret

dot ronoaekthn `ptrofoi vki Muphtorzuhaoi `p vhaaktorrohioi

(Lkucddoiz oi Iòabo ;84;). ]hm syelàhsoroi fo kccoptk

tho vki \èohiso roahnhouzo syelàoi oi novoi woaahcdt to

noahmborthmf uhtfrubbhin kki fo a`ykahtoht vki ooi norèkih

soorfo hidooeso oahto vki vhaak-lowìors kki fo \èohiso

bohzor.

Dot v``rbèoi vki trkfhthìoao cuatuspakktsoi oi Muphtor

zuhaoi `p vhaaktorrohioi zù or`p buiioi whmzoi fkt fo

fulloao ekcdtslkshs vki fo hi ``rsprìn hidooeso vhaak

oahto (nov`ref f``r trkfhthìoao rocdtoi äi pàhthobo oiocìèhscdo cìtkctoi eot fo \èohiso woroaf) hi fo <o

oi 3o oouw woaahcdt ooi fulloao aonhtheorhin doojt nodkf=

oiorzhmfs f``r fo trkfhthìoao roahnho, kiforzhmfs f``r ihou

wo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinoi oi cuatusv`reoi vki \èohiso

dorbèst".

Hi dòvorro fozo roahnhous-kitr`pà`nhscdo dyp`tdosoi `vor

fo lotoboihs vki fo hidooes-\èohiso cuatuspakktsoi hi

dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof muhst zhmi, zka eot ikeo

eòtoi lahmboi uht v``rtnozot nr``tscdkahn (a`bkka oi ronh`

ikka) ioforzotthinsìforzòb, wkkrlhm kki roahnhouzo kspoc

toi eoor fki v``rdooi oxpahchot kkifkcdt w`rft lostoof.

sueekry

\urka skictukrhos jrè tdo \èki porh`f hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok

Vdhs krthcao fhscussos k nrùp `j shx eìueoits fhsc`vorof

hi tdo krok lotwooi tdo rhvors Eouso, Foeor kif Scdoaft,

ì ohtdor shfo `j tdo Futcd-Loanhki l`rfor (jhn. ;). E`st

`j tdoso eìueoits kro oica`suros, cìshsthin `j k roc-

tkinuakr, squkro `r kae`st squkro krok fojhiof ly k

pkahskfo `r k fhtcd kif - foeìstrktof hi ìo ckso - k

lkib {jhns. <, :->, 8, ;;, ;6-;?). @iay kt ^hmsdknoi wks i`caokray roc`nihzklao porhpdorka structuro jùif. Hi tdroo `j

tdo eìueoits oitrkicos woro jùif (D``noa`ì (<),

^hmionoe (<) kif Ioordkroi(a)). Jokturos `lsorvof hi tdo

hitorh`r kro= ìo `r tw` sotthins `j kahniof p`sts

(D``noa`ì, @ss-_ssoi, Kapdoi kif ^hmionoe), phts

(D``noa`ì, @ss-_ssoi, ^hmionoe, Ioordkroi kif

p`sshlay ^hmsdknoi) kif, tdùnd ìay hi tdo wkaaof

oica`suro kt Kapdoi, k lkrr`w. _ij`rtuiktoay tdhs tueuaus

dkf looi r`llof hi tdo rocoit pkst. K roekrbklao

pdoièoiì wks `lsorvof kt Ioordkroi, wdoro tdo krok

whtdhi tdo oica`suro dkf looi fun ùt.

Kae`st kaa tdo oica`suros yhoafof uiusuka jhifs, tdo e`st

hitorosthin `j wdhcd woro=;. D``noa`ì (<7.?x<<.? e2 jhns. 3-6)= okray \èki p`t-

tory (Loanhc wkro, torrk shnhaaktk), jùr \èki c`his,

jrkneoits `j k torrkc`ttk jhnurhio, k Ak Voio nakss

lrkcoaot, ki hrì ikvo lkif kif jhvo hrì bihvos.

<. @ss-_ssoi (6?x6?(0) e2 jhn. 4)= k cup `j ikthvo p`ttory,

sovorka jrkneoits `j Hst coitury torrk shnhaaktk kif tw` Ak

Voio nakss lrkcoaots.



;:3 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

3. Kapdoi (36x6: e2 jhn. 8)= ;4td kif ;8td coitury

rop`rts eoithìhin \èki c`his jrè k aonorpakkts

(ehahtkry ckep) eky rojor t` tdhs oica`suro. Vdo c`his fkto

jrè tdo Jakvhki porh`f t` tdo jhrst dkaj `j tdo 6td

coitury.

6. ^hmionoe (3<x33 e2 jhns. ;<-;3)= 63 \èki c`his,

ohndt lrìzo lrkcoaots kif ohndt jhluako.

?. Ioordkroi-\oboe (;; x ;3.? e2 jhn. ;6)= tdroo hrìpaùndsdkros.

:. ^hmsdknoi (osthektof t` lo kt aokst 37x?7 e2 jhn. ;?)=

<< \èki c`his, <4 lrìzo lrkcoaots, 3? jhluako kif 337

jrkneoits `j torrk shnhaaktk.

Vdo oica`suros eust dkvo looi cìstructof hi tdo Hst coi

tury KF. Jùr `j tdo shtos p`sshlay fkto lkcb t` tdo jhrst

dkaj `j tdkt coitury (D``noa`ì, @ss-_ssoi, ^hmionoe

kif ^hmsdknoi). Vdo @ss-_ssoi eìueoit dkf jkaaoi hit`

fhsuso ly tdo <if coitury KF, wdhao tdkt kt D``noa`ì

roekhiof hi uso j`r sahndtay aìnor. Vdo eìueoits kt

Ioordknoi, ^hmionoe kif ^hmsdknoi woit ùt `j uso hi

tdo 3rf coitury kif tdkt kt Kapdoi p`sshlay hi tdo 6tdcoitury.

Hi cdkptors < kif 3 ht hs krnuof tdkt tdo shx eìueoits

woro shepao, rurka skictukrhos `j a`cka hep`rtkico. Vdroo

woro fhsc`vorof hi `r iokr k rurka sottaoeoit. Vdo

eìueoits jht hit` k akrnor pkttori `j wdhcd tdo

Zhorocbscdkizoi jùif hi sùtdori Norekiy kif Jrkico,

tdo s`-ckaaof Loanhc skictukrhos hi i`rtdori Jrkico,

oica`suros hi sùtdori Oinakif kif I`rjàb kif sèo `j

tdo Nrkdnkraoi jùif hi tdo \dhioakif sooe t` j`re tdo

cìsthtuoit oaoeoits. Vdo shehakrhthos kro strossof lotwooi

tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft oica`suros kif tdo 'Loanhc' skic

tukrhos. Sekaa fheoishìs, v`thvo phts, sotthins `j kahniof

p`sts (jhn. ?) kif v`thvo `jjorhins ahbo c`his, jhluako,

lrkcoaots kif paùndsdkros kro oaoeoits `lsorvof hi tdo

skictukrhos `j l`td ronhìs.

Hi cdkptor 3 ht hs kas` sunnostof tdkt tdo \èki porh`f

oica`suros hi ùr krok `j stufy woro i` iow fovoa`peoit

hi tdkt porh`f, lut j`reof tdo cuaehikthì `j k ikthvo

trkfhthì tdkt dkf akstof j`r kt aokst 377 yokrs, tdkt hs,

shico tdo oif `j tdo ehffao Hrì Kno. Vdhs hfok hs lksof

ekhiay ì tdo akrno oica`suro whtd juiorkry kiioxo hi tdo

prodhst`rho coeotory `j @ss-_ssoi (jhn. ;4). ats uiusuka

fheoishìs (3<x33.? e) kaìn whtd tdo akrno keùit `j

p`ttory jùif hi tdo porhpdorka fhtcd kif tdo tw` cìtoe-

p`rkry phts whtdhi tdo fhtcd ekbo ht ahboay tdkt tdhs eìu

eoit sorvof ks k shepao, `poi-khr skictukry.

Cdkptor 6 fhscussos tdo quosthì `j tdo hitorprotkthì `j

tdo cuat prkcthsof hi tdo rurka skictukrhos. Vdo ca`so

noiothc, e`rpdà`nhcka kif spkthka roakthìs lotwooi rhtuka

oica`suros kif juiorkry eìueoits hi ôstori Our`po hi

tdo Hrì Kno wùaf lrhin t` ehif k cuat `rhoitof t`wkrfs

tdo fokf kif tdo kicost`rs. Vdhs hitorprotkthì lksof ì

typà`nhcka kif cèpkrkthvo eotd`fs hs pkrtay hi knroo-

eoit whtd ki kitdr`pà`nhcka hitorprotkthì `j tdo cuat.

Vdo Hst coitury KF skictukrhos hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-

Scdoaft krok kro cdkrkctorhsthc `j a`cka trhlka cèeuihthos

hi tdo porhpdorka ronhìs `j tdo \èki pr`vhicos `j Nkaahk

Loanhck kif Norekihk Hijorh`r, sthaa fèhiktof ly bhisdhproakthìs kif k bhi-`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucthì. Ht hs ì

tdhs nrùif tdkt k cuat `j tdo fokf kif tdo kicost`rs cki

lo oxpoctof, p`sshlay whtd 'a`cka kccoits' (w`rsdhp `j k

eytdhcka vhaakno jùifor kif a`cka sphrhts), coitorhin ì tdo

kahniof (kitdr`pè`rpdhc0) cuat p`sts hi tdo skictukrhos.

Fosphto tdo frksthc s`chka, pàhthcka kif ocìèho cdkinos

tdkt t``b pakco whtdhi tdo a`cka cèeuihthos `j tdo Eouso-

Foeor-Scdoaft ronhì ks k rosud `j tdo pr`coss `j

\èkihskthì kif hitonrkthì hi tdo <if kif 3rf coiturhos,

tdo ossoico `j tdo ikthvo cuat pr`lklay survhvof. Ht hs

krnuof tdkt hi tdhs porh`f tdo `rhnhikaay ikthvo vhaak oahto

p`sshlay aonhthektof hts p`worjua p`shthì hi tw` wkys= hi

tdo jhrst pakco vhk tdo trkfhthìka roahnhì (whtd k cuat lksofì tdo w`rsdhp `j tdo fokf kif tdo kicost`rs prkcthsof

whtdhi tdo rurka skictukrhos) kif, socìfay, ly kccopthin

iow \èki roahnhùs syelàs, ahbo tdo Muphtor càueis

kif roaktof cuat prkcthcos.

i`toi

; Dot lobortypo eot nopr`jhaoorfo rkif ahmbt lotrobboahmb zoafzkke (o zhmi. E`noahmbo pkrkaaoaaoi bèoi v``r hi dot nrkjvoafvki Ihmeonoi-ôst oi hi Sèrì, aueuaus HH. @izo fkib v``r fozohij`rektho noaft frs. Kiioahos B`stor (Histhtuut v``r @ufo Noscdhofoihs oi Krcdoà`nho, Bkad. _ihvorshtoht Ihmeonoi) oi fr.S`pdhk E.O. vki Ahad (Histhtuut v``r Wrko- oi Wr`t`dhst`rho, _ihvorshtoht vki Kestorfke).

