an overview and lessons learned from the five octave research array (fora) with some perspectives...
TRANSCRIPT
An Overview And Lessons Learned From The Five Octave Research Array (FORA) With Some
Perspectives For Future Towed Array
John R. Prestona, Kyle M. Beckerb, Paul T. Shultzc, Jeffrey R. McIlvainc, George M. Ruhlmannd
aARL, Penn State University, P.O. Box 30, MS 6110D, State College, PA 16804bNURC, Viale San Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy
cL-3 Chesapeake Sciences Corp., 1127B Benfield Blvd., Millersville MD 21108dWaveTech Engineering, LLC., 3200 Dunbratton Court, Waldorf, MD 20601
Purpose/Background
• Built to support the ONR Ocean Acoustics Program’s 6.1 experimental research efforts.
• MACE program at ONR was also a sponsor/user of this system.
• After its shakedown cruise in 2002, FORA has completed ten very successful sea trials as of Sept. 2010.
Tow CableDeck Cable
TATS
Fore VIM TripletModule
Fore LF/MF MF/HF Aft LF/MF Aft VIM
25.0m 88m
277 m (triplet 89 mm dia, linear 77 mm. dia.)
33.5m 45.0m25 m 30.0m
ULF
30.5m
FORA System Module Layout*
950 m long, 27.4 mm dia.
Array & WinchWt: 22,000 lbs.
Tow CableDeck Cable
Towed Array Test Set (TATS)
Controller
Forw. VIM TripletModule
Forw. LF/MF MF/HF Aft LF/MF Aft VIM
Drogue305 m long,11 mm dia.
88m33.5m 45.0m30.0m
(Aft) ULF
30.5m
*not the same as acoustic apertures
30 m long, 15 mm dia
Nas Nodes
FORA with new level wind
FORA Acoustic AperturesAcoustic
Apertures
No. of phones Design freq (Hz)/spacing (m)
ULF 64 250 / 3.0
LF 64 500 / 1.5
MF 64 1000 / 0.75
HF 64 2000 / 0.375
Triplet section 78*3 3750 / 0.2
FORA SAMPLING CONFIGURATIONS(Total channels =396)
Config.
number
Fwd Triplet
Aft Triplet All Linear
Apertures
1 25 kHz 12.5 kHz 6.25 kHz
2 12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz 6.25 kHz
3 16.0 kHz 8.0 kHz 8.0 kHz
4 8.0 kHz 8.0 kHz 8.0 kHz
5 2.0 kHz 2.0 kHz 2.0 kHz
FORA on R/V KNORR
Deployment
FORA Overboard Sheave
FORA Capabilities• Large frequency coverage 50 - 3750 Hz with beamformer• Very high dynamic range 24 bit A/D, 19 bits actual• 4 NAS suites - each with heading, pitch, roll, depth and
temperature• Removable ULF section (88 m)• Can also operate as short/long vertical array suspended
from own ship (drifting or moored only)• Five sampling configurations from 2 kHz - 25 kHz
• Highest frequency aperture is a triplet array for left-right ambiguity resolution
• Desensitized phone to capture direct arrival waveforms
Limitations/Considerations• Drogue was designed for 4-5 kt tows but the split drogue
mod. allows tows up to 10 kts.• Maximum depth at 3 kts is ~350 m (cable limit).• Array uses ATM/Sonet fiber optic data link so input data
rate fixed at 155 mb/s but recording is done separately for triplet or linear sections.
• The FORA acquisition system can record all 4 linear sections or the full triplet section without problems.
• Acquisition system is based on archiving to SATA disks from Linux workstations.
Newer Sea Trial Summaries• NPAL//SPICE/LOAPEX 04 - long range propagation and azimuthal
scattering studies: FORA operated for the entire experiment without any days lost but ~1s one-way timing errors were later discovered.
• OREX 05 - scattering and inversion studies: FORA weather + equipment problems caused 1-2 days of data loss (for first time). New FORA limit is SS4 for operations.
• Gulf of Maine 06 - remote sensing of fish schools: FORA operates without equipment failures for entire trial.
• Clutter07/BASE07 FORA operates without major problems again (all desired data collected successfully).
• During the course of FORA’s ten sea trials, it was requested to collect data for a total of 138 days and missed only 3.5 days due to FORA equipment problems (including the winch).
Summary of FORA Sea Trials
Sample of Reverberation from the FORA LF aperture on the New Jersey Shelf
Sample reverberation from the FORA cardioid aperture on the New Jersey Shelf
Triplet BF Near Mud Volcanoes
FORA Acquisition Software Problem History/Fixes
• The original FORA acquisition software was adapted from other active systems and worked well in active experiments.
• In 2006-2007, post analysis of the NPAL04 experiment showed one-way timing errors of >=0.5 s with no way of correcting them.
• In 2008-2009 several improvements reduced one-way error to ~8ms.
• In 2010 the acquisition system was completely rewritten. In the course of improving the FORA acquisition system for the LRAC10 experiment, GPS time tags have been added for each data block, and all data dropouts are logged with location and duration.
• The new acquisition software worked flawlessly during the remainder of the LRAC10 experiment recently completed (no dropouts). Now one-way timing errors are down to approximately 1 ms.
Acknowledgements• ONR Ocean Acoustics Program
• ONR MACE Program
• Chesapeake Sciences Corp. & Teledyne Inst.
• Digital Systems Research (DSR) Inc.
• Lillimar (Lillie) Rulhmann, Nick Makris (MIT)
• R. Hollett (SACLANTCEN), Eddie Scheer (WHOI)
• A. C. Hill (Hill Consulting)
• WaveTech Engineering, LLC (George Ruhlmann)
New Array Technologies