an urban geography of globalisation part 2
DESCRIPTION
This is part 2 of the lecture "An Urban Geography of Globalization". This was originally prepared for the free-choice (ellective) course "Globalization" of the department of Urbanism of the Delft of Technology (TU Delft), The Netherlands. In this part I introduce the city of Sao Paulo in Brazil, its historical development and main drivers for development. At the end of the presentation, I present an empirical study on the location of Advanced Producer Services in the city and explain how global foces in oartnership with local forces are changing city structure.TRANSCRIPT
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AN URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALISATIONUNDERSTANDING SPATIAL CHANGE IN THE
AGE OF HYPER-CONNECTIVITY
Roberto RoccoChair Spatial Planning & Strategy Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
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PART 2:How is
globalisation impacting the
ground? An illustration
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Sao Paulo: a divided global
city
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXSTvjQTl1A&feature=player_embeddeda
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Sao Paulo
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Sao Paulo
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a
m
pa
s
Bahia
Resistencia
Salta
San MiguelDe Tucuman
San SalvadorDe Jujuy
Tar i ja
CampoGrande
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Foz Do Iguacu
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
> than 10 million inh.
> than 5 million inh.
> than 3 million inh.
> than 1 million inh.
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Belo Horizont
Rio de Janeir
São PauloCuritiba
Buenos Aires Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
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Pacific
ValdesPenninsula
A m a z o n
B a s i n
An
de
s
Mo
un
ta
in
s
Mato Grosso
Plateau
An
de
sM
ou
nt
a
i ns
Atacam
aD
ese
rt
ia
Pa
m
pa
s
Macapa
Antofagasta
Ar ica
Concepcion
Iquique
Puerto Montt
Valparaiso
Cucuta
Mitu
Puno
Talara
BahiaBlanca
Mendoza
Neuquen
Rawson
Resistencia
Salta
San Car losde Bar i loche
San MiguelDe Tucuman
SanRafael
San SalvadorDe Jujuy
Tar i ja
Aracaju
Boa Vista
CampoGrande
Cuiaba
Imperatr iz
Porto VelhoRioBranco
Santarem
Tarauaca
Teres ina
Valdiv ia
Pasto
Apoter i
B luef ie lds
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cerro De PascoCocama
Cuzco
Huanuco
Ica
Iquitos
Orel lana
Sul lana
Tacna
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Ciudad Bol ivar
Matur in
PuertoAyacucho
San Cr istobal
Foz Do Iguacu
PuertoCabezas
Barquisimeto
Brazil
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
Bolivia
Peru
Chile
Ecuador
Colombia
VenezuelaGuiana
SurinameFrench Guiana
> than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)
> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)
> than 3 million inh. (metropolis)
> than 1 million inh. (big city)
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Bogota
Medellin
Lima
Cali
Maracaibo
Caracas
Belem
Sao Luis Fortaleza
Recife
Salvador
Goiania
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
São PauloCuritiba
Buenos Aires Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Manaus
Brasilia
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Natal
Maceio
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santiago
La Paz
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
Barranquilla
Quito
Guayaquil
Valencia
Callao
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Buenos Aires
MontevideoSantiago
Lima
Porto Alegre
Sao PauloRio
SalvadorBrasilia
Belo Horizonte
Curitiba
Cordoba
Asuncion
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A Global Macrometropolis
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Population (2010) - Municipality11.244.369 - Metro19.672.582
Metropolitan Area: 8.051 km2Urbanized Area: app.2.000 km2Core Municipality: 1.500 km2
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Different polycentricities
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But which polycentricity are we talking about?
Slide prepared by Renata Parente, MSC3 Spatial Planning & Strategy, TU Delft, 2009
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São Paulo
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Some basic starting points• Brazil (and LA as a whole) has entered a new
demographic phase. Birth rates are lower, the population is mostly urban (+80%).
