an update in the management of hypertensive emergency in patients with acute heart failure yerizal...
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An update in the management of
Hypertensive Emergency In Patients with Acute
Heart Failure
Yerizal Karani
Acute Heart failure
Acute Heart Failure
ESC Guideline. For diagnosis and treatment of Acute and chronic HF. 2008
Major Drugs for the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure
Classification Generic Name
Diuretics Loop diuretic Furosemide
Heart stimulators
DigitalisDigoxin
MethyldigoxinDigitoxin
CatecholaminesDopamine
DobutamineNorepinephrine
Epinephrine
Phosphodiesterase-inhibitors
AmrinoneMilrinone
Vasodilators NitratesNitroglycerin
Sodium nitroprussideIsosorbide dinitrate
Hypertensive Emergency
Definitions
A hypertensive emergency is a situation that requires immediate reduction in blood pressure (BP) with parenteral agents because of acute or progressing target organ damage.
A hypertensive urgency is a situation with markedly elevated BP but without severe symptoms or progressive target organ damage, wherein the BP should be reduced within hours, often with oral agents.
Kaplan, 2002
Hypertensive Crises
Hypertensive EmergencyHypertensive Urgency
Markedly elevated BP Without severe symptoms or
progressive target organ damageBP should be reduced within hours
Oral agents
Markedly elevated BP With acute or progressing
target organ damageBP should be reduced immediate
Parenteral agents
Kaplan NM ,Hypertensive Crises in : Clinical hypertension 9 th Ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006:609-630
HTN Crisis Definitions
Severe (stage 2) acute elevation of BP
SBP ≤ 160 mmHg
DBP ≤ 100 mmHg
Hypertensive Urgency
No evidence of organ failure
BP reduction over several hours to days
Oral treatment adequate
HTN Crisis Definitions
Hypertensive emergency
Severely elevated BP (>180/120mmHg) Acute onset
Evidence of target-organ damage
BRAIN, HEART, KIDNEYS, RETINA
HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY
Accelerated-malignant hypertension with papilledemaCerebrovascular conditions
Hypertensive brain infarction with severe hypertensionIntracerebral hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhageHead trauma
Cardiac conditionsAcute aortic dissectionAcute left ventricular failureAcute or impending myocardial infarctionAfter coronary bypass surgery
Renal conditionsAcute glomerulonephritis Renovascular hypertensionRenal crises from collagen-vascular diseasesSevere hypertension after kidney transplantation
Accelerated-malignant hypertension with papilledemaCerebrovascular conditions
Hypertensive brain infarction with severe hypertensionIntracerebral hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhageHead trauma
Cardiac conditionsAcute aortic dissectionAcute left ventricular failureAcute or impending myocardial infarctionAfter coronary bypass surgery
Renal conditionsAcute glomerulonephritis Renovascular hypertensionRenal crises from collagen-vascular diseasesSevere hypertension after kidney transplantation
Hypertensive emergency (cont’d)
Excess circulating catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma crisis
Food or drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Sympathomimetic drug use (cocaine)
Rebound hypertension after sudden cessation of antihypertensive drugs
automatic hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury
Eclampsia
Surgical conditions
Severe hypertension in patients requiring immediate surgey
Postoperative hypertension
Postoperative bleeding from vascular suture lines
Severe body burns
Severe epistaxis
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Excess circulating catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma crisis
Food or drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Sympathomimetic drug use (cocaine)
Rebound hypertension after sudden cessation of antihypertensive drugs
automatic hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury
Eclampsia
Surgical conditions
Severe hypertension in patients requiring immediate surgey
Postoperative hypertension
Postoperative bleeding from vascular suture lines
Severe body burns
Severe epistaxis
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Pathophysiology
circulating cathecolamines
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis
Altered baroreceptor function
Pathophysiology
vascular resistance
Endothelial damage
Arteriolar fibrinoid necrosis
Loss of autoregulatory function
Target organ ischemia
Management of Hypertensive emergency
General principle :
• the goal is, inhibit the progression of organ damage
• parenteral drugs must be used
• balance the benefit and the organ perfusion,
particularly brain, myocardium and kidney
