an introduction to wind power
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An Introduction to wind power. By Jack Bradley, University of Bradford. Introduction to Wind Power. History of wind power Wind resource How wind turbines work Some basic characteristics Relative efficiencies Environmental Impacts. Where we use our energy. In the home. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
An Introduction to wind power
By Jack Bradley,
University of Bradford
Introduction to Wind Power
• History of wind power
• Wind resource
• How wind turbines work
• Some basic characteristics
• Relative efficiencies
• Environmental Impacts
Where We Use Our Energy
UK Energy Consumption (8750 PJ/annum).Domestic
30%
Indusustry23%
Services14%
Transport33%
Where we use our energy
In The Home
Average Domestic Energy Use. (36.5 MWh/Annum).
Space heating
66%
Electricity10%
Cooking8%
Hot water16%
In the home
Where Our Energy Comes From?
World Primary Energy Consumption 2001 Excluding Biomass (Approx 445EJ).
Biomass12%
Coal22%
Natural Gas21%
Nuclear Energy
6%
Oil33%
Hydro electric6%
Future Energy Sources
UK Wind Resource
• 990 TWh Onshore of which 60+ will be recoverable.
• 2869 TWh Offshore of which 100+ will be recoverable.
World Wind Resource• 1200 TW World Resource
•10TW Theoretically recoverable
•Worlds Energy Consumption 1.3TW
Source Twidell And Weir
Persian (2000 b.c)
Direction of Prevailing Wind
Windmills
1970’s and 80’s
2000+
Wind Pumps
Early Electricity
Source www.windpower.dk
World Wind Markets
Power Law
A v
2
2
1mvKE
l
t
mv
t
KEPPower
2
.2
1)(
..
..
.
vAt
lA
flowratemasst
m
3.2
1)( vAwattsP
Turbine Size
Source Renewable Energy World Mar 02
Simple Wind Loggers
Wind Speed Distribution Curves
Mean
Energy Distribution
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08 F
requency
0 5 10 15 20 25 Wind speed (m/s)
Normalised Speed and Energy Frequencyk=2 v,mean=5
European Wind Atlas
NOABL
Basic Principles Drag Machines
Basic Components of HAWT
NacelleSwept Area
Rotor made up hub and blades
Tower
Hub
Low Speed Shaft
Direction Free wind
Direction of Blade Rotation
Yaw Bearing
Lift Machines Horizontal Axis
Drag
Lift
True Wind Direction
Lift Machines Horizontal Axis
Drag
Lift
True Wind Direction
Direction of Blade Movement
Apparent wind direction
Driving Force
Lift Machines Horizontal Axis
Drag
Lift
True Wind Direction v
Direction of Blade Movement Vb
Apparent wind direction vR
Driving Force
Tip Speed Ratio (TSR)
Windspeed
SpeedTipBladeRatioSpeedTip )(
Cp
TSR
Solidity
AreaSwept
AreaBladeTotalSolidity
High Solidity machines have low TSR and High Torque
Low Solidity machines have high TSR and low torques
Different Types of
WEC
Source Boyle
Anemometers
• Spot measurements of little use.
• Average wind speeds required
• Simple Anemometer gives Run of Wind measurement
UK Wind
Speeds
Impacts (Noise)
Source Boyle
Impacts (Visual)
Impacts (Birds)
• It is estimated for 1000MW in Holland
• 21,000 bird deaths
• 1,000,000 due to power lines
• 1,500,000 due to wild fowlers
• 9,000,000 due to road traffic
Source Winkleman 1995
Conclusions
• Huge world resource• Power in the wind is proportional to the
cube of the speed• Assessment of site wind speed is critical• Like all generation wind power has
environmental impacts • Careful siting can minimise these
problems