• Many cities must face historically produced problems, the result of decades of strong demographic pressure, poor governance and lack of effective planning strategies.
• Meanwhile, a new economic scenario (globalisation?) is creating new urban form and structures. Human activity is differently distributed over the territory.
• Much of the continent is now democratic. This makes an enormous difference on how cities are planned and managed. The ‘right to the city’ has become a central point of many governments agendas.
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The content of this presentation in simple words
1. What IS São Paulo today 2. Historical origins and
growth process 3. Most relevant problems
today 4. How are ‘globalizing forces’
impacting the structures and infrastructures of the city
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Utrecht
Rotterdam
Amsterdam
SPaulo
Santos
Campinas
0 10 20
Den Haag
0 10 20
Nordzee
S Atlantic
Area: 8.313 Km2 Area: 8.051 Km2c. 2.000 urbanised
São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad
75km
50km
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São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad
Randstad-Holland Sao Paulo Metropolitan
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Possible contrast?
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Possible contrast?
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In 1494, with the seal of the Pope, Portugal and Spain modestly divided the world amongst them. Most of South
and North America (then unknown) fell out of the Portuguese share.
Why São Paulo is there?The Tordesillas Treaty 1494
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An Unimportant Colonial City
Sugarcane cyclec.1530- 1640
Gold Cyclec.1690- 1790
Coffee Cycle 1808-1929
Rubber cycle 1890-1945
Cacao cyclec.1820-1920
In colonial times, S Paulo had very little importance.
First the sugar cane plantations in Pernambuco and then the gold digging in Minas constituted the main colonial activities, until the arrival of coffee plantations to the
South East part of the country.
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An Unimportant Colonial City
Picture showing Benedictine Monastery and Church and the Faculty of Law in 1860
1750: Pop 20.000
In 1822, Brazil got independent from Portugal. SP gained some
importance when the Brazilian Imperial court
chose to place a Law Academy in the city in 1827.
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Eastern central area of the city in 1892 (Largo do Bixiga). Market colonial forms.
An unimportant colonial city
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1850:The Coffee Revolution
Sao Paulo Railway Station (1892) is built with English investment.
1880: Pop 31.000
The great coffee plantations
commercialise their products in the city. The coffee economy
produces the development of urban activities,
because it demands a complex
organisation of financing, transport,
commerce and export.
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European Immigration
Workers at Textile Factory around 1910. The factory belonged to Matarazzo family
The Black population is small in the city. Freed slaves establish in peripheral areas (later districts of the city)
Slavery abolished, it was necessary to have paid labour force. European and Japanese immigrants come to the city en masse.
1895 Pop 131.000
1900Pop 239.820
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European ImmigrationThe population of the city grows enormously:
1895: pop. 130.000 (54%of which were foreigners).
1900: pop. 239.820 (growth of 84% in 5 years!) Almost half of the population speaks Italian. Others: Spanish and Portuguese.
1905: First Syrian and Lebanese (50.000 Lebanese until 1946)
1908: Fist Japanese (500.000 along the XX century)
1920: Armenians, Jewish, Germans, Polish, Russian
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New Urban Paradigms
Rua Direita. Central Core circa 1860.
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New Urban Paradigms
The capital generated by coffee was (for the first time in the history of the country) re-invested in the country itself. It meant more and more coffee plantations but also urban transformation.
L. Badaro street and Dr Falcao st 1895 and 1915
c. 1895In 1880 the
population was 31.000
1915In 1920 the population
was 579.000
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New Urban Paradigms
The model for the new architecture was the French eclectic style. Even the simplest houses tried to emulate its forms. In the central core, new services are offered.
European workforce provide the basis for new consumption and architectural patterns.
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Industry and urban change
Workers in front of textiles factory c. 1900. Note the large number of women and children (although the picture does not let us know whether they were employees of the factory or not.
Economic progress brings changes in urban form, structure and economic bases. Small industry begins to appear in order to tend to the growing agglomeration necessities.