< Eofofoahin fr. No`rnotto vki Lòboh, Zundt.

3 Fo euitoi worfoi nofotorehioorf f``r Moaao Wrhis (Krcdoà`nhscd Histhtuut vki fo Zrhmo _ihvorshtoht).

6 Z``r ooi pakttonrìf vki fo ioforzotthin ôstorvoaf zho Zkifor Skifoi hi frub.

? Fht lotoboit fkt fo <o-oouwso vìfstoi, lohfo uht dot wostoahmbfooa vki fo nroppoa, kas ooi aktoro vorìtrohihnhin lo``rfooaf eòtoi w`rfoi.

: Fozo (ekxhekao) kjeothinoi whmboi oihnszhis kj vki fo hi fo

``rsprìboahmbo pulahbktho `pnonovoi ektoi= fkkr nkkt dot è fokjstkifoi tussoi fo lhiioibkitoi vki fo tonoi`vor oabkkr ahnnoifonroppoanofooatoi.

> Hi fht krthboa shtuoort Str``lkit fo 'aonorpakkts' fhroct toi i``rfoi vki Fo Lkrtmos, dotnooi zoor storb kjwhmbt vki zhmi oorforopakktskkifuhfhin. ^äa hitorosskit hs zhmi eoihin `vor fo èvkinvki fo 'aonorpakkts'= Ao prètoifu ckep rèkhi iùs pkrkht kv`hrtr`p pou fo suporjhcho pùr kv`hr ou cotto fosthikthì (;8<>, ;74).

4 Dot hs ihot ìe`noahmb fkt ``b fo f``r Zordknoi (;843, ;<6-



;:6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

;<?) loscdrovoi 'eèfkhaaos ìfor \hoa novìfoi' vki fo dhor

lospr`boi vhifpakkts kjbèsthn zhmi. Hifhoi fkt worboahmb z` hs,

lonhit fo roobs ka eot bohzor Ckahnuak, hi fo oorsto doajt vki fo Ho

oouw.

8 Zki fo hi t`tkka 63 uht fo oica`suro kjbèsthno euitoi bui

ioi vhor oxoepakroi aktor hi fo Ho oouw w`rfoi nofktoorf, ;? hi

fo <o oouw oi frho hi fo oorsto doajt vki fo 3o oouw. Ihot ikfor to

fotorehioroi zhmi ;6 oxoepakroi.

;7 Fo krelk ifoi oi fo jhluako zhmi nofotorehioorf f``r HioWuaaos {Krcdoà`nhscd Dhst`rhscd Histhtuut, _ihvorshtoht vki

Kestorfke).

;; Eìfoahino eofofoahin fr. N. fo Lò, mki . ;84>.

;< Ooi s``rtnoahmbo vorfoibhin bki ovoizoor fo kkinroizoifo

structuur J noafoi. Fozo v`ret wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi fooa vki ooi

vhordòb2 fo oihno cèpaoot la``tnoaonfo zhmfo eoot lhmik ;>,?7 e

h/hn. ;6=J). Fo lonroizhin vki structuur J lostkkt uht ooi nroppoa

vki >7 ce lroof oi ;7 ce fhop. @p <,37 e vki fo i``rfoahmbo

nroppoa lovhift zhcd ooi rhm vki vhor (``rsprìboahmb vhmj0) vor uht

oabkkr noaonoi pkkabuhaoi. Lhm nolrob kki vìfstoi hs ooi scdorpo

fktorhin vki fo structuur doakks ìe`noahmb. Ooi hitorprotktho kas

nolùw(jrkneoit) ahnt ehsscdhoi v``r fo dkif (Fo Lò ;84?),

ekkr fo lhmzìforo kjeothinoi, fo pakktshin vki fo pkaoirhm, dot

ìtlroboi vki rocdto dòboi (ovoikas lhm structuur L) oi fo pkrkaaoaao ahnnhin toi `pzhcdt vki structuur L novoi kkiaohfhin è kki

fho hitorp rotk tho to twhmjoaoi oi to foiboi kki ooi twoofo cua-

auspakkts. F``rsaknnovoifo krnueoitoi ìtlroboi ocdtor. Fo hi

torprotktho vki structuur J w`rft `vorhnois ``b i`n loeòhahmbt

f``r fo ìfuhfoahmbo roaktho t`t fo lohfo duhspakttonrìfoi _ oi Z

(Fo Lò ;84?, jhn. 4 oi 8).

;3 @`b vorfor ikkr dot ``stoi, hi L`doeoi oi E`rkvhâ , zùfoi

i`n Zhorocbscdkizoi v``rbèoi (Frfk o.k. ;8>;). ^hm dolloi

fozo ocdtor è vorscdhaaoifo rofoioi ihot hi ìzo loscdùwhinoi

lotr`bboi.

;6 Fht hs katdkis fo hifrub fho hi fo krcdoà`nhscdo ahtorktuur no

wobt w`rft. Eoi bki zhcd hi fht vorlkif ocdtor kjvrknoi dò và

aofhn fo nroppoas vki fo ìforz`cdto Zhorocbscdkizoi zhmi `pno

nrkvoi. Fo pulahbkthos novoi fkkr`vor nooi uhtsauhtsoa.

;? Fo nolùwtmos hi fo cuatusp akkts to Khtord`joi, Br.

Strkulhin-L`noi, wkroi thmfois jkso < (Dk C) ihot kaaooi f``r ooi

pkkazotthin ekkr ``b f``r ooi fulloao nroppoa vki fo luhtoiwo

roaf kjnoscdohfoi (Cdrhstaohi/St`rb ;847).

;: Fo eoihinoi dhor`vor a`poi uhtooi2 vna. Lucdsoiscdutz ;846,

<3? eot fo lhmfrkno vki M.E. Cùforc hi Zhaaos ;84?, 86.

;> Hi fht krthboa roboioi whm t`t dot \hmiakif - hi ikvànhin vki

^hndteki ;8>7 - ``b dot nolhof kki fo loiofoia``p vki fo

Eòzoa.

;4 Zorfor ikkr dot zuhfwostoi, kki fo l`voia``p vki fo Eò

zoa, zhmi i`n oiboao noàsàoorfo vhordòbhno oica`suros ìtfobt.

Ooi vki fo loboifsto ahnt lhm Ohsoikcd (3? x 3? e2 Dkjjior ;8>>).

;8 Hi Shovorhcd, Br. Furoi, worf hi ;8:3 f``r A.D. Lkrjhoaf ooi

Nrklnkrtoi vàaofhn `pnonrkvoi (Lkrjhoaf ;8:?). Dot eìueoitwks ìnovoor vhorbkit (;?,67 x ;6,;7/;:,37 e). @p dot lhiioitor

rohi worfoi twoo buhaoi ìforz`cdt, wkkrvki or èèi tkarhmbo dùts

b`àpkrt hboas lovktt o. Ooi nrkj worf ihot kkinotr` jjoi. Scdorvoi

hi fo nroppoavuaahin fktoroi fo oica`suro hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr.

<7 ]ho v``r fht lhmzìforo kspoct dot `vorzhcdt hi \`ss ;8>6,

?8-:?.

<; Fkt dot è ooi v``rnkinor nkkt hs kaaooi ekkr wkkrscdhmiahmb.

Or worfoi nooi `vorsihmfhinoi vkstnostoaf.

<< Lruikux ìtaooit fht hfoo kki A. Lornor, fho zhcd v``r fo hi

torprotktho vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi kas coitrkao vornkforpakktsoi

loròpt `p fo Aùorih`s-pksskno lhm W`sohfìh`s (Lornor ;8:3).

<3 N. Ekisjoaf (;84;, 3:4) doojt loroboif fkt fo cìstructho

vki ooi Zhorocbscdkizo vki ìnovoor a@@x ;77 e eot wka oi

nrkcdt oi ooi ihot uhtzìforhmbo vord`nhin vki dot lhiioitorrohi

eot 37 ce ooi nrìfvorpakktshin vki ìnovoor 6877 e' eot zhcd

eoolroint. Dot hs woaahcdt hitorosskit è kki fo dkif vki fht

s``rt scdktthinoi, ovoituooa ènoroboif hi kkitkaaoi krlohfsuroi,ooi dhârkrcdho lhiioi fo ]uhffuhtso Zhorocbscdkizoi to lopkaoi.

Hi cèlhiktho eot no`nrkjhscdo kikaysos zù fkt buiioi aohfoi t`t

ooi ikforo spochjhcktho vki fo s`chkka-ruhetoahmbo ihvoku's wkkr`p

fo Zhorocbscdkizoi dolloi nojuicthìoorf (v``r s``rtnoahmbo kik

aysos eot lotrobbhin t`t ioàhtdhscdo eìueoitoi hi ôssox, zho

\oijrow ;8>3).

<6 Ooi v``rlooaf vki z`'i noaubbhno tòvkasvìfst v`ret fo lo

worbto dùtoi pakib eot kitr`pè`rj bkrkbtor uht ooi wktorput

hi @ss-_ssoi. Fktorhin= 3o `j <o oouw v.Cdr. (Zki for Skifoi

;84:).

<? Oihno stoui v``r fozo vorìforstoaahin aovort fo Ektrìoicu a-

tus hi dot nolhof tussoi \hmi oi Ekks. Hiscrhpthos `p whm-katkroi

ekboi fuhfoahmb fkt fozo cuatus, fho typoroif hs v``r fo vhaak

woroaf vki fo <o oi 3o oouw, h.o.n. eofo no`rnkihsoorf hs nowoost

`p lkshs vki vorwkitscdkpsnròpoi (\ñnor ;8><).

<: Ooi ooiforo dyp`tdoso hs f``r Vdouws noj`reuaoorf v``r dot

vròn-ehffoaoouwso vhaaksystooe hi fo Boepoi= 'Vdo trkfhthìka

roahnhùs-c`nikthvo systoe whaa dkvo cìthiuof t` juicthì woaa hi-

t` tdo ohndt coitury. Vrkfhthìka cakhes ì akif kif kutd`rhty `vor

po`pao woro ekhitkhiof whtd tdo doap `j tdhs systoe kif hi cèlh-

ikthì whtd tdo iow roahnhì hi `rfor t` aonhthehzo kif skicthì

tdo fuka p`wor lkso `j tdo iow oahtos l`td hi tdo oyos `j tdohr

sulmocts kif tdohr `vora`rfs hi tdo coitro `j Kustrkshk' (Vdouws

;84:, ;<4).

