an open source approach to social media data gathering

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Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar eses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-22-2018 An Open Source Approach to Social Media Data Gathering Anthony J. Kallhoff Follow this and additional works at: hps://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Operational Research Commons is esis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in eses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact richard.mansfield@afit.edu. Recommended Citation Kallhoff, Anthony J., "An Open Source Approach to Social Media Data Gathering" (2018). eses and Dissertations. 1935. hps://scholar.afit.edu/etd/1935

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Air Force Institute of TechnologyAFIT Scholar

Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works

3-22-2018

An Open Source Approach to Social Media DataGatheringAnthony J. Kallhoff

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd

Part of the Operational Research Commons

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses andDissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected].

Recommended CitationKallhoff, Anthony J., "An Open Source Approach to Social Media Data Gathering" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 1935.https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/1935

AN OPEN SOURCE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA DATA GATHERING

THESIS

Anthony J. Kallhoff, 2nd Lieutenant, USAF

AFIT-ENS-MS-18-M-130

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY

AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A.

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.

The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official

policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United

States Government. This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not

subject to copyright protection in the United States.

AFIT-ENS-MS-18-M-130

AN OPEN SOURCE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA DATA GATHERING

THESIS

Presented to the Faculty

Department of Operational Sciences

Graduate School of Engineering and Management

Air Force Institute of Technology

Air University

Air Education and Training Command

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Master of Science in Operations Research

Anthony J. Kallhoff, BS

2nd Lieutenant, USAF

March 2018

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A.

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.

AFIT-ENS-MS-18-M-130

AN OPEN SOURCE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA DATA GATHERING

Anthony J. Kallhoff, BS

2nd Lieutenant, USAF

Committee Membership:

Dr. Bradley Boehmke

Chair

Maj. Jason Freels

Reader

iv

AFIT-ENS-MS-18-M-130

Abstract

Modern usage of social media affords the military intelligence and analytic

communities novel approaches to gather information. However, the tools and resources to

develop these methodologies are still maturing. Furthermore, current data acquisition

tools are not available to the DoD for all social media platforms. This thesis addresses a

small subset of this problem by developing an open source methodological approach to

collect and manage data from a popular social media site that has previously been

inaccessible to defense intelligence organizations. This approach was operationalized via

the R package called instaExtract, and an exemplar analysis was performed to

demonstrate its application and efficiency for intelligence gathering.

v

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my faculty advisor, Dr. Bradley

Boehmke, for his guidance and support throughout the course of this thesis effort. The

insight and experience was certainly appreciated. I would also like to thank my sponsor

for both the support and latitude provided to me in this endeavor.

Anthony J. Kallhoff

vi

Table of Contents

Page

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv

Acknowledgments................................................................................................................v

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi

List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix

I. Introduction .....................................................................................................................1

1.1 General Issue ..........................................................................................................1

1.2 Research Goals .......................................................................................................2

1.3 Research Contributions ..........................................................................................2

1.4 Assumptions and Limitations .................................................................................3

1.5 Organization ...........................................................................................................3

II. Literature Review ............................................................................................................4

2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................4

2.2 The Evolving State of Intelligence Gathering ........................................................4

2.3 Instagram ................................................................................................................6

2.4 Data Collection and Management ........................................................................10

2.5 Existing Instagram Data Extraction Software ......................................................14

2.6 Reproducible Analysis..........................................................................................18

III. Methodology ...............................................................................................................19

3.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................19

3.2 A JSON-Based Instagram Scrapper in R– instaExtract ................................19

3.3 Adaptable, Reproducible, Distributable – Hosting on the AFIT Data Science

Lab’s GitHub Page .....................................................................................................29

vii

3.4 Summary...............................................................................................................37

IV. Exemplar Analysis .......................................................................................................38

4.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................38

4.2 Gathering Information on the Region...................................................................38

4.3 Hashtag Investigation ...........................................................................................39

4.4 User Investigation .................................................................................................44

4.5 Geo Mapping ........................................................................................................49

4.6 Summary...............................................................................................................51

V. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................52

5.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................52

5.2 The instaExtract Package ..............................................................................52

5.3 The AFIT Data Science Lab .................................................................................54

5.4 Summary...............................................................................................................55

Appendix A ........................................................................................................................56

Appendix B ........................................................................................................................57

Appendix C ........................................................................................................................58

Appendix D ........................................................................................................................59

Appendix E ........................................................................................................................60

Appendix F.........................................................................................................................61

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................62

viii

List of Figures

Page

Figure 1. An Instagram Post ............................................................................................... 8

Figure 2. An Instagram Account ......................................................................................... 9

Figure 3. An Instagram Location ...................................................................................... 10

Figure 4. The Analytic Cycle (Wickham & Grolemund, 2016) ....................................... 11

Figure 5. Word Cloud for Top 200 Hashtags in the DC Area .......................................... 41

Figure 6. Count of 150 Most Used Hashtags in the DC Area........................................... 42

Figure 7. Most liked Instagram Post by usairforce (usairforce, 2018) ............................. 45

Figure 8. Post Likes Over Time for usairforce Account ................................................... 46

Figure 9. Network of Commenting Users on usairforce Posts Where Edge is Proportional

to Number of Comments ............................................................................................ 48

Figure 10. All Washington DC Locations from Instagram Overlaid with Actual Location

.................................................................................................................................... 49

Figure 11. Clustered Locations for Washington DC ........................................................ 50

Figure 12. Zoomed in View of White House Instagram Locations .................................. 51

ix

List of Tables

Page

Table 1 - Instagram Data Extraction Software ................................................................. 15

Table 2 - instaR Functions ................................................................................................ 16

Table 3 - Instagram-php-scraper Functions ...................................................................... 17

Table 4 - Search Functions Provided by the instaExtract Package ........................... 22

Table 5 - Get Functions for the instaExtract Package ............................................... 23

Table 6 - Format of the Results for the Get Functions in the instaExtract Package .. 24

Table 7 - Functions Enabling Location Mapping Capabilities ......................................... 33

1

AN OPEN SOURCE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA DATA GATHERING

I. Introduction

1.1 General Issue

The modern world is producing mountains of information that can be of

indispensable benefit to the Department of Defense (DoD) intelligence community.

Traditionally, intelligence has been gathered through arduous means and required

advanced systems or highly trained professionals. However, the emergence of social

media, and the breadth of new information it provides, offer analysts a unique

opportunity to access large amounts of data at little cost. While the techniques to make

the most of this data are still in development, they present an exciting supplement to

traditional intelligence gathering.

In academic and applied research, there is an emphasis on advancing and applying

rigorous analytical techniques to data, but also important are the methods to acquire the

data. Just as higher resolution microscopes provide new insights in biology, tools that can

offer new and refined streams of information can help to better inform analysts. Without

attention being given to the acquisition of data, analysts are forced to apply their

techniques to flawed or constrained data sets. Current data gathering tools have varying

limitation in their scope, functionality, and platform, restricting the benefits they may

offer.

2

1.2 Research Goals

The current suite of in-house data acquisition tools does not span all the various

social media platforms. One notable site that is presently excluded is Instagram, a photo

and video sharing platform. While there exist third-party programs that offer some form

of information gathering from Instagram, they are limited in varying ways. This research

aims to establish a reliable and reproducible approach to extract Instagram data for use by

the DoD intelligence community. To this end, this research seeks to create an R-based

Instagram data acquisition package with the following functionality:

• Information retrieval without the need for user authorization or API integration

• Search functions for identifying users and hashtags in Instagram’s databases

• Media post retrieval that includes meta-data and information on community

involvement

• Retrieval of information for users and their activity on the site

• Raw data stream cleaning and transformation resulting in user friendly data

• Example analytic functions to serve as a basis for future development

• Hosting on a platform that facilitates community involvement, continued support,

and version control

1.3 Research Contributions

This research aims to expand the DoD intelligence community’s information

gathering capabilities with a consistent and robust approach to pulling Instagram data.

This approach will be in the form of an R package hosted on the Air Force Institute of

Technology (AFIT) Data Science Lab’s GitHub account, consistent with the approach of

recent analytic tools developed by AFIT. More than a one-off deliverable, the results of

3

this work will establish a groundwork for more Instagram based intelligence gathering

and analysis. By focusing on the particulars of data acquisition, this research supports the

efforts of data analytics by providing the material to investigate. This package will also

have an immediate impact on the DoD, who will have access to the information and

insights Instagram provides.

1.4 Assumptions and Limitations

In development of these resources, some level of continued success by Instagram

and the usefulness of its information is assumed. The tools developed also rely on a

general structure to how Instagram presents its data and allows users to interact with that

data. Significant reworkings to Instagram’s procedures might invalidate some functions

in this research.

1.5 Organization

The paper begins with a literature review in Chapter 2 that explores intelligence

gathering and its evolution with social media. Furthermore, Chapter 2 looks at the current

resources for collection social media data, diving specifically into Instagram, its layout

and tools that interact with it. Finally, Chapter 2 addresses the topic of reproducibility in

analysis. Chapter 3 discusses the methodological framework for extracting Instagram

social media data and the open source R package, instaExtract, that operationalizes

this approach. Next, Chapter 4 presents an exemplar analysis, showing how an analysis

might utilize instaExtract. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the work accomplished

with this thesis and discusses areas for future research.

4

II. Literature Review

2.1 Overview

The objective of this thesis is to develop and operationalize a methodological

approach to collect and manage data from a popular social media site as well as provide

an R package that allows for reproducible analysis by users. To this end, this paper

begins with a literature review broken into six sections, including the overview. The

second section will be a look at the more traditional fields of intelligence gathering and

how computers are being integrated with older methods. The third section will look

closer at the specific social media platform explored in this thesis, Instagram, and the

structure of its information. The fourth section covers practices for collecting and

managing large amounts of user data pulled from a social media site using its application

program interface (API). Fifth, the review examines existing data extraction software and

their advantages and limitations. The final section explores techniques and considerations

to ensure reproducible analysis.

2.2 The Evolving State of Intelligence Gathering

The gathering of intelligence has developed throughout the history of warfare.

Knowledge of the enemy and of the landscape of the battle can be vital to the success of

the combatants. Accordingly, the U.S. has developed many institutions and practices for

the purpose of acquiring and deciphering intelligence (Richelson, 2015). Many of the

techniques relied on, however, are fallible and inconsistent. Combing through traditional

paperwork can take many man hours, and even experienced eyes can miss important

details. Many human intelligence procedures also depend on investigators trusting their

memories or interpreting ambiguous signs (Loftus, 2011). With the advent of computers,

5

the nature of intelligence gathering is shifting rapidly. Digitized files can be searched in

milliseconds, and while computers carry their own sets of faults, they do not tire or relent.