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A new elite comes into view
Traditional Boarding School Des Oiseaux, c. 1900 Note Art Nouveau Style. The elite is composed by rich Portuguese landowners and enriched Italian, German and Jewish families
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A new elite comes into view
1914 Opera House
The construction of a big opera house is a sign of the elite’s search for a more urban and sophisticated life style. Perhaps the biggest sign of change in mentalities.
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A new elite comes into view
Anhangabaú Valley in 1915, with Opera House and Hotel
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The ‘European’ city
Anhangabaú Valley c. 1915
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The ‘European’ city
Central Cinema, c. 1916
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The ‘European’ city
Patriarca square c. 1925
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The ‘European’ city
Patriarca square in 1925.
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Anhangabaú Valley, 1927
The ‘European’ city
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Anhangabaú Valley c. 1932
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Central Business District
15 Novembro Street, c. 1915
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Central Business District
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New urban facilities:The Central Market
New City Market 1933 AE
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New mentalities: the urban man
In a country still predominantly agrarian, the surge of a metropolis represented the appearance of a new kind of mentality and life style.
Sao Joao Avenue with Martinelli Building 1937
In 1940 the pop reached
1.32 million
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The urban man
Anhangabau Valley in 1929.
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The urban man
Sao Jose Cinema in 1929
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The urban man
Central Post Office Offices in 1938
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Urban Problems
Tramway at Cathedral Square in 1937
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Wedding at Italian Family in 1940 (Bela Vista)
In the 40’s, the city population reaches its first million. Thousands of refugees arrive from Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine), Germany (Jews, but also Germans) and Italian.
After 1950, European immigration decreases.
1940:Pop 1.32 million
Immigration: 2nd WW
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Valley in 1949
The new prominence of the USA in the international arena shifts paradigms. New urban models come from the North. The belief in “progress” and the Fordist model of production asks for new Urban Form and Structure.
Beginning of massive internal migration.
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After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity
Sao Joao Avenue 1951
1950
Pop: 2.19 m
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After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity
São João Avenue (Rua Líbero Badaró) 1952
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Tram 55 and bus 74 in Casa Verde District, 1953
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
The adoption of more and more buses instead of tramways allows the sprawling of the city to distant peripheries.
Newly arrived migrants establish themselves in those peripheries.
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Av Prestes Maia c1950
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Valley and Tiradentes Ave c. 1948
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After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
São João Avenue, Down Town, 1960s
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Immigration:1960’s Major Internal Migrations
1960Pop: 3.7 m
1970Pop: 5.9 m
Sugarcane cyclec.1530- 1640
Gold Cyclec.1690- 1790
Coffee Cycle 1808-1929
Rubber cycle 1890-1945
Cacao cyclec.1820-1920
Industrial Era
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Migration from old colonized areas in the North-East of Brazil
Curiously, there are not many images of Nordeste immigrants taken at that time available on the internet. These are artistic representations of immigration. Left: Immigrant family by Candido Portinari.
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Candido Portinari
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Population growth municipality SP
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SP Urban Growth
Source: Meyer et al. 200466Wednesday, 20April, 2011
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Slums
Paraisopolis, the second biggest favela in Sao Paulo, houses approximately 60.000 people (Delft= 120.000).
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In 1964, while a social democrat was president, a military coup d’etat took place. Elections were abolished. The mayor of the city and all fist echelon staff would be indicated by the Brasilia. Institutions were shattered.
Planning the city became a matter of social control.