Mki Sa`jstrk

Zrhmo _ihvorshtoht

Krcdoà`nhscd Histhtuut

W`stlus >;:;

IA-;77> EC Kestorfke


Wr`vhichkka Eusoue vki Froitdo

W`stlus ;36

IH.-8677 KC Kssoi



;::

Cuyt, N.

Cuyt, N.

M. vki Dooscd


;84< Sp`roi vki ooi hidooeso oi Norekkis-\èohiso ioforzotthin to ^hmionoe, Cìspoctus

ECEATTTH, Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck <6>, :7-:6.

;843 Nkaa`-\èohiso oi ehffoaoouwso lowìhinssp`roi to ^hmionoe, Cìspoctus

ECEATTT_, Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck <?3, :;-:6.

;846 Nkaa`-\èohiso oi ehffoaoouwso dùtlùwsp`roi to ^hmionoe, Cìspoctus

ECEATTTHHH, Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck <?4, ;<:-;37.

;84? Fo hidooes-\èohiso ioforzotthin to ^hmionoe, Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck ;,<, :>->7.

;8>8 Ooi \èohiso euitscdkt `p fo 'Stoo ikbbor ' to ^hmionoe= sostorthh oi kitìhihkih uht fo

twoofo oi forfo oouw, Loanhscd thmfscdrhjt v``r Iuehsekthob oi ]onoabuifo CTTZ,

;?:-;><.

Fècdoaotto, M.

Focbor, B.Z.

H. Scàakr

;8;6 Ekiuoa f'Krcdèà`nho, ;;-3, Wkr hs.

;8:< Hrì Kno squkro oica`suros hi \dhioakif, Kithquhty 3:, ;>?-;>4.

F`wioy, \.

K. Bhin

N. S`jjo

;847 Vdo Dkyahin Hsakif toepao kif roahnhùs cìiocthìs kcr`ss tdo Cdkiio a. Hi= ^. \`fwoaa

(of.), Voepaos, cdurcdos kif roahnhì= rocoit rosokrcd hi \èki Lrhtkhi, @xj`rf (LK\

Lrhthsd Sorhos >>), <48-376.

Frfk, W.

M. ^kafdkusor

E. Ch<efj

;8>;@pphfk uif Zhorocbscdkizoi, Krcdoà`nhcbè \`zdaofy <3, <44-<83.

Froxoa, J.

Frury, W.M.

Ohfoi, D.

;83; Voepaue, Norekihk TZ, ;-:.

;847 Iì-caksshcka roahnhùs luhafhins hi Hrì-kno kif \èki Lrhtkhi= k rovhow. Hi= ^.

\`fwoaa (of.), Voepaos, cdurcdos kif roahnhì= rocoit rosokrcd hi \èki Lrhtkhi, @xj`rf

(LK\ Lrhthsd Sorhos >>), 6?->4.

;8>: ]odi Mkdro Kusnrkduinoi ki Ehtaoardohi uif E`soa2 Ohijñdruin - Juifpaktzo - Juifo,

B`laoiz.

Oinoas, D.M.

Nòssaor, W.

Nron`ry, V.

Dkjjior, K.

;8>: For Fìiorslorn, ^hoslkfoi.

;8?< Kuj foi Spuroi spktboathscdor \oahnhìsñluin hi Sñffoutscd akif, Iouo Lohtrkno zur

Buistnoscdhcdto uif Krcdkà`nho Scdwklois, <>-36.

;84: Oica`suros `j 'Vd`r idk e' typo hi I`rjàb, Okst Kinahki Krcdkoà`ny \op`rt 37, 3<-3?.

;8>> Fho Zhorocbscdkizo vì Ohsoikcd. Hi= Jñdror zu v`r- uif jrñdnoscdhcdaahcdoi Foibekaori

Lkif 33, Ekhiz, ;8?-;8:.

Dorekis, C\.

Doyaoi, K.

Dàworfk, M.D.

Duha, E.\.

;4:? I``rflrklkits @ufdofoi, 's-Dort`noil`scd.

;>83 Zorahcdthino for Lrklkifscdo oi kiforo Ioforakifscdo ùfdofoi `jto vkforakifscdo

Zordkifoahino `vor ooihno urioi `jto ayb-vktoi, ìakins fóór fo z`rn oi lob`sthino vki

foi oorw.stoi Dooro N`fojrhfus Dorekis, Wroakot for Klfyo Vìnora``, ìtfobt ly dot

f`rp Kapdoi Ekkstrhcdt.

;86; Fo Loanhscdo wkkr hi Ihmeonoi, Foi Dkkn.

;8?4 \èki Càcdostor, @xj`rf (\op`rts `j tdo rosokrcd cèehttoo `j tdo S choty `j Kith-

qukrhos `j Aìfì <7).

Mkissois, F. ;8>> Ooi Nkaa`-\èohis nrkjvoaf to Ekksohb, H, Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck ;84.



;:> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI

Bupor, K.

Akot, S.M. fo

Ekos, B.

A. vki Hepo

Ekisjoaf, N.

;84< Ahiokno tdo`ry= k crhthcka rotr`spoct, Kiiuka \ovhow `j Kitdr`pà`ny ;;, >;-8?.

;8:: Zki nrkjeìueoit t`t dohahnfè2 loscdùwhinoi `vor fo ``rsprìn vki doa Boat`-

\èohis jkiue eot vhorbkithno coaak, Lrussoa.

;84> Lonrkkjpakkts uht fo hmzorthmf oi \èohiso vìfstoi `p fo 'fo \hotoe' to ^hmsdknoi (noe.

Eoouwoi-Nruhtr`fo), Krcdkoà`nhk Loanhck ;;,;, 6>-?:.

;84; _itorsucduinoi ki boathscdoi Zhorocbscdkizoi, Juiflorhcdto kus Lkfoi- ñrttoelorn :,

3?;-3:4.

Iksd, F. ;8>4 Vorrht`ry kif stkto j`rekthì hi Coitrka Nku a. Hi= F. Nrooi, C. Dksoanr`vo, E. Sprhnns

(ofs.), S`chka `rnkihskahì kif sottaoeoit HH, @xj`rf (LK\ Suppaoeoitkry Sorhos 6>),

6??-6>?.

Wkkr, H.

C.L. \ñnor

;8>; Bkstoaa Noafulk 2 J`rscduins- uif Nrkluinslorhcdto lhs ;8:8. Hi= Lohtrkno zur

Krcdkà`nho fos rúehscdoi \dohiakifos HH ( 5 \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;7), Fñssoaf`rj,

<6<-338.

Whotto, M.

Whtì, F.

N. Fhaay

Wakicb, F.

Wakicb, F., o.k.

\oijrow, C.

\`fwoaa, ^.

\`ss, K.

\`yekis, I.

;84;

;84?

;84<

;84:

;84:

;8>3

;847

;8>6

;843

\`yekis, I. ;847

^. vki for Skifoi

\ñnor, C.L. ;8><

Skdahis, E. ;8:4

Skifoi, ^. vki for ;8>>

Ao jkiue fo ak Zhaaoiouvo-ku-Cdktoa`t (Kulo)2 ètkt fos rocdorcdos oi ;8>8, Eèe`hros fo

ak S`chètè krcdèà`nhquo cdkepoi`hso <, 3:>-3>?.

Ao jkiue fos 'Cdktoaots' fo Zoifouha-Ckpay (@hso), \ovuo krcdèà`nhquo fo Whckrfho ;-<,

<?-6>.

Ohio boathscdo Zhorocbscdkizo hi Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi, Norekihk :7, ;7?-;:4.

Fho Zhorocbscdkizo vì Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi. Hi= F. Wakicb o.k.. For Boatoijñrst vki

D`cdf`rj2 Eotd`foi uif Ornolihsso for Akifoskrcdkà`nho hi Lkfoi- ^ñrttoelorn,

Stuttnkrt, 367-3?3.

For Boatoijñrst vì D`cdf`rj2 Eotd`foi uif Ornolihsso for Akifoskrcdkà`nho hi

Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn2 Bktka`n zur Kusstoaauin hi for M`soj-Dkulrhcd-Buistdkaao Búai vè

3;. Mkiukr lhs 3;. Ekrz ;84:, Stuttnkrt.

Eìueo its, e`lhahskthì kif s`chka `rnkihskahì hi ioàhtdhc ôssox. Hi= C. \oijrow

(of.), Vdo oxpakikthì `j cuaturo cdkino= e`foas hi prodhst`ry, Aìfì, ?38-??4.

Voepao krcdkoà`ny= pr`laoes `j tdo prosoit kif p`rtoits j`r tdo juturo. Hi= ^. \`fwoaa

(of.), Voepaos, cdurcdos kif roahnhì= rocoit rosokrcd hi \èki Lrhtkhi, @xj`rf (LK\

Lrhthsd Sorhos >>), <;;-<68.

Wknki Coathc Lrhtkhi2 stufhos hi hc i`nrkpdy kif trkfhthì, Aìfì.

Vdo I`rtd Loanhc trhlos hi tdo Hst coitury L. C.= k dhst`rhcka-kitdr`pà`nhcka porspocthvo.

Hi= \. Lrkift oi M. Sa`jstrk (ofs.). \ eki kif Ikthvo hi tdo A`w Cùitrhos, @xj`rf

(LK\ Hitorikthìka Sorhos ;46), 63-:8.

Coathc c`his jrè tdo Iotdorakifs kif tdohr krcdkoà`nhcka cìtoxt, Lorhcdtoi vki fo

\hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foeìforz ob 37, ;>3-<?6.

Nkaahscd-norekihscdo Burhoi, Ophnrkpdhscdo Stufhâi 8, <?;-<:7.

Vrhloseoi, Oinaow``f Cahjjs, Iow Morsoy.

@ezworvhinoi f``r \èohis Kapdoi. Hi= I. \`yekis o.k. (rof.), Lrklkitso @ufdofoi2

kkinol`foi kki Norrht Loox lhm zhmi :?sto vormkkrfkn, Ohifd`voi (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho

vki dot Lrklkitso dooe ;:), ;;;-;<;.



;:4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

;84:

hi frub

Dùtsihmworb uht fo akto hmzorthmf uht ooi wktorput hi @ss-_ssoi. Hi= D. J`bbois o .k.

(rof.). @p zòb ikkr eois oi ektorhâao buhtuur2 joostluifoa kkinol`foi kki M.F. vki fo

^kkas tor noaonoidohf vki zhmi oeorhtkkt, Nrìhinoi, >3-46.