More than just work horses though, computers offer unique opportunities for data

acquisition and analysis (Leese, 2015). With the internet came the introduction and

spread of social media sites like Facebook and Instagram. These sites are populated with

information from users all over the world and represent almost all demographics. There is

such a wealth of information that has sprung up so recently, that the intelligence

community is struggling to adapt fast enough to utilize all the data now at its disposal

(Loftus, 2011). Along with a flood of new information, computers are powerful

processers of this information. As an example, consider the analysis of terrorist

networks. Developing an organizational structure of terrorist’s cells has been a backbone

of human intelligence in the fight against terror. Isolating important targets and

determining the flow of information has allowed us to neutralize cells with minimal

damage (Ronczkowski, 2011). However, these models are currently still heavily reliant

on the same unreliable techniques mentioned early. Computers and the new sources of

information they provide could afford the intelligence communities new manners of

network analysis and formulation. Specifically, social media can provide information

unlike any other source. Social media data provides relational and geospatial data at a

real time pace, closing the turnaround of reports for analysts (Pitic, Volovici, Tara, &

Mite, 2013).

The structure of social media sites and the way users interact with them provide

new types of information to be used in analysis. One of the primary and most useful of

these types comes in the form of social networks, a network of actor nodes and

6

relationship or interaction edges that bind them together (Aggarwal, 2011). While social

networks have been studied in conventional scenarios for some time, social media data

presents itself in a manner so conducive to social network analysis that it has created a

renewed fervor in the scientific study of the field (Aggarwal, 2011). These online social

networks tend to reach large scales which manifest with special structures and behaviors

(Milgram, 1967). Online networks in particular are saturated with data, offering unique

circumstances for analysis of two primary kinds of data: structural analysis which

identifies important nodes, links and regions, and content-based analysis which delves

into the specifics of the content being shared (Aggarwal, 2011). Finally, online networks

evolve in much shorter time spans than conventional networks, a complication that is the

subject of recent research (Aggarwal & Yu, 2005).

The previous paragraph mentions content-based analysis briefly, but the scope of

analysis to be done on social media data is extensive. Almost all social media platforms

are rich in text based information which lends itself to interesting fields of analysis like

classification, clustering, and sentiment analysis (Aggarwal, 2011; Ashraf, Verma, &

Tech, 2016). Often, social media data will also contain image and video content, enabling

methods involving image and voice recognition (Li, Zha, Huet, & Tian, 2016). One other

category of information, geotagging, is a descriptor of content, but can provide for

meaningful analysis in its own right. Location information can help to contextualize

online content in the real world (Andriopoulou & Lymberopoulos, 2012).

2.3 Instagram

Instagram launched on 6 October 2010 with 25,000 sign-ups on the first day

(“Our Story – Instagram,” n.d.). Two years later, on 9 April 2012, the company, now at

7

30 million users, was purchased by Facebook for nearly $1 billion (Chaykowski, 2016).

Today, it boasts 500 million daily users, and more than 800 million monthly active users

(“Our Story – Instagram,” n.d.). Instagram is, at its core, just a photo-sharing app, but

with more users than Twitter, Snapchat, and Pinterest combined, it has placed itself as

one of the fastest growing social media platforms of all time (Chaykowski, 2016).

The typical Instagram experience revolves around two types of content: a post and

a story. A post, seen in Figure 4, is the term for a user submission encompassing their

submitted media, description, and community response. A post can either be a video or a

photo. It is accompanied with a user created caption and hashtags, markers that promote

and categorize a post. Posts can also have comments and likes left by other users. Once a

post is created, it will exist on a user’s account indefinitely unless it is deleted. A story is

similar to a post, but it is only up for a short time and comments and likes are not

displayed. Instead, stories act as a slideshow that move through videos and photos posted

by the accounts a user follows. Others can comment on a story, but the comment and who

viewed a story is only visible to the creator. Currently, Instagram only supports mobile

users viewing the story of accounts that they do not follow.

8

Figure 1. An Instagram Post: 1) Media – can be a video or photo, 2) Owner Thumbnail,

3) Owner Username, 4) Post Caption, 5) Post Tags, 6) Commenter Username, 7)

Comment, 8) Post Likes, 9) Post Date

A user’s history of posts is stored as an account, shown in Figure 2. An account

page shows the user’s thumbnail and username. It also has statistics on how many posts

the account has made, how many other users follow the account, and how many others

the user follows. To follow an account means to have the posts of that account appear in

the stream of posts provided to the user, called their feed. If someone is signed into

Instagram, it also possible to view which accounts are followers and which accounts the

given account is following. Next, accounts have a bio that may describe their content or

themselves. Finally, on the account page are listed the posts of the user from most recent

to oldest.

9

Figure 2. An Instagram Account

Similar to an account page, Instagram has pages for locations. Locations are

created by users, and subsequently used by others to classify future posts. An example

location is shown in Figure 3. The page shows the coordinates of location, a story that

users can add content to, the current top nine posts, and the list of all other content in

reverse chronological order. Since locations are user created, there is not an extensive list

of all locations, but it is possible to view the top 1000 locations for a city by navigating

the options of the “explore/locations” subdomain.

10

Figure 3. An Instagram Location

2.4 Data Collection and Management

Data analysis can be thought of as a continuing process rather than a one-step

application. This analytic cycle is depicted in Figure 4. Although much of the work in the

process is done in the sub-section labeled “understand”, it is also important to not neglect

the first two steps, “import” and “tidy.” Importing entails pulling information from a

source, whether it is already organized or through more intensive processes like web

scraping. Tidying information is the process of formatting data into a usable and

consistent structure (Wickham & Grolemund, 2016). These two steps are essential to the

analytic process since without them, the analyst has no data to work with or the data

exists in a form that cannot be analyzed. Therefore, in the pursuit of analyzing social

media information, attention should be given to the importing and tidying of the data, as

is the emphasis of this thesis.

11

Figure 4. The Analytic Cycle (Wickham & Grolemund, 2016)

The first step to acquiring information from a social media site is determining an

avenue to the information. One source of information is to scrape the desired fields

directly from the displayed page, commonly referred to as web-scraping. Such a program

would traverse the actual webpage that is displayed when a person uses the site. To move

between pages, it would use built in links or travel along links in the page to search for

requested information. This web-scraping approach relies on the underlying structure of

HTML-based sites to process what was made for human interaction (Glez-Peña,

Lourenço, López-Fernández, Reboiro-Jato, & Fdez-Riverola, 2013). This approach offers

complications to a program since it does not adapt well to changes to the site and requires

specific implementation for each portion of a site (Glez-Peña et al., 2013). Most websites

also offer an application programming interface (API) which allows outside organizations

access to the information stored in the sites databases. APIs offer a more consistent

means of retrieving data in consistent formats, but it is not guaranteed that they will offer

all information that the site stores (Glez-Peña et al., 2013). Additionally, as is the case

with Instagram, APIs may be subject to strict regulations that prevent the public from

accessing them. The alternative to this is an open API, which allows third-party

12

developers access without needing authorization, but it can still suffer the other problems

of APIs (Jang & Lee, 2009). With both APIs and web scraping, sites can be behind an

authentication wall that will not allow some or all of their information to be displayed

unless the user is logged into an account.

Once a method of access to the website is determined, the information is still in

need of storage and management. The information collected is still in a raw state and as a

stream is difficult to work with (Injadat, Salo, & Nassif, 2016). When web scraping, the

data can be stored in almost any format, depending on how the web scraping software

pulls its information. APIs will return a data structure based on established guidelines,

one of the benefits of interacting through an API (Glez-Peña et al., 2013). In the case of

Instagram’s open API, data is return in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). JSON files

are fundamentally text files, but they are organized in a way to make them both readable

for humans and easy for machines to parse (“JSON,” n.d.). A complete list of data

formats would be infeasible, but the basic principle is that data will come in a certain

format depending on the chosen importing method.

Whatever the method, data will be required to conform to certain requirements in

order to be compatible with the needs of tools and data storage later in the process. This

conversion of data falls under the category of “tidying” the data, or ensuring that the data

is in format that best facilitates future work(Wickham & Grolemund, 2016). Toward this

goal, the programming language R has resources that facilitate the “tidying” process. R is

an open-source programming language with a focus on statistical computing and

extensibility (“R: What is R?,” n.d.). R is extended via packages, fundamental units of

reproducible code (Hadley Wickham, 2015). One such package, tidyr, specializes in

13

tidying data (Hadley & Henry, 2018). This package and more like it make R a great

programming language for manipulating data of many different formats and preparing it

for use in analysis.

A question not yet answered is what information is important to pull? It is

impractical to have access to all the data flowing through social media sites without the

cooperation of the company behind them, especially for sites as large as Instagram. A

decision must be made then to choose what data to target and how to find the data

relating to that target by second order connections. While the ultimate use of information

and methods of analyzing are outside the scope of this thesis, exploring potential use

cases allows for the creation of a program that more accurately reflects the needs of

future users.

One strategy for analysis is a user focused approach. By viewing the post rate and

other statistics like following or resubmissions, analysts can put together a map of

influential users and their reach (Erlandsson, Bródka, Borg, & Johnson, 2016). Further,

they can track the flow of information and events to construct communities and networks,

similar to those created now with more conventional gathering techniques (Lv & Guo,

2016). Networks can also be established to connect users. Algorithms that watch the

behavior of users can flag behaviors and interests that share a high correlation with target

user bases, providing new insight into potential persons and groups of interest (Mezghani,

Péninou, Zayani, Amous, & Sèdes, 2017). This is an example of a unique application of

computers, where it may discover underlying connections that even an experienced

investigator might miss.

14

Another angle for analysis is to focus on events rather than networks. Social

media platforms have already shown the potential to be important barometers in public

perception of events and topics. By following trends, hashtags, and locations of posts,

analysists can create models that capture the sentiment and movement of a target

audience (Bian et al., 2016). This leads again to an area where computer driven analytics

can greatly help in information gathering. In a world of social media and

interconnectedness, discussion of events can evolve faster than a system administrator

can have time to adapt to. So it becomes important for the information gathering

software to have ways of dynamically associating common terms and pulling from

sources that a conventional search might overlook (Chan, Vasardani, & Winter, 2014).

2.5 Existing Instagram Data Extraction Software

Tools for extracting information from Instagram currently exist but are limited in

their usefulness. An overview of some available solutions is presented in Table 1. This

review will look more closely at instaR and Instagram PHP Scraper, but looking

at Table 1 shows that the various programs approach the same problem in many ways.

There are free programs like Instagram-scraper by Richard Arcega (Arcega, 2018)

and monetized software like the Instagram scraper provided by Im Rista (“Instagram

Scraper - Im Risto - Internet Marketing Blog,” n.d.). Many of the programs are based on

open source languages like Python and PHP, but only instaR notably uses R. The

monetized programs do not make their source code available, and as such, would not

easily be extendable. The existing software serves as a framework to inform

functionality, but ultimately each program fails to capture every important feature. The

monetized software has restrictive licensing issues and closed code. Programs in PHP and

15

Python do not capitalize on the existing analytic tools employed by the DoD community.

And lastly, instaR relies on interactions with Instagram’s private API, and the

authorization required to use that do not fit with mission needs.

