an investigative stu dy on the water aterit e · pdf filean investigative stu absorption rate...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at ISSN Print: 0976 © IAEME

AN INVESTIGATIVE STUABSORPTION RATE OF L

STABILISED WITH CEME

Department of Architecture

ABSTRACTThe study is

absorption rateobjectivewood ash positive effect of wood ash on the stabilised bricks by decreasing itsrate.stabilisatithe different samples measured showed with increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this studpositive effect reduction of water absorption rate ofKey wordsCite this ArticleWater Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood AshInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technologyhttp://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.

1. INTRODUCTIONTo meet the mandate oninwards for local building materials that will be of high quality, durable, weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing and acceptable for all classes of building.to shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and thermal properties. It is believed that such studies will birth quality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.


International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication



Department of Civil Engineering,


ABSTRACT The study is

absorption rateobjective of the work reported in this paper waswood ash in lapositive effect of wood ash on the stabilised bricks by decreasing itsrate. The study stabilisation is at 10% C with 5% WA (19.09%) rethe different samples measured showed with increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this studpositive effect reduction of water absorption rate ofKey words: Laterite bricks, Wood Ash, Water Absorption RateCite this ArticleWater Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood AshInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technologyhttp://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.

INTRODUCTIONTo meet the mandate oninwards for local building materials that will be of high quality, durable, weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing and acceptable for all classes of building.to shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and thermal properties. It is believed that such studies will birth quality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.6308 and ISSN Online: 0976

Publication



Department of Civil Engineering,


The study is investigative in nature and it was carried outabsorption rate of laterite

the work reported in this paper wasin lateritic soil brick on its water absorption rate. The findings showed the

positive effect of wood ash on the stabilised bricks by decreasing itsThe study also showed that the optimum value for water absorption of wood ash

on is at 10% C with 5% WA (19.09%) rethe different samples measured showed with increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this studpositive effect of adding cement and wood ash as stabilisers was evident as a reduction of water absorption rate of

Laterite bricks, Wood Ash, Water Absorption RateCite this Article: Olutoge F.A and Oladunmoye O.MWater Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood AshInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technologyhttp://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.

INTRODUCTION To meet the mandate on the massive provision of lowinwards for local building materials that will be of high quality, durable, weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing and acceptable for all classes of building.to shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and thermal properties. It is believed that such studies will birth quality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.

ET/index.asp

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)2017, pp. 13–22, Article ID: IJCIET_08_07

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Scopus Indexed


STABILISED WITH CEMEOlutoge F.A

Department of Civil Engineering,University of Ibadan, Ibadan

Oladunmoye O.M Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Design and Management

University of Ibadan, Ibadan

investigative in nature and it was carried outof laterite bricks stabilized with cement(C) and wood ash (WA). The

the work reported in this paper wasl brick on its water absorption rate. The findings showed the

positive effect of wood ash on the stabilised bricks by decreasing itsshowed that the optimum value for water absorption of wood ash

on is at 10% C with 5% WA (19.09%) rethe different samples measured showed with increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this stud

of adding cement and wood ash as stabilisers was evident as a reduction of water absorption rate of

Laterite bricks, Wood Ash, Water Absorption Rateoge F.A and Oladunmoye O.M

Water Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood AshInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technologyhttp://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=

the massive provision of lowinwards for local building materials that will be of high quality, durable, weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing and acceptable for all classes of building.to shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and thermal properties. It is believed that such studies will birth quality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.

asp 13

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Article ID: IJCIET_08_07

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Indexed

AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY ONABSORPTION RATE OF L

STABILISED WITH CEMEOlutoge F.A

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan

Oladunmoye O.M Faculty of Environmental Design and Management


investigative in nature and it was carried outbricks stabilized with cement(C) and wood ash (WA). The

the work reported in this paper wasl brick on its water absorption rate. The findings showed the


on is at 10% C with 5% WA (19.09%) rethe different samples measured showed a decreasewith increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this stud

of adding cement and wood ash as stabilisers was evident as a reduction of water absorption rate of the samples studied.