Management of Hypertensive emergency
General principle :
• the goal is, inhibit the progression of organ damage
• parenteral drugs must be used
• balance the benefit and the organ perfusion,
particularly brain, myocardium and kidney
Therapeutic guidelines
• do not lower BP more than 25% over the first 1 hour
unless necessary to protect other organs
• reduce the SBP of 160 mmHg, DBP of 100 mmHg, or
MAP of 120 mmHg, in the first 24 hours
• begin the concomitant long-term therapy soon after the
initial emergency treatment
• attempt the established normotension within e few days
Parenteral Drugs for Treatment of Hypertensive Emergencies based on JNC 7
Drugs Dose Onset Duration of Action
Sodium nitroprusside
0.25-10 ugr/kg/min Immediate 1-2 minutes after infusion stopped
Nitroglycerin 5-500 ug/min 1-3 minutes 5-10 minutes
Labetolol HCl 20-80 mg every 10-15 min or 0.5-2 mg/min
5-10 minutes 3-6 minutes
Fenoldopan HCl 0.1-0.3 ug/kg/min <5 minutes 30-60 minutes
Nicardipine HCl 5-15 mg/h 5-10 minutes 15-90 minutes
Esmolol HCl 250-500 ug/kg/min IV bolus, then 50-100 ug/kg/min by infusion; may repeat bolus after 5 minutes or increase infusion to 300 ug/min
1-2 minutes 10-30 minutes
Chobanian AV et al, The JNC 7 report, JAMA 2003;389-2560-70
Parenteral Drugs for Treatment of Hypertensive Emergencies based on CHEST 2007
Acute Pulmonary edema / Systolic dysfunction
Nicardipine, fenoldopam, or nitropruside combined with nitrogliceryn and loop diuretic
Acute Pulmonary edema/ Diastolic dysfunction
Esmolol, metoprolol, labetalol, verapamil, combined with low dose of nitrogliceryn and loop diuretics
Acute Ischemia Coroner Labetalol or esmolol combined with diuretics
Hypertensive encephalopaty Nicardipine, labetalol, fenoldopam
Acute Aorta Dissection Labetalol or combined Nicardipine and esmolol or combine nitropruside with esmolol or IV metoprolol
Preeclampsia, eclampsia Labetalol or nicardipine
Acute Renal failure / microangiopathic anemia
Nicardipine or fenoldopam
Sympathetic crises/ cocaine oveerdose
Verapamil, diltiazem, or nicardipine combined with benzodiazepin
Acute postoperative hypertension
Esmolol, Nicardipine, Labetalol
Acute ischemic stroke/ intracerebral bleeding
Nicardipine, labetalol, fenoldopam
Marik Paul E, Varon Joseph, CHEST 2007;131:1949-62
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin is a potent venodilator and only at high doses affectarterial tone. It reduces BP by reducing cardiacouput and preload which are undesirable effects in patient withcompromised cerebral and renal perfusion
NifedipineNifedipine has been widely used via oral or sublingualadministration in the management of hypertensiveemergencies. This mode of administration has not beenapproved by FDA and since JNC VI because it may causesudden uncontrolled and severe reductions in blood pressuremay precipitate cerebral, renal, and myocardial ischemia thathave been associated with fatal outcomes
Clonidine
Central alfa blocker, sedative effect CI : in patient with Cerebrovascular accident Rebound effect
• Nicardipine :
. Dihydropiridine class of CCB
• Reduce peripheral resistance --- blood pressure
• water soluble, light insensitive, -- can be
parenteraly used (deference with nifedipine /
sodium nitroprusid)
USE OF NICARDIPINE
Ca++ plus Calmodulin
Myosin Kinase
Ca++ plus Calmodulin
Actin-Myosin Interaction Contraction
Myosin Kinase
Ca++ Ca++
Blocking effect of CCB
Ca++ Ca++
Calcium Channel Blocker Mechanism
NICARDIPINE
CHARACTERISTIC
1.VASOSELECTIVITYNicardipine selectivity 30.000 x in smooth muscle cells blood vessels compared with myocardium
2. Myocardial depression (-)3. Negative inotropic (-)4. Rapid and stable antihypertensive effects, reduce blood
pressure gradually < 25% in 2 hours, minimal effects to heart rate
5. Increase blood flow in major organ : Renal, coroner, cerebral
Actions to increase organ blood flow
Perdipine: 3 g/kg/min 20 min
(Shoji Suzuki, et al., The 20th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Society of Hypertension: 1997)
60
40
20
0
-10
-20
Vertebral artery
blood flow
Renal blood flow
Coronary blood flow
Baseline value
121 42 mL/min
563 29mL/min
183 65 mL/min
103 11 mmHg
Coronary artery
blood flow
Renal artery
blood flow
Vertebral artery
blood flow
Mean blood pressure
⊿%)
( %)⊿
(Hypertensive patients, n = 9)
Pharmacodynamic action
Blo
od
flo
w c
ha
ng
e r
ate
Me
an
blo
od
pre
ss
ure
ch
an
ge
ra
te
Mean bloodpressure
Tissue selectivity betweenCalcium Antagonist
Bristow et al. Br J Pharmacol1984; 309:82
Comparison between Calcium Antagonist
Drug Coronary Vasodilation
Suppressionof Cardiac
Contractility
Suppressionof SA Node
Suppressionof AV Node
Verapamil(phenylalkylamine)
++++ ++++ +++++ +++++
Diltiazem(benzothiazepin)
+++ ++ +++++ ++++
Nicardipine(dihydropyridine )
+++++ 0 + 0
