AN INVESTIGATION OFTHE PRINCIPLES OF KNOWLEDGE

and of the Progress of Reason,from Sense to Science and Philosophy

Volume 3

James Hutton

THOEMMES PRESS

PARTICULAR CONTENTS

O F

V O L U M E III.

P A R T III.

Of Wifdom or Philofophy, as the Proper End ofScience and the Means of Happinefs.

Introduction -> - page 3

S E C ' T I O N I.

General view of the progress of Intellect, from Science to Philofo-phy.

CHAP. l.-t-OfPhilofophy i as the ultimdie progrefs of the human uti-demanding • « . * . . page 5

t. Science and philofophy. 2. Knowledge how t6 be examined. 3. Perfeft knowledgeleads to happinefs. 4. Happinefs various. 5. Supreme, happinefs. 6. Objeft ofphilofophy. 7. A progrefs beyond the enjoyment of life. 8. BocTrine illuftrated.9, Love of wifdom. 10. Subjeft fer inquiry.

Vot . i l l . » C H A P i

ii PARTICULAR CONTENTS.

CHAP. II.—Of Studying the Wifdom of Nature as an Efficient Caufepage 14

1. Correcting vulgar errors* 2. Examplified. 3. Nature of matter. 4. Object offtudy. 5. How we know external power. 6. Wifdom and defign a fubject ofinquiry. 7. What this requires. 8. How it may be effected. 9. Wifdom in na-ture. 10. Not to be concluded a priori. 11. Evidence required. 12. To be ar-rived at. 13. Proper object of inquiry. 14. How philofophy may be corruptedand corrected. 15. Superftition and fcepticifm to be avoided. 16. How this fub-ject is to be purfued.

CHAP. III.—Of Studying the Wifdom of Nature as a Final Caufepage 23

l . Subject of philofophy. 2. Knowledge of final caufes. 3. Confequences of erro-neous proceeding. 4. Final caufe of nature. 5. Caution to be obferved. 6. Howto arrive at philofophy. 7. Natural and moral. 8. Purpofe of ftudying the laft.9. Order of thefe. 10. Science of morals. 11. Power of fcience. 12. Effect ofwifdom. 13. True philofophy. 14. Motive for purfuing fcience. 15. Method tobe now followed.

S E C T I O N II.

Application of the inveftigated Principles to the Study of NaturalPhilofophy.

Introduction - - page 31

CHAP. I.—End or Purpofe of Natural Philofophy - page 32

j . Purpofe of fenfe and reafon. 2. Superior nature of man. 3. Knowledge of nature.4. Of ends and means. 5. Two branches in philofophy. 6. Ends and means innature. 7. Wifdom in thofe operations. 8. Man improved.

•CHAP. II.—Proper manner ofpurfuing Natural Philofophy page 37

i. Natural philofophy, to what it leads. 2. Natural hiftory. 3. Principles. 4. Mat-ter of faft and reafoning. 5. Whereon founded natural philofophy. 6. Science

of

PARTICULAR CONTENTS. ill

of phyfics what. 7. Advanced or retarded. 8. How proceed with certainty. 9.

What required. 10. Illuftrated. 11. This fcience how promoted.

CHAP. III.—No n'eceffary impediment in the purfuit of this Sciencepage 42

I. Subject to be confidered. 2. Ufe of obfervation. 3. Illuftrated. 4. Philofophy notuncertain. 5. Illuftrated. 6. Truth of phyfical knowledge. 7. Phyfical and ma-thematical truths. 8. Not immediately applicable. 9. Human knowledge wifelycalculated. 10. Proper object of natural philofophy. 11. Falfe notions. 12. Sour-ces of error.

CHAP. W.~-Ofthe Defecl of the Phyftcal Syjlems already receivedpage 48

t. Hardnefs and folidity not explained. 2. Viilgar error. 3. IUuftrated. 4. Abfur-dity of fuppofing matter hard. 5. The farhe in extenfion and incompreflibility.6. Examination of elafticity. 7. No explanation of volume from elafticity. 8. Mag-nitude and figure not attributes of matter. 9. Received theories unfupported. 10.Vulgar notions inadmiffible in philofophy. 11.-Principle of attraction. 12. In-confiftency of the received fyftems. 13.How to be removed. 14. Argument re-peated.

CHAP. V.—Different Vieivs in Science, and different Principles em-ployed in Philofophy - Page 57

i. Things differently viewed. 2. Metaphyfically. 3. Phyfically. 4. Senfible and per-ceptible qualities. 5. Suppofed abfurdity removed. 6. Different fciences. 7. Me-taphyfics. 8. Phyfical view. 9. Mathematical and phyfical body. 10. Principlesof phyfical body. 11. Ufe of chymical principles. 12. Philofophical principles.13. Principles of external things. 14. Heat and cold. 15. Every fcience to be em-ployed in philofophy. 16. Phyfics to be fubmitted to the review of metaphyfics.

CHAP. VI.-— Of the Ufe that may be made in Natural Philofophy ofthe Metaphyfical Syjlem twio invefligated page 66

•V. Former theories. 2. Erroneous reafohing. 3. To be Corrected. 4. What Propofed.

5. No fallacy in the imagination. 6. What natural philofophy fhould begin with.

a •?. 7. What.

iv PARTICULAR CONTENTS,

7. What magnitude and figure are. 8. How ideas ftand for things. 9. Notionsto be corrected. 10. External things. 11. Benefit to natural philofophy of thismetaphyfical fyftem. 12. How the fcience of mind may be promoted by naturalphilofophy.

S E C T I O N III.

The Education of the human Mind examined upon general prin-ciples.

Introduction - - - - - - page 72

u Importance of the fubject. 2. Illuftrated. 3. Nature and art.

CHAP. I.—Of that Education which is got from Nature page 74

1. Nature of the inquiry. 2. Mind proceeds in a certain order. 3: What teaching is.4. Method to be purfued. 5; Senfation. 6. Perception. 7. Diftinction of know-ing and learning; 8. and of learning to know. 9. Term knowledge. 10. Learn-ing to know things. 11. Teacher not known. 12. Inftinct. 13. Confcious know-ledge. 14.- Another inftructor befides nature. 15. Nature of the confciou9 pro-grefs. 16. Comparative view.

CHAP. IL—Of that Education which is got from Art page 81

1. Artificial teaching. 1. Action and thought. 3. Different ways of teaching thought.4. Natural and fcientific teaching. 5. Difficulty of inveftigating the laft. 6. Illuf-trated. 7. Example in mathematics. 8. Example in chymiftry. 9. Progrefs ofmind. 10. Teaching fcience. 1.1. Teacher and the perfon taught- 12. An-other fpecies of teaching. 13, Man of fcience- 14. Doctrine illuflrated. 1,5. Per-fection of art in teaching fcience.

CHAP. III.—Ufe and extenfon of the Theory in regard to ArtificialEducation- - — - page 89

1. Self-teaching. 2. Natural and artificial teaching. 3. Imperfection of artificial teach-ing. 4. Importance of defire. 5. Abfolute ignorance. 6. Confcious ignorance.

'•-$. A caufe of knowledge. 8. Example. 9. Progrefs of knowledge. 10. Patience

to

PARTICULAR CONTENTS. *

to be learned. 11. Difcretion to be ufed. 12. Meaas to be employed. 13. Pre-caution. 14. Perfection of human education. 15. difficulty of fuch an underta-king. 16. Doctrine illuftrated. 17. Effect;ofiart. 12. Voluntary patience. 19,How acquired; 20. and to what it leads.

CHAE. IV.—Difference of Training Brutes.and Educating Men.page 98

i. Reafoning from- analogy. 2. The brute nob taught;. 3. but trained. 4. Illuftrated.]j . Infant man. 6. Childhood. 7. Children to be trained. 8. Comparifon of manand brute. 9. Difference. 10. Acting and willing. 11.- Means to- be employed.1

T2. Animal action and confcious will. 13. Sympathetic-feeling and fentimentalpaflions. 14. Training and educating mind. i£. Oppofite ends. 16. Importanceof this fciencev 17. Diftinction of a freeman and a flave. 18. What makes thisdifference. 19s Cafe of man. 20. Objections anfwered. 21. Argument for pro-per education. 22. Proper motives of a man; 23. variable in art. 24. Illuftrated.25. Power of human art. 26. Virtue how far a prejudice. 27. Means of educa~tipn. 28. Two fpecies of education.-.

CHAP. V.—Proper Endof'Education, ar being the fyftem of humanlife, the good of the fpeciesy ani the happinefs of theindividual - page 113

ii Subject how to be-confidered. 2.' Education of the animal. 3. Pleafure as a mo-tive. 4. Pain as a motive. 5. Intention of nature. 6. Wifdom in this. 7. Edu-

. cation of man. 8. Illuftrated. 9. Similar progrefs j 10. and wifdom. 11. Illuf-trated.. 12. How underftood. 13. Animal not improveable. 14. Man improve-able. 15. Queftion with regard to fcience. 16. End of education.. 17. Philofo-•phy explained.^ 18. Perfect philofophy.

CHAP. VI.—The: diflinclion. of Natural- and.JJnnatural^ of Virtuous .*and Vicious Education — — page. 124

i . Virtue what. 2. Qualification necefiary. 3. Nature.and mam 4. Wifdom of na-ture. 5. Folly of man. 6. Wifdom and virtue, vice and ignorance. 7. Whatrequired. 8. Man, how led by nature; 9. to virtue. 10. Natural and artificialeducation. 11. Vicious education in oppofition to that of nature. 12. Vice notin nature but in art. 13. Corruption of tne human mind. 14. Importance ofeducation. 15. Juft fuperftjtion preferable to falfe fcience. 16. Philofophic view.

SECTION

vi PARTICULAR CONTENTS,

S E C T I O N IV.

Of certain Speculative Subjeds, naturally flowing from Science, andinterefting to Philofophy, or the happinefs of Man.

CHAP. I.—Of Efficient and Final Caufes - - page 134

1.. Fifft and fecond caufes. 2. Firft caufe. 3. How known. 4. One caufe abfolute.5. Phyfical caufes more or lefs immediate. 6. Caufe in action. 7. Caufe of phy-fical action unknown. 8. Judged from effect. 9. How it is in mathematics. 10.Axiom, what. 11. Caufe and effect not in that fciaice. 12. How it is in meta-phyfics. 13. Examplified. 14. Where metaphyfical caufes flop. 15. Illuftrated.16. Abfurdity. 17. Reafon not uncertain. 18. Action, how judged. 19. Actionand pafiion in the mind. 20. Caufe and effect in the order of intellect. 21 j CaU-fation alfo in morality. 22. Principles not to be improperly employed. 23. Phi-fofophy a general fcienee; 24. What nb\v propofed; 25; and what may be therefult of philofophical inveftigation.

CHAP; II.—Mind conjidered in relation to its End or Final Caufepa£e 145

2. Life and death. 2. Ends purfued. 3. In what refpedt plants and animals agree.4. Syftem of life and death. 5. One final caufe for both. 6. General fyftem. 7;Particular fyftems. 8. Animal and intellectual fyftems. 9. Senfation the firft ftep.JO. End of mind in the material fyftem. 11. View of this compound fyftem. 12.Corifidered either phyficallyor metaphyfically. 13. Mutually fubfervient to eachother. 14. Animal fyftem, and that of intellect. 15. Indefinite prcgrefs in mind;3 6. No reafon to judge an end of intellect. 17. On what four.iled. 18. No ter-mination of thought. 19. This view illuftrated. 20. Difficulty of this fubjed>.•2t. Circulation of matter and tranfmigration of minds. 22* Abfurdity of fuch aiiippofition. 5,3. What certain 2md what fuppofed in this cafe. 24. Falfe viewtorrefied. 25. Conclusion,

CHAP. lll.-^-The Final Caufe of Mind confdtred as a Futiire Stalepage 160

T. Certainty of oui- cxiitcnce; 2. Stands unaffected. 3. How m'ank'md may judgebtherwifci

PARTICULAR CONTENTS. vii

otherwiie. 4. Our identity preferved. 5. Perceived things, what. 6. Conceivedchange of things affects not our exiftence. 7. A caution. 8. An argument for thetermination of our knowledge. 9. Anfwered. 10. Intellectual faculties not fub-ject to decay. 11. Life a ftate of information. 12. Specious argument examined.13. Intellectual faculties may proceed though vital faculties decay. 14. Importanceof reafoning juftly. 15. Difficu.'iy of deciding. 16. Rational conclufions.. 17.Future progrefs. 18. Knowledge of truth important. 19. A future ftate how tobe judged. 20. Differ 'nee of a r;afonable conjecture and a fuppofition. 21. Con-folation in our ignomnc?. 22. Argument for future happinefs. 23. Illuftration ofthe theory. 24. Our imperfection not to be lamented. 25. Capacity for happi-nefs unlimited. 26. Science not fit to folve the queftion of a future ftate.

CHAP. IV.—Arguments for our belief of what is called a FutureState - page 185

t. Future ftate to be judged from the prefent. 2. Difficulty of this undertaking. 3.No reafon to doubt.- 4. Our ignorance in this cafe wifely ordered ; 5. and bene-volently intended. 6. What fpecies of mind calculated for a future ftate. 7. Thatof the animal not. 8. Term future ftate. 9. Proper fubject of inquiry; 10. withregard to human knowledge. 11. Necefiary to compare the natures of man andbrute. 12. Animal mind. 13. Intellectual mind. 14. Purpofe of intellect. 15.Human intellect not in vain. 16. Abfurdity of fuppofing man made for nothing.17. An argument from the nature of truth. 18. An argument from the infinitenature of God. 19. Queftion fubmitted to our reflexion. 20. Spiritual enjoymentthe commencement of immortality. 21. Natural motives inferior to the moral.22. This the conftitution of man. 23. Argument for immortality. 24. Confcioushappinefs the final caufe of human intellect. 25. Future mifery. 26. Mifery nofinal caufe. 27. A fummary view of the argument. 28. General conclusion.

S E C T I O N V.

Science of Moral Aaion, or the Confcious Operation of a ScientificMind.

CHAP. I;—Introductory to the Subject - - P a g e 2 I 2

;i. Knowledge of moral caufes how acquired. 2. Benefits of the focial ftate. 3. Scienceof moral caufes. 4. Free-will to be examined. 5. Philofophers not agreed. 6.

Science in morals. 7. Cau/e of will a fcientific fubject.CHAP.

PARTICULAR CONTENTS.

CHAP. II.—Concerning Free-Will and Moral Agents page 222

iv'Phyfical and moral action. 2. May be in oppofition. 3. Liberty of acting and'ofwilling. 4. Will as a caufe or an effect. 5. Freedom of will. '6. Liberty and ne-ceflity. 7. Explanation. 8. Animal action. 9. Subject of inquiry. 10. Mindproceeds. 11. Firft willing, and then knowing its will. 12. Inftinftive fentimen-tal action, what. 13. Will, in the brute. 14. Will, in moral agents. 15. Inftinc-tive and confcious volition. 16. Illuftrated. 17. Refponfibility. 18. Free-will.19. Illuftrated. 20. General opinion thus approved; 21. and illuftrated. 22.What refponfibility refers to. 23. Reflexion upon fcience. 24. An analytical di-ftinction of caufes or of motives. 25. How man is to underftand himfelf. atf.How know the will of the Supreme Author. 27. How underftand the principlesof morality.

CHAP. III.—Of the Principles of Moral Sentiments ,page 245

I. Introduction. 2. 'Senfation the principle of knowledge; 3. and fource of paffion.4. Idea derived from fenfe. - 5 . Secondary fenfations. 6. Pain and pleafure pri-mary. 7. Sentimental paflions. 8. Doctrine illuftrated. 9.'Natural motives; 10.judged fcientifically. 11. Illuftrated. 12. Self-love. 13. Social love. 14. Mo-ral fentiments. 15. Dr Smith's principle of fympathy confidered. 16. Nature of

" fympathetic feeling. 17. Diftinction in fympathy. 18. Natural fympathy. 19.Hatred. 20. Deftroys fympathy. 21. Sympathy in man. 22. Power of man inrelation to fympathy. 23. Love and hatred as affecting fympathy. 24. Scientificidea to be formed of love. •

CHAP. IV.—Analyfis of Social Love, the Firfl Principle of MoralSentiments - Page 262

i . Moral action not explained. 2. Self-love. 3. Social love. 4. Inftinctive fociallove. 5. Firft principle of focial love. 6. Second principle. 7. Love of fame. 8.Self-approbation. 9. How to fee the firft principles of moral fentimetit. 10. Irt-.ftindtive felf-love, what. 11. Inttinctive focial love. 12. Love, what. 13. Con-fcious defire. 14. Self-love, what. 15. Confcious love of man. 16. Man necef-farly loves his fpecies. 17. Order in this progrefs. 18. What required. 19. Manfirft loves; 20. then generalifes. 21. Firft principle of moral action. 22. Illuftrat-ed. 23. Second principle. 24. How the fubject is to be confidered. 25. Originof felf-love. 26. Scientific and inftinctive principle. 27. View of felf-love as amoral principle. 28. How differing from inftinctive principles, 29. Selfifhneftj

PARTICULAR CONTENTS.

30. not a natural principle. 31. Philofophic felf-love; 32. not natural. 33. Nature of felfifhnefs. 34. Self-cfteem; 35. the firft and laft principle.

S E C T I O N VI.

Philofophy of Moral Conduct, or a Syftem of Morality in the wif-dom of Voluntary Agents.

CHAP. I.—General View of Virtue and Morality - page 280

1. Virtue and morality, what. 2. Man fubject to folly. 3. Superior wifdom. 4. Il-luftrated. 5. How man proceeds. 6. Theory of confcience. 7. Science of mora-lity ; 8. important to man. 9. Action and paffion natural or moral. 10. Prin-ciple of the natural. 11. Principle of the moral. 12. Theory of virtue how to befound.

CHAP. II.—Virtue examined Analytically, in order to fee its Prin-ciples _ _ _ _ _ page

1. Virtuous and vicious. 2. Rules of virtue. 3. Pleafure and difpleafure. 4. Doc-trine explained. 5. What virtue is not. 6. What virtue is. 7. What required.8. Good and evil. 9. How to be judged. 10. Man a proper judge. 11. Man amoral agent. 12. Wills not evil; 13. unlefs for his good. 14. How he comes toapprove and repent. 15. Ideal feelings. 16. Complicated motives. 17. Illuftrated.18. Effect of philofophy. 19. Nature of human virtue. 20. Idea of virtue per-fect. 21. Progrefs of virtue. 22. Practical and philofophic. 23. Illuftrated. 24.Principles of virtue. 25. How virtue grows. 26. How vice appears. 27. Thedoctrine illuftrated.., 28. Virtue flows from principle. 29. Is general to man. 30.Caufe of virtue. 31. Intention of nature.

CHAP. III.—Virtue confidered Synthetically, in order to fee its Pur-pofe - - - - - page 318

I. Subject of inquiry. 2. Virtue, what. 3. Firft order of moral principle. 4. Secondorder. 5. Third order. 6. Progrefs of mind. 7. Not arbitrary. 8. Ideal feel-ings. 9. Proper to form a principle of virtue. 10. Different fpecies in virtue. 11.Actual and ideal. 12. Man, how actuated. 13! Wifdom of virtue. 14. A far-ther progrefs in human intellefr 15. Nature of fupreme virtue. 16. How man

VOL. III. b is

x PARTICULAR CONTENTS.

is made perfect. 17. View of the two fpecies of virtue. 18. What true philofo-phy requires. 19. Art of making happy. 20. Happinefs the end or final caufe ofmind. 21. View of philofophy. , 22. Will of God, how ••o be underftood. 23.Wifdom and benevolence of the intellectual fyftem. 24. Virtue its own reward.25. View of morals. 26. Beauty of that fyftem. 27. Benefit of this knowledge.

CHAP. IV.—The Theory of Virtue illufirated, in the examination ofVice and Crime - - page 2>55

Introduction - - - ibid.

1. What virtue is. 2. How made a fcience. 3. To be compared with the generalopinion.

PART I.—Difiinction of Vice and Crime - - page 357

1. Terms to be defined. 2. Vice, what. 3. Crime different from vice. 4. Innocencedifferent from virtue. 5. How innocence is oppofed to crime. 6.* Different de-crees of guilt. 7. Crime not naturally in man. 8. Crime originates in vice.

PART II.—Of Vice in general - - page 360

1. Virtue natural to man. 2. View of vice. 3. Cafe ftated. 4. Vice defined. 5.Virtue neceffary, vice occafional. 6. Vice and folly. 7. Vice fprings from folly.8. Illuftrated. 9. No principle of vice. 10. How rational beings are led to vice.

PART III.—Of Vice in particular - - page 367

1. Man, in relation to vice; 2. to intemperance. 3. The animal not guilty of intem-perance. 4. Man intemperate from his folly. 5. How it happens. 6. This pro-per to man. 7. Doctrine illuftrated. 8. Folly and vice of intemperance. 9. Viceof injuftice 5 10. in relation to crime ; 11. derived from folly. 12. Virtue and wif-dom diftinguiflied. 13. Avarice and prodigality. 14. Virtues and vices that maybe termed cardinal. 15. Of prudence and benevolence. 16. Of imprudence andmalevolence. 17. The theory illuftrated. 18. Uncharitablenefs. 19. Heroic vir-tue and its oppofite vice. 20. Ingratitude. 21. Vice of meannefs. 22. Doctrineilluftrated. 23. Honour and virtue. 24. Unmercifulnefs. 25. Jealoufy. 26.Pride and vanity. 27. Ambition and contentment. 28. Envy and covetoufnefs.20. Infenfibility. 30. Of truth. 31. Falfehood and infincerity. 32. Cowardice.

33-

PARTICULAR CONTENTS. xi

33. Vice of drunkennefs. 34. Paflion and impatience. 35. Duplicity. 36. Con-

clufion.

PART IV.—Of Crime, as committed againfi particulars page 425

1. Crime, natural and political. 2. Natural crime. 3. Crime infinitely removed fromvirtue. 4. How aggravated. 5. Illuftrated. 6". Theory of crime. 7. Illuftration.8. Principles by which to judge of crime. 9. Progrefs of vice and crime. 10. Ori-gin of penal laws. 11. Nature of thofe laws. 12. How ineffectual. 13. Impro-perly directed againft vice. 14. Crime, how to be prevented.

PART V.—Of Crime, as committed againfi the Public page 434

i.. Public virtue, what. 2. How man is anfwerable. 3. Nature of public crime. 4.Eftimate of public crime. 5. Difference of the principle in public and private crime.6. Political wifdom. 7. Importance, to the ftate, of wifdom and juftice in the fo-vereign power. 8. How public crime may be beft prevented. 9. How order beftpreferved. 10. Effect of wifdom in government. 11. Corruption of good infti-tutions; 12. The ruin or revolution of a ftate. 13. Public vice and private virtuenot incompatible. 14. Degrees in public virtue. 15. Doctrine illuftrated. 16.Uhjuftifiable motive of public reformation. 17. Wifdom, employed for the public,good, is true virtue.

CHAP. V.—General View of Human Intellect, as naturally leadingthrough Moral Principle to Virtue, and through Phi-lofophy to Happinefs - page 454

1. Firft law of animal life. 2. Subordinate laws of action. 3. How man becomes amoral agent. 4. How he proceeds to virtue; 5. and thus attains happinefs. 6.How brought to mifery. 7. Benevolence of the fyftem. 8. Of good and evil. 9.A philofophic view of thefe. 10. Knowledge of fupreme good. 11. Self-appro-bation. 12. Conformation to the Divine will. 13. Higheft fpecies of virtue. 14..Of reafon as a caufe of virtue. 15. Virtue the prerogative of man. i<5* Illuftrated.17. Philofophic virtue. 18. Nature of vice. 19. Human nature virtuous. 20.Art of man. 21. A philofopher, what. 22. Summary of the doftrine.

CHAP;

xii PARTICULAR CONTENTS.

CHAP. VI.—Syfiem of Morals, as being the intention of Nature, andthe perfection of Art - - page 490

1. Purpofe of this chapter. 2. Art of man explained. 3. Nature and art. 4. Hu-man and brute nature in relation to morality. 5. Cafe ftated. 6. Farther illuf-trated. 7. Conclufion. 8. The animal, with regard to crime. 9. Nature of man.10. Queftion with regard to penal laws. 11. Of forming morals. 12. Of cor-ruption. 13. Art of forming morals. 14. Expediency of the means. 15. Politi-cal ftate.

CHAP. VII.—The Morals of Mankind compared with the InfiinctiviManners of the Brute - - page 514

t. Nature of the prefent inquiry* 2. The animal directed by nature. 3. Illuftrated.4. Wifdom not in the brute. 5. Different nature of man. 6. The term morals.7. How perfected in man. 8. Superiority of human nature. 9. Superiority of mo-rals. 10. Moral character. 11. Science of forming morals.

CHAP. VIII.—Importance of Philofophy to the art of Social Life, andthe Political Syftem - - page 523

x. Political fociety in its loweft ftate. 2. Neceffary imperfection. 3. Progrefs of arti-ficial oeconomy. 4. Effect of government. 5. Refined policy. 6. Wifdom re-quired. 7. Doetrine illuftrated. 8. Nature of government. 9. Forms of govern-ment. 10. Different degrees of virtue required. 11. Effect of virtue and wifdom,of vice and folly. 12. Relation of the fovereign and people. 13.' Corruption ingovernment. 14. Philofophy important. 15; The theory how to be applied. 16.Caufes of change. 17. Anarchy leads to tyranny. 18. Science of government.19. Principles of government. 20. Of honour as a principle. 21. Natural andpolitical liberty. 22. Freedom of virtue, and flavery of vice. 23. Natural free-dom and artificial bondage. 24. Moral government more Iteady than the politi-cal. 25. Blefllng of education. 26. Vice only in the abufe of government. 27.Spirit of the three conftitutions of government. 28. Public virtue and politicalwifdom, how neceffary. 29. Science and policy proceed together. 30. Philofo-phy the fgience of public good*

CHAP.

PARTICULAR CONTENTS. xiii

CHAP. IX.—The importance, to Virtue and Social Happinefs, of theWife Regulations in a State, illuftrated with Ex-amples - - page 580

EXAMPLE I.—Effects of growing Power and Wealth, in changing thePolitical Regulations of a State - ibid.

I. Government how neceffary. 2. Political wifdom. 3. Rules of fucceflion, an ex-ample. 4. Virtuous ftate of fociety. 5. Changing ftate of things. 6. Vice gra-dually introduced. 7. Syftem of gain. 8. Corruption of morals. 9. New regu-lations required. 10. The culture of the fair fex neceffary to the perfection of aftate.

S A M P L E II.—Wifdom required in theMode of Exaction, and in thatof Election, for the Service of the State page 589

i. Political ftate. 2. Taxation. 3. Savage and civilifed ftate. 4. Subject now to beconfidered. 5. Different conditions of life among a people. 6. Two objects forman. 7. Means of happinefs. 8. Means of luxury, and neceffaries of life. 9.Subject to be confidered. 10. Independent clafs; i 1. not to be taxed. 12. Linedrawn. 13. Falfe view in taxing neceflaries; 14. and means of induftry. 15.Difficulty of judging in complicated cafes. i5 . Diftinctioh of wealth and induftryin relation to exaction. 17. Importance of true fcience. 18. "Conclufion of thearguments. 19. Principle of taxation. 20. Two methods to be employed. 21.Advantages and difadvantages of both. 22. Importance of wife regulation.

CHAP. X.—General Conclufion from the Doctrine of this Sectionpage 609

I. Man made for wifdom. 2. Nature of man admitting of vice. 3. Nature of humanwifdom. 4. Moral fyftem. 5. Progrefs of man. 6. Summary view of the fyftem.7. Ufe to be made of the theory.

SECTION

Xiv PARTICULAR CONTENTS.

S E C T I O N VII.

Of Piety and Religion, confidered in relation to Philofophy.

CHAP.-1.-—Religion confidered as affecting Morals - page 615

r. Morality. 2. Religion. 3, Superftition and idolatry. 4. Refined fuperftition inthe progrefs of intellect. 5. Effect of human policy. 6. Blefling to fociety offcience. 7. Nature of philofophy. 8. Perfect wifdom and benevolence in the fyf--tern of this life. 9. Knowledge of that truth. 10. Philofophy in oppofition tofuperftition. 11. Effects of fcepticifm. 12. How fuperftition may be ufeful. 13.Philofophy and fuperftition as fources of religion. 14. Lead to the fame end inmorality; 15. but to very different opinions. 16. Illuftrated. 17. Caufe of athe-ifm and demonifm. 18. Ufe to be made of this theory. 19. Philofophy and fu-perftition as the caufe of virtue. 20. Proper ufe of fuperftition. 21. Bad effectsof fuperftition. 22. The theory illuftrated. 23. Importance of philofophy to thehappinefs of man.

CHAP. II.—Religion confidered as affecting Happinefs page 629

r. Religion and philofophy to be compared. 2. Found to be the fame. 3. How thatconclufion is formed. 4. The theory how tried. 5. Diftindtion in religion. 6.What required in a national religion, 7. Cannot improve without the progrefs ofphilofophy. 8. Effect of change in the philofophy of a ftate. 9. Danger of rea-foning upon religion, if not duly qualified; 10. A natural fource of religion. 11.How the knowledge of it may be attained. 12. View of this fyftem..

CHAP. III.—Of Piety as related to Religion, and as flowing fromPhilofophy - - - page 641

1. Subject propofed. 2. Importance to the theory. 3. Rational and paffionate enjoy-ment. 4. What piety is. 5. Piety confidered as fubmiflion to the Divine will.6. Piety confidered as the love of God. 7. Power and wifdom in the Firft Caufe.8. Is there benevolence ? 9. Importance of this queftion. 10. How it may be re-folved. 11. Application of the principles. 12. Caufe for the fenfe of love andgratitude. 13. Caufe for the fenfe of duty and affection. 14. Philofophy thecaufe of piety.

CHAP.

PARTICULAR. CONTENTS. xv

CHAP. IV.—Of the True Religion, as fubject to be corrupted, whenin the pojjeffion of Men not guided by Science andPhilofophy - page 650

1. Nature of the fubject. 2. Notion of Deity ftated. 3. Three different opinions tobe confidered. 4. The opinion of atheifm examined. 5. Politheifm no betterfounded. 6. An obfervation with regard to fcepticifm. 7. Theifm the principleof our revealed religion. 8. How we are to proceed. 9. Importance of this tafk.10. Hiftorical inquiry requifite. 11. Original Hebrew religion. 12. Firft refor-mation. 13. Firft corruption. 14. Reformation of the corrupted religion. 15.Second corruption of the true religion. 16. Confequences to fociety of fufferingcorrupted doctrines to be fanctified under the name of a pure religion. 17. Be-nefit of having the religious doctrine of a country brought under the infpedtion ofenlightened men. 18. Philofophy alone proper to judge of religious truths.

S E C T I O N VIII.

A Summary View of the Intellectual Syftem, in order to underftandthe Nature and Importance of Philofophy.

Introduction - Page 675

CHAP. I.—General View of Knowledge, or the Progrefs of Mind inthe Perfection of Art - page 676

1. Different fpecies of hiftory. 2. Natural hiftory. 3. How fcience proceeds ; 4. andarrives at.philofophy. 5. Ufe of natural philofophy. 6. Of fpeculative philofo-phy. 7. Illuftrated. 8. Moral philofophy, what. 9. Supreme philofophy. 10.Progrefs of intellect. 11. Importance of this progrefs. 12. What required. 13.Human art. 14. Human nature. 15. Wifdom a ftudy. 16. Art of human wif-dom. 17. True wifdom. 18. Happinefs the end of wifdom. 19. Perfection andlimit of intellect. 20. Summary view of this fyftem. 21. An apology for the nextchapter.

CHAP. II.—View of Human Nature, as being the effect of Wifdom andBenevolence - page 712

i. Knowledge of aftual exiftence. 2. Confcious exiftence. 3. Man, what fpecies of

being.

xvi PARTICULAR CONTENTS.

being. 4. Supreme Being. 5. Importance of knowing ourfelf. 6. View of hu-man nature. 7. Moral fyftem not founded on evil. 8. Wifdom and benevolenceof that fyftem. 9. Ufe of this view. 10. Animal life. 11. Human nature. 12.Author of nature neceffarily benevolent. 13. Death not an evil. 14. Happinefsprevails in human life. 15. No abfolute evil in the fyftem. 16. Future ftate. 17.Natural progrefs of man to happinefs. 18. Doctrine illuftrated. 19. View of themoral fyftem. 20. Intention of it juft and benevolent. 21. How man executesthat intention. 22. Conftitution of man. 23. The divine goodnefs illuftrated inhuman mifery. 24. End of virtue happinefs.

PART