@ss-_ssoi= fo ioforzotthinoi. Hi= ^. vki for Skifoi oi W.^. vki foi Lròbo (rof.),

Notoboif ]kif2 thoi mkkr krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb hi @ss-_ssoi (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho

vki dot Lrklkitso dooe 3;).

Skifoi, ^. vki for

D. vki for Bahjt

;846 Ooi tueuaus uht fo \èohiso thmf to Kapdoi, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;>,

;7>-;;4.

Scdhob, S. ;84; Lostkttuinslrkucdo. Hi= B. Lhttoa, ^. Bheehn, S. Scdhob, Fho Boatoi hi Lkfoi-

ûrttoelorn, Stuttnkrt, ;;4-;3>.

;84< ]u Zhorocbscdkizoi uif Nrkldñnohi, ohio Ornkiz uin, Juiflorhcdto kus Lkfoi-

^ñrttoelorn >, <<;-<3;.

;846 ]u ohior Zhorocbscdkizo loh Odihinoi, Afbr. Lúlahinoi, Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn. Hi= @.D.

Jroy, D. \`td (Drsn.), Stufhâi zu Shofauinsjrknoi for Aktäiozoht, Ekrlurn (Zorúj-

joitahcduin fos v`rnoscdhcdtahcdoi Soehikrs Ekrlurn 3), ;4>-;84.

Scdwkrz, B. ;8:7 Spktboathscdo Zhorocbscdkizoi2 Ornolihsso for t`p`nrkpdhscdoi Zoreossuin uif for

Kusnrkluinoi ;8?>-;8?8, Mkdroslorhcdt fos lkyorhscdoi Akifosket jñr Foibekapjaono ;4

?;-46.

;8>? Fho Noscdhcdto ohios boathscdoi Voeoi`s he iúrfahcdoi Kapoiv`rakif. Hi= Kusnrkluinoi

hi Foutscdakif ;, Ekhiz, 3<6-3?4.

Scàakr, H. ;8:4 Hrì Kno oica`suros hi tdo Cà`nio Lkshi. Hi= M.E. Càos, F.F.K. Shepsì (ofs.) .

Stufhos hi Kichoit Our`po2 osskys prosoitof t` Stukrt Whnn`tt, Aohcostor, <<>-<3<.

Sa`jstrk, M. ;84< Ooi hidooes-\èohiso vhaak `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa`ì. Hi= M. Sa`jstrk o.k., Dot

Boepoipr`moba, ooi ronhìkka-krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòbspr`nrkeek. ^kkaro, ;7<-;;<.

;843 Ki kitdr`pà`nhcka kppr`kcd t` tdo stufy `j rèkihzkt hì pr`cossos. Hi= \. Lrkift, M.

Sa`jstrk, \èki kif Ikthvo hi tdo A`w Cùihrhos2 spdoros `j hitorkcahì, @xj`rf (LK\

Hitorikthìka Sorhos ;46), >;-;76.

Sa`jstrk, M.

M. Lkzoaekis

;843 Ooi hidooes-\èohiso ioforzotthin `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa`ì. Hi= M. Sa`jstrk o.k.

Dot Boepoipr`moba <, ooi ronhìkka-krcdoà`nhscd ìforzòb hi uhtvòrhin. ^kkaro,

;8-<4.

Str``lkit, A. ;874 Fècùvorto f'urios Dkaastkt thoiios k N`hrao (Lrklkit soptoit rhìka, Dàakifo), Vkxkifrhk

;?8-;:<.

;8<> Shx iècr`pàos k hichiorkthì ahehtr`pdos fo ak Ckephio Kivors`hso, Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè

f'Kitdr`pà`nho fo Lruxoaaos 6<, 86-;;4.

Vdouws, J. ;84: Vdo hitonrkthì `j tdo Boepoi ronhì hit` tdo Jrkibhsd oephro (??7->?7)= sèo

dyp`tdoshs, Doahihue <:, ;<;-;3:.

Zordknoi, M.D.

Zhaaos, K. (èf.)

^hndteki, O.E.

;843 Zornotoi euitvìfstoi uht ôsa-Lrklkit, Lrklkits Dooe 3?, ;<<-;<8.

;84? Ak chvhahskthì Nkua`hso oi Wkys Ckriutos, Cdktokufui.

;8>7 \dhioakif 'Nrklnk rto i' kif tdohr cìtoxt, Lìior Mkdrlñcdor ;>7, <;;-<3<.;84: Wknki cuats hi tdo pr`vhico `j Loanhok. Hi= ^. Dkkso (Drsn.), Kujsahon uif Ihofornkin

for rèhscdoi ôaa, Lkif ;4,;, Lorahi-Iow X`rb, ?6<-?48.

^àj, O.

]ñri, D.

;84< Our`po kif tdo po`pao whtdùt dhst`ry, Lorboaoy-A`s Kinoaos-Aìfì.

;8>; Fho boathscdo Zhorocbscdkizo loh Vèorfhinoi, Brohs _ae (^ñrttoelorn ). Wr`coofhins `j

tdo Wrodhst`rho S`choty 3>, <;4-<<>.



Whotor vki fo Zoafo W`st-fop`shthìka focky= K Sheuakthì

Kssuepthìs kif rosuaas `j cèputor sheuakthìs `j

ikturka focky kif eocdkihcka fostructhì `jjhif fhstrhlu-

ahìs kro prosoitof. Vdo ùtput sunnosts tdkt sekaa-sckao

pktaorihin hs roakthvoay rkphfay a`st, lut tdkt ekm`r pkttoris

cki sthaa lo roc nihzof wdoi e`ro tdki S@YHk `j tdo `rhnika

ektorhka dks fhskppokrof.

H. Hitr`fucthì

@i tdo `cckshì `j tdo rosokrcd kt Doboahinoi (Aùwo

B``hmekis/Zki fo Zoafo ;847) ey kttoithì wks frkwi t`

tdo p`st-fop`shthìka, pro- kif porh-oxckvkthìka lodkvhùr`j krcdkoà`nhcka ektorhka2 kt tdkt shto ekiy `j tdo

krcdkoà`nhckaay roaovkit uihts sd`wof ihco, kae`st

oxoepakry i`rekaay fhstrhlutof foishthos `j krtojkcts. Hi

`hdor oxckvkthìs jhif fhstrhluthìs kro i`t s` woaa-

structurof, noiorkaay. Kt Doboahinoi histkit fopkrturo kjtor

fop`shthì eky p`sshlay oxpakhi tdoso pkttoris s` cìj`re

t` tdo`rothcka oxpoctkthì, tdo e`ro hrronuakr fhstrhluthìs

kt otdor shtos kro i`t kcùitklao j`r tdkt wky. Hi tdo roao

vkit ahtorkturo oepdkshs hs fhroctof t`wkrfs wdkt dkppois

rhndt kt `r heeofhktoay jàa`whin fop`shthì (o.n., N`rocbh

;84?, Scdhjjor ;84?, Zhaak /Cùrthi ;843) `r t` tdo vorthcka

e`voeoit `j krtojkcts (o.n., Ckdoi/Eòyorsìs ;8>>), j`r

wdhcd ocà`nhcka ekcr`-ckusos kif ojjocts dkvo looi fos-crhlof (^``f/M`disì ;8>4). @j cùrso, sovorka stufoits

dkvo stkraof jrè tdo `tdor oif, kttoepthin t` forhvo tdo

`rhnhika pkttori jrè tdo krcdkoà`nhckaay `lsorvof ìo

(o.n., Dhotkak /Stovois ;8>>). Vdo cìcori whtd tdo vorthcka

e`voeoit `j krtojkcts hs ahibof t` oxckvkthìs kt strkthjhof

shtos, wdoro k ehxturo `j fop`shts hs suspoctof

(Ckdoi/Eòyorsìs ;8>>, Zhaak ;84<). D`rhzìtka fhstrhlu

thìs dkvo looi stufhof j`r tdo rocìstructhì `j

prodhst`rho ovoits (Ckdoi/Eòyorsìs ;8>>, Lhij`rf ;8>4)2

hepahchtay, stklao p`shthìs `j tdo krtojkcts kjtor fop`shthì

kif sulsoquoit lurhka kro kssueof. D`wovor, nhvoi tdo

truay fhsquhothin rosuats `j tdo w`rb ì vorthcka e`voeoit,

ht hs dhndhy ahboay tdkt krtojkcts dkvo e`vof d`rhzìtkaay,

t``, kif tdo pr`laoe tdoroj`ro krhsos d`w woaa

krcdkoà`nhcka fhstrhluthìs kro roprosoitkthvo `j

prodhst`rho fhstrhluthìs hi tdo d`rhzìtka pakio.

Ks knkhist vorthcka fhstrhluthì wdoro nrkvhtkthì eky `vor-

rhfo kaa `tdor j`rcos (kif s` rosuats whaa toif t` lo sbowof

f`wiwkrf) tdo j`rcos hi tdo d`rhzìtka pakio whaa w`rb hi

kaa fhrocthìs2 lohin hichfoitka `r fhscìthiuùs, tdohr

hepkct whaa lo rkifè ì ovory shinao krtojkct hi k

fhstrhluthì. Vw` noiorka jkct`rs kjjocthin tdo kppokrkicos

`j krtojkct fhstrhluthìs hi k s`ha ektrhx cki lo fhsthi-

nuhsdof= k eocdkihcka ìo whtd bhcbhin kif trokfhin ks

`lvhùs eoelors, kif k cdoehcka ìo, whtd focky ks ekhi

cèpìoit. Ks whaa lo oxpakhiof loa`w, bhcbhin kif

trokfhin, kif ikturka focky, t``, kro st`cdksthc pr`cossos

ks jkr ks tdohr hepkcts ì krtojkct fhstrhluthìs kro cì-

coriof. Ht hs tdo rkifèioss `j tdoso hijauoicos tdkt sun

nosts k sheuakthì `j tdo p`st-fop`shthìka ovàuthì `jkrtojkct fhstrhluthìs.

Vdo vkahfhty `j k sheuakthì fopoifs kt aokst ks eucd upì

tdo kssuepthìs tdkt n` hit` ht ks ì tdo cèputkthìka

eotd`fs oepa`yof ly ht. Doico, ; whaa i`w jhrst fhscuss

tdo foshni `j tdo sheuakthì pr`nrke, kif ìay kjtor tdkt

tdo rosuats.