Laterite bricks, Wood Ash, Water Absorption Rateoge F.A and Oladunmoye O.M

Water Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood AshInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=

the massive provision of lowinwards for local building materials that will be of high quality, durable, weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing and acceptable for all classes of building.to shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and thermal properties. It is believed that such studies will birth quality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Article ID: IJCIET_08_07_0

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=7

DY ONABSORPTION RATE OF LATERIT

STABILISED WITH CEMENT AND WOOOlutoge F.A

Faculty of TechnologyUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan

Oladunmoye O.M Faculty of Environmental Design and Management


investigative in nature and it was carried outbricks stabilized with cement(C) and wood ash (WA). The

the work reported in this paper was to determine the effect of additionl brick on its water absorption rate. The findings showed the


on is at 10% C with 5% WA (19.09%) replacement.a decrease in the absorption rate

with increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this studof adding cement and wood ash as stabilisers was evident as a

the samples studied. Laterite bricks, Wood Ash, Water Absorption Rate

oge F.A and Oladunmoye O.M, An Investigative Study on the Water Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood AshInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(


the massive provision of low-cost housing, there is the need to look inwards for local building materials that will be of high quality, durable, weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing and acceptable for all classes of building. to shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and thermal properties. It is believed that such studies will birth the production of affordablequality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.

[email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 002


DY ON THE WATER ATERITE BRICKS

NT AND WOO

Faculty of Technology

Faculty of Environmental Design and Management

investigative in nature and it was carried out to determine the bricks stabilized with cement(C) and wood ash (WA). The

to determine the effect of additionl brick on its water absorption rate. The findings showed the

positive effect of wood ash on the stabilised bricks by decreasing its water absorption showed that the optimum value for water absorption of wood ash

placement. Water absorption rateabsorption rate

with increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this studof adding cement and wood ash as stabilisers was evident as a

Laterite bricks, Wood Ash, Water Absorption Rate. An Investigative Study on the

Water Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood Ash, 8(7), 2017, pp.


cost housing, there is the need to look inwards for local building materials that will be of high quality, durable, weather resistant,

This has prompted researto shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and

the production of affordablequality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.

[email protected]


THE WATER E BRICKS

NT AND WOOD ASH

Faculty of Technology,

Faculty of Environmental Design and Management

to determine the wabricks stabilized with cement(C) and wood ash (WA). The

to determine the effect of additionl brick on its water absorption rate. The findings showed the

water absorption showed that the optimum value for water absorption of wood ash

Water absorption rateabsorption rate of the brick

with increase in percentage of wood ash. Based on the findings of this study, the of adding cement and wood ash as stabilisers was evident as a

An Investigative Study on the Water Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood Ash

), 2017, pp. 13–22.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=7


This has prompted researto shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and

the production of affordablequality bricks for construction by using traditional earth construction technology.

[email protected]


THE WATER E BRICKS

D ASH

Faculty of Environmental Design and Management,

water bricks stabilized with cement(C) and wood ash (WA). The

to determine the effect of addition of l brick on its water absorption rate. The findings showed the

water absorption showed that the optimum value for water absorption of wood ash

Water absorption rate of of the brick

y, the of adding cement and wood ash as stabilisers was evident as a

An Investigative Study on the Water Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement and Wood Ash.

.


This has prompted researchers to shift research attention to improving locally based building materials to meet up with the international standard in terms of durability, strength, aesthetics and other technical and

the production of affordable and

Olutoge F.A and Oladunmoye O.M

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 14 [email protected]

Unlike other construction materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, laterite is found as a natural deposit with its properties being determined by its geological origin. It is a soil or rock found in the tropics and is very high in iron. It is not considered clay because it is usually devoid of silica, and is instead a mixture of fine grains of quartz with minute scales of hydrates of alumina.

However, some of the challenges in traditional earth include the poor soil texture or quality, excessively high water absorption rate and so on. Findings from different researches have suggested that the inadequacies in soil quality and technical properties in traditional earth construction can be ameliorated through stabilisation such that it can be able to serve the same structural purpose as sandcrete blocks and reinforced concrete. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the water absorption rate of laterite bricks stabilised with cement and wood ash.

[1] submits that a variety of physical and technical properties must be measured in order to achieve soil stability and the procedure must comply with the standard set by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). These properties include physical dimensions, density, and mechanical strength. Another important property is freeze-thaw durability, where the brick is tested under conditions that are supposed to simulate what is encountered in the outdoors. However, current tests are inadequate and do not really correlate to actual conditions because what passes in the laboratory may not pass in the field. Therefore,this study investigates the water absorption rate laterite bricks stabilised with cement, wood ash and sawdust.

2. ADDITIVES USED FOR STABILISATION OF LATERITE IN THE STUDY The laterite soil was stabilised with two common additives such as cement and wood ash.

2.1. Cement The use of cement as an additive in soil stabilisation process creates a reaction which produces a cementitious gel that is independent of the soil. This gel is made up of calcium silicate hydrates; calcium aluminate hydrates and hydrated lime. The first two compounds form the main bulk of the cementitious gel, whereas the lime is deposited as a separate crystalline solid phase. The cementation process results in deposition between the soil particles of an insoluble binder capable of embedding soil particles in a matrix of cementitious gel. The basic function of cementation is to make the soil water-resistant by reducing swelling and increasing its compressive strength. Cement is considered a good stabiliser for granular soils but unsatisfactory for clays. Cement contains lime properties caused by the re-absorption of the expelled water and the formation of some chemical compounds such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.

2.2. Wood Ash Another additive used for stabilisation in this is study is wood ash. Wood ash is an admixture: a pozzolana which is obtained from the combustion of wood. It can be related to fly ash since fly ash is obtained from coal, which is a fossilized wood. Studies by [2] have reported the following elements in wood ash: carbon (5% to 30%), calcium (5% to 30%), carbon (7% to 33%), potassium (3% to 4%), magnesium (1% to 2%), phosphorus (0.3% to 1.4%) and sodium (0.2% to 0.5%). The following compound composition limits were also reported: SiO2(4% to 60%), Al2O3(5% to 20%), Fe2O3(10% to 90%), CaO (2% to 37%), MgO (0.7% to 5%), TiO2(0% to 1.5%), K2O (0.4% to 14%), SO3(0.1% to 15%), LOI (0.1% to 33%),



moisture content (0.1% to 22%), and available alkali (0.4% to 20%). The study revealed that all the major compounds present in wood ash are present in fly ash.

Wood ash is a solid residue of the combustion of sawdust or wood in air and is composed of carbonates and oxides of metals. [3] have tested many sources of wood ash from the USA and Canada and have found their specific gravity to be between 1.6 and 2.8 and unit weight between 365 and 980 kg m-3. They have also found the major elements in wood ash to be carbon, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium, all in various proportions. Chemical composition present in wood ash from different wood types were found to be: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, TiO2, K2O, SO3, organic matter, moisture and available alkali, all with significant variations. [4] found the specific gravity of wood ash obtained from a bakery in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria to be 2.13 and the bulk density 760 kg m-3 and his analysis showed the chemical constituents as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, TiO2, K2O, SO3 and organic matter (loss on ignition LOI = 27%). It is being usually rich in calcium carbonate, which is a good binding agent and its other chemical components, wood ash acts as a pozzolana with good stabilizing properties.

[5] performed some investigations into the properties of wood ash from different sources and established their potential for being used in cement-based construction materials. Similarly, [3], in an investigation into the use of wood ash in cement-based materials, found that wood ash could be used in making self-compacting controlled low-strength materials, air-entrained and non-air-entrained concretes and bricks/blocks/paving stones. Also, [4] successfully used wood ash obtained from a bakery in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria as partial replacement for Portland cement in the production of concrete. With regards to the usage of wood ash for soil stabilization, according to [6], wood ash is one of the oldest stabilisers known. It is waterproof and its binding properties are adequate for stabilizing traditional adobe. It provides strength to the block and prevents cracking because of its chemical composition especially the potassium components, which aid the bonding properties.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY For the purpose of this study, preliminary investigations were conducted on soil materials, and advanced laboratory tests such as compaction test, compressive strength, stabilization procedures, moulding of bricks, laboratory tests on brick sample and construction of structural models with the different samples of stabilized bricks to determine their properties were also carried out. The effect of the varying percentages of stabilising agents on the engineering properties of the laterite bricks was established for building purposes. A comparative analysis was also established on the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of different percentages of each of the two stabilizing agents other to obtain optimum strength and thermal comfort in buildings.

3.1. Material Collection and Preparation

Cement Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with grade 42.5R and 50kg per bag purchased from a retail market at Ajibode Area near the University of Ibadan Campus was used for this study. The OPC was batched in a confined room temperature and kept in a cool dry place prior to the commencement of bricks production.

Lateritic Soil The soil used for this study was collected from laterite quarry at the Toll-Gate Area of Ibadan along Lagos/Ibadan Expressway in Ibadan, the capital city of Oyo State of South-western



Nigeria. It is located between latitude 7021 and 70281 North of Equator and 30531 East of the Greenwich Meridian. Predominant rock types in the study area are: Charnokites, granite gneiss and migmatitic rocks. It has been shown by [7] that the conditions enhancing the formation of laterites and lateritic soils are prevalent in the region and in fact there is a preponderance of such soils there, making them to be a readily available and useful source of building material.

Lateritic soil was collected into cement bags from an already excavated soil at the laterite quarry site. The samples were taken to the soil mechanics laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan for analysis. The natural moisture content was determined after which the clods were broken down and the samples well pulverized and were air dried for two weeks before other analysis. Thereafter, employing standard procedures, the samples were tested for their classification and index properties, their consistency properties and their compaction and strength characteristics. Soil properties that were determined are natural moisture content, sieve analysis, specific gravity, liquid limits, plastic limits, plasticity index, linear shrinkage, unconfined compressive strength, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and shear strength.

Wood Ash Wood ash was obtained by burning properly dried loose particles of wood chippings obtained as waste product during the sawing process of hard wood (Gmelina) into sizes. Clean sawdust without a large amount of bark has proved to be satisfactory because of low organic content. After its collection, it was spread on the ground and air dried to facilitate its burning. Sawdust was subjected to complete open burning to ashes. The bottom ash collected was then sieved through a BS sieve of 75μm to get very fine ash. Then it was stored in an air tight container to prevent moisture loss and any form of contamination. Wood ash generally contains little lime and a big combination of silica, alumina and silica. The chemical composition of the wood ash was conducted at the chemical laboratory of The Polytechnic Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Bulk density, sieve analysis and specific gravity tests were conducted on the ash.

Water Potable water was obtained from a bore hole sunk at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan. This clean water was used for mixing the materials until uniformity was achieved. The water was found not to be reactive with the materials used in this research.

3.2. Preparation of Materials for Moulding Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with grade 42.5R and 50kg per bag was purchased

Four samples of lateritic soil labelled A, B, C and D was obtained from different spots within the Toll-Gate Area of Lagos /Ibadan Expressway.

The four laterite soil samples were taken to the soil mechanics laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan for analysis. The natural moisture content was determined after which the clods were broken down and the samples well pulverized and were air-dried for two weeks before other analysis.

Thereafter, employing standard procedures in [8], [9] and [10], the samples were tested for their classification and index properties, their consistency properties and their compaction and strength characteristics. Soil properties that were determined are natural moisture content, sieve analysis, specific gravity, liquid limits, plastic limits, plasticity index, linear shrinkage, unconfined compressive strength, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and shear strength.



Wood ash was obtained by burning properly dried saw dust which was a waste product during the sawing process of hard wood (gmelina) into sizes. The saw dust was subjected to complete open burning to ashes. The bottom ash collected was then sieved through a BS sieve of 75μm to get very fine ash. Then it was stored in an air tight container to prevent moisture loss and any form of contamination.

Wood ash generally contains little lime and a big combination of silica, alumina and silica. The chemical composition of the wood ash was conducted at the Polytechnic Ibadan, Nigeria. Bulk density, sieve analysis and specific gravity tests were conducted on the ash.

Water was used to mix the materials together for brick moulding. This clean water was used for mixing the materials until uniformity was achieved and was found not to be reactive with the materials used in this research.

3.3. Stabilisation of laterite with different percentages of cement and wood ash Using the soil samples obtained, different mixes with percentages (0%,5%,10% and 15%) of a mixture of cement and wood ash as stabilisation agents was obtained. To ensure uniformity in the compressed stabilised bricks produced, the volume of each material used in the brick making process was measured by volume in dry condition and at the same physical state for subsequent batches of bricks.

Three Samples each of bricks (150x150x150mm) from the different percentages (5%,10%,15%) of a mixture of laterite with cement and wood ash as stabilization agents was obtained and the water absorption test carried out on each sample.

Sample Labels for MIX 1 The samples in this category were labelled as follows:

0C= control sample with 100% laterite and 0% cement content 5C= sample with 95% laterite and 5% cement content 10C = sample with 90% laterite and 10% cement content 15C= sample with 85% laterite and 15% cement content


0C= control sample with 100% laterite,0% cement and 0% wood ash content 5WA = sample with 95% laterite, 0% cement and 5% wood ash content 10WA = sample with 90% laterite, 0% cement and 10% wood ash content 15WA= sample with 85% laterite, 0% cement and 15% wood ash content


0C= control sample with 100% laterite,0% cement and 0% wood ash content 5C5WA = sample with 90% laterite, 5% cement and 5% wood ash content 5C10WA = sample with 85% laterite, 5% cement and 10% wood ash content 5C15WA= sample with 80% laterite, 5% cement and 15% wood ash content 10C5WA = sample with 85% laterite, 10% cement and 5% wood ash content 10C10WA = sample with 80% laterite, 10% cement and 10% wood ash content 10C15WA= sample with 75% laterite, 10% cement and 15% wood ash content


15C5WA = sample with 80% laterite, 15% cement and 5% wood ash content15C10WA15C15WA= sample with 70% laterite, 15% cement and 15% wood ash content

3.4. Water Absorption TestsWater absorption test was carried out to determine the permeability of the bricksthe standards in [11]later cooled at room temperature before weighing. After that, the specimens were placed inside a curing tank and with cold water for 6 hours. The specimens were removed after they had been immcontent to the dry mass of bricks determines the quantity of thespecimens.


15C5WA = sample with 80% laterite, 15% cement and 5% wood ash content15C10WA = sample with 75% laterite, 15% cement and 10% wood ash content15C15WA= sample with 70% laterite, 15% cement and 15% wood ash content

Table 1

Sample label

0c (Control)

0C(control)

0C(control)

10C10WA10C15WA

15C10WA15C15WA

Water Absorption TestsWater absorption test was carried out to determine the permeability of the bricksthe standards in [11]later cooled at room temperature before weighing. After that, the specimens were placed inside a curing tank and with cold water for 6 hours. The specimens were removed after they had been immersed in the tank for some hours and then weighed. The ratio of the water content to the dry mass of bricks determines the quantity of thespecimens.


15C5WA = sample with 80% laterite, 15% cement and 5% wood ash content= sample with 75% laterite, 15% cement and 10% wood ash content

15C15WA= sample with 70% laterite, 15% cement and 15% wood ash content

Table 1 Showing the Sample Label

Sample label

MIX 1 0c (Control)

5C 10C 15C

MIX2

0C(control) 5WA 10WA 15WA

MIX3

0C(control) 5C5WA 5C10WA 5C15WA 10C5WA 10C10WA 10C15WA 15C5WA 15C10WA 15C15WA

Water Absorption TestsWater absorption test was carried out to determine the permeability of the bricksthe standards in [11]. The specimens were first dried in an oven for 48 hours at 110°C and later cooled at room temperature before weighing. After that, the specimens were placed inside a curing tank and with cold water for 6 hours. The specimens were removed after they

ersed in the tank for some hours and then weighed. The ratio of the water content to the dry mass of bricks determines the quantity of the

Figure 1


IJCIET/index.asp



Showing the Sample Label

Laterite content(%)

100 95 90 85

100 95 90 85

100 90 85 80 85 80 75 80 75 70

Water Absorption Tests Water absorption test was carried out to determine the permeability of the bricks

specimens were first dried in an oven for 48 hours at 110°C and later cooled at room temperature before weighing. After that, the specimens were placed inside a curing tank and with cold water for 6 hours. The specimens were removed after they


Figure 1 Brick


asp 18



Showing the Sample Label for the Different Design Mix of Bricks.

Laterite content(%)

Cementcont

Water absorption test was carried out to determine the permeability of the bricksspecimens were first dried in an oven for 48 hours at 110°C and

later cooled at room temperature before weighing. After that, the specimens were placed inside a curing tank and with cold water for 6 hours. The specimens were removed after they


rick sample soaked in water




the Different Design Mix of Bricks.

Cement content(%)

0 5 10 15 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 10 10 10 15 15 15




soaked in water


[email protected]




Wood Ash content(%)

0 0 0 0 0 5

10 15 0 5

10 15 5

10 15 5

10 15



ersed in the tank for some hours and then weighed. The ratio of the water content to the dry mass of bricks determines the quantity of the water absorption of

soaked in water

[email protected]

15C5WA = sample with 80% laterite, 15% cement and 5% wood ash content = sample with 75% laterite, 15% cement and 10% wood ash content



Wood Ash content(%)

Water absorption test was carried out to determine the permeability of the bricks following specimens were first dried in an oven for 48 hours at 110°C and


ersed in the tank for some hours and then weighed. The ratio of the water water absorption of

[email protected]

following specimens were first dried in an oven for 48 hours at 110°C and


ersed in the tank for some hours and then weighed. The ratio of the water water absorption of



4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Water Absorption Test Result Result of water absorption for the brick samples after moulding with various percentages of cement wood ash and sawdust is shown in tables and figures 4.5.1 to 4.5,4 respectively. The results showed that the water absorption of all the samples reduced as the curing days increases. Also at 90 days MIX 1, and 2 had a reduction in water absorption with increase in cement ratio and wood ash at 5% WA and later increased afterwards

Table 2 Absorption Test for Cement and Wood Ash stabilised laterite

Sample (%) 28 Days 56 Days 90 Days Control (0%) 30.81 30.01 25.11

Sample with 0% cement

MIX 1

Control (0%) 30.81 30.01 25.11 5WA 28.91 25.21 23.42 10WA 29.21 24.98 24.02 15WA 28.72 25.08 25.01

Sample with

cement variations

MIX 2

Control (0%) 30.81 30.01 25.11 5C 28.88 24.11 22.03 10C 29.03 23.02 20.05 15C 22.69 21.41 21.30

Sample with 5% Cement wood ash variations (MIX 3a)

5C 28.88 24.11 22.03 5C5WA 27.61 23.01 20.98

5C10WA 27.23 22.61 21.08

5C15WA 25.32 23.09 21.91

Sample with 10%Cement with wood

ash variations Mix 3B

10C 29.03 23.02 20.05 10C5WA 27.95 22.08 19.09 10C10WA 22.43 22.01 20.89

10C15WA 22.53 22.41 21.79

Sample with 15% Cement and wood ash

variations MIX 3C

15C 22.69 21.41 21.30 15C5WA 22.11 21.92 20.93 15C10WA 21.99 20.87 20.02

15C15WA 22.00 21.95 21.05


Figure

Figure 3

Figure 4


Figure 2 Graph

Figure 3 Water absorption rate of bricks

Figure 4 Water absorption rate of bricks


showing combined water absorption for mix 1,2,3A,3B and 3C.For wood ash

ater absorption rate of bricks



IJCIET/index.asp





asp 20

showing combined water absorption for mix 1,2,3A,3B and 3C.For wood ash variations

ater absorption rate of bricks stabilised with 5% cement and wood ash variations.

ater absorption rate of bricks stabilised with 10% cement and wood ash variations.



with 5% cement and wood ash variations.



[email protected]




[email protected]




[email protected]




An Investigative Study on the Water Absorption Rate of Laterite Bricks Stabilised with Cement


Figure 5

5. CONCLUSIONThe findings of this study revealed that the loptimum moisture content, maximum dry density, plasticity index, CBR, specific gravity and water absorption optimum value for water abso(19.09%)

6. RECOMMENDATIONBased on the findings of this study,investigations on the potentials of stabilization of laterit

The effect of exposure to chemical and some other types of adverse weather condition on the stabilized bricks can be further examined in a future research.

REFERENCES[1] Oladunmoye M.O, Characterisation

stabilised with cement, wood ash and sawdust, PhD dissertation, Ibadan, University of Ibadan 2017

[2] Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in CementCBU Report



Figure 5 Water Absorption rate of bricks

Table 3

CONTENTMIX1 MIX2

MIX 3AMIX 3B MIX 3C

CONCLUSIONThe findings of this study revealed that the loptimum moisture content, maximum dry density, plasticity index, CBR, specific gravity and water absorption rate optimum value for water abso(19.09%) replacement

RECOMMENDATIONBased on the findings of this study,investigations on the potentials of stabilization of laterit


REFERENCESOladunmoye M.O, Characterisationstabilised with cement, wood ash and sawdust, PhD dissertation, Ibadan, University of Ibadan 2017

Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in CementCBU Report



Water Absorption rate of bricks

Table 3 Regression Analysis of Water Absorption

CONTENT

MIX 3A

CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study revealed that the loptimum moisture content, maximum dry density, plasticity index, CBR, specific gravity and

rate of the studied soils are optimally improved by adding wood ash. The optimum value for water abso

replacement

RECOMMENDATIONBased on the findings of this study,investigations on the potentials of stabilization of laterit


REFERENCES Oladunmoye M.O, Characterisationstabilised with cement, wood ash and sawdust, PhD dissertation, Ibadan, University of Ibadan

Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in CementCBU Report, CBU-2003


IJCIET/index.asp

Water Absorption rate of bricks

Regression Analysis of Water Absorption

0.0433X0.0268X0.0188X0.0186X

0.003307X

The findings of this study revealed that the loptimum moisture content, maximum dry density, plasticity index, CBR, specific gravity and

of the studied soils are optimally improved by adding wood ash. The optimum value for water absorption rate

RECOMMENDATION Based on the findings of this study, the following areainvestigations on the potentials of stabilization of laterit


Oladunmoye M.O, Characterisationstabilised with cement, wood ash and sawdust, PhD dissertation, Ibadan, University of Ibadan

Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in Cement2003-19 (REP-513)


asp 21

Water Absorption rate of bricks stabilised with 15% cement and wood ash variations.


EQUATION0.0433X2 - 0.9177X + 25.22

0.0268X2-0.396X+25.010.0188X2-0.2872X+22.010.0186X2-0.1386X+19.87

0.003307X3-0.0604X

The findings of this study revealed that the linear shrinkage, natural moisture content, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, plasticity index, CBR, specific gravity and

of the studied soils are optimally improved by adding wood ash. The rate of wood ash stabilization is at 10% C with 5%

the following areainvestigations on the potentials of stabilization of laterit


Oladunmoye M.O, Characterisation of structural and thermal properties of laterite bricks stabilised with cement, wood ash and sawdust, PhD dissertation, Ibadan, University of Ibadan

Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in Cement513), 2003




EQUATION 0.9177X + 25.22 0.396X+25.01 0.2872X+22.01 0.1386X+19.87

0.0604X2+0.1453X+21.3

inear shrinkage, natural moisture content, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, plasticity index, CBR, specific gravity and

of the studied soils are optimally improved by adding wood ash. The ash stabilization is at 10% C with 5%

the following areas of study can be explored for further investigations on the potentials of stabilization of lateritic soil:


of structural and thermal properties of laterite bricks stabilised with cement, wood ash and sawdust, PhD dissertation, Ibadan, University of Ibadan

Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in Cement


[email protected]


Regression Analysis of Water Absorption after 90days

+0.1453X+21.3



of study can be explored for further



Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in Cement


[email protected]


90days

R 0.98370.90890.99020.8325

1




The effect of exposure to chemical and some other types of adverse weather condition on


Tarun R. N., Rudolph N. K., and Rafat S., Use of Wood Ash in Cement-based Materials, A


[email protected]


0.9837 0.9089 0.9902 0.8325


of the studied soils are optimally improved by adding wood ash. The ash stabilization is at 10% C with 5% WA


The effect of exposure to chemical and some other types of adverse weather condition on


based Materials, A



[3] Naik, T.R., R.N. Kraus and R. Siddique, 2003. Use of wood ash in cement-based materials. CBU-2003-19 (REP-513), Center for By-Products Utilization (CBU) Report, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. 2003

[4] Abdullahi, M., Characteristics of wood ash/OPC concrete. Leonardo Elect. J. Practices Technol. (LEJPT), 5: 9-16. Algeria. High Temp- High Press 1998; 30:165 –70. 2006

[5] Naik, T.R. Wood ash: As a new source of pozzolanic material. CBU-2000-02 (REP 371), Center for By-Products Utilization (CBU) Report. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. 2000

[6] Andres, C.K. and T.I. Honkala, Masonry Materials, Design Construction. 1st Edn., Reston Publishing Company Inc., Virginia. 1978

[7] Emmanuel A. Okunade, The Effect of Wood Ash and Sawdust Admixtures on the Engineering Properties of a Burnt Laterite-Clay Brick. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8: 1042-1048. 2008

[8] BS 1377, Methods of Testing soils for civil Engineering Purposes, British Standards Institution (BSI), 2 Park Street, London. 1990

[9] BS 3921, Clay bricks and blocks British Standards Institution (BSI), 2 Park Street London, England. 1985

[10] ASTM C 67-99a, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile. Annual Book of Standards. Vol. 04.05, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 2001

[11] IS 3495, Methods of tests for water absorption of burnt clay building bricks, Indian Standard, First Revision, India. 1992

[12] T.P.Tezeswi and Kaira Sneha, A Comparative Study of Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre-Cast Sandwich Composite Panel and RC Moment Frame with Brick Infill. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp.100–110.

[13] Sankuru Naresh, S.S. Asadi and A.V.S. Prasad, Design and Estimation of Eco Friendly Rigid Pavement with Geo Plastic Bricks in Rural Areas. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 50–63

[14] H. M. Khater, M.Ezzat and A. M. El Nagar, Engineering of Low Cost Geopolymer Building Bricks Applied For Various Construction Purposes. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp.81–99.

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