Table 1 - Instagram Data Extraction Software: O – Optional, G – GitHub, ? –

Unavailable Information

insta

gram

-scra

per

Insta

gram

Super Scra

per

Insta

gram

PHP Scraper

Im R

isto

Insta

Scraper

insta

R

R ✓

Python ✓

PHP ✓ ✓

Custom ✓ ✓

API ✓ ? ✓

Scrapping ✓ ?

JSON ✓ ✓ ✓ ?

Authentication O O O ✓ ?

Authorization ✓

Availability G G G $49 $8 G

GUI ✓ ✓ ✓

These programs, however, can still be useful as templates for this research. First,

this thesis explores the instaR package by Pablo Barberá (Barberá, 2017). The program

is an R-based package that allows the user to interact with Instagram’s API to perform a

range of functions that are detailed in Table 2. The functionality of instaR is not as

expansive as other programs, but it highlights a few important considerations for

Instagram scrapers. Besides being outside of DoD control, instaR would have been a

good choice for Instagram data extraction based in R if it didn’t require authorization.

16

Since November of 2015, all API endpoints require a valid access_token, which requires

the application to be reviewed and approved by Instagram themselves (“Platform

Changelog • Instagram Developer Documentation,” n.d.). This is already a difficult

process for civilian users, but is a severe deterrent for the use of the API in a DoD

capacity. However, working with the API has two advantages Instagram-php-scraper, the

program investigated next, does not have. First, working with the API generally ensures a

higher level of stability with how a function will behave. Secondly, the API has some

functions that are hard to replicate through other means, namely, the ability to search for

posts in a given region.

Table 2 - instaR Functions

Function Purpose

getComments Retrieves up to 150 recent comments for a given post

getFollowers Retrieves the list of users that follow a given user

getFollows Retrieves the list of users a given user follows

getLikes Retrieves the list of users who liked a post

getLocation Retrieves location information

getPopular Retrieves up to 24 popular posts

getTagCount Retrieves a count of times a hashtag has been used

getUser Retrieves public information about a user

getUserMedia Retrieves public media from a given user and can

download media

instaOAuth Creates an OAuth access token enabling R to

communicate with Instagram’s API

searchInstagram Search media for mention of hashtag or for posts in a

given location

The other program investigated in detail is Instagram-php-scraper by

Postaddict.me (Postaddict.me, 2018), whose functions are detailed in Table 3. Unlike

17

Table 3 - Instagram-php-scraper Functions

Function Purpose

withCredentials Allows the program to run with account information

searchTagsByTagName Returns the hashtag results in a search for a given tag

getErrorBody An error handling function

searchAccountsByUsername Returns the accounts results in a search for a given

username

generateHeaders Adds credentials to a query

getMedias Retrieves the n most recent posts for a given username

getMediaById Retrieves information about a post with a given ID

getMediaByUrl Retrieves information about a post with a given URL

getMediaByCode Retrieves information about a post with a given

shortcode

getPaginateMedias Returns the first page of recent posts for a given

username

getMediaCommentsById Retrieves comments on a post with a given ID

getMediaCommentsByCode Retrieves comments on a post with a given shortcode

getMediaLikesByCode Retrieves likes on a post with a given shortcode

getAccountById Retrieves information on an account with a given ID

getAccount Retrieves information on an account with a given

username

getMediasByTag Retrieves n most recent posts with a given hashtag

getPaginateMediasByTag Returns the first page of recent posts with a given

hashtag

getCurrentTopMediasByTagName Retrieves the top nine posts with a given hashtag

getCurrentTopMediasByLocationId Retrieves the top nine posts for a given location ID

getMediasByLocationId Retrieves the n most recent posts for a given location ID

getLocationById Retrieves information for a given location ID

getFollowers Retrieves the accounts following a given account ID

getFollowing Retrieves the accounts a given account ID is following

getStories Retrieves the story information for a given account

setProxy Establishes a proxy for queries to be passed through

instaR, Instagram-php-scraper accesses Instagram’s open API. This allows users

to retrieve most public information without needing authorization from Instagram or even

an account. However, it does allow for users to log-in to access information limited to

authenticated accounts. The functionality of this program is also much more extensive

than others. Note, however, that while it has functions that interact with specific

locations, it cannot find posts in a given region. The two main factors that make

18

Instagram-php-scraper an imperfect candidate is the language it is coded in, PHP,

and that it is controlled by a source outside the DoD. It does, however, serve as an

excellent blueprint for other programs interacting with Instagram’s open API.

2.6 Reproducible Analysis

The last subject that this thesis aims to address is the reproducibility of analysis.

To the ends of validation and verification, is has been standard for independent bodies to

try and replicate the results of a study (R. D. Peng, 2011). However, with more research

being done with the aid of data and independently collected information, all sciences are

suffering a crisis of reproducibility (R. Peng, 2015). Pulling information from a website

can result in drastically different outputs if the procedures for searches and search criteria

are not specified. Even then, the information might have changed since most websites

allow edits and deletions, as well as new data always being entered. The concept of

ensuring that the data and procedures for a study are made available to others is referred

to as “reproducible research” (R. D. Peng, 2009). For the context of intelligence agencies,

this is valuable as an extra step of validation. One of the largest benefits of using open

source software is that it is highly reliable and reproducible (Ven & Verelst, 2006). When

future users attempt to reproduce the results of previous work, open source programming

languages like R allow them to ensure the same work is being done. In a practical sense,

this means that a user knows what to expect when they run a function. Unlike in closed

source software, a user could even look at the source code to verify that the same

operation is being carried out. In scholarly and scientifically rigorous applications,

developers should design software to facilitate reproducibility.

19

III. Methodology

3.1 Overview

The goals of this research are achieved by creating an R package called

instaExtract hosted on the GitHub page for the Data Science Lab headquartered in the

Air Force Institute of Technology. The package uses publicly available links from

Instagram to retrieve information on users, posts, and locations. Using R as the backbone

for this package allows analysts to easily handle the data returned as well as create

reproducible reports. Being hosted on the Data Science Lab’s GitHub page allows for the

package to be both readily accessible and routinely updated. As a demonstration of the

future of such a package this thesis includes an example function,

createLocationMapping(), to demonstrate what a future user might contribute to the

project.

3.2 A JSON-Based Instagram Scrapper in R– instaExtract

The limitations of other accessible Instagram scraping software have already been

discussed. In addition to being outside the military community’s reach of control, these

other programs suffer from challenges that make them unsuitable for use by intelligence

gatherers. Namely, they are limited by interacting with the restrictive and exclusive

Instagram API or they are difficult to operate and distribute.

This research overcomes these challenges with the creation of an R package that

is based on interactions with publicly available Instagram links that return JSON files.

The primary advantage of acquiring data this way is that most information on the site can

be obtained without the need to log-in, nor interact at all with the closed API. This would

allow a user behind a proxy to access almost all information on Instagram without

20

needing to provide any of their own information. Furthermore, the use of JSON links is

far less demanding on a user’s bandwidth than loading every page in a traditional

browser. A JSON link will not load images or videos which greatly reduces the time

demand of queries. Instead, all the information for a page is reduced to the data defining

it. For instance, an image would be represented by a unique identification number and

Uniform Resource Locator (URL). If, in the future, a user wanted to download an image,

they could use this information to download it.

3.2.1 Helper Functions

There is a collection of generic links that the package uses to create these JSON

links. To access the information a user wants, the package will take a user input and

substitute it into the generic link for each category. For more complex interactions, the

package will use information contained in the JSON file to create a new link, simulating

pagination through all the possible results, or until the desired number of results is

returned. These links and their manipulators are located in the Endpoints.R file. In the

example below, an example user query is used to create a working link to Instagram’s

open API.

User_Media_Json_Link <- "https://www.instagram.com/{username}/?__a=1&max_id={maxID}"

getUserMediaJsonLink <- function(user, maxID){ link <- User_Media_Json_Link link <- gsub("{username}", user, link, fixed = TRUE) link <- gsub("{maxID}", maxID, link, fixed = TRUE) return(link) }

21

To work with Instagram’s identification numbers, the package utilizes transformer

functions in Transformers.R. Instagram uses both IDs and shortcodes to identify their

content. IDs are most commonly returned in the JSON file, but shortcodes are the

identifiers used when creating the links. To go from shortcode to ID, for each character in

the code, the program multiplies a placeholder ID by 64 and adds that number to the

index of the given character in an alphanumeric alphabet. To go from ID to shortcode,

process is reversed. However, since Instagram’s IDs are larger than the integer size that

R works with, the package utilizes the bit64 package to accurately represent the integer

when doing math. The functions used to perform these operations are shown below.

getIDFromCode <- function(code){

alphabet <-

"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_" ID <- 0

for(i in 1:nchar(code)){

c <- substr(code,i,i)

id <- id * 64+ regexpr(c, alphabet)[1]

}

return(ID) }

getCodeFromID <- function(ID){

alphabet <- "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_"

code <- ""

ID <- bit64::as.integer64.character(ID)

while(ID >0){

remainder <- ID %% bit64::as.integer64.double(64)

ID <- (ID - remainder) %/% 64 code <- paste(substr(alphabet,remainder+1,remainder+1),code,sep="")

}

return(code)

}

22

3.2.2 Search Functions

With endpoints and transformers established, the package can utilize a large

assortment of functions to pull specific information or search for a user provided query.

The smaller subset of functions are the search functions, which return tags or account

names similar to the query given by the user. Table 4 shows these two functions and

their purposes.

Table 4 - Search Functions Provided by the instaExtract Package

Function Purpose

searchAccountsByUsername Will return a data frame of accounts and their

information whose username contains the users

query

searchTagsByTag Will return a data frame of tags in use that contain

the users query

3.2.3 Get Functions

The majority of instaExtract’s functionality comes in the form of its Get

functions, which retrieve information based on what the user supplies. Table 5 lists these

functions as well as their purposes. All these functions operate without a user needing to

log in. When using a function, the user will typically provide two arguments, the query

they are interested in and the number of results they wish to return. In cases where the

number is not provided, the package will only return the first page of information. The

package will then return a data frame containing information relevant to the given

element in question. These results are detailed in Table 6.

