An Overview of

Alternative Sources

of Maritime Energy

Dr Prapisala Thepsithar

Senior Scientist

Maritime Energy and Sustainable Development

Centre of Excellence

24 April 2018

CONTENT

1. Energy and related emissions from shipping industry - Source of energy for ships – past and present

- Atmospheric emission from shipping industry - Approaches to reduce GHG emission from ships

2. Potential sources of alternative energy for ships - What are potential sources of alternative energy for ships?

- Potential of each alternative sources of energy - GHG emission reduction of each source in comparison with conventional fuel oils

3. Criteria for consideration of alternative energy sources for

ships - Technical, economic, environmental and social-political points- Their levels of importance

Summary

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 2

SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR SHIPS Past and present

• Currently, there are more than 50,000 ocean-going vessels with different

types, sizes and age

• Fuel consumption of around 250 million tonnes of fuels annually

HFO: till now

Coal:

till 2nd half of 20th century

Wind:

till 19th century

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

19

71

19

76

19

81

19

86

19

91

19

96

20

01

20

06

2011

Fuel oil Diesel/ Gas

mill

ion

to

ns/ ye

ar

Source: IMO 3rd GHG study (2014)

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 3

MEASURES FOR GHG EMISSION REDUCTION Technical & Operational Measures and Alternative Sources of

Energy

Weather routingSlow Steaming

Hull & Propeller CleaningHull Coating

Water Flow of Hull Openings

Air Lubrication

Autopilot Adjustment/ Upgrade

Efficient Pumps & FansHigh Efficiency Lighting

Main Engine Tuning/ De-rating

Propeller Boss Cap FinsMewis Ducts

Control Pitch Propeller (CPP) Propeller Systems Upgrade

Contra Rotating PropellerWaste Heat Recovery

Wind Engine/ PowerKite

Solar

Alternative Energy Sources

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

GHG Emission Reduction Potential (%)

Technical Measures

Alternative Energy Sources

Operational Measures

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 4

GHG EMISSION AND REDUCTION POTENTIAL

GHG emission reduction potential

(Source: IMO/MEPC 72/7/3. Submitted by Japan. Calculation by MLIT, based on the Third IMO GHG Study 2014)

Radical reduction in GHG emission can only

be achieved through alternative energy

sources

CO

2E

mis

sio

n (

mill

ion

to

ns)

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

02005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060

Base year (2008) 920 million tons

In 2050

460 million tons

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 6

POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

GENERATIONof alternative fuels/ energy

TRANSPORT APPLICATION on board ships

• Feedstock (current & future)

• Production technologies

• Capacity (current & planned)

• Usage (by other industries)

• Cost and other concerns

• Storage requirement

• Logistics

• Safety & regulations

• Applicability

• Operation, safety & environment:

Emission reduction

Trend of adoption, issues for industry to overcomes prior to actual adoption, active parties (academia, industry

and countries)

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 7

LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)

Dual-fuel engine, fuel gas supply system and storage on board vessels (TRL 9)

Requirement of a global network of infrastructure for its application worldwide

HFO

90% >95% >95%

LNG100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

CO2 NOx PM SOx

World natural gas reserves

180 trillion m3 R/P ratio 60-80 year

Source: BP Statistic Review 2005

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 7

Source: Engie, https://www.engie.com/en/journalists/press-releases/liquefied-

natural-gas-supply-contract-lactalis-group/

BIODIESEL Feedstock

It is compatible with marine distillate and applicable with existing ships/ existing bunkering

infrastructure (TRL 9).million litres

45,000

40,000

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

007-09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Bio

die

sel P

rod

uctio

n

Source: Adopted from The Crop Site (2010), Biofuel Production - Greater Shares of Commodities Used.

Able to support industry only partially due to its

insufficient supply. The utilisation of biodiesel

blends can be considered.

Requirement of fuel specification

standardisation (properties of biodiesel

produced from different sources are different.

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 8

METHANOL Methanol can be produced from various feedstock.

Requirement of dual-fuel engine or engine modification/ bunkering infrastructure (TRL 9).

Source: Adopted from IGP Energy (2014),Methanol data.

Presence as current commodity / existing

distribution infrastructure

Overall environmental performance

Able to support industry partially (7-8% of

energy demand).

Low energy density (22.7MJ/kg)

160

120

80

40

0

mill

ion

to

ns

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 23

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

Op

era

tin

g r

ate

(%)

Demand

Total capacity

Production

Operating rate

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 9

BIO-GAS Bio-gas (bio-methane) can be produced from waste and wastewater.

Similar nature as natural gas (TRL 9).

Source: World Bioenergy Association releases biogas fact sheet (2013)

Biomass Magazine

Able to leverage on LNG infrastructure

Presence as bioenergy providing further

emission reduction

Requirement of sufficient production of bio-

methane and value chain development to

support its application

Potential for biogas production worldwide

Resources Energy

Production

(PJ)

Billion m3

CH4

From agriculture

(Manure, residues, energy

crops)

22,674 630

From waste

Urban waste (organic fraction of

MSW), agro-industry waste

(organic fraction), Sewage

13,316 370

Total 35,990 1,000

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 10

HYDROGEN Feedstock: non-renewable to renewable

The application of H2 requires fuel cell with electric motor (TRL 6).

Source: Industrial hydrogen and synfuel production and use, Global CCS Institute.

H2 Production

50 million tons/year Requirement of the storage on board

Establishment of centralised H2 production from renewable sources

of energy and/or fossil fuel with carbon capture technology

Establishment of the value chain and a global network of

infrastructure for its application worldwide

Feasible for the whole industry to adopt as a major measure for

“zero emission”.

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 11

BATTERY PROPULSION Power generation from non-renewable to renewable

Capable of achieving zero emission for all electric propulsion with battery (TRL 6-9).

Requirement of battery packs and charging

station

Improvement of energy density of battery in order

to enable the implementation of full electric for

large vessels and/or deep sea shipping.

Electricity produced from renewable sources of

energy and/or fossil fuel with carbon capture

technology0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Wh/kg

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Wh/L Smaller

Lighter

Source: Energy Storage, http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/bstorage.html

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 12

ENERGY COST

Source: Historical price of fuels obtained from www.afdc.energy.gov/data/, and Methanex Monthly Average Regional Posted Contract

Price HistoryMESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 13

Social acceptability

Safety

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITIY

Technical sustainability

Maturity

Reliability of

energy source

Capital cost

Bunkering price

Infrastructure

Economical sustainabilitySocio-political sustainability

Environmental sustainability

Reduction of

SOx, NOx

and PM

GHG

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018|

14

Long-term

2030 onwards

SUMMARY

Short- and medium- term

2018-2023 and 2023-2030

From the important level of selection criteria towards sustainability:

- Readiness of LNG infrastructure

- Enhancement of bio-methanol

production

- Sufficient supply and consistent of

biodiesel quality

Emission factor of each alternative energy source according to feedstock and

driver for adoption

- Sustainable production of energy

source, value chain development

and global network of infrastructure

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 15

THANK YOU

MESD Centre of Excellence April 2018| 16