<. K jhrst spochjhckthì

Kjtor lurhka tw` noiorka jkct`rs w`rb upì ki krtojkct

fhstrhluthì= ikturka focky (wdhcd hicaufos lh`-cdoehcka

woktdorhin, oc`turlkthì, kif tdo ahbo) kif/`r eocdkihcka,

hi ekiy cksos dueki hitorjoroico (trokfhin kif bhcbhin,

dòhin kif paùndhin). Or`shì whaa i`t lo cìshforof

lockuso `j hts akrno-sckao fhskstrùs ojjocts wdhcd kro

noiorkaay caokray vhshlao. _athektoay tdoso jkct`rs ckuso tdo

vhrtuka oahehikthì `j tdo fhstrhluthì - katdùnd, `j

cùrso, sèo hifhvhfuka krtojkcts eky survhvo, kif tdus

(ly fojhihthì) sthaa cìsthtuto k fhstrhluthì.

Hj tdhs ùtahio `j tdo jkct`rs w`rbhin upì k jhif fhstrhlu

thì hs kccoptklao, tdoi ht jàa`ws tdkt t` sheuakto tdohr

ojjocts tdoso pr`cossos dkvo t` lo e`foaof. Vdo jhrst ìo,

ikturka focky, foscrhlos tdo nrkfuka pdyshc`-cdoehc`-

lhà`nhcka fostructhì `j krcdkoà`nhcka ekttor kjtor

fop`shthì, sèo `j ht jkst, sèo `j ht sa`w= `rnkihc

ektorhka hs aoss ahboay t` survhvo lurhka tdki hs ki`rnkihc.

Hi k rokahsthc e`foa, kaa`wkico dks t` lo ekfo j`r tdhs fhj-

joroico.

Lh`turlkthì, wdhcd hs kas` hicaufof hi tdo ikturka jkct`r,

e`vos `lmocts krùif hi tdo s`ha= w`res, e`hos, pakit

r``ts oxtoif tdohr hijauoico `jtoi quhto foop

(^``f/M`disì ;8>42 N`rocbh ;84?) kif pusd krtojkcts

jrè tdohr provhùs a`ckthì. Kppkroitay tdhs jkct`r hs



;>7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

dhnday vkrhklao (^` `f/M` disì ;8>4), fopoifoit upì tdo

cèp`shthì `j tdo lhà`nhcka lrhnkfo2 ht wùaf lo

orrìoùs t` aokvo ht ùt.

Dueki hitorjoroico hs tdo socìf `jjoifhin kif ro-

fhstrhluthin jkct`r, ly wky `j trokfhin, dòhin kif

paùndhin. Ks aìn ks i` foop-paùndhin hs hivàvof, tdo

ojjocts `j paùnd, krf kif dò whaa lo shehakr (cp. N`rocbh

;84?), ro-a`ckthin pkrt `j tdo krcdkoà`nhcka folrhs whtdovory pkss `vor tdo fhstrhluthì. Katdùnd dòhin kif

paùndhin kro vory eucd fhroctof pr`cossos, tdoy kro

fhroctof por pkss ìay. Kjtor sujjhchâit theo, s`f roa`ckthì

whaa dkvo looi t`wkrfs kaa kzheutds whtd - kt aokst hi tdo

pakhis - i` shinao `rhoitkthì projorrof. Shehakray, bhcbhin

kif trokfhin w`rb hi kaa fhrocthìs. Vdus, tdoso pr`cossos

sdùaf lo sheuaktof hic`rp`rkthin k rkifè fhrocthìkahty.

Wr`lklay ki hep`rtkit pkrt `j tdo krcdkoà`nhckaay hitor-

osthin fhstrhluthìs `j krtojkcts dks iovor looi tùcdof ly

knrhcuaturka hepaoeoits2 H fochfof tdoroj`ro t` rui k

sopkrkto sheuakthì.

Hi rokahty, kaa focky pr`cossos w`rb sheuatkioùsay2 ì kcèputor ìay ìo tdhin cki lo fìo kt k theo, d`wovor

jkst tdkt eky lo fìo. V` cèpoiskto j`r tdhs akcb,

sheuakthì pr`nrkes kro nhvoi k cycahcka structuro= tdo sul

moct fhstrhluthì hs troktof t` kaa pr`cossos hi turi (ìo

cycao), ropokthin tdo cycaos ks aìn ks tdo rosuats cìthiuo

t` lo j hitorost (Borl`scd/Shoroilorn ;8>3). Hi aoss

noiorka tores, tdo sot `j iuelors wdhcd roprosoits tdo

fhstrhluthì nòs tdrùnd k iuelor `j cycaos okcd cì-

shsthin `j k rùif `j focky kif k turi `j oc`turlkthì2 hi

tdo socìf sheuakthì k iuelor `j paùndhin-ovoits

'`ccurrof' ìo kjtor ki`tdor. Kjtor okcd cycao st`cb wks

tkboi, kif hj iocosskry ropoktof. Vdo p`hit wdoro k

fhstrhluthì cdkinos hit` k sckttor - tdo torehika p`hit `j k

cèpkrhsì `j fhstrhluthìs - fopoifs ì ekiy jkct`rs,

doro ; whaa krlht rkrhay .sot tdo aheht kt k foishty `j klùt ;?

por coit `j tdo `rhnhika2 jrè tdo rosuats tdhs roekhifor

whaa kppokr t` lo ì tdo skjo shfo.

K w`rf `r tw` sdùaf sthaa lo skhf klùt tdo sdkpo kif

cìtoits `j tdo fhstrhluthìs upì wdhcd tdo fhsturlkicos

dkf t` w`rb. V` not ki heprosshì klùt tdo vkrhklhahty `j

tdo ojjocts ìo uistructurof kif tw` structurof pkroit

fhstrhluthìs woro hepaoeoitof. Vdo uistructurof ìo cì-

shstof `j k ektrhx `j rkifè iuelors ìay. Vdo jhrst

structurof fhstrhluthì cìshstof `j k i`reka fhstrhluthì,tdo socìf `j tw` roctkinuakr la`cbs. Sucd fotor-

ehihsthckaay structurof fhstrhluthìs kro i`t vory rokahsthc,

tdùnd= ks hepaoeoitof ì k cèputor tdoy kro dhnday

fotorehihsthc. Ly sotthin tdo hihthka (fotorehihsthc) ekxheka

vkauo t` 6.? p`hits por coaa, kif sulsoquoit sckahin whtd k

rkifè i`reka iuelor lotwooi @ kif <, tdo cùitor-

hituhthvo kppokrkicos woro c`rroctof. Vdo tdroo fhstrhlu

thìs woro okcd akhf ùt ì k ektrhx `j tdo skeo shzo2

lotwooi k iuelor `j ruis, tdo shzos woro vkrhof jrè

<? T <? coaas t` >? x >? (e`ro cùaf i`t lo jhttof hit` ey

Kppao _'s eoe`ry). Shehakr vorsaìs `j tdo pr`nrke woro

wrhttoi hi l`td Lkshc kif Wkscka, t` cèpkro porj`rekico.

3. Jurtdor spochjhckthì= ikturk a focky

Ks fhjjoroit ektorhkas whtdor kwky whtd fhjjoroit spoof,ìo `j tdo hep`rtkit fochshìs hi tdhs sheuakthì hs t` tdo

ikturo `j tdhs focky, jàh`wof ly tdo cìstructhì `j ki

kan`rhtde t` e`foa tdo rofucthì. \onkrfhin tdo ikturo `j

focky, ht eky lo kssueof tdkt Hhbo e`st ikturka pr`cossos

r`t hs cdkrkctorhsof ly ki oxpìoithka oqukthì. Vdkt hs, hi

oquka theo-porh`fs, oquka pr`p`rthìs kro fhss`hvof (shehakr

t` ckrlì-;6 focky). E`ro`vor kif ly tdo skeo kika`nuo,

cìcopts Hhbo 'dkaj-theo' sdùaf i`t lo uiforst``f ks lohin

fotorehihsthc, lut rktdor st`cdksthc2 dkaj-theo lohin eoroay

tdo aìn theo kvorkno `j ki hijhihto iuelor `j ovoits.

Kffhthìkaay ht cki lo `lsorvof tdkt akrnor phocos kro sooe-

hinay aoss kjjoctof ly r`t tdki kro sekaaor ìos - woktdor-

hin w`rbs jrè whtdùt, kif hs tdoroj`ro pr`p`rthìka t`surjkco krok rktdor tdki t` wohndt= dokvhor phocos dkvo aoss

squkro coitheotros por culo.

Focky hs kas` fopoifoit upì cìtoxt= ht hs woaa-bi`wi

tdkt kchf s`has kro e`ro fostructhvo t` lìos tdki kro

ckackroùs ìos. Shehakray, fry cahektos rosuat hi aoss rkphf

woktdorhin tdki wot ìos, kif loa`w tdo nrùifwktor

tklao krcdkoà`nhcka fop`shts stkif k lottor cdkico `j sur

vhvka tdki dhndor up hi tdo pr`jhao2 dhnd toeporkturos kif

duehfhty hi cèlhikt hì kro vory fostructhvo (cj., k.` .,

^``f/M`di sì ;8>4). Vdoroj`ro, kiy osthekto j tdo

spoof `j r`t hs k a`cka vkauo ìay2 ks tdo hihthka stheuaus

j`r tdhs sheuakthì cèos jrè ki oxckvkthì hi tdo wot,

kl`vo nrùifwktor tklao, iì-kchfhc caky krok `j tdo

ôstori Iotdorakifs, ey lkshc jhnuros kro e`ro `r aoss

roaovkit j`r tdkt pkrt `j tdo w`raf. D`wovor tdo roakthvo

vkauos eky lo e`ro `r aoss cìtoxt-hifopoifoit2 hi k

sheuakthì _bo tdo prosoit ìo ht hs iokray hep`sshlao t`

cìstruct k e`foa ì kiytdhin lut roakthvo vkauos `r rktos

(kas` cp. Borl`scd/Shoroilurn ;8>3= <;-<<).

V` haaustrkto sucd ki osthekto tdo oxkepao `j sekaa kiheka

lìos whaa lo usof= kt Doboahinoi tdoy dkvo kaa lut fhskp-

pokrof kjtor sèo jùr kif k dkaj tdùskif yokrs.

Sulsthtuthin kif sàvhin j`r Kn ks 87% (tdo stkrtvkauo),

;% ks K (tdo oif-vkauo), kif 6.? b yrs j`r tdo theo-akpso t

hi K 5 Kò"'" (wdoro b 5 ai </dkaj-ahjo) k dkaj-ahjo `j

kppr`xhektoay >77 yokrs hs jùif j`r sekaa lìos. Hi k

shehakr wky (kif knkhi hivàvhin k iuelor `j osthektos

hifhckthvo `j theo rkinos rktdor tdki `j roka iuelors `j

yokrs) j`r p`ttory sdorfs k dkaj-ahjo `j sèo ;,?77 yokrs

cki lo cèputof. J`r akrno `r woaa-propkrof kif soaoctof

phocos `j w``f k dkaj-ahjo sahndtay aoss tdki tdkt j`r sekaa

lìos hs forhvof, kif j`r jahit k dkaj-theo sèo `rfors `j



;>; WHOVO\ ZKI FO ZOAFO - W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA FOCKX

eknihtufo hkrnor (j`r prosoit purp`sos jahit eky ovoi lo

cìshforof hifostructhlho).

