an overview of nutrition
DESCRIPTION
An Overview of Nutrition. Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Objectives. Describe how various factors influence personal food choices. Name the six classes of nutrients Identify which are organic. Identify a major use of each nutrient. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
An Overview of An Overview of NutritionNutrition
Chapter 1Chapter 1
![Page 2: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 1 ObjectivesChapter 1 Objectives
![Page 3: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
IntroductionIntroduction
• Daily food choices• Benefit health• Harm health
• Chronic disease
• Diet = what we eat• Foods and
beverages
![Page 4: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Food ChoicesFood Choices
• Choices are highly personal• Complex interaction of genetic, social and
behavioral motives
• Personal preference = #1• Taste: sugar, salt, fat• Genetics, hormones
• Ethnic or regional heritage and tradition• Habit
![Page 5: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Food ChoicesFood Choices
• Social interactions• Availability, convenience, and economy
• Benefits of home-cooked meals
• Positive and negative associations• Emotions
• Boredom, depression, anxiety, stress
![Page 6: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Food ChoicesFood Choices
• Values• Religious beliefs, political views,
environmental concerns
• Body weight and image• Nutrition and health benefits
• Functional foods = foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions• Examples: tomato (lycopene), orange juice
(calcium), margarine (sterols)
![Page 7: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The NutrientsThe Nutrients
1. Water• Inorganic• No energy
2. Minerals• Simplest nutrient• Inorganic• No energy
3. Vitamins• Organic• No Energy
1. Carbohydrates• Organic• Energy
2. Proteins• Organic• Contains nitrogen• Energy
3. Lipids/Fats• Organic • Energy
![Page 8: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Elements in the Six Classes of Elements in the Six Classes of NutrientsNutrients
![Page 9: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Energy-Yielding NutrientsEnergy-Yielding Nutrients
• Amount of energy in food• Depends on composition
• Using nutrients for energy• Breaking of bonds• Storage of excess energy
• Metabolism• Materials for building body tissues• Regulation of bodily activities
![Page 10: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Energy-Yielding NutrientsEnergy-Yielding Nutrients
• Provide kcalories• Carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g• Protein = 4 kcal/g• Fat = 9 kcal/g
• Alcohol• Not a nutrient• Yields energy = 7 kcal/g
• Macronutrients vs. micronutrients
![Page 11: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The VitaminsThe Vitamins
• Thirteen organic vitamins• Water-soluble vitamins• Fat-soluble vitamins
• Facilitate energy release• Almost every bodily action requires
assistance from vitamins
• Vulnerable to destruction• Heat (vit C), light (riboflavin)
![Page 12: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Minerals & WaterThe Minerals & Water
• Minerals• Do not yield energy• Sixteen essential minerals • Indestructible
• Causes of mineral losses from foods
• Bound and unable to be absorbed (phytates), leach into water (sodium)
• Water• Medium for nearly all body activities
![Page 13: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Science of NutritionThe Science of Nutrition
• Foundation in several other sciences• Biology, biochemistry, physiology
• Tremendous growth• Sequencing of human genome
• Nutritional genomics: nutrient-gene-disease
![Page 15: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Conducting ResearchConducting Research
• Use of scientific method• Systematic process for conducting research
• Research studies• Controls
• Randomization
• Sample size• Placebos • Double-blind experiments
![Page 16: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NEW OBSERVATIONS & QUESTIONS
THEORYDevelop a theory that
integrates conclusions with those from
numerous other studies.
HYPOTHESIS SUPPORTED HYPOTHESIS NOT SUPPORTED
HYPOTHESIS & PREDICTIONFormulate a hypothesis—a
tentative solution to the problem or answer to the question—and
make a prediction that can be tested.
Identify a problem to be solved or ask a specific
question to be answered.
OBSERVATION & QUESTION
RESULTS & INTERPRETATIONSSummarize, analyze, and interpret the data; draw
conclusions.
EXPERIMENTDesign a study and
conduct the research to collect relevant data.