Military Rule (1964-1986)
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. Direct public investment in heavy industry and infrastructure (State owned)
Unions are strong where industry is.(Workers are weak where old colonial and post colonial structures subsist)
1930- 1973: Economical Growththrough import substitution policiesbuilding up an internal market:
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1973: The oil crisis
•Explosion of External Debt (International Interest Rates Rocket)•Growth is based on increase of debt + corruption + bad management •Inflation (directly linked to the oil prices raises)•Depression of commodity prices (in Brazil: resulting in accentuation of internal migrations)
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1979: The Debt crisisGrowth comes to a sudden halt: -25% industry -20% employment
Fotos 1º de Maio de Luta. Praça da Sé.Por x 01/05/2006 às 22:35 http://www.midiaindependente.org/pt/red/2006/05/352170.shtml
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1980s: The “lost decade”
Loss of investment capacity by the State
Recurrence to increasing international DEBT
Hyper inflation
Chronic unemployment
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70 and 80’s: Bad Management Environmental Decay
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70s and 80s: Bad ManagementSocial polarization
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70s and 80s: Bad ManagementSocial polarisation
1970Pop: 5.94 mi
1980Pop: 8.49 mi
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80s: congestionThe centre decadence
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1986: DEMOCRACY is back!
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Avenida Paulista: The new centrality
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Avenida Paulista in the beginning of
the 20th century and now
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Favelas are build on invaded land. Shacks are built by each family with improvised materials. The State was absent from the space of the ‘favela’.
With time, inhabitants conquered rights. They start improving their shacks and soon the houses are built with bricks and are connected (legally or illegally) to electricity and water supply. There is usually no sewage system.
There are special programmes of empowerment for the inhabitants. Some of them focus on the land rights and other on the infrastructure and services available.
SLUMS
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Human Development Compared
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82Wednesday, 20April, 2011
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Average income (2000)
Average household income (2000)(in US$ in december 2000)
from 230 to 343 (relative poverty)
from 347 to 448 (low income)
from 452 to 616 (low middle income)
from 628 to 933 (middle-income)
Source: IBGE Census 2000, EMPLASA.
above 1096 (high-income)
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Blacks more affected by unemployment
% of unemployed persons among blacks and whites
Source: Seade, 2003
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90’s Emigration: Centre looses almost 20% of pop.
Causes:
1. Low birth rate (national trend)
2. Deconcentration of industrial production
3. Disappointment with lifestyle/housing/economic opportunities
4. Cost of life (plots are cheaper in outside municipalities)
Population Growth perDistrict in the period1991-2000
Lost population
> 7.87%
Source: IBGE 1991 and 2000
Pop. 1991: 9.646.185Pop. 2000: 10.405.867Growth: 7.87 %
CentreLost 19.73% of its inhabitantsPari District lost 31.82%
< 7.87%
Centre
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S. Domingos
PiritubaFreguesia do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-rinha
Mandaqui
Casa Verde Santana
Tremembe
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila Formosa
Ermelino Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque doCarmo
Jose Bonifacio
CidadeTiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim Helena
Sao Miguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVilaPrudente
Ipiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
CidadeAdemar
Pedreira
Cidade Dutra
Grajau
Socorro
Campo Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim Angela
Jardim Sao Luis
CapaoRedondo
Campo Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila SoniaMorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio PequenoButanta
Jaguare
Vila Leopoldina
Lapa
Jaguare
Alto de Pinheiros
Itaim Bibi
Moema
Campo Belo
Saude
Vila Mariana
JardimPaulista
Pinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa Cecilia
Bela Vista
Liberdade
Cambuci
Bras
PariBom Retiro
Se
Repu-blica
0 20kmN
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Area covered by irregular
occupations is 338,8 km2, or 22,5% of
the total area of the municipality (1500 km2)
Irregular land occupation
The Clandestine City
Popu
latio
n: c
. 10.
5 m
illio
n (e
stim
ated
200
0)
Population Percentage
Illegal or unregulated land occupation c. 338 sq. km (22,5%)
Population living in sub-standard dwellings (favelas, slums, tenement houses): c. 1.8 million (2000) 17% of total population (source: Amaral & Pereira, 2003)
0 20kmN
ast
South-West
Centre
North-West North
South-East
East 1
East 2
South
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Low vulnerability
Middle vulnerability
Very high vulnerability
% of the wealth of the poorest 50% in relation to the richest 50%
No serious vulnerability
High vulnerability
Parks, green areas, dams and inhabited places
Social Vulnerability Scale
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Empirical Research
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GaWC 100 List of Global Enterprises
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100 largest APS operating in Brazil
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Main Areas for for office development in Sao Paulo (2005)
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Old Centre (1554-1955)
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Derelict buildings
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Modernist heritage
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The Centre moves:Avenida Paulista (1955-1990)
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Avenida Paulista
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The centre moves again: Avenida Faria Lima (1985-2005)
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The centre moves again: Marginal Pinheiros (1990-...)
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Marginal pinheiros
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Social contrast
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Location of Insurance and banks major firms
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major firms that invested more in ICT (2007)
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50 largest advertising firmsSource: IBOPE, 2007
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Largest firms all sectors
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Origin of firms per region
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Investment and land
value increase
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Large Urban Projects
Agua Branca OP
Espraiadas OP
Centro OP
Faria Lima OP
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Total Area: 450 hectars (4,500,000 m2.)
Cost: US$ 150 million (1995)
US$ 120 mi for land expropriation, necessary to cut through consolidated neighbourhoods
Urban Operation Faria Lima
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Avenida Faria Lima
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The New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis does not have all functions typical to central areas. Its form is linear, an axis along the Pinheiros River, including some important transversal avenues. It concentrates command functions of the highest level, but especially computing and communication companies, as well as advertising.
The New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
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New Corporate Axis
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New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
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The ‘New City’New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
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The New Corporate Axis
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Old Centre Revitalisation
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Meanwhile in the Old Centre:Central Area Revitalisation
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Central Core Revitalisation
Revalorization of patrimony
The map shows the major historical monuments that have suffered some intervention in the last decade
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1990s : Revitalization
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Downtown Revitalisation
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Luz Train Station
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Pinacoteca
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Sala Sao Paulo
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Sala São Paulo
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Sala São Paulo
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Conclusions
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The industrial city
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The post-industrial city
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1. Generalisation of Technical Urban Networks2. Suburbanisation3. City core degradation/ inelasticity4. Movement of firms towards new
developments located in non-central areas close to ring roads in search for better interconnectivity
Increasing Polycentricity
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The Networked City
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Open Urban Systems
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New nodal organisations
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Convergences
The location of the business nodes over a main ring road, ensuring easy access to other business and consumption , as well as services in other areas of the metropolis
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Convergences
The close proximity of a large airport, serving a large business hinterland (North-Western Europe in the Dutch case, the vast Brazilian hinterland and part of the MERCOSUR Economic Community in the Brazilian case)
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Convergences
The existence of a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ensuring optimal digital connectivity
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Convergences
The interest of national pension funds, who invested heavily in real estate in the 1990’s
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Convergences
The relevance of the local government as a promoter of large infrastructural works, especially related to the road and transportation systems
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Convergences
The social composition of the surrounding areas, where high skilled workers dwell and therefore can have easy access to work
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Convergences
The existence of facilities and services related to an international life style (international schools, hotels and luxury shops, for example)
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Convergences
The movement towards a better connection with the old centralities (Amsterdam Centrum and São Paulo Centro and Avenida Paulista), ensuring synergies with the traditional business and cultural nodes
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Trends
Easy access to other nodes in various networks (the ring factor)
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Trends
Easy access to large transportation nodes (the airport factor)
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Trends
Clear connection to old centralities where consumer services and producer services are concentrated (the urban ‘buzz’)
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Trends
Image is a crucial factor. Corporate image is not only associated to buildings, but to the image created by modern, daring and innovative urban milieus.
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Thanks for listeningAny questions?
Roberto RoccoChair of Urban Planning and Strategy, Department of Urbanism
Delft University of Technology TU DelftOctober 2008
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