Kerins DM. Goodman Gilman’s.10th ed.2001:843-70
Perdipine Injection
- Clinical data for Acute Heart Failure -
Comparison Study with Placebo in Patients with AHF
Subjects:Patients with acute heart failure with CI 2.5 L/min/m2,PCWP 15 mmHg, and SBP 100 mmHg (n=81)
Design:Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blindcomparative study
Treatment:Enrolled patients were randomly allocated to receive either 1) Intravenous infusion of nicardipine 1 g/kg/min for 1 houror
2) Intravenous infusion of placebo for 1 hour
[Kumada T. et al. Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:375, 1995]
Changes in Arterial Pressure Following IV-Infusion of Nicardipine and Placebo
[Kumada T. et al. Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:375, 1995]
(mmHg)
200
150
100
50
175
125
75
NS NS
**
** ** **
** **
NS
NSNSNS
Baseline 15 30 60 (min)
Placebo(n=28)
Nicardipine(n=28)
*: p<0.05**: p<0.01(vs baseline)
Changes in Cardiac Index (CI) Following IV-Infusion of Nicardipine and Placebo
[Kumada T. et al. Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:375, 1995]
5
4
3
2
1
0
Baseline 15 30 60 (min)
**
NS NS NS
(L/min/m2)
****
Placebo(n=28)
Nicardipine(n=28)
*: p<0.05**: p<0.01(vs baseline)
Changes in Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) Following IV-Infusion of
Nicardipine and Placebo
[Kumada T. et al. Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:375, 1995]
Baseline 15 30 60 (min)
40
30
20
10
0
*
NSNSNS
**
(mmHg)
*
Placebo(n=19)
Nicardipine(n=20)
*: p<0.05**: p<0.01(vs baseline)
Changes in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) Following IV-Infusion of Nicardipine and Placebo
[Kumada T. et al. Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:375, 1995]
Placebo(n=29)
Nicardipine(n=28)
*: p<0.05**: p<0.01(vs baseline)
30
3000
2000
1000
0
**
** **
NS NS NS
(dyne ・ sec/cm5)
Baseline 15 60 (min)
Changes in Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) and Cardiac Index (CI)
[Kumada T. et al. Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:375, 1995]
(Mean±SD)
( mmHg )Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)
Car
diac
In d
e x (
CI)
(L/min/m2)
60 min
30 min
15 min
15 min
30 min60 min
Baseline Baseline
0 14 18 22 26 30 34 38
3.4
3.0
2.6
2.2
1.8
Placebo(n=19)
Nicardipine(n=20)
Comparison Study with Intravenous Diltiazem
Subjects:Patients requiring a rapid reduction in BP (DBP 115 mmHg)
Design:Multicenter, randomized, single-blind comparative study
DosageNicardipine: Started at 0.5 g/kg/min
Increased up to 10 g/kg/min if necessaryDiltiazem: Started at 5 g/kg/min
Increased up to 15 g/kg/min if necessary
Duration of drug administration Dose titration: 1 hour Maintenance infusion: 24 hours
Yoshinaga K. et al. Igaku no Ayumi 1993: 165:437
Stability Effect
0
69
24.1
6.8
95.8
4.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Stable Slightly unstable Undeterminable
%
PerdipineDiltiazem
Stability of antihypertensive effect better than Diltiazem
Yoshinaga K. et al. Igaku no Ayumi 1993: 165:437
Nicardipine vs Nitrovasodilators
Pepine CJ. Intravenous nicardipine: cardiovascular effects and clinical relevance. Clin Ther. 1988;10:316-25.
Drug Nicardipine(Perdipine® IV)
Nitroprusside Nitroglycerin
Rapid Onset of Peak Effect ++++ ++++ +++
Afterload Reduction ++++ ++++ +
Preload Reduction 0 ++ ++++
Coronary Steal Reported 0 + 0
Coronary Dilation: Large Vessel +++ + ++++
Coronary Dilation: Small Vessel +++ +/- +/-
Tachycardia + ++ ++
Potential for Symptomatic Hypotension
+ ++ +++
Ease of Administration ++++ ++ +++
Cyanide Toxicity 0 ++++ 0
DOSIS PERDIPINE
0.5 – 6Hypertensive emergencies
10 – 302 - 10Acute hypertensive crises during surgery
Bolus(g/kg)
DIV(g/kg/min)
(g/kg/min)0.5 1 2 6 10
Hypertensive emergencies
Acute hypertensive crises during surgery
Dosage and AdministrationStart with the lowest dose.
Eg 0.5 mcg/BW/min 15 drops monitoring, if in 5-15 minutes there’s no significant blood pressure reducing
Increasing drip until 20 drop , and then can be increased until desirable blood pressure achieved ( about 3-5 drops each after monitoring)
Monitoring blood pressure and heart rate frequently
Before choose to switch to oral, 1 hour before Perdipine is stopped, give oral drugs and Perdipine is tappered of
TAKE HOME MESSAGES Hypertensive Crises:
urgent situation
need rapid management to prevent organ damage
Antihypertensive agent:
should be fast action
parenteral
titratable
TAKE HOME MESSAGES Nicardipine (Perdipine ®):
Calcium Antagonist recommended by JNC 7,
AHA, 2007, CHEST 2007 to manage hypertensive
emergency
Nicardipine (Perdipine ®):
has favorable antiischemic
increase myocardial oxygen supply
increase cardiac index
in patients with acute heart failure
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEART