An Invitation to HealthAn Invitation to HealthChapter 2 Chapter 2

Psychological HealthPsychological Health

Dr. Lana Zinger

©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Psychological HealthPsychological Health

Mental Health Emotional Health

Spiritual Health

Our ability to perceive reality as it is, to respond to its challenges, and to develop rational strategies

for living.

Feelings and moods.

Our ability to identify our basic purpose in life and to experience the fulfillment of achieving our full potential.

Emotional HealthEmotional Health Determination and effort to be healthy.Determination and effort to be healthy. Flexibility and adaptability to a variety of circumstances.Flexibility and adaptability to a variety of circumstances. Development of a sense of meaning and affirmation of Development of a sense of meaning and affirmation of

life.life. An understanding that the self is not the center of the An understanding that the self is not the center of the

universe.universe. Compassion for others.Compassion for others. The ability to be unselfish in serving or relating to others.The ability to be unselfish in serving or relating to others. Increased depth and satisfaction in intimate Increased depth and satisfaction in intimate

relationships.relationships. A sense of control over the mind and body that enables A sense of control over the mind and body that enables

the person to make health-enhancing choices and the person to make health-enhancing choices and decisions.decisions.

Mental HealthMental Health

The ability to function and The ability to function and carry out responsibilities.carry out responsibilities.

The ability to form The ability to form relationships.relationships.

Realistic perceptions of the Realistic perceptions of the motivation of others.motivation of others.

Rational, logical thought Rational, logical thought processes.processes.

The ability to adapt to The ability to adapt to change and to cope with change and to cope with adversity.adversity.

Other Components of Other Components of Psychological HealthPsychological Health

Emotional Emotional IntelligenceIntelligence

Self-awarenessSelf-awareness AltruismAltruism Personal Personal

motivationmotivation EmpathyEmpathy Ability to love and Ability to love and

be lovedbe loved

Spiritual IntelligenceSpiritual Intelligence The capacity to The capacity to

sense, understand, sense, understand, and tap into the and tap into the highest parts of highest parts of ourselves, others, and ourselves, others, and the world around us.the world around us.

Focus on the Focus on the discovery of a wisdom discovery of a wisdom withinwithin

The Three Pillars of The Three Pillars of Positive PsychologyPositive Psychology

PositiveEmotions

Positive Traits PositiveInstitutions

“Treatment is not just fixing what is

broken, it is nurturing

what is best within ourselves”.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

ValuesValues

TerminalGoals

AchievementsIdeal states

InstrumentalImportant ways of

thinking and acting.(being loving or loyal)

Self EsteemSelf Esteem

Definition: Belief and pride in ourselves which

develops overtime starting in childhood. Boosting self esteem:

Positive affirmations, compliments, kudos and encouragement.

Lowering self esteem: Feelings of a lack of love and

encouragement, and seeking out people who think poorly of them.

MoodMood DefinitionDefinition::

A sustained emotional state that colors our A sustained emotional state that colors our view of the world for hours or days.view of the world for hours or days.

Mood ManagementMood Management:: MenMen: distraction or alcohol and drug use.: distraction or alcohol and drug use. WomenWomen: talking with someone or to ruminate : talking with someone or to ruminate

on why they feel bad.on why they feel bad. Cognitive reappraisal.Cognitive reappraisal. Alter your negative feelings.Alter your negative feelings. Get moving.Get moving. Take your mind off your troubles.Take your mind off your troubles.

Factors Factors Affecting Affecting HappinessHappiness

Relationships

Genetics

Gender andRace

Education Intelligence

Age,Health, and

Wealth

Life Events

Happiness BoostersHappiness Boosters

Loving and Being Loved

Optimism

Altruism

Humor

Developing AutonomyDeveloping Autonomy

Dependence Autonomy

The Mentally Healthy The Mentally Healthy IndividualIndividual

What is a Mental What is a Mental Disorder?Disorder?

American’s Psychiatric Association’s American’s Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical ManualDiagnostic and Statistical Manual, ,

44thth edition (DSM-IV) edition (DSM-IV)

““a clinically significant behavioral or a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.”an important loss of freedom.”

When Students Seek When Students Seek CounselingCounseling

Why Students Seek Why Students Seek Psychological HelpPsychological Help

The BrainThe Brain

The Anatomy of a NeuronThe Anatomy of a Neuron

NucleusNucleus AxonAxon Axon TerminalAxon Terminal DendritesDendrites GliaGliaOther Important Other Important

TerminologyTerminology:: NeurotransmitteNeurotransmitte

rsrs SynapseSynapse ReceptorsReceptors

The NeuronThe NeuronThe Basic Working Unit of the The Basic Working Unit of the

BrainBrain

Are Men’s and Women’s Are Men’s and Women’s Brains Different?Brains Different?MenMen

Have bigger brains.Have bigger brains. Have eyes which are Have eyes which are

more sensitive to more sensitive to bright light.bright light.

Retain ability to see Retain ability to see well at long distances well at long distances longer in life.longer in life.

Loses brain tissue more Loses brain tissue more rapidly than women.rapidly than women.

WomenWomen Use more neurons.Use more neurons. Hears a broader Hears a broader

range of sounds.range of sounds. Hearing remains Hearing remains

sharper, longer.sharper, longer. Responds more Responds more

intensely to emotions.intensely to emotions.

The Bottom Line:Neither gender’s brain is “better”.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPhobiasPhobias

Characteristic SymptomsCharacteristic Symptoms Excessive or Excessive or

unreasonable fear of a unreasonable fear of a specific object or specific object or situation.situation.

Immediate, invariable Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to anxiety when exposed to the object or situation.the object or situation.

Recognition that the fear Recognition that the fear is excessive or is excessive or unreasonable.unreasonable.

Avoidance of the feared Avoidance of the feared object or situation.object or situation.

Inability to function as Inability to function as usual.usual.

TreatmentTreatment Behavior therapy Behavior therapy

including systematic including systematic desensitization.desensitization.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPanic Attacks and Panic DisorderPanic Attacks and Panic Disorder

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Panic attackPanic attack: Rapid : Rapid

onset of dizziness or onset of dizziness or lightheadedness with lightheadedness with rapid breathing or rapid breathing or hyperventilation, hyperventilation, numbness of fingers or numbness of fingers or toes, and a terrible toes, and a terrible sense that something sense that something horrible is about to horrible is about to happen.happen.

A A panic disorderpanic disorder develops when attacks develops when attacks recur or apprehension recur or apprehension about them affects about them affects normal daily function.normal daily function.

TreatmentTreatment Cognitive-behavior Cognitive-behavior

therapy.therapy. Medication.Medication.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPanic DisordersPanic Disorders

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Excessive or unreasonable Excessive or unreasonable

fear of a specific object or fear of a specific object or situation.situation.

Immediate, invariable Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to anxiety when exposed to the object or situation.the object or situation.

Recognition that the fear Recognition that the fear is excessive or is excessive or unreasonable.unreasonable.

Avoidance of the feared Avoidance of the feared object or situation.object or situation.

Inability to function as Inability to function as usual.usual.

TreatmentTreatment Behavior therapy Behavior therapy

including systematic including systematic desensitization.desensitization.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersGeneral Anxiety DisorderGeneral Anxiety Disorder

DefinitionDefinition Excessive or unrealistic Excessive or unrealistic

apprehension that apprehension that causes physical causes physical symptoms that lasts for symptoms that lasts for six months or longer.six months or longer.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Faster heart rate, Faster heart rate,

sweating, increased sweating, increased blood pressure, muscle blood pressure, muscle aches, intestinal pains, aches, intestinal pains, irritability, sleep irritability, sleep problems, and difficulty problems, and difficulty concentrating.concentrating.

TreatmentTreatment Psychotherapy.Psychotherapy. Behavioral therapy.Behavioral therapy. Antianxiety drugs.Antianxiety drugs.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder

CharacteristicsCharacteristics ObsessionObsession:: a a

recurring idea, recurring idea, thought, or image thought, or image that they realize, at that they realize, at least initially, is least initially, is senseless.senseless.

CompulsionCompulsion: : Repetitive behavior Repetitive behavior performed according performed according to certain rules or in a to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion.stereotyped fashion.

TreatmentTreatment Cognitive therapy.Cognitive therapy. Behavioral Behavioral

therapy.therapy. Medications.Medications.

Depressive DisordersDepressive DisordersCharacteristicsCharacteristics

Feeling depressed, sad, empty or discouraged, tearful.Feeling depressed, sad, empty or discouraged, tearful.Loss of interest or pleasure in once-enjoyable Loss of interest or pleasure in once-enjoyable

activities.activities.Eating more or less than usual with weight changesEating more or less than usual with weight changes..

Changes in sleep patternsChanges in sleep patternsFeeling slowed down or restless.Feeling slowed down or restless.

Lack of energy.Lack of energy.SurgerySurgery

Difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness.Difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness.Persistent thoughts of death or suicide.Persistent thoughts of death or suicide.

Withdrawal from others, lack of interest in sex.Withdrawal from others, lack of interest in sex.Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains.Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains.

Depressive DisordersDepressive DisordersTreatmentsTreatments

PsychotherapyPsychotherapyCognitive-behavior therapyCognitive-behavior therapy

Interpersonal therapyInterpersonal therapy

MedicationsMedicationsAntidepressantsAntidepressants

ExerciseExercise

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Mood swings that take Mood swings that take

individuals from individuals from manic manic states of feeling states of feeling euphoric and energetic euphoric and energetic to depressive states of to depressive states of utter despair.utter despair.