Jrè tdhs p`hit `j vhow ki hihthka fhstrhluthì cìshsts `j

sovorkh sulsots, okcd sulmoct t` k fhjjoroit rkto `j focky2

tdus, tdo ehx `r cèp`shthì `j tdo pkroit fhstrhluthì hi

tores `j tdoso sulsots hs t` lo fotorehiof. Wut tdhs wky,

tdo krlhtrkry cdkrkctor `j tdo sheuakthì stkifs caokray ùt=

H bi`w `j i` wky t` ohhehikto tdo sulmocthvhty `j tdhs

cd`hco (uihoss k qukahtkthvo sheuakthì woro t` lo por-

j`reof, j`r tdoi tdo rosuatkit fhstrhluthì sdùaf lo sèo-

d`w shehakr t` ki oxckvktof ìo2 doro, d`wovor, ìay k

qukithtkthvo kppr`xhekthì hs kttoeptof). @i tdo `tdor

dkif, hj sèoìo woro t` `lmoct t` tdo pr`p`sof

pkrkeotors, k shepho cdkino `j tdo cìstkits hi tdo pr`

nrke dokfhin wùaf pr`fuco tdo foshrof rosu_. Hi tdo

prosoit ckso, tdroo sulsots kro dyp`tdoshsof= ;7%

hifostructhlho, 37% e`forktoay kif :7% jkhray ahklao t`

focky whtd tdo akttor sulsot fhskppokrhin kt twhco tdo rkto

`j tdo ehffho ìo.

Ks i`tof kl`vo, dkaj-ahjo osthektos kro lut kvorknos `j

st`cdksthc pr`cossos kif kaa`wkico j`r tdhs rkifèhichfoico whaa pr`vhfo k e`ro rokahsthc duo t` tdo sheuak

thì. Vdkt hs, i`t ìay hs tdo coaa kt wdhcd focky hs ojjoctof

rkifèay soaoctof, kas` tdo pr`p`rthì `j focky hs rki-

fèay (kif i`rekaay) fhstrhlutof krùif tdo kvorkno dkaj-

ahjo, tkbhin shzo hit` kccùit. Sèo coaas kro kjjoctof

sovorkh theos por cycao, sèo roekhi uitùcdof j`r sovorkh

cycaos= ht hs tdo kvorkno ojjoct wdhcd hs e`foaof.

Hi k shehakr wky oc`turlkthì `j d`rhzìtka e`voeoit cki

lo hepaoeoitof. Ks ovorywdoro, kaa vkauos dkvo t` lo

krlhtrkry ks ìay vorthcka roa`ckthì dks looi stufhof whtd

oephrhcka fktk. K prh`rh, dokvhor phocos kro tdùndt t` lo

aoss keoiklao t` d`rhzìtka trkisp`rt tdki hhndtor ìos,

kif tdhs cki lo tkboi kccùit `j ly cìstructhin k tklao

`j roakthvo hepkct, whtd sèo i`rekaay fhstrhlutof rki-

fèhskthì krùif tdo tklao vkauos. Vdoi (kif tdhs hs

knkhi ki krlhtrkry fochshì) hi ovory cycao ck. :?% `j tdo

coaas hs aojt uikjjoctof, `j 37% kt aokst k pkrt hs kffof t`

ìo `j tdo iohndlùrhin coaas, kif jrè tdo roekhihin ?%

pkrt `r kaa hs fuepof ì ìo `j tdo coaas kt tw` uihts

kwky.

6. Jurtdor spochjhckthì= eocdkihcka focky

Jrè jhoaf oxporhoico ; wùaf sky tdkt paùndhin (kif,

supp`.sofay dòhin, t``) rosuats hi sdkttorhin `j tdo Hkrnor

phocos, kif k seokrhin ùt `j fhstrhluthìs. Kcc`rfhin t`tdo ahtorkturo trkepahin `j k surjkco ì `r loa`w wdhcd

krtojkcts kro akyhin - ks wùaf `ccur ì k sottaoeoit shto,

j`r histkico - dks tdo skeo ojjocts (Scdhjjor ;8432

Zhaak/Cùrthi ;843). H.o., Hkrnor phocos fhehihsd hi shzo,

wdhao sekaaor phocos kro ìay `cckshìkaay kjjoctof tdhs wky

lut okshor e`vof hit` tdo ioxt jurr`w. Vdo fochshì t`

aheht sdkttorhin t` k wohndt `j 3 (`r, i` phocos Hkrnor tdki

3 cki lo lr`boi `jj kif roe`vof hit` tdo ioxt ahio `j

coaas) hs krlhtrkry2 wdoi nrkpdhckhay fhsphkyof tdhs seksdhin

kif turi`vor hit` tdo ioxt ahio dks k dhnday rokahsthc

kppokrkico, tdùnd. Ht nòs whtdùt skyhin tdkt l`td tdo

keùit lr`boi `jj kif tdo t`sshin `vor kro n`voriof ly

rkifè iuelors.

^doroks whtd ikturka focky tdo fhskppokrkico `j sulstkico

hs jrè tdo ùtsot luhat hit` tdo sheuakthì, tdhs hs e`ro

fhjjhcuat t` kccèpahsd whtd paùndhin. J`r, hi tdhs akttor

ckso, tdo krtojkcts kro paùndof kif ropaùndof, tdus toif-

hin t` jhaa hi tdo wdào 'jhoaf' `r ektrhx whtd k p`toithkaay

uifhjjoroithktof kif ovoi sprokf2 tdo pr`laoe hs tdkt tdo

ofnos `j tdo ektrhx p`so k lùifkry t` tdo fhstrhluthì,

kif whtdhi tdoso ahehts ovorytdhin dks t` `ccur (cj.

Mus tosì/ Dkepsì ;84?). Ks k roeofy l`td paùndhin-`jj

kif paùndhin-ìt` tdo ektrhx whaa lo kaa`wof, hifopoi

foit `j ìo ki`tdor - hi `tdor w`rfs, tdo fhstrhluthìs kif

pr`cossos kro e`foaof ks whtdùt lùifkrhos.

?. Wkroit fhstrhluthìs

Vdroo fhjjoroit pkroit fhst rhlut hìs dkvo looi oepa`yof hitdhs sheuakthì, tw` structurof ìos (k la`cb-pkttori, kif

k i`reka fhstrhluthì) kif ìo oithroay uistructurof. Hi

`rfor t` boop tdo rosuats cèpkrklao j`r tdo uikhfof oyo,

tdo kvorkno foishthos `j tdo hihthka fhstrhluthìs dkvo looi

sot t` kppr`xhektoay oquka jhnuros. Vdus, hi tdo fotor-

ehihsthc propkrkthì `j tdo la`cb-pkttori, tdo shzos `j tdo

tw` la`cbs hepaoeoitof woro sot t` ;? t` <7% kif ;7 t`

?% `j tdo ektrhx2 ks oxpakhiof karokfy, tdo sulsoquoit

st`cdksthc up,sckahin `j tdo oaoeoits wks t` lrhin tdo

tdo`roahcka ekxheue t` 8 (vhk euathpahckthì wht k rkifè

i`reka jkct`r lotwooi @ kif <), kif tdoroj`ro tdo hihthka

wohndt `j tdo coaas whtdhi tdo la`cbs wks fojhiof ks 6.?.

Vdo la`cbs woro dè`noioùsay jhaaof t` tdhs jhnuro, nhvhin

k foishty `j ;.;<? p`hit por coaa kvorknof `vor tdo wdào

ektrhx.

Shehakray, tdo t`p `r ekxheue `j tdo i`reka fhstrhluthì

wks sot t` 6.? p`hi ts. Vdo cìfhthì tdkt sujjhchâit spkco

j`r seokrhin ùt wks t` lo aojt kaìn tdo l`rfor `j tdo

fhstrhluthì pr`vhfof ki kffhthìka pkrkeotor= 88% `j tdo

cìtoits wks t` lo cìtkhiof whtdhi ki krok whtd k

fhkeotor `j ck. 47% `j tdo ektrhx's shfos. Knkhi, tdhs

fhstrhluthì dkf t` yhoaf ki kvorkno foishty `j kppr`x

hektoay ;.;<? p`hits por coaa. Kjtorwkrfs, tdo i`reka

fhstrhluthì wks kas` row`rbof ly euathpayhin okcd

hifhvhfuka oaoeoit whtd k rkifè i`reka jhnuro lotwooi @kif <. Vdo rosuathin row`rbof fhstrhluthìs (la`cbs2 kif

i`reka) kro doro akloaof tdo pkroit fhstrhluthìs j`r tdo

sheuakthì.

Vdo kvorkno `j tdo sues `j tdoso akttor tw` fhstrhluthìs

wks sot ks t`tka j`r tdo rkifè fhstrhluthì2 knkhi, ly

st`cdksthckaay ostklahsdof euathpahckthì whtd k jhnuro

lotwooi @ kif <, vkauos jrè @ t` 8 woro `lhkhiof j`r kaa



;>< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7

tdo p`shthìs whtdhi tdo ektrhx= tdo tdhrf pkroit

fhstrhluthì.

:. Hepaoeoitkthì= ikturka focky

Kt tdo stkrt `j tdo sheuakthì tdo sue-t`tka `j tdo pkroit

fhstrhluthì wks fhvhfof hit` tdroo pkrts= ;7"% sdùaf lo

hojt ùt `j tdo focky pr`coss, 37% wks t` lo sulmoctof t`

tdo sa`wor kif tdo roekhifor t` tdo e`ro (twhco) rkphffotorh`rkthì2 okcd `j tdoso sulsots wks fojhiof ly hts `wi

t`tka kif pkssof tdrùnd tdo sheuhkahìs ì hts `wi. Hi

ovory cycao, tdo fhstrhluthìs woit tdrùnd ìo dkaj-ahjo j`r

tdo wokb p`rthì (aokvhin 37% `j tdo t`tka), k dkaj cycao

`j focky j`r tdo e`ro r`lust ekttor (aokvhin <<.?% j`r

tdhs pkrt), kif k cèpaoto cycao `j oc`turlkthì j`r kaa

caoeoits. Vdkt hs, kjtor tdo jhrst cycao, ;7% (j`r tdo iì-

fostructhlao ektorhka) wks hojt, paus <<.?% (j`r tdo foisor

ektorhka) paus 37% (j`r tdo wokb stujj) oqukas :<.?% `j

tdo pkroit fhstrhluthìs, `j wdhcd :?% wks sthaa hi hts

`rhnhika pakco. Hi tdo ioxt cycao, tdoso pr`cossos woro

ropoktof, aokvhin kat`notdor ??% (;7+ ;? + 37%) `j tdo

'ektorhka', whtd p`sshlay ìay 6<% (:?x:?%) hi hts pakco.Otcotork. Kt tdo oif `j okcd cycao tdo ektrhx wks skepaof

t` ostklahsd tdo roekhihin foishty2 wdoi tdo foishty `j tdo

fhstrhluthì dkf fr`ppof loa`w ;?% `j tdo kvorkno kt tdo

lonhiihin, tdo sheuakthì wks torehiktof. Kjtorwkrfs, c`r-

roakthìs woro cèputof lotwooi tdo pkroit fhstrhluthì

kif tdo roeikit fhstrhluthìs.

>. Hepaoeoitkt hì= eocdkihcka focky

Waùndhin, dòhin kif trkepahin whaa dkvo w`rbof hi kaa

fhrocthìs, nhvoi sujjhchâit theo. I`reka ay, tdo ojjoct `j

paùndhin hs t` turi tdo s`f hit` tdo ioxt jurr`w, tkbhin

whtd ht wdktovor krcdoà`nhcka ektorhka hs hi ht. Vdhs cki loe`foaaof quhto okshay2 d`wovor, lhnnor krtojkcts kro aoss

okshay turiof `vor, kif kro sèotheos crusdof. Vdo dò

dks shehakr ojjocts, kaloht tdkt tdo fhspakcof s`fs kro aoss

eksshvo tdki whtd k paùnd. Vrkepahin ì k suporjhchkaay

c`vorof fhstrhluthì fòs i`t turi s`fs, lut fhsa`cktos tdo

krtojkcts ì k cìshforklao sckao (Zhaak/Cùrthi ;843).

Kpkrt jrè tdo spochjhckthìs hi provhùs socthìs, tdhs

'paùndhin' hs hepaoeoitof ly rkifèay soaocthin

Okst/ôst `r I`rtd/Sùtd e`voeoit kaìn tdo r`ws,

rospocthvoay càueis `j tdo ektrhx e`foas `j tdo fhstrhlu

thìs. K cycao hs sot t` ;7 sucd rùifs `j cèpaoto

`vorpaùndhin2 kjtor okcd cycao, tdo roekhihin foishty hs

skepaof. Vdo sheuakthì hs turiof `jj wdoi tdo foishty hsa`wor tdki ;?% j tdo `rhnhika kvorkno2 tdoi, tdo c`rroak-

thìs whtd tdo pkroit fhstrhluthìs kro cèputof.

sheuatkioùsay `lsorvklao ì tdo vhfo` eìht`r, kif ki

heprosshì wks nkhiof `j cìfoisof theo= wdhao a``bhin

ì, tdo fhstrhluthìs woro sooi t` 'woktdor' kwky. Vdhs

woktdorhin kwky hs kas` vhshlao hi tdo rosuats ks prosoitof

hi tdo jhnuros ;-3= tdo focrokso hi tdo t`tka wohndts whtd

ovory cycao, kif tdo fhehihsdhin c`rroakthìs. Ks hs t` lo

oxpoctof (nhvoi tdo kan`rhtde) t`tkas jkaa stoopay `jj kt

jhrst, kif aktor e`ro sa`way - tdhs hs tdo ojjoct `j fhvhfhin

tdo fhstrhluthì hit` tdroo cakssos= k rkphfay fockyhin sot `j

ck. :7% `j tdo 'ektorhka', 37% sulmoct t` sa`wor woktdor

hin, kif ;7% i`t keoiklao t` r`t kt kaa. Kjtor 3 t` ?

cycaos (oquka t` ks ekiy dkaj-theos `j tdo '`rnkihc' pkrt `j

tdo fhstrhluthì) tdo roekhifor hs krùif 37% `j tdo

`rhnhika wohndt.

\onkrfhin tdo c`rroakthìs, ki hep`rtkit rosuat hs tdkt tdo

lost-structurof fhstrhluthì (tdo i`reka ìo) roekhis lost

roc`nihzklao, kcc`rfhin t` tdo jhnuros. D`wovor, ht sdùaf

heeofhktoay lo ksbof wdkt i`t-s`-ihco c`rroakthìs j`r tdo

rkifè pkroit fhstrhluthìs oitkha= i` ahboioss kt kaa t` tdo

`rhnhika rkifè fhstrhluthì hepahos ohtdor tdkt k 'fhj

joroit' rkifè pkttori dks `rhnhiktof (kif wd` wùafckro klùt tdkt), `r tdkt k lottor-structurof pkttori dks

rosuatof jrè tdo w`rbhin `vor. \kifèioss hs fhjjhcuat t`

ostklahsd, ks kaa bhifs `j sekaa-nrkhiof `r a`cka pkttoris kro

vhshlao hi k truay rkifè fhstrhluthì2 d`wovor, jrè tdo

jkct tdkt vory shehakr, vory a`w c`rroakthìs kro jùif whtd

tdo nrkpds `j coaas nrùpof hit` akrnor ui hts, ; cìcaufo

tdkt tdo uiforayhin pkttori (ks sueeof hi tdo shinao coaa

fhstrhluthìs) hs hifoof rkifè, h.o. whtdùt (ekcr`-) pkt

tori. Wkrkf`xhckaay, tdo cìcaushì cki lo frkwi tdkt tdo

a`w c`rroakthìs j`r tdo rkifè fhstrhluthì kro hifhckthvo

`j tdo stklhahty `j tdo rkifè cdkrkctor.

Hi tdo jhnuros nrkpds kro prosoitof foscrhlhin tdo skeo

fhstrhluthì kif tdo skeo pr`coss, katdùnd sueeof hi

fhjjoroit ekiiors. C`rroakthìs dkvo looi cèputof j`r

coaa-coaa ahboioss (kif zor`-zor` pkhrs dkvo looi èhttof hi

`rfor i`t t` hijakto tdo c`rrospìfoico), kif j`r nrùpof

ektrhx coaas= < x < , 3 x 3 t` ? x ? (rosuats `j < x < kif 6 x 6

kro i`t sd`wi2 tdoy kro kae`st oxkctay hi tdo ehffao

lotwooi tdohr iohndlùrs). Ht hs i`t rokaay surprhshin tdkt

whtd hicrokshin coaa shzo - wdhcd wùaf eoki hicrokshin

qukfrkt shzos hi ki oxckvkthì - tdo c`rroakthìs kro eucd

hepr`vof= tdo ojjocts `j sekaa-sckao vkrhkthìs kro

fkepoiof. Vdhs sdùaf `j cùrso lo hitorprotof ks p`hi-

thin t` k noiorka `r `vorkaa ahboioss lotwooi tdo '`rhnhika'

`r pkroit fhstrhluthì kif tdo fhstrhluthì p`toithkaay

'roc`vorklao' hi krcdkoà`nhcka jhoafw`rb, whtd fotkhas not-

thin pr`nrosshvoay a`st tdrùnd tdo w`rbhins `j theo.

4. Fhscussh i `j tdo sheuakthì `j ikturka focky

pr`cossos

Ks sheuaktof, ikturka focky w`rbof vory nrkfuka cdkinos

hi tdo fhjjoroit fhstr hlut hìs. Vdo pr`cossos woro

8. Fhscussh i `j tdo sheuakthì `j eocdkihcka

focky pr`cossos

Ks sheuaktof, eocdkihcka focky w`rbof cìshforklao

cdkinos hi tdo fhjjoroit fhstr hlut hìs. Vdo pr`cossos woro



;>3 WHOVO\ ZKI FO ZOAFO - W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA FOCKX

e`foaof whtd paùndhin hi tdo ehif kif kcc`rfhinay ki

heprosshì wks nkhiof `j rkphf turi`vor `j tdo 'jhoaf'=

wdhao a``bhin kt tdoe, tdo fhstrhluthìs woro sooi t` lo

ovoiof ùt. Vdhs hovohhin hs ìay `lahquoay vhshlao hi tdo

rosuats ks prosoitof hi tdo jhnuros 6-:= ks whtd ikturka

focky, hi tdo focroksos hi tdo wohndts aojt kjtor ovory cycao,

kif hi tdo fhehihsdhin c`rroakthìs. Vdo wohndts focrokso

e`ro nrkfukaay tdki hi tdo ikturka focky sheuakthìs,

wdhcd cìj`res t` oxpoctkthìs shico doro tdo ìay wky

ùt hs `vor tdo shfos `j tdo ektrhx.

Vdo c`rroakthìs j`r tdhs nrùp `j sheuakthìs kro a`wor

tdki j`r tdo provhùs ìo2 d`wovor, tdo skeo noiorka

`lsorvkthì ks kl`vo cki lo ekfo, vhz., tdkt tdo lost-

structurof fhstrhluthìs roekhi lost roc`nihzklao, ovoi

uifor quhto noiorkahzhin hijauoicos ks 'paùndhin'.

Kif knkhi, nrùphin tdo vkauos hit` akrnor uihts rosuats hi

kpprochklay dhndor jhnuros. Doro, t``, ks tdo pkttoris

locèo e`ro noiorkahzof tdrùnd tdhs nrùphin, tdo

shehakrhthos roakto t` e`ro noiorka pkttoris, aoss ahboay t` lo

`lscurof tdki kro hifhvhfuka vkrhkthìs `r a`ckahzof

pkttoris.

;7. \osuats= c`rroakthìs

@io `j tdo cìcaushìs hs tdkt tdo skepahin eotd`f

oepa`yof t` ostklahsd tdo oif `j tdo sheuakthìs (putthin k

tdrosdàf foishty kt ;?% `j tdo `rhnhika ìo) hs i`t vory

prochso= tdo st`ps `ccur kt foihsthos `j up t` <6% `j tdo

`rhnhika. Vdo skepahin kan`rhtde wks t` sue tdo caoeoits

ì tdo fhknìka `j tdo ektrhx2 tdo ckuso `j tdo heprochshì

whaa lo hi tdo iì-rkifè, kif tdoroj`ro iì-

roprosoitkthvo cdkrkctor `j tdo skepao. Vdo roksì j`r

ushin tdhs eotd`f wks tdo spoof `j oxocuthì2 ht hs i`t Hdo

jhrst theo tdkt spoof hs `ltkhiof kt tdo c`st `j roahklhahty.

Vdhs, d`wovor, hs e`ro k crhthquo ì tdo pr`nrkes tdki ì

tdo sheuakthìs.

Vdo jhnuros ;-: roprosoit tdo ùtcèos `j k spochjhc

sheuakthì rui2 d`wovor, vory shehakr ùtcèos forhvo

jrè kaa ruis. Vdus, tdo rkinos `j tdo vkauos `j tdo c`r

roakthìs kro ovor whtdhi ?'Y , oxcopt j`r tdo la`cb-ahbo

fhstrhluthìs, wdoro rkinos dkvo looi `lsorvof `j iokray

;7%. Ks k cìsoquoico, tdo j`res `j tdo nrkpds kro quhto

stklao2 tdo 'sdùafors' `r rkphf jkaa-`jj hi tdo rhndt pkrts `j

tdo nrkpds j`r 'eocdkihckaay fockyhin' fhstrhluthìs kro

roaktof t` k roekhifor `j 37% `j tdo wohndt, kif `ccur hi

ovory sheuakthì i` ekttor tdo shzo `j tdo ektrhx.

Wordkps e`st hep`rtkit hs tdo rosuat tdkt ovoi whtd cì-shforklho tdhiihin ùt `j tdo fhstrhluthìs, k pkttori ìco

prosoit roekhis `lsorvklao. Xot ehi`r `r a`cka vkrhkthìs

dkvo ojjocts ì sekaa sckao `lsorvkthìs= wdoi cèpkrhsìs

kt tdo sckao `j tdo hifhvhfuka coaas `j tdo ektrhx kro cì-

shforof, tdo c`rroakthìs focrokso roakthvoay rkphfay whtd

theo. Vdoroj`ro, ìo sdùaf ksb wdotdor oxkct 3-f

eoksuroeoits `j tdo p`shthìs `j hifhvhfuka krtojkcts sorvo

kiy purp`so. Vdo kiswor t` tdhs quosthì dhinos upì tdo

wohndt kcc`rfof t` oc`turlkthì, dokrhin hi ehif tdkt tdo

wky tdhs akttor pr`coss dks looi e`foaof doro dks ìay

vory ehaf ojjocts (kl`vo).

Ht hs caokr jrè tdoso sheuakthìs tdkt ikturka kif

eocdkihcka pr`cossos `j focky (tdkt hs, hj tdoy dkvo looi

e`foaof rokahsthckaay doro) rosuat hi k nrkfuka focrokso `j

pkttorihin, cìshforhin hifhvhfuka krtojkcts kif a`cka pkttoris. Ht hs oqukaay caokr tdkt krcdkoà`nhcka pr`cossos ks

histkicof ly tdo cd`hco `j akrnor qukfrkts wdoi cèpkrhin

`rhnhika kif rosuatkit fhstrhluthìs dkvo cìshforklao

ojjocts= tdo akrnor tdo qukfrkts, tdo dhndor tdo c`rroakthìs.

Vdhs akttor p`hit hifhcktos tdkt noiorka pkttoris hi fhstrhlu

thìs kro quhto roshstkit t` focky wdotdor ikturka `r

eocdkihcka.

;;. Sueekry

@j cùrso, sheuakthì hs kaa ekbo-loahovo2 d`wovor, tdo

rokahsthc kppokrkico `j tdo prosoit ìo ì tdo ZF_ wks

quhto sunnosthvo, i`t ìay t` tdo prosoit kutd`r, dut t` tdo

po`pao wd` dkvo whtiossof foeìstrkthìs `j tdo pr`nrkeks woaa (sèo `j tdo rosuats dkvo looi prosoitof ì vkrhùs

`cckshìs2 k.`. kt tdo ;84: \ouvoisfknoi Cìnross hi

Kestorfke, kif kt Fhsckrf Fky kt tdo Aohfoi Histhtuto `j

Wrodhst`ry hi ;84:). @j cùrso, tdhs hs i` nukrkitoo `j tdo

vkahfhty `j tdo sheuakthìs2 sucd k nukrkitoo cki ìay lo

`ltkhiof jrè ki hifopoifoit e`foahin `j tdo skeo pr`l-

aoe ly sèol`fy oaso. Eokiwdhao, ly spoaahin ùt tdo

kssuepthìs tdkt dkvo nìo hit` tdo e`foahin kt aokst

sèo ovkaukthì hs p`sshlao.

Ht wks jùif hi tdo sheuakthìs tdkt sekaa sckao pkttorihin

hs rkphfay a`st whtd theo. @i tdo `tdor dkif, noiorka pkt

toris roekhi vhshlao ovoi kjtor cìshforklao a`ss `j cìtoits, kif tdo lottor structurof ki hihthka fhstrhluthì `j

krtojkcts dks looi, tdo caokror tdo `rhnhika noiorka pkttori

cki sthaa lo roc`nihzof ovoi kjtor s` ekiy rùifs `j

ikturka kif eocdkihcka focky.

Jrè tdo rkphf a`ss `j a`cka `r ehcr`-sckao pkt torihin. tdo

quosthì sdùaf lo forhvof wdotdor (`r i`t) eucd vkauo

sdùaf lo kcc`rfof t` tdo oxkct ronhstrkthì `j hifhvhfuka

krtojkcts' p`shthìs. Vdo e`foahin `j oc`turlkthì ks

kttoeptof doro (lksof ì tdo ahtorkturo, kif pr`lklay

roakthvoay ehafay hepaoeoitof) strìnay sunnosts k scopthcka

ktthtufo.

i`to

Ahsthins `j tdo pr`nrkes kro kvkhaklao upì roquost jrè tdokuad`r.



;>6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7

Jhn. ; C`rroakthì còjjh choits

kif roakthvo wohndts j`r k

sheuakthì `j ikturka focky2

I`reka pkroit fhstrhluthì.

D`rhzìtkaay= cycaos `j focky2

vorthckaay= c`rroakthìs kif

wohndt porcoitknos rotkhiof.

Jhn. < C`rroakthì còjjh choits



La`cb-ahbo pkroit fhstrhluthì.




Jhn. 3 C`rroakthì còjjhc hoits



\kifè pkroit fhstrhluthì.




Jhn. 6 C`rroakthì còjjh choitskif roakthvo wohndts j`r k

sheuakthì `j eocdkihcka focky.

I`reka pkroit fhstrhluthì. D`r-

zhzìtkaay= cycaos `j focky2 vor

thckaay= c`rroakthìs kif wohndt

porcoitknos rotkhiof.

Jhn. ? C`rroakthì còjjh choits


sheuakthì `j eocdkihcka focky2

La`cb-ahbo pkroit fhstrhluthì.




Jhn. : C`rroakthì còjjh choits


sheuakthì `j eocdkihcka focky2

\kifè pkroit fhstrhluthì.




f`ttof ahio= wohndt hi porcoits`j pkroit fhstrhluthì

cìthiuùs ;= c`rroakthìs wht d

pkroit fhstrhluthì, coaa-ly-coaa

cìthiuùs ahio 3= c`rroakthìs

whtd pkroit fhstrhluthì, coaas

nrùpof 3 x 3

cìthiuùs ahio ?= c`rroakthìs

whtd pkroit fhstrhluthì, coaas

nrùpof ? x ?

;778

?7%

7%

;77%

? 7 •²

7%

9 Y , .V

; ;

‖ ;

;7 ;7cycaos cycaos

Jhn. ; Jhn. <

;77% ;77%

?7% -

-?7%

cycaos

-?7% -

Jhn. 3 Jhn. 6

;77%

?7%

;77%

?7%

cycaos

•?7% - Jhn. ?- ? 7 % -

cycaos

Jhn. :



;>? WHOVO\ ZKI FO ZOAFO - W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA FOCKX

ahtorkturo

Lhij`rf, A.\.

Ckdci, F.

M. Eòyorsìs

Ch`rocbh, W.

Nr`nì`, W.

S.D. Ioasì

;8>4 Fheoishìka kikayshs `j lodkvh`r kif shto structuro= aokrihin jrè ki Osbhe` duithin

stkif. Keorhcki Kithquhay 63 , 337-3:;.

;8>> Sulsurjkco e`voeoits `j stìo krtojkcts kif tdohr hepahckthìs j`r tdo prcdhst`ry `j Coi

trka Kjrhck. Ikjuro <::, 4;<-4;?.

;84? Otdi`krcdkoà`ny= tdo ioof j`r k p`st-e`rtoe oiquhry. ^`raf Krcdkoà`ny ;>, ;>?-;8;.

;84< Wr`laori sàvhinhcèputor pr`nrkeehin. \okfhin (Ekss.)= Kffhsì-ôsaoy.

Dhotkak, D.

F.S. Stovois;8>> Spkthka kikayshs= euathpao pr`cofuros hi pkttori roc`nihthì stufhos. Keorhcki Kithquhay

6<, ?38-??8.

Mustosì, M.

S. Dkepsì

;84? 'Ca`sof e`foas `j `poi systoes= lùifkry cìshfork thìs. ' Hi S.^. Nrooi /S.E. Woraeki

(ofs.)= Vdo krcdkoà`ny `j jrìthors kif lùifkrhos, pp. ;?-37. Iow X`rb= Kckfoeho

Wross.

Borl`scd, M.K.N.E.

\.^. Shoroilorn

Aùwo B``hmekis, A.W.

W. vki fo Zoafo

;8>3 Fhscroto sheuaktho. Kapdoi k/f \hmi= Skesì.

;847 Fo `pnrkvhinoi to Doboahinoi. Aohfoi= \hmbs Eusoue vki @ufdofoi.

Scdhjjor, E.L.

Scdhajor, E.L.

Zki fo Zoafo, W.

Zhaak, W.

Zhaak, W.

.;. Cùrthi

;843 V`wkrf tdo Hfoithjhckthì `j j`rekthì pr`cossos. Keorhcki Kithquhay 64, :>?->7:.

;84? Hs tdoro k 'Wèpohh proehso' hi krcdkoà`ny0 Keorhcki Kithquhay 64, :>?->7:.

i.f. 'Spkthka kikayshs= k i`to.' Hi= ^.M. \òlròbs= Loavèfäro. (Hi propkrkthì.)

;84< Cìm`hiklao phocos kif shto j`rekthì pr`cossos. Keorhcki Kithquhay Ka, <>:-<87.

;843 Vdo hitorprctkthì `j strkthjhof shtos= k vhow jrè uiforn rùif. M urika `j Krcdkoà`nhcka

Schoico ;7, <:>-<4;.

^``f, ^.\.

F.A. M`disì

;8>4 'K survoy `j fhsaurlkico pr`cossos hi krcdkoà`nhcka shto j`rekth` i.' Hi E.L. Scdhjjor

(of.)= Kfvkicos hi krcdkoà`nhcka eotd`f kif tdo`ry (Zà. ;), pp. 3;?-34;. Iow Z`rb=

Kckfoeho Wross.

Whotor vki fo Zoafo

Krcdoà`nhscd Coitrue

W`stlus 8?;?

IA-<377 \K Aohfoi

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