23

Table 5 - Get Functions for the instaExtract Package

Function Purpose

getCommentsByMediaCode Return the first n comments and comment

information for a media with a given

shortcode

getCommentsByMediaID Calls getCommentsByMediaCode after

transforming a media ID into a shortcode

getCurrentTopMediaByLocationID Returns the top nine media for a location

with the given location ID

getCurrentTopMediaByTag Returns the top nine media for a given

hashtag

getLikesByMediaCode Returns information on the first n likes on a

media post with the given shortcode

getLikesByMediaID Returns information on the first n likes on a

media post with the given ID

getLocationByID Returns information on a location for a

given location ID

getMediaByCode Returns information on a media post for a

given media shortcode

getMediaByID Calls getMediaByCode after transforming

ID to a shortcode

getMediaByLocationID Returns information on the n most recent

media post for a given location ID

getMediaByTag Returns information on the n most recent

media post for a given hashtag

getMediaByURL Returns information on a media post with a

given URL

getMediaByUsername Returns the n most recent media posts from

an account with the given username

24

Table 6 - Format of the Results for the Get Functions in the instaExtract Package

Function Results

getCommentsByMediaCode n x 6 data frame: id, text, created_at, owner.id,

owner.profile_pic_URL, owner.username getCommentsByMediaID n x 6 data frame: id, text, created_at, owner.id,

owner.profile_pic_URL, owner.username getCurrentTopMediaBy LocationID

9 x 14 data frame: id, thumbnail_src, tubmnail_resources,

is_video, code, date, display_src, video_views, caption,

dimensions.height, dimensions.width, owner.id,

comments.count, likes.count

getCurrentTopMediaByTag 9 x 14 data frame: id, shortcode, taken_at_timestamp,

display_URL, tumbnail_src, tumbnail_resources, is_video,

video_view_count, edge_media_to_caption.edges,

edge_media_to_comment.count, dimensions.height,

dimensions.width, edge_liked_by.count, owner.id

getLikesByMediaCode n x 7 data frame: id, username, full_name,

profile_pic_URL, is_verified_followed_by_viewer,

requested_by_viewer

getLikesByMediaID n x 7 data frame: id, username, full_name,

profile_pic_URL, is_verified_followed_by_viewer,

requested_by_viewer getLocationByID 1 x 6 data frame: id, name, has_public_page, lat, lng, slug

getMediaByCode 1 x 42 data frame: meta information about a post not

including its comments and likes getMediaByID 1 x 42 data frame: meta information about a post not

including its comments and likes getMediaByLocationID n x 15 data frame: comments_disabled, id, thumbnail_src,

thumbnail_resources, is_video, code, date, display_src,

video_views, caption, dimensions.height,

dimensions.width, owner.id, comments.count, likes.count

getMediaByTag n x 16 data frame: comments_disabled, id, thumbnail_src,

thumnail_resources, is_vdeio, code, date, display_src,

caption, dimensions.height, dimensions.width, owner.id,

comments.count, likes.count getMediaByURL 1 x 42 data frame: meta information about a post not

including its comments and likes getMediaByUsername n x 17 data frame: _typename, id, comments_disabled,

getting_info, media_preview, thumnail_src,

thumbnail_resources, is_video, code, date, display_src,

caption, dimensions.height, dimensions.width, owner.id,

comments.count, likes.count

In order to provide a better understanding of how the package operates, this paper

provides a walk-through of the getMediaByTag function, which is representative of

25

how most of the other Get functions operate.

getMediaByTag <- function(tag, n = 20, maxID = ""){

The function call has three arguments: 1) tag – the query a user is looking to

gather data on; in this case, a hashtag. 2) n – the number of responses that will be

returned. Each function defaults to the number of results that are returned in the first

JSON file. 3) maxID – an identifier that allows the function to start its search from a

different position. The user will usually only use the default of an empty character, but

the function will use it to paginate through JSON results.

i <- 0

moreAvailable <- TRUE

data <- data.frame()

Next, the function initializes variables used in its operation. The integer i is used

to keep track of the number of results returned. The boolean moreAvailable will track

if more results from Instagram are available. Initializing data as a data frame allows

inserting new rows as results come in.

#will run while more data exists and it has not reached n results

while(moreAvailable && i < n){

The main operations of the function, creating a link and collecting the results, will

happen in this while loop. It will loop until there are no more results available or until

the number of results is greater than n.

26

#create the url from Json Link

url <- getTagMediaJsonLink(tag,maxID)

Tag_Media_Json_Link <- "https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/{tag}/?__a=1&max_id={maxID}"

getTagMediaJsonLink <- function(tag, maxID){ link <- Tag_Media_Json_Link link <- gsub("{tag}", tag, link, fixed = TRUE) link <- gsub("{maxID}", maxID, link, fixed = TRUE) return(link) }

Calling the helper function getTagMediaJSONLink creates the JSON link URL.

When this function is called, it passes the desired hashtag and the current maxID. The

helper function will then alter a constant string that was defined before compilation by

inserting the given hashtag and maxID. The character string this function returns is the

URL that will be used to retrieve the desired JSON file.

#the unflattened response response <- jsonlite::fromJSON(url)

#will return as list if there is only one result

if(!is.data.frame(response$graphql$hashtag$edge_hashtag_to_media$edges$node)){ return(response$graphql$hashtag$edge_hashtag_to_media$edges$node) }

else{ #flattening the data down to the nodes, into a dataframe media <- jsonlite::flatten(response$graphql$hashtag$edge_hashtag_to_media$edges$node)

27

Next, the URL is used to retrieve the JSON file from Instagram. The imported

function jsonlite::fromJSON translates the JSON file to a R usable data frame. If

there is only one result in this JSON file, it will return this list without doing the rest of

the function which assumes that it has a data frame. In the normal case, when a data

frame is returned, jsonlite::flatten will flatten the data frame to be a regular two

dimensional data frame, meaning that each column of the data frame is atomic, rather

than a list with multiple values. In most cases, the desired information is located inside

containers such as “graphql” and coupled with superfluous information. To target the

useful information, the package must reference the correct container in the data frame

returned from the JSON link. In each case, this path is unique to a function and can

change between Instagram updates. This points towards a need to have this package

quickly modifiable and subsequently distributable, which is addressed in Section 3.3.

#iterating over the rows of the media for(row in 1:nrow(media)){

#will exit loop and return data if reaching the limit if(i == n){ return(data) }

#will add a new row of media to data data <- plyr::rbind.fill(data,media[row,])

#incrementing the counting index i <- i + 1 }

This segment of code will iterate through the rows of the results returned from

Instagram. Each time, it will add that row to the data frame intended to be returned. The

rbind.fill function from the plyr package to ensures that information from video

28

and picture posts can be added to the same data frame. The function keeps track of how

many rows it has entered and will return the results if it reaches the desired number.

#Where to start the next query to the instagram link

maxID <- response$graphql$hashtag$page_info$end_cursor

#makes sure more exists

moreAvailable <-

response$graphql$hashtag$page_info$has_next_page

}

}

The last step in the while loop is storing the identifier that allows the function to

retrieve the next set of information. Again, emphasis is given to the nature of the JSON

files’ structures returned. The location of these identifiers inside the JSON is subject to

change, and without a method for updating, the function might become obsolete.

#convert the json data to R dataframe return(data) }

Now that data is filled with n results, it is returned to the user. Each Get function

returns a variety of data frames with different elements, as outlined above in Table 6. The

remaining Get functions operate very similarly to getMediaByTag, however each has a

unique URL and data structure to its JSON file.

The Get functions in this package represent most of the functionality available in

other Instagram scrapping programs. Not currently possible is retrieving following and

follower information from an account, or getting a username from an owner ID. This gap

in functionality also means that the package operates without needing log-in credentials

or interaction with the Instagram API. Utilizing the JSON-based open API, the package

29

relies on constants that must be defined by the developer. Therefore, the maintainer of the

package is incentivized to house it in a manner that is adaptable to updates to Instagram.

This concern is solved by hosting the package on the AFIT Data Science Lab’s GitHub

page, a process discussed in the next section.

3.3 Adaptable, Reproducible, Distributable – Hosting on the AFIT Data Science

Lab’s GitHub Page

To ensure the instaExtract package is adaptable, reproducible, and

distributable, it is hosted on it on the GitHub page of the AFIT Data Science Lab. From

their website, “GitHub is a code hosting platform for version control and collaboration”

(“Hello World · GitHub Guides,” n.d.). That succinct description captures why GitHub

can be an indispensable tool for this package and for many military analysis operations.

GitHub allows the package to be accessible to all systems that have access to the internet,

to store previous versions of the package to reproduce reports done in the past, and to

facilitate discussion and evolution between users and developers of the package.

3.3.1 Benefits of GitHub for Military Analysts

An immediate consequence of hosting the package in an online repository is that

the most current edition of the package is available to any user with access to the internet.

The tools needed to conduct Instagram data scraping are not locked away on a machine.

Instead, the user can have a consistent and reliable way to locate the tools they are

familiar with and confident in. A further benefit of a centralized hub like the AFIT Data

Science Lab is that consolidated resources will lead to more capable and competent tools.

When the standard practice for analysts becomes working from a common set of

applications, those applications benefit from increased attention and use. Additionally,

30

users who begin working within established systems will have increased code and data

compatibility. The benefits of consolidation and cooperation are multiplicative.

GitHub furthers this research’s goal of enabling reproducible analysis. R as a

language already facilitates reproducibility with workable data types and dynamic reports

in R markdown. GitHub goes a step further and ensures that the exact version of the

package used to construct the report is available to an analyst who is validating it. GitHub

stores the changes made to a package, meaning as long as the version of the package used

is recorded in the report, it can be downloaded on the GitHub page. This prevents future

changes to a function from impacting the validation process. An older version of the

package should operate just as it did when the analysis was first conducted.

Perhaps the strongest benefit of using the GitHub platform is the level of

collaboration and adaptability. It is a common occurrence in large organizations, the

military included, for there to be a large disconnect between the developer of a tool and

the end users of that tool. The end user is often left with needless capabilities or lack

those that are essential. GitHub facilities a connection between users and developers, and

in some cases, blurs the distinction between the two. The development process for a

conventional program hosted on a local machine is filled with inefficiencies and

difficulties. First, the developer is made aware of a need. This alone might have taken

months to perforate a command structure and reach their desk. Next, they need to collect

information on the end user’s needs or operate off of the limited information they might

have been given with the assignment. After working on the project for a time, they will

seek feedback with the end user. This will lead to revision cycles that take time, money

and are bound to miss complications that will arise when the program ships. The resulting

31

program will then need a method of distribution, which can range from an online

download, to an executable passed through a file sharer. Whatever the method, the end

user is left with a program that might or might not meet all their needs. The first few

weeks of operations will be monitored by the developer, who can make necessary

changes and encourage users to download the most recent version. But after a time, the

gap between a program’s users and the developer widen. New issues arise, whether from

updated needs of the user or from unforeseen use cases. Complaints may be raised, but

resolutions suffer from the same slowdowns that the initial development suffered from. If

users result to fixing these issues themselves, different versions of the program can begin

to diverge, causing new issues with incompatibility and distribution. The end result of

the conventional set up is that developers are isolated from the users they are creating for

and the users are stuck with programs that are stagnant and restrictive.

Comparing that process with that of development through GitHub illustrates the

benefits of a shared hosting platform. With centralized hubs of development, like the

AFIT Data Science Lab, requests for new tools can be addressed with expedience.

