BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON

ANAEMIA

MADE BY: VISHAL JHACLASS : XII-B

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VISHAL JHA of Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1 Jalahalli West,Bengaluru has satisfactorily and successfully completed the investigatory project in Biology.This is a bonafied record of Biology investigatory project which was done by him in the academic year 2015-16.

………………. Internal Examiner. ………………. External Examiner.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr.Narayana Dhas, our principal Mrs.Sudesh Singh who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic ANAEMIA, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things.I would like to thank our biology lab attender Mr.Manjunath for helping me in this project. I also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in doing this project.

CONTENTS

> Anaemia and its types> Symptoms > Causes> Data Analysis> Exams and Tests> Treatment> Bibliography

Anaemia and it’s typesAnaemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. When anemia comes on slowly the symptoms are often vague and may include: feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms which may include: confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, and increased thirst. Anaemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. Additional

symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause.

There are three main types of anemia: that due to blood loss, that due to decreased red blood cell production, and that due to increased red blood cell breakdown. Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow among others. Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria and some autoimmune diseases among others. It can also be classified based on the size of red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin in each cell. If the cells are small it is

microcytic anemia, if they are large it is macrocytic anemia and if they are normal sized it is normocytic anemia. Diagnosis in men is based on a hemoglobin of less than 130 to 140 g/L (13 to 14 g/dL), while in women it must be less than 120 to 130 g/L (12 to 13 g/dL). Further testing is then required to determine the cause.

Certain groups of individuals, such as pregnant women, benefit from the use of iron pills for prevention. Dietary supplementation, without determining the specific cause, is not recommended. The use of blood transfusions is typically based on a person's signs and symptoms. In those without symptoms they are not recommended unless hemoglobin levels are less than 60 to 80 g/L (6 to 8 g/dL).These recommendations may also apply to some people with acute bleeding. Erythropoiesis-

stimulating medications are only recommended in those with severe anemia.

Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood with it affecting about a quarter of people globally. Iron-deficiency anemia affects nearly 1 billion. In 2013 anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183,000 deaths – down from 213,000 deaths in 1990. It is more common in females than males, among children, during pregnancy, and in the elderly. Anemia increases costs of medical care and lowers a person's productivity through a decreased ability to work.

SymptomsAnemia goes undetected in many people, and symptoms can be minor or vague. The

signs and symptoms can be related to the underlying cause or the anemia itself. Most commonly, people with anemia report feelings of weakness, or fatigue, general malaise, and sometimes poor concentration. They may also report dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion. In very severe anemia, the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen-carrying capability of the blood by increasing cardiac output. The patient may have symptoms related to this, such as palpitations, angina (if pre-existing heart disease is present), intermittent claudication of the legs, and symptoms of heart failure. On examination, the signs exhibited may include pallor (pale skin, lining mucosa, conjunctiva and nail beds), but this is not a reliable sign. There may be signs of specific causes of anemia, e.g., koilonychia (in iron deficiency),

jaundice (when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells — in hemolytic anemia), bone deformities (found in thalassemia major) or leg ulcers (seen in sickle-cell disease). In severe anemia, there may be signs of a hyperdynamic circulation: tachycardia (a fast heart rate), bounding pulse, flow murmurs, and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement). There may be signs of heart failure. Pica, the consumption of non-food items such as ice, but also paper, wax, or grass, and even hair or dirt, may be a symptom of iron deficiency, although it occurs often in those who have normal levels of hemoglobin.

Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants, and reduced scholastic performance in children of school age.

Restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron-deficiency anemia.

CausesAlthough many parts of the body help make red blood cells, most of the work is done in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cells.

Healthy red blood cells last between 90 and 120 days. Parts of your body then remove old blood cells. A hormone called erythropoietin (epo) made in your kidneys signals your bone marrow to make more red blood cells.

Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein inside red blood cells. It gives red blood

cells their color. People with anemia do not have enough hemoglobin.

The body needs certain vitamins, minerals, and nutrients to make enough red blood cells. Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are three of the most important ones. The body may not have enough of these nutrients due to:

Changes in the lining of the stomach or intestines affect how well nutrients are absorbed (for example, celiac disease)

Poor diet

Slow blood loss (for example, from heavy menstrual periods or stomach ulcers)

Surgery that removes part of the stomach or intestines

Possible causes of anemia include:

Certain medicines

Destruction of red blood cells earlier than normal (which may be caused by immune system problems)

Long-term (chronic) diseases such as chronic kidney disease, cancer, ulcerative colitis, or rheumatoid arthritis

Some forms of anemia, such as thalassemia or sickle cell anemia, which can be inherited

Pregnancy

Problems with bone marrow such as lymphoma, leukemia, myelodysplasia, multiple myeloma, or aplastic anemia.

Comparison or anemic hand(left) with normal hand.

Data AnalysisWHO's Hemoglobin thresholds used to define

anemia. (1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L)Age or gender

groupHb threshold

(g/dl)Hb threshold

(mmol/l)Children (0.5–5.0 yrs) 11.0 6.8

Children (5–12 yrs) 11.5 7.1

Teens (12–15 yrs) 12.0 7.4Women, non-pregnant (>15yrs) 12.0 7.4

Women, pregnant 11.0 6.8

Men (>15yrs) 13.0 8.1

Data of Saint Jones Medical College , Bangalore

Median and interquartile range of haemoglobin concentration stratified by gender and calendar month.

Median and interquartile range of haemoglobin concentration stratified by gender and age.

Prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe anaemia by age in males and females.

Median and interquartile range of the mean corpuscular volume in patients with anaemia stratified by gender and age.

Prevalence of macrocytic, normocytic, and microcytic anemia by age in males and females.

Exams and TestsThe doctor will perform a physical examination, and may find:

A heart murmur

Low blood pressure, especially when you stand up

Pale skin

Rapid heart rate

Some types of anemia may cause other findings on a physical exam.

Blood tests used to diagnose some common types of anemia may include:

Blood levels of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and other vitamins and minerals

Red blood count and hemoglobin level

Reticulocyte count

Other tests may be done to find medical problems that can cause anemia.

TreatmentTreatment should be directed at the cause of the anemia, and may include:

Blood transfusions

Corticosteroids or other medicines that suppress the immune system

Erythropoietin, a medicine that helps your bone marrow make more blood cells

Supplements of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, or other vitamins and minerals

Bibliography www.wikipedia.org www.medilineplus.com St.Jones medical college Britannica Encyclopedia http://www.mediafire.com/

download/e59st37n2mb663f/PES6+Next+Season+Patch+2016.rar