Involves, mood swings, Involves, mood swings, and changes in and changes in thinking, behavior and thinking, behavior and physical condition. physical condition.

TreatmentTreatment Cognitive therapy.Cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy.Behavioral therapy. Medications.Medications.

Suicide RiskSuicide Risk

Who attempts Who attempts suicide?suicide?

Who Who completes completes suicide?suicide?

SexSex FemaleFemale MaleMale

AgeAge Under 35Under 35 Under 20 or Under 20 or over 60over 60

MeansMeans Less deadly, Less deadly, such as wrist such as wrist slashing.slashing.

More More deadly, such deadly, such as a gun.as a gun.

CircumstaCircumstancesnces

High chance High chance of rescue.of rescue.

Low chance Low chance of rescue.of rescue.

Factors Contributing to Factors Contributing to SuicideSuicide

FemalesFemales Violence.Violence. Medical symptoms.Medical symptoms. Having a friend Having a friend

attempt or complete attempt or complete suicide.suicide.

Illicit drug use.Illicit drug use. History of mental History of mental

health problems.health problems.

MalesMales Violence.Violence. Carrying a weapon at Carrying a weapon at

school.school. Same sex romantic Same sex romantic

attraction.attraction. A family history of A family history of

suicide or suicide suicide or suicide attempts.attempts.

Skipping school.Skipping school. Illicit drug use.Illicit drug use. Being held back or Being held back or

skipping grades.skipping grades.

What Leads to Suicide?What Leads to Suicide?

Mental Disorders

HopelessnessSubstance Abuse

Family History

PhysicalIllness

BrainChemistry

Access toGuns

Suicide PreventionSuicide Prevention Encourage your friend Encourage your friend

to talk.to talk. Don’t offer trite Don’t offer trite

reassurances.reassurances. Suggest solutions or Suggest solutions or

alternatives to alternatives to problems.problems.

Don’t be afraid to ask Don’t be afraid to ask whether your friend has whether your friend has considered suicide.considered suicide.

Don’t think that people Don’t think that people who talk about killing who talk about killing themselves never carry themselves never carry out their threat.out their threat.

Mental Health Mental Health ProfessionalsProfessionals

Psychiatrist (MD)Psychiatrist (MD) PsychologistPsychologist Certified social workers or licensed Certified social workers or licensed

social workerssocial workers Psychiatric NursesPsychiatric Nurses Marriage and family therapistsMarriage and family therapists Psychiatric Facilities and OrganizationsPsychiatric Facilities and Organizations

HospitalsHospitals Community Mental Health CentersCommunity Mental Health Centers Voluntary AgenciesVoluntary Agencies E-therapyE-therapy

Options for TreatmentOptions for Treatment

PsychodynamicPsychodynamicPsychotherapyPsychotherapy

Cognitive-Cognitive-BehaviorBehaviorTherapyTherapy

Interpersonal Interpersonal TherapyTherapy

Psychiatric Psychiatric Drug TherapyDrug Therapy

Attention DisordersAttention DisordersAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

CausesCauses Genetic and biological.Genetic and biological. Differences in the brainDifferences in the brain Prenatal use of alcohol, Prenatal use of alcohol,

tobacco and cocaine.tobacco and cocaine. Delivery complications.Delivery complications. Postnatal problems.Postnatal problems.

Meningitis, encephalitis, Meningitis, encephalitis, chronic lead exposure or chronic lead exposure or severe head trauma.severe head trauma.

Three Primary Three Primary SymptomsSymptoms

HyperactivityHyperactivity ImpulsivityImpulsivity DistractibilityDistractibility

TreatmentTreatment MedicationsMedications PsychotherapyPsychotherapy General counselingGeneral counseling Vocational rehabilitationVocational rehabilitation Academic tutoringAcademic tutoring

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

SymptomsSymptoms Hallucinations, delusions, inability to think in a Hallucinations, delusions, inability to think in a

logical manner, talking in rambling or logical manner, talking in rambling or incoherent ways, making odd or purposeless incoherent ways, making odd or purposeless movements or not moving at all, mimicking movements or not moving at all, mimicking gesture or words, showing few, if any, gesture or words, showing few, if any, emotions, lacking will or motivation, and emotions, lacking will or motivation, and functioning at a much lower level than normal.functioning at a much lower level than normal.

PhasesPhases Prodromal, active and residual phases.Prodromal, active and residual phases.TreatmentTreatment Antipsychotic medicationsAntipsychotic medications

The Keys to Psychological The Keys to Psychological WellnessWellnessAccept yourselfAccept yourself

Respect yourselfRespect yourself

Trust yourselfTrust yourself

Love yourselfLove yourself

Stretch yourselfStretch yourself

Look at challenges as opportunities for personal Look at challenges as opportunities for personal growthgrowth

Where and who do you want to be a decade from Where and who do you want to be a decade from now?now?