Depending on the scope and the urgency of the problem, the development might be

conducted by students, civilians (government or non-government), or dedicated military

analysts. In all cases, the development process can be much more organic than the

conventional process. Errors and inadequacies are to be expected to some degree in all

forms of computer programs, but GitHub facilitates communication and issue resolution

to minimize the distribution flaws cause the user. In the conventional example, an issue

that arises after the development process of an application can be hard to remedy. With

GitHub, the end user can instantly notify the developer or the staff assigned as

32

administrators to the application. The error might be as simple as misuse of the

application, in which case, the administrator can reply to the issue and guide the user

through operation. If the issue turns out to be something more complex, the administrator

can use the issue as immediate feedback about the workings of the application. Since the

application is hosted in one predictable location, any updates the administrator makes to

fix the problem will automatically be reflected in the current of the program. Users can

always ensure that their programs are up to date and they are operating with the same

tools that everyone is using.

3.3.2 An Example of GitHub’s Potential Adaptability – Location Mapping in the

instaExtract Package

GitHub also offers users the ability to directly submit their own contributions,

blurring the line between developer and user and greatly increasing the adaptability of a

program. If a user finds that they have need for a new function, its within their power to

create it. GitHub gives user access to the source code, allowing them to add to and

modify their local version of the package. More than that, GitHub provides the means for

that user to add their own custom function to the main package. They may request a

change to the main program, and provided the administrators approve the change, that

custom function can now be used any other user with access to the package. This

integration of users into the development process results in ever expanding functionality

and increased resiliency.

To illustrate the potential of user created functionality, the instaExtract

package includes a set of functions that broaden the capability of the package and enable

users to conduct more thoughtful analysis. This set of functions is detailed in Table 7. A

33

current weakness in the JSON dependence of the package compared with the Instagram

API is that there is no readily available way to search for posts around a given latitude

and longitude. The solution presented by this research to this problem relies on extracting

the latitude and longitude from a location’s page. These values are then used to create a

location mapping, a data frame with locations and their information.

Table 7 - Functions Enabling Location Mapping Capabilities

Function Purpose

createLocationMapping Creates a data frame with all

locations in a search region

haversineDistance Calculates the distance in miles

between two latitude and longitude

points

getCurrentTopMediaByLocationMapping Returns the top n results for each

location in a location mapping

getMediaByLocationMapping Returns the n most recent results for

each location in a location mapping

getLocationsInRange Returns a filtered location mapping

with locations within a certain radius

The core function developed to achieve these functions is called

createLocationMapping.

createLocationMapping <- function(country ="", city = "", lat_long = FALSE){

This function creates the data frame in the format referred to as a “location

mapping” in this paper. It has three arguments: 1) country – the name/s of a country to

search inside. If no name is given, the mapping will be for all countries in Instagram’s

explore page. 2) city – the name/s of a city to search inside. If no name is given, the

mapping will be the top 1000 cities for all countries in the scope of the function. 3)

34

lat_long – if true, the function will gather the latitude and longitude values for each

location. It is defaulted to false since this operation requires a web query for each location

and can take significant amounts of time.

The key component to the operation of the createLocationMapping function

is the explore/locations page on Instagram. The top layer for this subdomain lists the

names of all countries in Instagram’s databases. The function will grab the names of all

countries in its scope, as well as their slug’s and ID. Using this information, it can move

down a layer to the country’s subpage, where it lists the top 1000 cities for that country.

Likewise, the function will grab information from this page to travel to each city within

the argument’s scope. The last level of explore/locations is a list of the top 1000 locations

in all the selected cities. These locations are what are added to the location mapping,

along with their slug and ID and the slug and ID of the city and country they belong to. If

the user selected to gather coordinates from the location, the function will also visit each

location page to grab the latitude and longitude. This can take a very long time depending

on the speed of the user’s internet connection and the number of locations in the location

mapping. However, since the information is retained in a data frame, a user can utilize

location mappings made in prior, avoiding this time constraint. Furthermore, it would be

possible for future contributors to build package that facilitate this process by hosting

current versions of location mappings. This would mean the analyst only has to

download the relatively small file instead of performing thousands of time consuming

queries.

With the location mapping created, it offers the user new manners for conducting

smart analysis on Instagram’s potential data. Two of the functions extend the package’s

35

ability to get media from a location to getting media from a location mapping. The

haversineDistance function enables the user to filter a location mapping to only

locations with a mileage radius of place of interest. To demonstrate what these functions

add to the package, this paper walks through an example scenario. Suppose that a user is

interested in what posts are being made in vicinity of the White House. The first step

would be to create the location mapping of Washington D.C.

washington_dc <- createLocationMapping("United States", "Washington", TRUE)

This function call creates the a mapping for the city “Washington” in the country

“United States” with the coordinates information. The variable washington_dc now

contains information for the top 1000 locations on Instagram in Washington DC.

lat <- 38.8977

long <- -77.0365

range <- .5 #miles

Next, the user sets the region they are interested in. The coordinates for the White

House are 38.8977° N, 77.0365° W. In this case, they are interested in locations within

half a mile from the point.

36

locations_near_white_house <- getLocationsInRange(washington_dc, range, lat, long)

getLocationsInRange <- function(mapping, r, lat, long, ...){

if(!is.numeric(r) || !is.numeric(lat) || !is.numeric(long)){ stop("r, lat, and long, must be numeric") } mapping <- filter(mapping, haversineDistance(latitude, longitude, lat, long) <= r)

return(mapping)

}

Using the simple function, getLocationInRange, the user can narrow down

the location mapping to a location mapping of only those locations within the range of

the white house set before. The haversineDistance function will return the distance

of each point from the White House, and only locations within half a mile from the White

House will be included in the location mapping named

locations_near_white_house.

near_house_media <- getMediaByLocationMapping(locations_near_white_house)

The last step is to use location mapping version of the get media function to

retrieve information on the recent media from the locations within our range. This

procedure results in a data frame with information on the most recent posts made at

locations near the White House. A user would be free to conduct whatever analysis they

wish with the data provided, but possible areas of interest might be mapping commonly

used hashtags for an area, comparing data from multiple days to observe fluctuations in

time, identifying prolific accounts, etc.

37

The location mapping functions created represent the future potential of the

instaExtract package or any package hosted on a collaborative platform like GitHub.

As users discover new ways to conduct analysis or require new data sources, the

functions they spur or create themselves can be added to the package. This in turn,

facilitates and inspires other analysts in conducting sophisticated and modern analysis of

their own.

3.4 Summary

This research culminates in a R package called instaExtract hosted on the

AFIT Data Science Lab’s GitHub page. R is an open source program that is easily

accessible and built around reproducible practices. The instaExtract package

provides users with a way to scrape current Instagram data without authentication or

interaction with the Instagram API. By hosting the package on the AFIT Data Science

Lab’s GitHub page, the package has an increased potential to stay relevant and useful to

real world analysts. Also included is an original set of functions curtained around

mapping locations to illustrate how future collaboration on this project might continue to

extend its usefulness.

38

IV. Exemplar Analysis

4.1 Overview

To better illustrate the capabilities and value of the instaExtract package, this

thesis includes an exemplar analysis that will emulate how an end user might use the

package. The user is assumed to have a working understanding of R and Instagram. The

first scenario focuses of an analyst investigating threats near a location, in this example

the White House. Section 4.2 discusses the gathering of information about the area. Next,

the analysis will conduct basic filtering and visualization techniques as well as other

instaExtract functions to investigate further.

4.2 Gathering Information on the Region

The investigation of the threat begins by collecting information about the

locations surrounding the White House. The user creates a location mapping of the

Washington D.C. region. The first 30 entries of the data frame of 1000 locations

generated by this function are found in Appendix B.

washington_dc <- createLocationMapping("United States", "Washington", TRUE)

Next, the location mapping is narrowed down to find only the locations within a

mile of the White House. As in the demonstration in the methodology section, the user

sets the coordinates of the White House and use the function getLocationsinRange

to filter the locations. The first 30 entries of the data frame of 524 locations are shown in

Appendix C.

39

lat <- 38.8977

long <- -77.0365

range <- 1 #miles

locations_near_white_house <- getLocationsInRange(washington_dc, range, lat, long)

Again, the next step is to collect the media from the area, but to be a little more

thorough, this user will get the last 50 posts from each area. The first 60 of 26,200 results

are partially shown in Appendix D. The complete values of the URLs and captions are

obscured to allow the table to be represented on one page. This operation took about 30

minutes, meaning that instaExtract is able to pull the information about a post around

15 times a second.

media_near_white_house <- getMediaByLocationMapping( locations_near_white_house, 50)

4.3 Hashtag Investigation

Now possessing media data, the user can begin to investigate it. There are many

different avenues to take at this point, where the following courses represent only some

of the possible paths. First, the user chooses to investigate the hashtags being used. The

hashtags contained in the captions are isolated and sorted to find the most commonly

used hashtags. Using the tidytext and stringr packages, the user first breaks down

each caption to separate elements for each word. Then, the words are filtered down to

only those words that start with ‘#’; our hashtags. Sorting these, the user finds the most

common hashtags recently used in the search region. The results indicate that there are

36971 hashtags used in total, with the top 15 displayed below. Filtering that result

further, only 59 hashtags have been used more than 100 times in search radius. Further,

40

as Figure 5 and Figure 6 show, even the top 150 hashtags are greatly skewed to the top,

with the top two, “#washingtondc” and “#dc” being used upwards of 2000 times each,

with next highest, “#washington” only being used 513 times.

library(stringr)

library(tidytext)

hashtags <- media_near_house3 %>% unnest_tokens(word, caption,token = "regex") %>% filter(substr(word,1,1) == '#') %>% count(word,sort = TRUE) # A tibble: 15 x 2 word n <chr> <int> 1 #washingtondc 2612 2 #dc 2171 3 #washington 513 4 #travel 489 5 #usa 430 6 #igdc 423 7 #love 405 8 #instagood 371 9 #acreativedc 369 10 #tbt 350 11 #photography 338 12 #foodie 325 13 #foodporn 313 14 #washingtonmonument 296 15 #valentinesday 295

41

Figure 5. Word Cloud for Top 200 Hashtags in the DC Area

42

Figure 6. Count of 150 Most Used Hashtags in the DC Area

For the next data utilization scenario, the user has a list of key words that they are

monitoring. It is possible to compare the list of keywords against the list of hashtags to

look for suspicious hashtags. The code to perform this comparison and the top 6 results of

such a search are shown below. It reveals 148 potentially threating hashtags. The top

result, “#justgoshoot”, has been used 45 times in the scope of the search.

43

keywords <- c('shoot', 'gun', 'kill', 'bomb')

threats <-hashtags %>% filter(str_detect(word, paste(keywords, collapse = "|"))) # A tibble: 6 x 2 word n <chr> <int> 1 #justgoshoot 45 2 #photoshoot 34 3 #shoot2kill 10 4 #citykillerz 7 5 #shootingwithshooters 7 6 #tonekillers 7

This hashtag turns out to be a hashtag used by photographers, but if it really was a

threat, instaExtractcan continue provide more information. To find more data on the

usage of this hashtag, the user retrieves the last 10,000 posts that used this hashtag.

Further, to know who used this hashtag most in the most recent 10,000 uses, the user

counts the list again, and finds that the account with ID 6961358493 used the hashtag 50

times. Outside tools could provide for even more complex analysis. The large amount of

written word in the captions makes a good source for sentiment analysis. This data

contains numbers of likes and comments, so a user could also sort for popular posts that

fit a given criteria.

44

just_go_shoot <- getMediaByTag("justgoshoot", 10000)

just_go_shoot %>% count(owner.id, sort =TRUE)

owner.id n <chr> <int> 1 6961358493 50 2 2014353892 45 3 495504345 37 4 7129727912 30 5 29197162 29 6 4843411210 29 7 374142894 28 8 298064835 24 9 1524025234 20 10 4976873299 18

4.4 User Investigation

A user can pull information from an account to find more detailed information

about that account’s history. The first step would be to download media from the chosen

account’s page. In this case, the account under investigation has the username

“usairforce.” Retrieving their last 2000 posts returns 1390 values, the first 60 of which

are shown in Appendix E, since this account has only posted 1390 times.

usairforce <- getMediaByUsername("usairforce", 2000)

The data collected can be used to get a better idea user’s is attributes. The package user

begins by finding the post with the most likes, their most popular post. Running any code

is not needed to do this, as R’s data viewer allows sorting a column in descending value.

In this case, the account’s top post, ID 1698060742908836418, has 41,541 likes, and the

photo is shown in Figure 7. The number of likes plotted against the postdate results in

45

Figure 8, showing the trend of like counts over time. This figure which shows a gradual

increase in the average likes over time.

Figure 7. Most liked Instagram Post by usairforce (usairforce, 2018)

46

Figure 8. Post Likes Over Time for usairforce Account

The package also allows a closer look at a post. A media ID is used to retrieve the

comments from the top post on this account in the getCommentsByMediaID function,

the first 60 of 269, which are shown in Appendix F. Using this information, the most

common words used in the captions are found in a process similar to that used above.

47

comments <- getCommentsByMediaID('1698060742908836418', n = 300)

commentWords <- comments %>% unnest_tokens(word, text,token = "regex") %>% filter(!word %in% stop_words$word) %>% count(word,sort = TRUE)%>% mutate(word = reorder(word, n)) # A tibble: 6 x 2 word n <fctr> <int> 1 love 14 2 air 13 3 rdgjklcb 11 4 force 10 5 girl 7 6 pilot 7

Comments can also provide insight to connections between users. Using the

comments from posts, the user can build a network of users who interact with the

usairforce account. To begin, 300 comments from the last 50 posts are collected. From

these, the users who have left the most comments is calculated. Although simple, the

network built from this data, Figure 9, hints at how networks can be developed from the

social media data obtained this way.

48

all_comments <- data.frame()

for(row in 1:50){

comment_holder <- getCommentsByMediaID(usairforce[row,'id'],300)

all_comments <- plyr::rbind.fill(all_comments, comment_holder)

}

commenting_users <- all_comments %>% count(owner.username, sort=TRUE)

# A tibble: 6 x 2

owner.username n

<chr> <int>

1 my_babel_physics_project_ai 30

2 admininnotinuse 28

3 zafarwestern 26

4 gomezbaquerosol 21

5 viktoria__lg.troxell 21

6 lydiavassallo 20

Figure 9. Network of Commenting Users on usairforce Posts Where Edge is

Proportional to Number of Comments

49

4.5 Geo Mapping

Part of the analytic cycle, shown in Figure 4, is visualizing the data. This allows

the analyst to grasp what type of data they are working with and understand the

significance of their analysis. R has many great packages that can help an analyst

accomplish this feat. One of these packages is leaflet, a JavaScript library used to

make interactive maps (Cheng, 2017). This section revisits the data used in section 3.3.2,

the location mapping of Washington DC. Using leaflet, an analyst can overlay the

locations in the location mappings with a real map of the area. The result, seen in Figure

10, is cluttered beyond much helpfulness.

Figure 10. All Washington DC Locations from Instagram Overlaid with Actual

Location

50

Luckily, leaflet comes with a clustering option that drastically increase the

readability of the map. In Figure 11, clustering has been turned on. The analyst can now

see where the locations are focused, without overwhelming the senses. Hovering over a

cluster shows the region it represents. For closer detail, the analyst can click on a cluster

to zoom in and expand its contents. Once a node is clicked, leaflet will display the name

of the location. Figure 12 is a fully zoomed in example. All of the data displayed in these

maps is nothing more than the information in a location mapping, but displaying that

information in a real world setting adds context and meaning to the information that

allows analysts to draw connections and make inferences that they would be hard pressed

to do without that context.

Figure 11. Clustered Locations for Washington DC

51

Figure 12. Zoomed in View of White House Instagram Locations

4.6 Summary

The applications of the data derived from this package are plentiful. With the

many R packages at the disposal of users, visualization and analysis can be accomplished

with style and ease. The data provided allows for media, user, and location driven

analysis. As this package matures, these procedures can be added to the functionality of

the package, but it currently serves an important role of providing useful and unique

social media data to analysts in the intelligence community.

52

V. Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Overview

The potential for the instaExtract package and the practices this thesis hopes

to encourage in the military analytical community has been shown to be promising, but

the long-term success of this and future programs will rely on the adoption rate of users

and the continued support of technical organization like the AFIT Data Science Lab. At

its core, the instaExtract package achieve its operational goal of providing resources

for analysts to extract Instagram data. Additionally, this thesis attempts to accomplish this

in a manner with forward reaching implications. R is a heavily supported, open source

language, with new resources created by the community on a routine basis. Choosing to

host the package on GitHub allows the package the benefit of future support and user

involvement.

5.2 The instaExtract Package

The instaExtract package boasts most of the same functionality offered by

similar available programs while exhibiting even more paths for it to grow. First and

foremost, the package achieves its goal of scraping Instagram for data. It offers search

functions and a suite of get functions that allow a user to obtain almost any information

that Instagram tracks. Furthermore, it has a collection of location mapping functions that

mimic the features that were traditionally limited to programs interacting with the

Instagram API. All of these functions can be operated without authorization and the need

to have log-in information for an Instagram account.

The package also has many areas for future development. While most information

can be retrieved without authorization, or otherwise inferred from available data, there

53

are some areas of Instagram that require log-in credentials. Future work should be done

to ensure the robustness of operations, such as compilation and use time error and

compatibility checking. As a final step towards professionalization, the package could

also be published to the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). CRAN is, as its

name suggests, a comprehensive archive of R packages that amount to the most

commonly used and relied upon functions in R. Publishing a package to CRAN allows

users to be sure of a certain set of requirements and accessibility that are enforced by the

CRAN maintainers.

In addition to work that falls within the purview of good coding practices, the

instaExtract package has many avenues of growth that would benefit users and

increase its applications. While certainly not exhaustive, this thesis suggests a few ideas

considered to be worthy of attention:

• Extending Location Mapping Functionality – Currently, the location mapping

functions can only access those locations that are listed through the

explore/locations page on Instagram. Adding functions that allow users to

quickly add their choice of locations to a mapping or that seek out other locations

on their own could further enhance the usefulness of this collection.

• A Shiny Application – Shiny is an R package that creates applications to allow

users to interact with a user interface rather than command lines in R. A Shiny

app would increase the reach of the package and potentially help inform its users

of all of its functions

• Proxy Settings – The instaExtract package uses the cURL package to

interface with internet. As such, it does not have well behaved proxy settings.

54

Incorporating better ways to control these settings could allow for a user to work

through a proxy, integrating with a local network or masking the location of their

requests.

• Other Scrapping Techniques –How the JSON link approach to data scrapping is

susceptible to changes in Instagram’s structuring has already been discussed.

However, it would be possible for future developers to allow for users to scrape

their selected data through other means. One such option is the Selenium

package, which uses conventional browsers to navigate between webpages.

Although it is exclusive, gaining access to the Instagram API could enable many

new options and considerably accelerate existing ones.

• Analysis Functions – The package was designed around the goal of scrapping

data, but it would be natural to include analytical functions in the future. The

current package lends itself to sentiment analysis, anomaly detection, and more.

With methods of pulling the images that are represented currently only as URLs

would also allow for image recognition.

5.3 The AFIT Data Science Lab

A major academic pursuit of this paper is to validate the viability and incentives

of programs hosted on a centralized and collaborative platform, such as the AFIT Data

Science Lab. The GitHub platform will greatly simplify and facilitate the future

development of this package. Users not only have access to a reliable and up-to-date

version of the software, but can maintain a responsive dialog with the maintainers of the

code as well as share the results of their individual efforts. GitHub’s version control also

55

enables analysis with a focus on reproducibility by storing previous versions of the

package.

The long-term value of these pursuits will be determined by the adoption rate of

similar practices by other analytical software and the amount of support given to software

development organizations. As discussed, packages stored in a centralized location

receive a multiplicative benefit of enjoying a higher user base and more engaged

developers. But of course, this requires the support structure to address development

issues and to create new packages to meet user needs. Ensuring this support staff is

valued and funded will require further commitment to similarly focused programs and

research that can validate the worth of such programs.

5.4 Summary

It is clear that instaExtract package adds value to the analytical and

intelligence communities, but this research acknowledges that there is more work to be

done in solidifying the robustness of this package and validating and realizing a

collaborative and comprehensive hub for analytic resources. Future research should be

done into more data acquisition software and the statistical benefits of platforms like

GitHub and their effects on DoD workflows.

56

Appendix A

Link to the instaExtract package: https://github.com/AFIT-R/instaExtract

57

Appendix B

id name slug city_ID city_Name city_Slug

country

_ID

country_N

ame country_Slug latitude longitude

213480180

Washington, District of

Columbia

washington-district-

of-columbia c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8951 -77.0367

225931565 The Obama White House

the-obama-white-

house c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.89768 -77.03655

15712 Lincoln Memorial lincoln-memorial c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.889444 -77.050278

3001994 United States Capitol united-states-capitol c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8897301 -77.0070362

214773851

Washington Monument

National Monument

washington-

monument-national-

monument c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8890235 -77.0331092

4366681 National Gallery of Art

national-gallery-of-

art c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8913397 -77.0196344

82474402

Smithsonian’s National Zoo

and Conservation Biology

Institute

smithsonians-

national-zoo-and-

conservation-biology-

institute c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.9299778 -77.0511297

1191441824276880 The White House the-white-house c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8968447 -77.0366049

235453813 Nationals Park nationals-park c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8732565 -77.0075808

372247132 Capital One Arena capital-one-arena c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.89795 -77.02096

262515071

Smithsonian National

Museum of African American

History and Culture

smithsonian-

national-museum-of-

african-american-

history-and-culture c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8911015 -77.0325639

373555 Renwick Gallery renwick-gallery c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.898867 -77.039447

236471522 The Mall (Washington DC)

the-mall-washington-

dc c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.89 -77.0236111

214720506 The Capitol, Washington D.C.

the-capitol-

washington-dc c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8898395 -77.0154594

279173 Howard University howard-university c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.92314 -77.02158

214638086

Smithsonians National

Museum of Natural History

smithsonians-

national-museum-of-

natural-history c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8910781 -77.026232

2222215 National Building Museum

national-building-

museum c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.89779 -77.01752

838999

National Museum of American

History

national-museum-of-

american-history c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8913741 -77.0299286

175770

Hirshhorn Museum and

Sculpture Garden

hirshhorn-museum-

and-sculpture-

garden c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8883276 -77.0229156

212896512

National Air and Space

Museum, Smithsonian

Institution

national-air-and-

space-museum-

smithsonian-

institution c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8881412 -77.0198422

42620 9:30 Club 930-club c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.91803 -77.02363

214513963

Union Station, Washington

D.C.

union-station-

washington-dc c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8975 -77.00621

2150339

The George Washington

University

the-george-

washington-

university c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8982042 -77.050286

139456 Jefferson Memorial jefferson-memorial c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.881111 -77.036667

576233589

Lijst van bekende mensen uit

Washington D.C.

lijst-van-bekende-

mensen-uit-

washington-dc c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8951111 -77.0366667

216550363

National Portrait Gallery,

Smithsonian Institution

national-portrait-

gallery-smithsonian-

institution c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8977641 -77.0229628

849479 The Library of Congress

the-library-of-

congress c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.8887863 -77.0058375

1009997177 Georgetown, DC georgetown-dc c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.9026909 -77.0494537

251483 Capitol Hill capitol-hill c2427178 Washington

washington-

united-states US

United

States united-states 38.889722 -77.011111

58

Appendix C

X id name slug cit y_ID cit y_Name cit y_Slug

count r

y_ID

count ry

_Name count ry_Slug lat it ude longit ude

1 213480180

Washingt on, Dist r ict of

Columbia washingt on-dist r ict -of -columbia c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.8951 -77.0367

2 225931565 The Obama Whit e House t he-obama-whit e-house c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89768 -77.03655

3 15712 Lincoln Memorial lincoln-memorial c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.889444 -77.050278

5 214773851

Washingt on Monument

Nat ional Monument

washingt on-monument -nat ional-

monument c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.8890235 -77.0331092

8 1191441824276880 The Whit e House t he-whit e-house c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89684467 -77.03660488

10 372247132 Capit al One Arena capit al-one-arena c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89795 -77.02096

11 262515071

Smit hsonian Nat ional

Museum of Af r ican

American Hist ory and

Cult ure

smit hsonian-nat ional-museum-

of -af r ican-american-hist ory-

and-cult ure c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89110149 -77.03256389

12 373555 Renwick Gallery renwick-gallery c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.898867 -77.039447

13 236471522

The Mall (Washingt on

DC) t he-mall-washingt on-dc c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89 -77.02361111

16 214638086

Smit hsonians Nat ional

Museum of Nat ural

Hist ory

smit hsonians-nat ional-museum-

of -nat ural-hist ory c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89107814 -77.02623198

18 838999

Nat ional Museum of

American Hist ory

nat ional-museum-of -american-

hist ory c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89137413 -77.02992863

19 175770

Hirshhorn Museum and

Sculpt ure Garden

hirshhorn-museum-and-

sculpt ure-garden c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.88832764 -77.02291558

23 2150339

The George Washingt on

Universit y

t he-george-washingt on-

universit y c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.8982042 -77.05028604

25 576233589

Lijst van bekende

mensen uit Washingt on

D.C.

lijst -van-bekende-mensen-uit -

washingt on-dc c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89511111 -77.03666667

26 216550363

Nat ional Port rait

Gallery, Smit hsonian

Inst it ut ion

nat ional-port rait -gallery-

smit hsonian-inst it ut ion c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.8977641 -77.02296276

28 1009997177 Georget own, DC georget own-dc c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.9026909 -77.0494537

30 2091823

Nat ional World War II

Memorial nat ional-world-war- ii-memorial c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.88935278 -77.04055556

31 26131 Newseum newseum c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89313 -77.01935

33 590718213 Dupont Circle dupont -circle c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.9096 -77.0434

34 21614

Walt er E. Washingt on

Convent ion Cent er

walt er-e-washingt on-

convent ion-cent er c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.9042406 -77.02325315

38 342980053 Tidal Basin t idal-basin c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.8837 -77.0389

39 215073 Ref lect ing Pool ref lect ing-pool c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.88926578 -77.04750981

40 683422 Madame Tussauds DC madame-t ussauds-dc c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89759 -77.0261699

41 75367954 Le Diplomat e le-diplomat e c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.91136386 -77.03157239

43 21783

Int ernat ional Spy

Museum int ernat ional-spy-museum c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89699 -77.02329

44 218723464

Nat ional Museum of

Women in t he Art s

nat ional-museum-of -women-in-

t he-art s c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.90006 -77.02916

47 212897059 Washingt on, DC washingt on-dc c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.89511111 -77.03666667

53 1420252

Mart in Lut her King, Jr.

Nat ional Memorial

mart in- lut her-king-jr-nat ional-

memorial c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.88611111 -77.045

55 11195531

Smit hsonians Freer and

Sackler Galler ies

smit hsonians-f reer-and-sackler-

galler ies c2427178 Washingt on

washingt on-

unit ed-st at es US

Unit ed

St at es unit ed-st at es 38.88796 -77.02645

59

Appendix D

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Appendix F

id text created_at owner.id owner.profile_pic_urlowner.username

17902716826081000 Nice!! 1516644761 1257719479 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/6e9dc1d18060a803c403d0fa1284e47e/5B1531BB/t51.2885-19/s150x150/24126366_139165150008018_2795172155120156672_n.jpgsoph_ontwowheels

17892879493145000 <f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008C><f0><U+009F><U+008F><U+00BB>1516644775 306180651 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/2a1d9e70f9c5472848c18ff719f76afd/5B49ABE9/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27890965_2099072973656754_7303907244821708800_n.jpgsallykoonin_123

17920219525007200 Good girl! <U+2764><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+00AA>1516644783 31383965 https://instagram.fagr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/vp/3230896e49952035c4a21d078561d30f/5B1DB27A/t51.2885-19/11906329_960233084022564_1448528159_a.jpgcc_the_dj

17846245039238900 ah 1516644792 1581502399 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/474effd3afd430c302057e586bd8a3f7/5B4AE6C8/t51.2885-19/s150x150/11856685_981735955211282_219583063_a.jpgbig_candycane_lane_madeosteel

17929182385004300 Get it. 1516644802 3016165931 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/3d7412d5dc34b278dc9edf938dd40c9d/5B1AB5F5/t51.2885-19/s150x150/23498420_146923939275945_5315202627879829504_n.jpgdennisgivens

17859767317219600 <f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008D>1516644827 3922217374 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/27fa9aed991bb98fe03072086ae170ff/5B1139A4/t51.2885-19/s150x150/24846014_362064277586536_2437640544617234432_n.jpgsam.deylami4054

17919995560054000 its a timex expedition moment1516644852 1581502399 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/474effd3afd430c302057e586bd8a3f7/5B4AE6C8/t51.2885-19/s150x150/11856685_981735955211282_219583063_a.jpgbig_candycane_lane_madeosteel

17902404370091000 @anna.ekstromh kan inte du va såhär cool?1516644867 2222529160 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/9b6c447f0cb7df0c14a7f5df3fc71a8f/5B1D70E5/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27877706_204447570291007_9108200985573982208_n.jpgville360

17846218849241100 Nice 1516644876 5713619573 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/f40c811ddb5b8e07f28f62efd407e93e/5B28DC9C/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26319515_528530067515824_1373147541847146496_n.jpgairforce.ir

17846242351233800 That is awesome... My daughter wants to be a pilot in the Air Force.. You are such and inspiration. @usairforce1516644878 270062153 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/7de4cfd05e7b680cbc833706ca1b6d7f/5B1B554C/t51.2885-19/s150x150/18947843_650353381831190_2087312547752443904_a.jpgrozyp77

17892406873161800 Eyebrows on fleek 1516645059 33344140 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/e2796b68f027501ec5d114aec8dfb00d/5B2BD081/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27879767_295904594267297_3289743914201776128_n.jpgtreybrah_

17907310702129400 <f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008A>1516645111 39121918 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/c6a059f1da8a1f0b88436c60514ae6fd/5B1E50D8/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26392794_2001319253490120_9011118206240161792_n.jpgmekala333

17896066945138500 Shaw AFB represent! <f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00BA><f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00B8>1516645119 34501017 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/3f38c8630a1c294bb62a54d39a48e810/5B4C1BDB/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26866190_499624393770957_8844942846361337856_n.jpgchrisastro

17923311298058600 SALUTE!! 1516645150 6481124 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/b86c08814740bdb1545218bba73af9a5/5B4A2C21/t51.2885-19/11881824_986618044721646_1650377176_a.jpgpaulagoble

17919239926045500 @idcvickyy u can be her.1516645242 415630583 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/118d8643ead538c26431286035861f40/5B4BFAF0/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27893291_168703120427388_2988161910655942656_n.jpgjoha_balay

17893049878150400 YEA! Viper pilots rule1516645267 3266740512 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/ffb4cf6739f26fd4447ffd38ae372ec7/5B11AAA9/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26272222_570047826669746_6501235328156696576_n.jpgonyxreaper

17902779208084300 <f0><U+009F><U+00A4><U+0098><f0><U+009F><U+008F><U+00BB>1516645297 210947008 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/ea86b958e8150aa3ae4e12fbb4aba1cf/5B2A2F79/t51.2885-19/s150x150/16585096_476771682711740_4484955204403331072_a.jpgcrazy_gpigz

17846326054239800 Ville, jag är 14<f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0082> @ville3601516645301 857171570 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/72b0c949a73b5f8a74158c20e5dd8fb9/5B1766AC/t51.2885-19/s150x150/25005578_663682734019309_7577762945254293504_n.jpganna.ekstromh

17907677278112200 #goals<U+2764><U+FE0F><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+00AF>1516645343 22737475 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/29278116f4d7753f08165c42beabb172/5B1613D8/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26181292_443533316063348_3256149732279451648_n.jpggiaxlana

17895607483134500 <f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><f0><U+009F><U+008F><U+00BC><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><f0><U+009F><U+008F><U+00BC><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><f0><U+009F><U+008F><U+00BC><f0><U+009F><U+009A><U+0081><f0><U+009F><U+00A6><U+0085><U+26A1><U+FE0F><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+0080><f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00A7><f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00B7>1516645352 4608014410 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/a1c7b6e6f49dd5314ac8d423363fe4a4/5B1DC428/t51.2885-19/s150x150/25026154_1862082484104283_7468195177027338240_n.jpgciopaer_to

17919464815010700 @amanduh0429 <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008E>1516645382 400073675 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/81b090a1da1636247301ecc73ee88c1d/5B0EEFD0/t51.2885-19/s150x150/22639157_180220312553059_2932803269723947008_n.jpgcacraig11

17879493088196800 <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D>1516645436 4979572474 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/4a8b9b71c86d72d3e4b0013e5ce06e8c/5B120E93/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27891601_196679197587689_7702282456711299072_n.jpgjaymon3002

17919810205032800 <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D>1516645436 4979572474 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/4a8b9b71c86d72d3e4b0013e5ce06e8c/5B120E93/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27891601_196679197587689_7702282456711299072_n.jpgjaymon3002

17894531890188700 Sickkkk 1516645519 1981970767 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/c0f6d68e43f75b28eeb8bae8465b3bcd/5B1A5341/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26227541_156133235038686_1302106944525303808_n.jpgjust.__tin___can_

17920278703051200 <U+2764><U+FE0F> my heart at Eglin <f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00BA><f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00B8> #USAFmom1516645582 285396048 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/7c705b3964588d105058a11211e14575/5B147527/t51.2885-19/s150x150/13397676_1792024331013142_2095304786_a.jpgj_yvette_l

17894926300130200 Can you get her for career day <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0082> @mo_elizabeth3 ?1516645687 295804343 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/f4e2c8eac6d31bcf283b75023d4b325c/5B10BC8C/t51.2885-19/s150x150/25008072_171693896897547_257306796304105472_n.jpglo_lights_

17902481515084500 NND PBSBHBJBLBZBXBCB Q RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB RDGJKLCB1516645713 6330870614 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/1c5687ff2d0a685bd95181ef071ae865/5B048A09/t51.2885-19/s150x150/23164537_135653563756420_5548774266675134464_n.jpgnoa727

17906989870099700 Veeeeery niiiiiiiiiice<U+270C><U+270C><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+0095><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+0095><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0099><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0099><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+009A><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+009A><U+270C><U+270C><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+009E><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+009E><U+270C><U+270C><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+0095><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+0095><U+270C><U+270C>1516645731 3579379587 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/e00f983169e55b62e85a03b7edebe8e6/5B05688A/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27575031_171202726997569_2043483463058718720_n.jpgkoroush_imani

17879685745196500 @lo_lights_ I asked for a myriad of officers ranging from 2d lt to Capt1516645755 424550255 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/887e8a0f66d9425b7e723227b0ef19f2/5B04FF84/t51.2885-19/s150x150/18094555_254650541667515_2726418108192391168_a.jpgmo_elizabeth3

17920758868017800 @frankpaint 1516645776 46654786 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/9352930c4d18d4c8df7eb21f23538e7c/5B15859A/t51.2885-19/927393_855653307791887_527646871_a.jpglaurenpainter_

17915043367070100 @mo_elizabeth3 I just like that she's a female fighter from Shaw.1516645806 295804343 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/f4e2c8eac6d31bcf283b75023d4b325c/5B10BC8C/t51.2885-19/s150x150/25008072_171693896897547_257306796304105472_n.jpglo_lights_

17924786815057300 Found <f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+00A7><U+270A>1516645911 2266396868 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/69f1cae72e6271b6624cde188193c67a/5B1233E4/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27892042_2048175975420147_6924264451189243904_n.jpga.badhisutawan

17921940580013500 <f0><U+009F><U+0099><U+008C><f0><U+009F><U+008F><U+00BB> cool <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008E>1516645921 3514876709 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/e3fbfeb1641cfcbff13d7505b8b4aeb4/5B07B835/t51.2885-19/s150x150/21984976_1739498929416714_3158543980547801088_n.jpgfawzinelfarr

17907142621097000 Bravo Bravo Bravo <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0080> <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0080><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008F><U+270C><U+FE0F><U+270C><U+FE0F><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0098><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0098><f0><U+009F><U+008C><U+00B9><f0><U+009F><U+008C><U+00B9>1516645957 4755191572 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/de2d83fba16f557704ad88dccdd9e6c6/5B2AEE98/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26869666_199713793941897_8150894711356260352_n.jpgmiro.jaume

17893056922148200 Great picture , thank for your services... God bless you ..1516646062 4699730528 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/2de3ea6bd4ecef8b4e32c6038d7449e1/5B169D39/t51.2885-19/s150x150/28155962_2046093055672503_3645957326227111936_n.jpglmma2003

17904741163126700 You shot the @usairforce1516646228 3228699880 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/2643911ee8e1ddebfb46f2ee22ce264a/5B4A52F6/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27581997_1991437354512823_1111268654072201216_n.jpgian_t_wilson_

17905736824126400 Oh wait wrong picture1516646264 3228699880 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/2643911ee8e1ddebfb46f2ee22ce264a/5B4A52F6/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27581997_1991437354512823_1111268654072201216_n.jpgian_t_wilson_

17905311511124800 #CooL 1516646416 4285556838 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/6475f971cc2cdf3667ab612a380118fc/5B1E5BDF/t51.2885-19/s150x150/25021995_712730572270192_1895124379142979584_n.jpgmarlilny

17860723798209200 @jadentkorth Eglin hua1516646421 2064800284 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/8487ec6298d9a4bdf4433b63767b9438/5B0D9F47/t51.2885-19/s150x150/25018711_239437903262579_3841898226806423552_n.jpganthonyliz_

17920338988032700 @anthonyliz_ HUA 1516646464 246687008 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/a1217065a3f24d9db484713a73e19b81/5B1D98F5/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26152031_193338297912578_7166435164266954752_n.jpgjadentkorth

17893257619192700 BEAUTY AND STRENGTH! <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+0087><f0><U+009F><U+008C><U+00B9><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+008B><f0><U+009F><U+008E><U+00B5>1516646513 4871254374 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/8d2167e74606ec1265d2e4df8e0a361b/5B297DB2/t51.2885-19/s150x150/17439306_283536282059742_1794652896382418944_a.jpgjjascosmos

17920623730011200 @jamaican_johnny @walker_polsinelli @kylematern352 <f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+0080><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+0080><f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+0080>1516646584 487458548 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/a7947eb9b112ae77765fc4de588978cb/5B17D374/t51.2885-19/s150x150/19761734_1414126255332842_7719441564023390208_a.jpgcyrbuiltsedan

17892821923152100 YGBSM 1516646811 31484972 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/082e02b38907eda2b7003c9a50cd7a73/5B06249A/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27577043_273972819803577_1611486401067483136_n.jpgisthisguyserious

17895336844131900 Beauty with the Beast #f16 my all time fav <f0><U+009F><U+009B><U+00A9><f0><U+009F><U+009B><U+00A9>1516646905 5880550922 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/e53f77cf21e1d98eaff8bc0b69ce56c2/5B0DAC55/t51.2885-19/s150x150/20987512_347130965723587_8001599182836072448_a.jpgsuman_ayush13

17919505357015800 Wow strong fight woman1516646962 2039822000 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/95e359675d5af205a6d9fec406545156/5B4E3182/t51.2885-19/s150x150/24838326_101231340667063_5819415055237644288_n.jpgahmedn22n

17918963671061900 Fire 1516646979 2039822000 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/95e359675d5af205a6d9fec406545156/5B4E3182/t51.2885-19/s150x150/24838326_101231340667063_5819415055237644288_n.jpgahmedn22n

17921023285040300 Too cool! @morgart_kayla1516647093 2017650474 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/1b1c915dada58ecd2c675f729fc1e19d/5B29F701/t51.2885-19/s150x150/24845327_135140523831942_6806056965404360704_n.jpgadrianna_morgart

17860535284208300 <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D> in love !!!1516647293 191343376 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/a520c26468b0cb683d1f67e91e340ec1/5B1FD536/t51.2885-19/11910350_297402050430190_2026110713_a.jpgpepegrillo89

17907340705106600 @ihashubeita 1516647348 2345937556 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/d8ada6a718c57d9a59439dc73a3b2877/5B4BBC1D/t51.2885-19/s150x150/28151230_1729478153781410_7990125066035658752_n.jpgatilio_vurvopolos

17911435531078600 LOVE this!! 1516647427 27753143 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/64851f367870effc3007913a7f459a8e/5B202F43/t51.2885-19/s150x150/23347487_1707081442677369_7867464622582792192_n.jpgjacqgould

17920140301030800 A dream that i will never accomplish ...1516647437 3245473458 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/a9c38ec3cc104250afc258b250857b70/5B21E475/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27576504_165985677365135_2541958432584368128_n.jpgcall_me_numpt

17910967678076700 @charlie_collie 1516647440 15755357 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/8b37724a96371a4b90aeea9cf95bb7a5/5B04F0EB/t51.2885-19/s150x150/26265550_155658871750736_768762089006170112_n.jpgpassion4nyc

17920419412009400 Does she have Instagram? <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+008D>1516647462 5527825192 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/77ddab8d0ad9e53ff61736bafb85fa75/5B11E2F4/t51.2885-19/s150x150/18723116_1696264410677425_7877078713601359872_n.jpgaraujo253

17905484125127500 Very good 1516647881 6796434290 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/bf1c9154fd05177b08c3a973cf4fd1bb/5B2AC2D4/t51.2885-19/s150x150/25018195_345706149227073_2352056333332643840_n.jpgaminallah.a

17889439036173600 #TeamShaw 1516647902 365607661 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/435c11c5ce19fdb69cf1d79c99b50ed6/5B055F3A/t51.2885-19/s150x150/14583454_679701112186705_6361606284961120256_a.jpgbeningold318

17861953780206500 @anna.ekstromh ålder är bara en siffra<f0><U+009F><U+0099><U+0084>1516648016 2222529160 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/9b6c447f0cb7df0c14a7f5df3fc71a8f/5B1D70E5/t51.2885-19/s150x150/27877706_204447570291007_9108200985573982208_n.jpgville360

17902468441091800 <f0><U+009F><U+0098><U+00A5><f0><U+009F><U+0092><U+00AA>1516648216 5910717791 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/aa780dcaeb1acedc96ad291f3a9296de/5B181D3A/t51.2885-19/s150x150/20986994_265826810572415_4917742609096507392_a.jpgshocktherapy.jn

17895479689186600 <f0><U+009F><U+0091><U+008D><f0><U+009F><U+008F><U+00BC><f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00BA><f0><U+009F><U+0087><U+00B8>1516648412 1370345057 https://scontent-ort2-2.cdninstagram.com/vp/50ea7f8efbe5aaffd3e871d7967a27a5/5B1837AF/t51.2885-19/s150x150/11258372_117880065219772_1152994460_a.jpgjoeypr69

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An Open Source Approach to Social Media Data Gathering

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Kallhoff, Anthony J., Second Lieutenant, USAF

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Air Force Institute of Technology

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14. ABSTRACT

Modern usage of social media affords the military intelligence and analytic communities novel approaches to gather information. However, the tools and resources to develop these methodologies are still maturing. Furthermore, current data acquisition tools are not available to the DoD for all social media platforms. This thesis addresses a small subset of this problem by developing an open source methodological approach to collect and manage data from a popular social media site that has previously been inaccessible to defense intelligence organizations. This approach was operationalized via the R package called instaExtract, and an exemplar analysis was performed to demonstrate its application and efficiency for intelligence gathering.

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Data Mining, Social Media, Instagram, Data Acquisition, Data Tidying, Open-Source, R, GitHub,

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