Stepped Art
Figure 1-3 p13
![Page 17: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Conducting ResearchConducting Research
• Epidemiological studies: incidence, distribution, control of disease in pop.• Cross-sectional studies• Case-control studies• Cohort studies
• Experimental studies: cause-and-effect relationships• Laboratory-based animal studies• Laboratory-base in vitro studies• Clinical trials
![Page 18: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Examples of Research Designs
Fig. 1-4 (pg 14)
![Page 19: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Examples of Research Designs
Fig. 1-4 (pg 14)
![Page 20: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Analyzing Research FindingsAnalyzing Research Findings
• Correlations – only show association • Positive correlation
• Not necessarily a desired outcome
• Negative correlation• No correlation
• Cautious interpretations and conclusions• Accumulation of evidence
![Page 21: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Publishing ResearchPublishing Research
• Peer review• Research has validity
• Findings are preliminary when published• Not meaningful by themselves
• Findings need to be replicated
![Page 22: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Parts of a Research Article
![Page 23: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes
• Standards defined for:• Energy • Nutrients• Physical activity
• Collaborative effort of U.S. and Canada• Recommendations apply to healthy people
• May be different for specific groups
![Page 25: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes
• Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)• Average amount sufficient for half of
population
• Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)• Recommendations to meet needs of most
healthy people• About 98% of population
![Page 26: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
EAR and RDA ComparedEAR and RDA Compared
![Page 27: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes
• Adequate Intakes (AI)• Insufficient scientific evidence• AI value set instead of RDA• Expected to exceed average requirements
• Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)• Point where nutrient is likely to be toxic• Helps protect against overconsumption
![Page 28: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Inaccurate vs. Accurate View Inaccurate vs. Accurate View of Nutrient Intakes of Nutrient Intakes
![Page 29: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes
• Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)• Average dietary energy intake to maintain
energy balance• Healthy body weight
• Physical activity
• No upper level
![Page 30: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes
• Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)• Adequate energy and nutrients• Reduce risk of chronic diseases• Range
• 45-65% kcalories from carbohydrate
• 20-35% kcalories from fat
• 10-35% kcalories from protein
![Page 31: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes
• Estimates apply to healthy people• Needed adjustments
• Recommendations – not minimum levels nor optimal levels
• Goals intended to be met through diet• Apply to average daily intakes• Each DRI category serves a unique purpose
![Page 32: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Nutrition Assessment – Nutrition Assessment – Individual LevelIndividual Level
• Deficiency or excess over time leads to malnutrition• Undernutrition and overnutrition
• Symptoms of malnutrition• Diarrhea• Skin rashes• Fatigue• Others
![Page 34: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Nutrition Assessment – Nutrition Assessment – Individual Level Individual Level
• Creating a “total picture” of the individual1. Historical information
• Health status, SES, drug use
• Diet history – intake over several days; portion sizes; computer analysis
2. Anthropometric measurements• Height and weight – track to identify trends
3. Physical examinations
4. Laboratory tests
![Page 35: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Stages in the Development of a Stages in the Development of a Nutrient DeficiencyNutrient Deficiency
![Page 36: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Nutrition Assessment – Nutrition Assessment – Population LevelPopulation Level
• National nutrition surveys• National nutrition monitoring program
• Coordinates two major national surveys
• Oversample high-risk groups
• National health goals• Healthy People
• National trends
![Page 37: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Healthy People 2020 Nutrition & Weight Status Objectives
![Page 38: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Healthy People 2020 Nutrition & Weight Status Objectives
![Page 39: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Diet and HealthDiet and Health
• Food plays vital role in supporting health• Chronic disease – epidemic levels
• Multiple factors over multiple years
• Leading causes of death
![Page 40: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Diet and Health
• Risk factors • Persist over time• Cluster
• Prominence of risk factors• Tobacco• Diet & activity
patterns• Others
![Page 41: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nutrition Nutrition Information & Information &
MisinformationMisinformation
Highlight 1
![Page 43: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Nutrition Information & Nutrition Information & MisinformationMisinformation
• Validity of information• Who is providing information?
• Qualifications
• Internet• Anyone can publish anything
• No guarantees of accuracy
• Evaluate websites• Who, When, Where, Why, and What?
![Page 44: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• News• Often tell lopsided story
• Testimonials
• Tight deadlines
• Limited understanding
• Current and controversial
Nutrition Information & Nutrition Information & MisinformationMisinformation
![Page 45: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Identifying nutrition experts• Physicians & other health-care professionals
• Training in nutrition is limited
• Registered Dietitian (RD)• Degree and clinical internship
• National exam
• Maintain up-to-date knowledge
• Dietetic Technician Registered (DTR)
Nutrition Information & Nutrition Information & MisinformationMisinformation
![Page 46: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Identifying fake credentials• Accreditation• Diploma mills• Fraudulent businesses
• Red flags of nutrition quackery• Misinformation
Nutrition Information & Nutrition Information & MisinformationMisinformation
![Page 47: An Overview of Nutrition](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56813d10550346895da6ca8e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Nutrition Information & Nutrition Information & MisinformationMisinformation